Part 45

榜前五名为五魁。《汉书•酷吏传》：“所置皆其魁宿。”《游侠传》： “闾里之侠原涉为魁师。”古曰魁者，斗之所用盛而构之本也。故言根本者皆云 魁。《说文》：“魁，羹斗也。”赵宦光曰：“斗首曰魁，因借凡首皆谓之魁。” 其见于经者，《书•胤征》之“歼厥渠魁”，《记•曲礼》之“不为魁，主人能， 则执兵而陪其後”。然则五魁之名，岂佳语哉。或曰：里有里魁，市有市魁，皆 长帅之意。要非雅俊之目。 近时人好以魁命名，亦取五魁之义。古人以魁命名者绝少。《左传》有阝 魁垒、卢蒲就魁，《吕氏春秋》齐王杀燕将张魁。 ○桑梓 《容斋随笔》谓：“《小雅》‘维桑与样，必恭敬止’，并无乡里之说，而 後人文字乃作乡里事用。愚考之张衡《南都赋》云：‘永世克孝，怀桑梓焉。真 人南巡，睹旧里焉。’蔡邕作《光武济阳宫碑》云：‘来在济阳，顾见神宫，追 惟桑梓褒述之义。’陈琳为袁绍檄云：‘梁孝王先帝母弟坟陵尊显，松柏桑梓， 犹宜肃恭。’汉人之文必有所据，齐、鲁、韩三家之《诗》不传，未可知其说也。 以後魏钟会《与蒋斌书》：‘桑梓之敬，古今所敦。’晋左思《魏都赋》：‘毕、 昂之所应，虞、夏之馀人，先王之桑梓，列圣之遗尘。’陆机《思亲赋》：‘悲 桑梓之悠旷，愧蒸尝之弗营。’《赠弟士龙诗》：‘迫彼窀穸，载驱东路。继其 桑梓，肆力丘墓。’《赠顾彦先诗》：‘眷言怀桑梓，无乃将为鱼。’《百年歌》： ‘辞官致禄归桑梓。’潘尼《赠陆机出为吴王郎中令诗》：‘祁祁大邦，惟桑与 梓。’《赠荥阳太守吴子仲诗》：‘垂覆岂他乡，回光临桑梓。’潘岳《为贾谧 作赠陆机诗》：‘旋反桑梓，帝弟作弼。’陆云《答张士然诗》：‘感念桑梓域， 仿佛眼中人。’阎式《复罗尚书》：‘人怀桑梓。’刘琨《上愍帝表》：‘蒸尝 之敬在心，桑梓之情未克。’袁宏《三国名臣赞》：‘子布擅名，遭世方扰。抚 翼桑梓，息肩江表。’宋武帝《复彭沛下邳三郡租诏》：‘彭城桑梓本乡，加隆 攸在。’文帝《复丹徒租诏》：‘丹徒桑梓，绸缪大业攸始。’谢灵运《孝感赋》： ‘恋丘坟而萦心，忆桑梓而零泪。’《会吟行》：‘东方就旅逸，梁鸿去桑梓。’ 何承天《饶歌》：‘愿言桑梓思旧游。’鲍照《从过旧宫诗》：‘严恭履桑梓， 加敬览榆。’梁武帝《幸兰陵诏》：‘朕自违桑梓五十余载。’刘峻《辨命论》： ‘居先王之桑梓，窃名号于中县。’江淹《拟陆平原诗》：‘明发眷桑梓，永叹 怀密亲。’则又从《南都赋》之文而承用之矣，”按古人桑梓之说，不过敬老之 意。《说苑》：“常机谓老子曰：‘过乔木而趋子，知之乎？’老子曰：‘过乔 木而趋，非谓敬老邪？’常枞曰：‘嘻，是已！’”此于《诗》为兴体，言桑梓 犹当养敬，而况父母为人子之所瞻依。 ○胡咙 《说文》：“胡，牛颔垂也。”徐曰：“牛颔下垂皮也。”《释名》：“胡， 互也。在咽下垂，能敛互物也。”《诗》：“狼跋其胡。”狼之老者颔下垂胡。 《汉书•郊祀志》：“有龙垂胡髯，下迎黄帝。”师古曰：“胡，颈下垂肉也。” 《金日碑传》：“ㄏ胡投何罗殿下。”晋灼曰：“胡，颈也。”《张敖传》： “仰绝亢而死。”注：“苏林曰：“亢，颈大脉也，俗所谓胡脉也，”《後汉书》： “请为诸君鼓咙胡。”《太玄经》：“七为枯。”范望解：“谓唐胡也，” 古人读侯为胡，《息夫躬传》师古曰：“咽，喉咙，即今人言胡咙耳，” ○胡 《说文》：“胡，牛颔垂也。从肉，古声。”《续汉•舆服志》：“圣人见 鸟兽，有冠角髯胡之制”是也。《诗》曰：“狼跋其胡。”狼之老者颔下垂胡， 故以为寿考之称。《诗》曰：“胡考之宁。”传曰：“虽及胡。”《谥法》： “弥年寿考曰胡。保民耆艾曰胡，”陈有胡公，而蔡仲及周厉王名胡，似亦皆取 此义。《考工记》：“戈广二寸，内倍之，胡三之。”谓戈锋之曲而旁出者，犹 牛胡也。《周礼•大行人》：“侯伯七十步，立当前疾。”注：“前疾谓驷马车 辕前胡下垂柱地者。”《礼记•深衣》：“袂圜以应规。”注：“谓胡下也。下 垂曰胡。”《方言》：“凡箭镞胡合嬴者。”郭璞解：“胡镝在于喉下。”则亦 取象于牛胡也。又国名。今之胡姓，以国为氏，或以谥为氏者也。又与“何”字 义同，如“胡能有定”、“胡然而天”、“胡斯畏忌”之类。见于经传如此而已。 《史记•匈奴传》曰：“晋北有林胡、楼烦之戎，燕北有东胡、山戎。”盖必时 人因此名戎为胡。而下文遂云“筑长城以拒胡”，是以二国之人而概北方之种， 一时之号而蒙千载之呼也。盖北狄之名胡自此始。而《考工记》亦曰：“粤无， 燕无函，秦无庐，胡无弓车。”春秋，北燕仅再见于经，而于越至哀公时始盛， 以此知《考工》之篇亦必七国以後之人所增益矣。又虏者，俘获之称。《曲礼》： “献民虏者，操右袂。”《公羊传》：“闵公矜此妇人，妒其言，顾曰：‘此虏 也，尔虏焉。’”故鲁仲连所谓“虏使其民”，韩非所谓“臣虏之劳”，而《戚 夫人歌》所谓“子为王，母为虏”，东方朔《答客难》所谓“尊之则为将，卑之 则为虏”者也。故汉高帝言“虏中吾指”，而骂娄敬为“齐虏”，戾太子骂江充 为“赵虏”。《水经注》：“临淄外郭，世谓之虏城。”言齐王伐燕，燕王哙 死，虏其民，实居郭，因以名之是矣。自南北朝以後，其名遂以加之北翟，亦习 而不察也。 ○草马 《尔雅》：“马属，牡曰骘，扎曰舍。”郭璞注以“牡为殳马，牝为草 马。”《魏志•社畿传》：“为河东太守，课民畜牛草马。”《晋书•凉武昭 王传》：“家有草马生白额驹。”《魏书•蠕蠕传》：“赐阿那环父草马五百 匹，”《吐谷浑传》：“吐谷浑尝得波斯草马，放入海，因生匆驹。”《隋书 •许善心传》：“赐草马二十匹。”今人则以牡为儿马，牝为骤马，而唯牝驴乃 言草驴。 ○草驴女猫 今人谓牝驴为草驴。《北齐书•杨传》：“选人鲁漫汉在元子思坊，骑秃 尾草驴。”是北齐时已有此语。山东、河北人谓牝猫为女猫。《隋书•外戚独狐 ヌ传》：“猫女可来？无住宫中，”是隋时已有此语。 ○雌雄牝牡 飞曰雌雄，走曰牝牡。雉鸣求其牡，诗人以为不伦之刺。然亦有不一者。 《周礼》疏引《诗》：“雄狐绥绥”，走亦曰雄。《书》“扎鸡无晨”，飞亦曰 牝。今按经传之文，不止于此。如《诗》：“尔牧来思，以薪以蒸，以雌以雄。” 《左传》：“千乘三去，三去之余，获其雄狐。”《庄子》：“猿偏犭旦以为雌。” 《焦氏易林》：“雄大夜鸣，雄罴在後，”《晋书•五行志》：“吴郡娄县人家 闻地中有犬子声，掘之，得雌雄各一。”《木兰诗》：“雄兔脚扑朔，雌兔眼迷 离。”皆走而称雌雄者也，《尔雅》：“鹩鹑，其雄皆牝痹。”《山海经》： “带山有鸟焉，其状如乌，五采而赤文，名曰奇余，是自为牝牡。”“阳山 有乌焉，其状如雌雉，而五采以文，是自为牝牡，名曰象蛇。”则飞而称牝牡者 也。龙亦可称雌雄，《左传》：“帝赐之乘龙，河、汉各二，各有雌雄”是也。 虫亦可称雌雄，《列子》：“纯雌其名大腰，纯雄其名稚蜂”是也。介虫亦可称 雌雄，《庄子》注，司马云：“雄者鼋类，雌者鳖类”是也，人亦可称雌雄， 《管子》：“楚人攻宋、郑，今其人有丧雌雄。”《庄子》：“鲁哀公之言哀骀 他曰：‘且而雌雄合乎前”是也。虹亦可称雌雄，《诗》疏：“虹双出，色鲜盛 者为雄，雄曰虹；暗者为雌，雌曰虮”是也。干支亦可称雌雄，《史记》索隐： “岁雄在阏逢，雌在摄提格。月雄在毕，雌在訾。日雄在甲，雌在子”是也，金 亦可称雌雄，王子年《拾遗记》：“禹铸九鼎，择雌金为阴鼎，雄金为阳鼎”是 也。石亦可称雌雄，《续汉•郡国志》：“夜郎出雄黄、雌黄”是也，符契亦可 称雌雄，《隋书•高祖纪》：“颁木鱼符于总管、刺史，雌一雄一。”《唐六典》： “太府寺置木契九十五只，雄付少府将作监，雌留太府寺”是也。箭亦可称雌雄， 《辽史•仪卫志》：“木箭内箭为雄，外箭为雌。皇帝行幸则用之，还宫，勘箭 官执雌箭，东上阁门使执雄箭”是也。草木亦可称牡，《周礼》：“牡辜”、 “牡{艹鞠}”、《檀弓》：“牡麻”；《尔雅》：“牡[B113]”、“牡{艹赞}”、 “牡茅”，《仪礼》注“牡蒲”，《史记•封禅书》：“牡荆”，《本草》： “牡桂”是也。车箱亦可称牝，《考工记》：“牝服”，正义云：“车较，即今 人谓之平鬲，皆有孔，内令子于其中，而又向下服，故谓之牝服”是也。管钥 亦可称牝牡，《汉书•五行志》：“长安章城门，门牡自亡。”《月令》注： “键牡闭牝也。”正义：“凡锁器人者谓之牡，受者谓之牝”是也。棺盖亦可称 牝牡，《礼记•丧大记》：“君盖用漆。”正义：“用漆者，涂合牝牡之中也” 是也。瓦亦可称扎，《广韵》：“<瓦反>，牝瓦”是也。五藏亦可称牝牡， 《灵枢经》：“肝心脾为牡藏，肺肾为牝藏”是也。齿牙亦可称牡，《说文》： “牙，牡齿”是也。病亦可称牡，《史记•仓公传》：“牡疝”是也。星亦可称 牝牡，《天文志》：“大自在南，岁在北，名曰牝牡”是也。五行亦可称牝牡， 《左传》：“水，火之牡也”是也。铜亦可称牝牡，《抱朴子》：“灌铜当以在 火中向赤时，有凸起者牡铜，凹陷者牝铜”是也。若《淮南子》云：“北斗之神 有雌雄，月从一辰，雄左行，雌右行。”而《隋书•经籍志》有《孝经雌雄图》 三卷。《五代史•四夷附录》：“高丽王建进《孝经雌图》一卷，载日食星变， ”不经之说，则近于诞矣。 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 日知錄 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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