4. _Nayan and his true relationship to Kúblái._

1. Chapter 1 2. episode, which was afterwards published as a coloured lithograph by 3. 1864. From this point, Yule made a very interesting excursion to the 4. introduction and notes to Wood’s _Journey_. Soon after his return to 5. 1890. Amongst those present were witnesses of every stage of his 6. 1886. Signed M. P. V.) 7. 27. Some details of 13th-Century Galleys. 28. Fighting 8. 32. Battle in Bay of Ayas in 1294. 33. Lamba Doria’s 9. 67. His true claims to glory. 68. His personal attributes 10. 76. Contemporary References to Polo. T. de Cepoy; Pipino; 11. introduction of Block-printed Books into Europe by Marco Polo 12. introduction in the Age following Polo’s. 13. PROLOGUE. 14. 3. _Alau Lord of the Levant (i.e. |Hulaku|)._ 4. 15. 3. _Religious Indifference of the Mongol Princes._ 16. 2. _Negropont._ 3. _Mark’s age._ 17. 2. _Ramusio’s addition._ 3. _Nature of Marco’s 18. 2. _The Lady Bolgana._ 3. _Passage from Ramusio._ 19. 5. _Mortality among the party._ 6. _The Lady Cocachin 20. 5. _Goshawks._ 6. _Fish Miracle._ 7. _Sea of Ghel 21. 4. _The_ Torizi. 5. _Character of City and People._ 22. 3. _|Ondanique| or Indian Steel._ 4. _Manufactures of 23. 7. _Second Route between Hormuz and Kerman._ 24. 8. _Repeated devastation of the Country from War._ 9. 25. 3. _Khotan._ 26. 4. _Prester John._ 27. 4. _The five species of Crane described by Polo._ 5. 28. 3. _Leopards._ 4. _The Bamboo Palace. Uses of the 29. 6. _The White Horses. The Oirad Tribe._ 7. _The 30. PART I. 31. 4. _Nayan and his true relationship to Kúblái._ 32. 8. _Wide diffusion of the kind of Palace here 33. 12. “Roze de l’açur.” 13. _The Green Mount._ 14. 34. 7. _Addition from Ramusio._ 35. 3. _The Buffet of Liquors._ 4. _The superstition of 36. 3. _Tame Lions._ 37. 7. _The Kaan’s Great Tents._ 8. _The Sable and 38. 4. _Politeness._ 5. _Filial Piety._ 6. _Pocket 39. 1. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. I. WESTERN ASIA. This includes 40. 4. Plan of part of the remains of the same city. Reduced from a 41. 41. Plan of position of DILÁWAR, the supposed site of the Dilavar 42. 114. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. II. Routes between KERMAN and 43. 178. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. III. Regions on and near the 44. 305. Heading, in the old Chinese seal-character, of an INSCRIPTION 45. 319. The CHO-KHANG. The grand Temple of Buddha at _Lhasa_, from _The 46. 352. “_Table d’Or de Commandement_;” the PAÏZA of the MONGOLS, from 47. 355. Second Example of a Mongol Païza with superscription in the 48. 426. BANK-NOTE of the MING Dynasty, on one-half the scale of the 49. 454. Observatory Instruments of the Jesuits. All these from 50. PROLOGUE. 51. 3. Remains of the Castle of SOLDAIA or Sudák. After _Dubois de 52. 7. Ruins of BOLGHAR. After _Demidoff, Voyage dans la Russie 53. 15. The GREAT KAAN delivering a GOLDEN TABLET to the two elder 54. 18. Plan of ACRE as it was when lost (A.D. 1291). Reduced and 55. 21. Portrait of Pope GREGORY X. After _J. B. de Cavaleriis 56. 37. Ancient CHINESE WAR VESSEL. From the Chinese Encyclopædia 57. 42. Coin of King HETUM I. and Queen ISABEL of Cilician Armenia. 58. 51. Mediæval GEORGIAN FORTRESS. From a drawing by Padre CRISTOFORO 59. 55. View of DERBEND. After a cut from a drawing by M. Moynet in the 60. 61. Coin of BADRUDDÍN LOLO of Mosul (A.H. 620). After _Marsden’s 61. 76. GHÁZÁN Khan’s Mosque at TABRIZ. Borrowed from _Fergusson’s 62. 95. KASHMIR SCARF with animals, etc. After photograph from the 63. 100. Humped Oxen from the Assyrian Sculptures at Kouyunjik. From 64. 102. Portrait of a Hazára. From a Photograph, kindly taken for the 65. 118. Ages. 7 figures, viz., No. 1, The Navicella of Giotto in 66. 134. The _ARBRE SEC_, and _ARBRES DU SOLEIL ET DE LA LUNE_. From 67. 137. The CHINÁR or Oriental Plane, viz., that called the Tree of 68. 147. Portrait of H. H. AGHA KHÁN MEHELÁTI, late representative of 69. 159. Ancient SILVER PATERA of debased Greek Art, formerly in the 70. 167. Ancient BUDDHIST Temple at Pandrethan in KÁSHMIR. Borrowed from 71. 176. Horns of the _OVIS POLI_, or Great Sheep of Pamir. Drawn by 72. 177. Figure of the _OVIS POLI_ or Great Sheep of Pamir. From a 73. 180. Head of a native of KASHGAR. After Verchaguine. From the _Tour 74. 184. View of SAMARKAND. From a Sketch by Mr. D. IVANOFF, engraved 75. 221. Colossal Figure; BUDDHA entering NIRVANA. Sketched by the 76. 222. Great LAMA MONASTERY, viz., that at Jehol. After _Staunton’s 77. 224. The _Kyang_, or WILD ASS of Mongolia. After a plate by Wolf in 78. 230. Entrance to the Erdeni Tso, Great Temple. From MARCEL MONNIER’S 79. 244. Death of Chinghiz Khan. From a Miniature in the _Livre des 80. 253. Dressing up a Tent, from MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour d’Asie_, by 81. 255. Mediæval TARTAR HUTS and WAGGONS. Drawn by Sig. QUINTO CENNI, 82. 258. Tartar IDOLS and KUMIS Churn. Drawn by the Editor after data in 83. 273. The _SYRRHAPTES PALLASII; Bargherlac_ of Marco Polo. From a 84. 280. REEVES’S PHEASANT. After an engraving in _Wood’s Illustrated 85. 293. The RAMPART of GOG and MAGOG. From a photograph of the Great 86. 307. A PAVILION at Yuen-Ming-Yuen, to illustrate the probable style 87. 317. CHINESE CONJURING Extraordinary. Extracted from an engraving in 88. 326. A TIBETAN BACSI. Sketched from the life by the Editor. 89. 340. NAKKARAS. From a Chinese original in the _Lois des Empereurs 90. 341. NAKKARAS. After one of the illustrations in Blochmann’s edition 91. 352. Seljukian Coin, with the LION and the SUN (A.H. 640). After 92. 355. Sculptured GERFALCON from the Gate of Iconium. Copied from 93. 357. Portrait of the Great KAAN KÚBLÁI. From a Chinese engraving in 94. 367. Ideal Plan of the Ancient Palaces of the Mongol Emperors at 95. 369. The WINTER PALACE at PEKING. Borrowed from _Fergusson’s History 96. 371. View of the “GREEN MOUNT.” From a photograph kindly lent to the 97. 373. The _Yüan ch’eng_. From a photograph kindly lent to the present 98. 376. South GATE of the “IMPERIAL CITY” at Peking. From an original 99. 399. The BÚRGÚT EAGLE. After _Atkinson’s Oriental and Western 100. 409. The TENTS of the EMPEROR K’ien-lung. From a drawing in the 101. 413. Plain of CAMBALUC; the City in the distance; from the hills 102. 458. The Great TEMPLE OF HEAVEN at Peking. From _Michie’s Siberian 103. 463. MARBLE ARCHWAY erected under the MONGOL DYNASTY at Kiu-Yong 104. 1. With all the intrinsic interest of Marco Polo’s Book it may perhaps 105. 2. The first person who attempted to gather and string the facts of 106. 3. “Howbeit, during the last hundred years, persons acquainted 107. 4. Ramusio, then, after a brief apologetic parallel of the marvels 108. prologue of Marco Polo’s book that he had derived from a recent piece 109. 6. “Not many months after the arrival of the travellers at Venice, 110. 7. “The captivity of Messer Marco greatly disturbed the minds 111. 8. “As regards the after duration of this noble and worthy family, 112. 9. The story of the travels of the Polo family opens in 1260. 113. 10. In Asia and Eastern Europe scarcely a dog might bark without 114. 11. For about three centuries the Northern provinces of China had been 115. 12. In India the most powerful sovereign was the Sultan of Delhi, 116. 13. In days when History and Genealogy were allowed to draw largely 117. 14. Till quite recently it had never been precisely ascertained whether 118. 15. Of the three sons of Andrea Polo of S. Felice, Marco seems to have 119. 16. Nicolo Polo, the second of the Brothers, had two legitimate sons, 120. 17. Kúblái had never before fallen in with European gentlemen. He was 121. 18. The Brothers arrived at Acre in April,[10] 1269, and found that 122. 19. The Papal interregnum was the longest known, at least since the 123. 20. Kúblái received the Venetians with great cordiality, and took 124. 21. Arghún Khan of Persia, Kúblái’s great-nephew, had in 1286 lost his 125. 22. The princess, whose enjoyment of her royalty was brief, wept as she 126. 1295. The date assigned to it, however, by Marco (ii. 477) is 1294, 127. 23. We have seen that Ramusio places the scene of the story recently 128. 24. The Court which was known in the 16th century as the Corte del 129. 25. And before entering on this new phase of the Traveller’s biography 130. 26. This system of grouping the oars, and putting only one man to an 131. 27. Returning then to the three-banked and two-banked galleys of the 132. 28. Midships in the mediæval galley a castle was erected, of the width 133. 29. We have already mentioned that Sanudo requires for his three-banked 134. 30. The musicians formed an important part of the equipment. Sanudo 135. 1503. The crew amounted to 200, of whom 150 were for working the 136. 31. Jealousies, too characteristic of the Italian communities, were, 137. 32. Truces were made and renewed, but the old fire still smouldered. In 138. 33. In 1298 the Genoese made elaborate preparations for a great blow at 139. 34. It was on the afternoon of Saturday the 6th September that the 140. 35. The battle began early on Sunday and lasted till the afternoon. The 141. 36. Howsoever they may have been treated, here was Marco Polo one of 142. episode in Polo’s biography. 143. 37. Something further requires to be said before quitting this event in 144. 1278. On this occasion is recorded a remarkable anticipation of 145. 38. We have now to say something of that Rusticiano to whom all who 146. 39. Who, then, was Rusticiano, or, as the name actually is read in the 147. 40. Rustician’s literary work appears from the extracts and remarks of 148. 41. A question may still occur to an attentive reader as to the 149. 42. In Dunlop’s History of Fiction a passage is quoted from the 150. 353. The alleged gift to Rustician is also put forth by D’Israeli 151. 43. A few very disconnected notices are all that can be collected of 152. 44. In 1302 occurs what was at first supposed to be a glimpse of 153. 45. A little later we hear of Marco once more, as presenting a copy of 154. 46. When Marco married we have not been able to ascertain, but it was 155. 47. We catch sight of our Traveller only once more. It is on the 9th of 156. 48. He was buried, no doubt, according to his declared wish, in the 157. 49. From the short series of documents recently alluded to,[28] we 158. 2. He had drafted his will with his own hand, sealed the draft, 159. 3. Appoints as Trustees Messer Maffeo Polo his uncle, Marco Polo 160. 4. Leaves 20 _soldi_ to each of the Monasteries from Grado to Capo 161. 5. To his daughter Fiordelisa 2000 _lire_ to marry her withal. To 162. 6. To his wife Catharine 400 _lire_ and all her clothes as they 163. 7. To his natural daughter Pasqua 400 _lire_ to marry her withal. 164. 8. To his natural brothers Stephen and Giovannino he leaves 500 165. 100. To Fiordelisa, wife of Felix Polo, 100. To Maroca, the 166. 10. To buy Public Debt producing an annual 20 _lire ai grossi_ to 167. 11. Should his wife prove with child and bear a son or sons they 168. 12. If he have no male heir his Brother Marco shall have the 169. 13. Should Daughter Fiordelisa die unmarried her 2000 _lire_ and 170. 14. Should his wife bear him a male heir or heirs, but these should 171. 15. Should his wife bear a daughter and she die unmarried, her 172. 16. Should the whole amount of his property between cash and goods 173. 1342. And some years later we have in the Sicilian Archives an 174. 50. The Book itself consists essentially of Two Parts. _First_, of 175. 51. As regards the language in which Marco’s Book was first 176. 52. The French Text that we have been quoting, published by the 177. 53. Another circumstance, heretofore I believe unnoticed, is in itself 178. 54. But, after all, the circumstantial evidence that has been adduced 179. 55. In treating of the various Texts of Polo’s Book we must necessarily 180. 56. II. The next Type is that of the French MSS. on which M. Pauthier’s 181. 57. There is another curious circumstance about the MSS. of this 182. 58. III. The next Type of Text is that found in Friar Pipino’s Latin 183. 59. The absence of effective publication in the Middle Ages led to a 184. 60. IV. We now come to a Type of Text which deviates largely from 185. 61. Thus we find substituted for the _Bastra_ (or _Bascra_) of the 186. 62. Of circumstances certainly genuine, which are peculiar to this 187. 63. Though difficulties will certainly remain,[17] the most probable 188. 64. To sum up. It is, I think, beyond reasonable dispute that we 189. 65. Whilst upon this subject of manuscripts of our Author, I will give 190. 1. The mention of the death of Kúblái (see note 7, p. 38 of this 191. 2. Mr. Hugh Murray objects that whilst in the old texts Polo 192. 3. The same editor points to the manner in which one of the 193. 1. In the chapter on Georgia: 194. 3. After the chapter on Mosul is another short chapter, already 195. 4. In the chapter on _Tarcan_ (for Carcan, _i.e._ Yarkand): 196. 5. In the Desert of Lop: 197. 7. “Et in medio hujus viridarii est palacium sive logia, _tota 198. 66. That Marco Polo has been so universally recognised as the King of 199. 67. Surely Marco’s real, indisputable, and, in their kind, unique 200. 68. What manner of man was Ser Marco? It is a question hard to answer. 201. 69. Of scientific notions, such as we find in the unveracious 202. 70. The Book, however, is full of bearings and distances, and I have 203. 71. In the early part of the Book we are told that Marco acquired 204. 72. A question naturally suggests itself, how far Polo’s narrative, 205. 73. On the other hand, though Marco, who had left home at fifteen 206. 74. We have seen in the most probable interpretation of the nickname 207. Introduction, p. 55.) There is a curious parallel between the two 208. 75. But we must return for a little to Polo’s own times. Ramusio 209. 76. Of contemporary or nearly contemporary references to our Traveller 210. 77. Lastly, we learn from a curious passage in a medical work by PIETRO 211. 78. There is, however, a notable work which is ascribed to a rather 212. 79. Marco Polo contributed such a vast amount of new facts to the 213. 80. As regards the second cause alleged, we may say that down nearly to 214. 81. Even Ptolemy seems to have been almost unknown; and indeed had his 215. 82. Among the Arabs many able men, from the early days of Islám, 216. 83. Some distinct trace of acquaintance with the Arabian Geography is 217. 84. The first genuine mediæval attempt at a geographical construction 218. 85. In the following age we find more frequent indications that Polo’s 219. 86. The Maps of Mercator (1587) and Magini (1597) are similar in 220. 87. Before concluding, it may be desirable to say a few words on the 221. 88. Mr. Curzon’s own observations, which I have italicised about 222. 89. It remains to say a few words regarding the basis adopted for our 223. 90. It will be clear from what has been said in the preceding pages 224. 91. As regards the reading of proper names and foreign words, in which 225. PROLOGUE. 226. CHAPTER I. 227. CHAPTER II. 228. CHAPTER III. 229. CHAPTER IV. 230. CHAPTER V. 231. CHAPTER VI. 232. CHAPTER VII. 233. CHAPTER VIII. 234. CHAPTER IX. 235. CHAPTER X. 236. CHAPTER XI. 237. 1276. His character stood high to the last, and some of the 238. CHAPTER XII. 239. CHAPTER XIII. 240. CHAPTER XIV. 241. CHAPTER XV. 242. CHAPTER XVI. 243. CHAPTER XVII. 244. CHAPTER XVIII. 245. CHAPTER I. 246. 1198. The kingdom was at its zenith under Hetum or Hayton I., 247. CHAPTER II. 248. CHAPTER III. 249. CHAPTER IV. 250. 1870. He wore the Russian uniform, and bore the title of Prince 251. CHAPTER V. 252. CHAPTER VI. 253. CHAPTER VII. 254. CHAPTER VIII. 255. CHAPTER IX. 256. CHAPTER X. 257. CHAPTER XI. 258. CHAPTER XII. 259. CHAPTER XIII. 260. CHAPTER XIV. 261. CHAPTER XV. 262. CHAPTER XVI. 263. CHAPTER XVII. 264. CHAPTER XVIII. 265. CHAPTER XIX. 266. 1. From Kermán across a plain to the top of a 267. 3. A great plain, called _Reobarles_, in a much warmer 268. 5. A well-watered fruitful plain, which is crossed to 269. 1. From Kermán to the caravanserai of Deh Bakri in the 270. 2. Two miles _over very deep snow_ brought him to the 271. 3. “Clumps of date-palms growing near the village showed 272. 4. 6½ hours, “nearly the whole way over a most difficult 273. 5. Two long marches over a plain, part of which is 274. 1862. More recently Major St. John has shown the magnitude of this 275. CHAPTER XX. 276. CHAPTER XXI. 277. CHAPTER XXII. 278. CHAPTER XXIII. 279. CHAPTER XXIV. 280. 1113. Maudúd, Prince of Mosul, in the chief Mosque of Damascus. 281. CHAPTER XXV. 282. 1262. Neither is right, nor certainly could Polo have meant the 283. 1256. But an army had been sent long in advance under “one of 284. CHAPTER XXVI. 285. CHAPTER XXVII. 286. CHAPTER XXVIII. 287. CHAPTER XXIX. 288. CHAPTER XXX. 289. CHAPTER XXXI. 290. CHAPTER XXXII. 291. CHAPTER XXXIII. 292. CHAPTER XXXIV. 293. CHAPTER XXXV. 294. CHAPTER XXXVI. 295. CHAPTER XXXVII. 296. CHAPTER XXXVIII. 297. CHAPTER XXXIX. 298. CHAPTER XL. 299. CHAPTER XLI. 300. CHAPTER XLII. 301. 1. Klaproth states that the Mongols applied to Tibet the name of 302. 2. Professor Vámbéry thinks that it is probably _Chingin Tala_, 303. CHAPTER XLIII. 304. CHAPTER XLIV. 305. CHAPTER XLV. 306. CHAPTER XLVI. 307. CHAPTER XLVII. 308. CHAPTER XLVIII. 309. CHAPTER XLIX. 310. CHAPTER L. 311. CHAPTER LI. 312. 1464. [_Hwang ming ts’ung sin lu_.] In the time of the present 313. CHAPTER LII. 314. CHAPTER LIII. 315. CHAPTER LIV. 316. CHAPTER LV. 317. CHAPTER LVI. 318. 1860. From the last our cut is taken. 319. CHAPTER LVII. 320. CHAPTER LVIII. 321. CHAPTER LIX. 322. CHAPTER LX. 323. 1. Radde mentions as a rare crane in South Siberia _Grus monachus_, 324. 2. _Grus leucogeranus_ (?) whose chief habitat is Siberia, but 325. 4. The colour of the pendants varies in the texts. Pauthier’s and 326. 5. Certainly the Indian _Sáras_ (vulgo Cyrus), or _Grus antigone_, 327. CHAPTER LXI. 328. CHAPTER I. 329. CHAPTER II. 330. 1287. What followed will be found in a subsequent note (ch. iv. 331. CHAPTER III. 332. CHAPTER IV. 333. CHAPTER V. 334. CHAPTER VI. 335. CHAPTER VII. 336. CHAPTER VIII. 337. CHAPTER IX. 338. CHAPTER X. 339. CHAPTER XI. 340. CHAPTER XII. 341. CHAPTER XIII. 342. CHAPTER XIV. 343. CHAPTER XV. 344. CHAPTER XVI. 345. CHAPTER XVII. 346. CHAPTER XVIII. 347. CHAPTER XIX. 348. CHAPTER XX. 349. CHAPTER XXI. 350. CHAPTER XXII. 351. CHAPTER XXIII. 352. CHAPTER XXIV. 353. CHAPTER XXV. 354. CHAPTER XXVI. 355. 200. And if there chance to be some river or lake to be passed by the 356. CHAPTER XXVII. 357. CHAPTER XXVIII. 358. CHAPTER XXIX. 359. CHAPTER XXX. 360. CHAPTER XXXI. 361. CHAPTER XXXII. 362. CHAPTER XXXIII. 363. CHAPTER XXXIV. 364. Prologue, note 1. 365. introduction of plants from Asia into China, 16n; 366. introduction of block-printing into Europe and Polo, _138–141_;