The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 by Marco Polo and da Pisa Rusticiano
30. The musicians formed an important part of the equipment. Sanudo
976 words | Chapter 134
says that in going into action every vessel should make the greatest
possible display of colours; gonfalons and broad banners should float
from stem to stern, and gay pennons all along the bulwarks; whilst it
was impossible to have too much of noisy music, of pipes, trumpets,
kettle-drums, and what not, to put heart into the crew and strike fear
into the enemy.[24]
So Joinville, in a glorious passage, describes the galley of his
kinsman, the Count of Jaffa, at the landing of St. Lewis in Egypt:—
“That galley made the most gallant figure of them all, for it was
painted all over, above water and below, with scutcheons of the
count’s arms, the field of which was _or_ with a cross _patée
gules_.[25] He had a good 300 rowers in his galley, and every man
of them had a target blazoned with his arms in beaten gold. And,
as they came on, the galley looked to be some flying creature,
with such spirit did the rowers spin it along;—or rather, with
the rustle of its flags, and the roar of its nacaires and drums
and Saracen horns, you might have taken it for a rushing bolt of
heaven.”[26]
The galleys, which were very low in the water,[27] could not keep the
sea in rough weather, and in winter they never willingly kept the sea
at night, however fair the weather might be. Yet Sanudo mentions that
he had been with armed galleys to Sluys in Flanders.
I will mention two more particulars before concluding this digression.
When captured galleys were towed into port it was stern foremost, and
with their colours dragging on the surface of the sea.[28] And the
custom of saluting at sunset (probably by music) was in vogue on board
the galleys of the 13th century.[29]
We shall now sketch the circumstances that led to the appearance of our
Traveller in the command of a war-galley.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] I regret not to have had access to Jal’s learned memoirs
(_Archéologie Navale_, Paris, 1839) whilst writing this section,
nor since, except for a hasty look at his Essay on the difficult
subject of the oar arrangements. I see that he rejects so great
a number of oars as I deduce from the statements of Sanudo and
others, and that he regards a large number of the rowers as
supplementary.
[2] It seems the more desirable to elucidate this, because writers on
mediæval subjects so accomplished as Buchon and Capmany have (it
would seem) entirely misconceived the matter, assuming that all the
men on one bench pulled at one oar.
[3] See _Coronelli, Atlante Veneto_, I. 139, 140. Marino Sanudo the
Elder, though not using the term _trireme_, says it was well
understood from ancient authors that the Romans employed their
rowers _three to a bench_ (p. 59).
[4] “_Ad terzarolos_” (_Secreta Fidelium Crucis_, p. 57). The Catalan
Worthy, Ramon de Muntaner, indeed constantly denounces the practice
of manning _all_ the galleys with _terzaruoli_, or _tersols_,
as his term is. But his reason is that these thirds-men were
taken from the oar when crossbowmen were wanted, to act in that
capacity, and as such they were good for nothing; the crossbowmen,
he insists, should be men specially enlisted for that service and
kept to that. He would have some 10 or 20 per cent. only of the
fleet built very light and manned in threes. He does not seem to
have contemplated oars three-banked, and crossbowmen _besides_, as
Sanudo does. (See below; and _Muntaner_, pp. 288, 323, 525, etc.)
In Sanudo we have a glimpse worth noting of the word _soldiers_
advancing towards the modern sense; he expresses a strong
preference for _soldati_ (viz. _paid_ soldiers) over _crusaders_
(viz. volunteers), p. 74.
[5] _L’Armata Navale_, Roma, 1616, pp. 150–151.
[6] See a work to which I am indebted for a good deal of light and
information, the Engineer Giovanni Casoni’s Essay: “_Dei Navigli
Poliremi usati nella Marina dagli Antichi Veneziani_,” in
“_Esercitazioni dell’Ateneo Veneto_,” vol. ii. p. 338. This great
_Quinquereme_, as it was styled, is stated to have been struck by a
fire-arrow, and blown up, in January 1570.
[7] _Pantera_, p. 22.
[8] _Lazarus Bayfius de Re Navali Veterum_, in _Gronovii Thesaurus_,
Ven. 1737, vol. xi. p. 581. This writer also speaks of the
Quinquereme mentioned above (p. 577).
[9] _Marinus Sanutius_, p. 65.
[10] See the woodcuts opposite and at p. 37; also _Pantera_, p. 46
(who is here, however, speaking of the great-oared galleys), and
_Coronelli_, i. 140.
[11] _Casoni_, p. 324. He obtains these particulars from a manuscript
work of the 16th century by Cristoforo Canale.
[12] Signor Casoni (p. 324) expresses his belief that no galley of
the 14th century had more than 100 oars. I differ from him with
hesitation, and still more as I find M. Jal agrees in this view. I
will state the grounds on which I came to a different conclusion.
(1) Marino Sanudo assigns 180 rowers for a galley equipped _ai
Terzaruoli_ (p. 75). This seemed to imply something near 180 oars,
for I do not find any allusion to reliefs being provided. In the
French galleys of the 18th century there were no reliefs except in
this way, that in long runs without urgency only half the oars were
pulled. (See _Mém. d’un Protestant condamné aux Galères_, etc.,
Réimprimés, Paris, 1865, p. 447.) If four men to a bench were to be
employed, then Sanudo seems to calculate for his smaller galleys
220 men actually rowing (see pp. 75–78). This seems to assume 55
benches, _i.e._, 28 on one side and 27 on the other, which with
3-banked oars would give 165 rowers. (2) Casoni himself refers to
Pietro Martire d’Anghieria’s account of a Great Galley of Venice
in which he was sent ambassador to Egypt from the Spanish Court in
Chapters
1. Chapter 1
2. episode, which was afterwards published as a coloured lithograph by
3. 1864. From this point, Yule made a very interesting excursion to the
4. introduction and notes to Wood’s _Journey_. Soon after his return to
5. 1890. Amongst those present were witnesses of every stage of his
6. 1886. Signed M. P. V.)
7. 27. Some details of 13th-Century Galleys. 28. Fighting
8. 32. Battle in Bay of Ayas in 1294. 33. Lamba Doria’s
9. 67. His true claims to glory. 68. His personal attributes
10. 76. Contemporary References to Polo. T. de Cepoy; Pipino;
11. introduction of Block-printed Books into Europe by Marco Polo
12. introduction in the Age following Polo’s.
13. PROLOGUE.
14. 3. _Alau Lord of the Levant (i.e. |Hulaku|)._ 4.
15. 3. _Religious Indifference of the Mongol Princes._
16. 2. _Negropont._ 3. _Mark’s age._
17. 2. _Ramusio’s addition._ 3. _Nature of Marco’s
18. 2. _The Lady Bolgana._ 3. _Passage from Ramusio._
19. 5. _Mortality among the party._ 6. _The Lady Cocachin
20. 5. _Goshawks._ 6. _Fish Miracle._ 7. _Sea of Ghel
21. 4. _The_ Torizi. 5. _Character of City and People._
22. 3. _|Ondanique| or Indian Steel._ 4. _Manufactures of
23. 7. _Second Route between Hormuz and Kerman._
24. 8. _Repeated devastation of the Country from War._ 9.
25. 3. _Khotan._
26. 4. _Prester John._
27. 4. _The five species of Crane described by Polo._ 5.
28. 3. _Leopards._ 4. _The Bamboo Palace. Uses of the
29. 6. _The White Horses. The Oirad Tribe._ 7. _The
30. PART I.
31. 4. _Nayan and his true relationship to Kúblái._
32. 8. _Wide diffusion of the kind of Palace here
33. 12. “Roze de l’açur.” 13. _The Green Mount._ 14.
34. 7. _Addition from Ramusio._
35. 3. _The Buffet of Liquors._ 4. _The superstition of
36. 3. _Tame Lions._
37. 7. _The Kaan’s Great Tents._ 8. _The Sable and
38. 4. _Politeness._ 5. _Filial Piety._ 6. _Pocket
39. 1. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. I. WESTERN ASIA. This includes
40. 4. Plan of part of the remains of the same city. Reduced from a
41. 41. Plan of position of DILÁWAR, the supposed site of the Dilavar
42. 114. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. II. Routes between KERMAN and
43. 178. Marco Polo’s Itineraries, No. III. Regions on and near the
44. 305. Heading, in the old Chinese seal-character, of an INSCRIPTION
45. 319. The CHO-KHANG. The grand Temple of Buddha at _Lhasa_, from _The
46. 352. “_Table d’Or de Commandement_;” the PAÏZA of the MONGOLS, from
47. 355. Second Example of a Mongol Païza with superscription in the
48. 426. BANK-NOTE of the MING Dynasty, on one-half the scale of the
49. 454. Observatory Instruments of the Jesuits. All these from
50. PROLOGUE.
51. 3. Remains of the Castle of SOLDAIA or Sudák. After _Dubois de
52. 7. Ruins of BOLGHAR. After _Demidoff, Voyage dans la Russie
53. 15. The GREAT KAAN delivering a GOLDEN TABLET to the two elder
54. 18. Plan of ACRE as it was when lost (A.D. 1291). Reduced and
55. 21. Portrait of Pope GREGORY X. After _J. B. de Cavaleriis
56. 37. Ancient CHINESE WAR VESSEL. From the Chinese Encyclopædia
57. 42. Coin of King HETUM I. and Queen ISABEL of Cilician Armenia.
58. 51. Mediæval GEORGIAN FORTRESS. From a drawing by Padre CRISTOFORO
59. 55. View of DERBEND. After a cut from a drawing by M. Moynet in the
60. 61. Coin of BADRUDDÍN LOLO of Mosul (A.H. 620). After _Marsden’s
61. 76. GHÁZÁN Khan’s Mosque at TABRIZ. Borrowed from _Fergusson’s
62. 95. KASHMIR SCARF with animals, etc. After photograph from the
63. 100. Humped Oxen from the Assyrian Sculptures at Kouyunjik. From
64. 102. Portrait of a Hazára. From a Photograph, kindly taken for the
65. 118. Ages. 7 figures, viz., No. 1, The Navicella of Giotto in
66. 134. The _ARBRE SEC_, and _ARBRES DU SOLEIL ET DE LA LUNE_. From
67. 137. The CHINÁR or Oriental Plane, viz., that called the Tree of
68. 147. Portrait of H. H. AGHA KHÁN MEHELÁTI, late representative of
69. 159. Ancient SILVER PATERA of debased Greek Art, formerly in the
70. 167. Ancient BUDDHIST Temple at Pandrethan in KÁSHMIR. Borrowed from
71. 176. Horns of the _OVIS POLI_, or Great Sheep of Pamir. Drawn by
72. 177. Figure of the _OVIS POLI_ or Great Sheep of Pamir. From a
73. 180. Head of a native of KASHGAR. After Verchaguine. From the _Tour
74. 184. View of SAMARKAND. From a Sketch by Mr. D. IVANOFF, engraved
75. 221. Colossal Figure; BUDDHA entering NIRVANA. Sketched by the
76. 222. Great LAMA MONASTERY, viz., that at Jehol. After _Staunton’s
77. 224. The _Kyang_, or WILD ASS of Mongolia. After a plate by Wolf in
78. 230. Entrance to the Erdeni Tso, Great Temple. From MARCEL MONNIER’S
79. 244. Death of Chinghiz Khan. From a Miniature in the _Livre des
80. 253. Dressing up a Tent, from MARCEL MONNIER’S _Tour d’Asie_, by
81. 255. Mediæval TARTAR HUTS and WAGGONS. Drawn by Sig. QUINTO CENNI,
82. 258. Tartar IDOLS and KUMIS Churn. Drawn by the Editor after data in
83. 273. The _SYRRHAPTES PALLASII; Bargherlac_ of Marco Polo. From a
84. 280. REEVES’S PHEASANT. After an engraving in _Wood’s Illustrated
85. 293. The RAMPART of GOG and MAGOG. From a photograph of the Great
86. 307. A PAVILION at Yuen-Ming-Yuen, to illustrate the probable style
87. 317. CHINESE CONJURING Extraordinary. Extracted from an engraving in
88. 326. A TIBETAN BACSI. Sketched from the life by the Editor.
89. 340. NAKKARAS. From a Chinese original in the _Lois des Empereurs
90. 341. NAKKARAS. After one of the illustrations in Blochmann’s edition
91. 352. Seljukian Coin, with the LION and the SUN (A.H. 640). After
92. 355. Sculptured GERFALCON from the Gate of Iconium. Copied from
93. 357. Portrait of the Great KAAN KÚBLÁI. From a Chinese engraving in
94. 367. Ideal Plan of the Ancient Palaces of the Mongol Emperors at
95. 369. The WINTER PALACE at PEKING. Borrowed from _Fergusson’s History
96. 371. View of the “GREEN MOUNT.” From a photograph kindly lent to the
97. 373. The _Yüan ch’eng_. From a photograph kindly lent to the present
98. 376. South GATE of the “IMPERIAL CITY” at Peking. From an original
99. 399. The BÚRGÚT EAGLE. After _Atkinson’s Oriental and Western
100. 409. The TENTS of the EMPEROR K’ien-lung. From a drawing in the
101. 413. Plain of CAMBALUC; the City in the distance; from the hills
102. 458. The Great TEMPLE OF HEAVEN at Peking. From _Michie’s Siberian
103. 463. MARBLE ARCHWAY erected under the MONGOL DYNASTY at Kiu-Yong
104. 1. With all the intrinsic interest of Marco Polo’s Book it may perhaps
105. 2. The first person who attempted to gather and string the facts of
106. 3. “Howbeit, during the last hundred years, persons acquainted
107. 4. Ramusio, then, after a brief apologetic parallel of the marvels
108. prologue of Marco Polo’s book that he had derived from a recent piece
109. 6. “Not many months after the arrival of the travellers at Venice,
110. 7. “The captivity of Messer Marco greatly disturbed the minds
111. 8. “As regards the after duration of this noble and worthy family,
112. 9. The story of the travels of the Polo family opens in 1260.
113. 10. In Asia and Eastern Europe scarcely a dog might bark without
114. 11. For about three centuries the Northern provinces of China had been
115. 12. In India the most powerful sovereign was the Sultan of Delhi,
116. 13. In days when History and Genealogy were allowed to draw largely
117. 14. Till quite recently it had never been precisely ascertained whether
118. 15. Of the three sons of Andrea Polo of S. Felice, Marco seems to have
119. 16. Nicolo Polo, the second of the Brothers, had two legitimate sons,
120. 17. Kúblái had never before fallen in with European gentlemen. He was
121. 18. The Brothers arrived at Acre in April,[10] 1269, and found that
122. 19. The Papal interregnum was the longest known, at least since the
123. 20. Kúblái received the Venetians with great cordiality, and took
124. 21. Arghún Khan of Persia, Kúblái’s great-nephew, had in 1286 lost his
125. 22. The princess, whose enjoyment of her royalty was brief, wept as she
126. 1295. The date assigned to it, however, by Marco (ii. 477) is 1294,
127. 23. We have seen that Ramusio places the scene of the story recently
128. 24. The Court which was known in the 16th century as the Corte del
129. 25. And before entering on this new phase of the Traveller’s biography
130. 26. This system of grouping the oars, and putting only one man to an
131. 27. Returning then to the three-banked and two-banked galleys of the
132. 28. Midships in the mediæval galley a castle was erected, of the width
133. 29. We have already mentioned that Sanudo requires for his three-banked
134. 30. The musicians formed an important part of the equipment. Sanudo
135. 1503. The crew amounted to 200, of whom 150 were for working the
136. 31. Jealousies, too characteristic of the Italian communities, were,
137. 32. Truces were made and renewed, but the old fire still smouldered. In
138. 33. In 1298 the Genoese made elaborate preparations for a great blow at
139. 34. It was on the afternoon of Saturday the 6th September that the
140. 35. The battle began early on Sunday and lasted till the afternoon. The
141. 36. Howsoever they may have been treated, here was Marco Polo one of
142. episode in Polo’s biography.
143. 37. Something further requires to be said before quitting this event in
144. 1278. On this occasion is recorded a remarkable anticipation of
145. 38. We have now to say something of that Rusticiano to whom all who
146. 39. Who, then, was Rusticiano, or, as the name actually is read in the
147. 40. Rustician’s literary work appears from the extracts and remarks of
148. 41. A question may still occur to an attentive reader as to the
149. 42. In Dunlop’s History of Fiction a passage is quoted from the
150. 353. The alleged gift to Rustician is also put forth by D’Israeli
151. 43. A few very disconnected notices are all that can be collected of
152. 44. In 1302 occurs what was at first supposed to be a glimpse of
153. 45. A little later we hear of Marco once more, as presenting a copy of
154. 46. When Marco married we have not been able to ascertain, but it was
155. 47. We catch sight of our Traveller only once more. It is on the 9th of
156. 48. He was buried, no doubt, according to his declared wish, in the
157. 49. From the short series of documents recently alluded to,[28] we
158. 2. He had drafted his will with his own hand, sealed the draft,
159. 3. Appoints as Trustees Messer Maffeo Polo his uncle, Marco Polo
160. 4. Leaves 20 _soldi_ to each of the Monasteries from Grado to Capo
161. 5. To his daughter Fiordelisa 2000 _lire_ to marry her withal. To
162. 6. To his wife Catharine 400 _lire_ and all her clothes as they
163. 7. To his natural daughter Pasqua 400 _lire_ to marry her withal.
164. 8. To his natural brothers Stephen and Giovannino he leaves 500
165. 100. To Fiordelisa, wife of Felix Polo, 100. To Maroca, the
166. 10. To buy Public Debt producing an annual 20 _lire ai grossi_ to
167. 11. Should his wife prove with child and bear a son or sons they
168. 12. If he have no male heir his Brother Marco shall have the
169. 13. Should Daughter Fiordelisa die unmarried her 2000 _lire_ and
170. 14. Should his wife bear him a male heir or heirs, but these should
171. 15. Should his wife bear a daughter and she die unmarried, her
172. 16. Should the whole amount of his property between cash and goods
173. 1342. And some years later we have in the Sicilian Archives an
174. 50. The Book itself consists essentially of Two Parts. _First_, of
175. 51. As regards the language in which Marco’s Book was first
176. 52. The French Text that we have been quoting, published by the
177. 53. Another circumstance, heretofore I believe unnoticed, is in itself
178. 54. But, after all, the circumstantial evidence that has been adduced
179. 55. In treating of the various Texts of Polo’s Book we must necessarily
180. 56. II. The next Type is that of the French MSS. on which M. Pauthier’s
181. 57. There is another curious circumstance about the MSS. of this
182. 58. III. The next Type of Text is that found in Friar Pipino’s Latin
183. 59. The absence of effective publication in the Middle Ages led to a
184. 60. IV. We now come to a Type of Text which deviates largely from
185. 61. Thus we find substituted for the _Bastra_ (or _Bascra_) of the
186. 62. Of circumstances certainly genuine, which are peculiar to this
187. 63. Though difficulties will certainly remain,[17] the most probable
188. 64. To sum up. It is, I think, beyond reasonable dispute that we
189. 65. Whilst upon this subject of manuscripts of our Author, I will give
190. 1. The mention of the death of Kúblái (see note 7, p. 38 of this
191. 2. Mr. Hugh Murray objects that whilst in the old texts Polo
192. 3. The same editor points to the manner in which one of the
193. 1. In the chapter on Georgia:
194. 3. After the chapter on Mosul is another short chapter, already
195. 4. In the chapter on _Tarcan_ (for Carcan, _i.e._ Yarkand):
196. 5. In the Desert of Lop:
197. 7. “Et in medio hujus viridarii est palacium sive logia, _tota
198. 66. That Marco Polo has been so universally recognised as the King of
199. 67. Surely Marco’s real, indisputable, and, in their kind, unique
200. 68. What manner of man was Ser Marco? It is a question hard to answer.
201. 69. Of scientific notions, such as we find in the unveracious
202. 70. The Book, however, is full of bearings and distances, and I have
203. 71. In the early part of the Book we are told that Marco acquired
204. 72. A question naturally suggests itself, how far Polo’s narrative,
205. 73. On the other hand, though Marco, who had left home at fifteen
206. 74. We have seen in the most probable interpretation of the nickname
207. Introduction, p. 55.) There is a curious parallel between the two
208. 75. But we must return for a little to Polo’s own times. Ramusio
209. 76. Of contemporary or nearly contemporary references to our Traveller
210. 77. Lastly, we learn from a curious passage in a medical work by PIETRO
211. 78. There is, however, a notable work which is ascribed to a rather
212. 79. Marco Polo contributed such a vast amount of new facts to the
213. 80. As regards the second cause alleged, we may say that down nearly to
214. 81. Even Ptolemy seems to have been almost unknown; and indeed had his
215. 82. Among the Arabs many able men, from the early days of Islám,
216. 83. Some distinct trace of acquaintance with the Arabian Geography is
217. 84. The first genuine mediæval attempt at a geographical construction
218. 85. In the following age we find more frequent indications that Polo’s
219. 86. The Maps of Mercator (1587) and Magini (1597) are similar in
220. 87. Before concluding, it may be desirable to say a few words on the
221. 88. Mr. Curzon’s own observations, which I have italicised about
222. 89. It remains to say a few words regarding the basis adopted for our
223. 90. It will be clear from what has been said in the preceding pages
224. 91. As regards the reading of proper names and foreign words, in which
225. PROLOGUE.
226. CHAPTER I.
227. CHAPTER II.
228. CHAPTER III.
229. CHAPTER IV.
230. CHAPTER V.
231. CHAPTER VI.
232. CHAPTER VII.
233. CHAPTER VIII.
234. CHAPTER IX.
235. CHAPTER X.
236. CHAPTER XI.
237. 1276. His character stood high to the last, and some of the
238. CHAPTER XII.
239. CHAPTER XIII.
240. CHAPTER XIV.
241. CHAPTER XV.
242. CHAPTER XVI.
243. CHAPTER XVII.
244. CHAPTER XVIII.
245. CHAPTER I.
246. 1198. The kingdom was at its zenith under Hetum or Hayton I.,
247. CHAPTER II.
248. CHAPTER III.
249. CHAPTER IV.
250. 1870. He wore the Russian uniform, and bore the title of Prince
251. CHAPTER V.
252. CHAPTER VI.
253. CHAPTER VII.
254. CHAPTER VIII.
255. CHAPTER IX.
256. CHAPTER X.
257. CHAPTER XI.
258. CHAPTER XII.
259. CHAPTER XIII.
260. CHAPTER XIV.
261. CHAPTER XV.
262. CHAPTER XVI.
263. CHAPTER XVII.
264. CHAPTER XVIII.
265. CHAPTER XIX.
266. 1. From Kermán across a plain to the top of a
267. 3. A great plain, called _Reobarles_, in a much warmer
268. 5. A well-watered fruitful plain, which is crossed to
269. 1. From Kermán to the caravanserai of Deh Bakri in the
270. 2. Two miles _over very deep snow_ brought him to the
271. 3. “Clumps of date-palms growing near the village showed
272. 4. 6½ hours, “nearly the whole way over a most difficult
273. 5. Two long marches over a plain, part of which is
274. 1862. More recently Major St. John has shown the magnitude of this
275. CHAPTER XX.
276. CHAPTER XXI.
277. CHAPTER XXII.
278. CHAPTER XXIII.
279. CHAPTER XXIV.
280. 1113. Maudúd, Prince of Mosul, in the chief Mosque of Damascus.
281. CHAPTER XXV.
282. 1262. Neither is right, nor certainly could Polo have meant the
283. 1256. But an army had been sent long in advance under “one of
284. CHAPTER XXVI.
285. CHAPTER XXVII.
286. CHAPTER XXVIII.
287. CHAPTER XXIX.
288. CHAPTER XXX.
289. CHAPTER XXXI.
290. CHAPTER XXXII.
291. CHAPTER XXXIII.
292. CHAPTER XXXIV.
293. CHAPTER XXXV.
294. CHAPTER XXXVI.
295. CHAPTER XXXVII.
296. CHAPTER XXXVIII.
297. CHAPTER XXXIX.
298. CHAPTER XL.
299. CHAPTER XLI.
300. CHAPTER XLII.
301. 1. Klaproth states that the Mongols applied to Tibet the name of
302. 2. Professor Vámbéry thinks that it is probably _Chingin Tala_,
303. CHAPTER XLIII.
304. CHAPTER XLIV.
305. CHAPTER XLV.
306. CHAPTER XLVI.
307. CHAPTER XLVII.
308. CHAPTER XLVIII.
309. CHAPTER XLIX.
310. CHAPTER L.
311. CHAPTER LI.
312. 1464. [_Hwang ming ts’ung sin lu_.] In the time of the present
313. CHAPTER LII.
314. CHAPTER LIII.
315. CHAPTER LIV.
316. CHAPTER LV.
317. CHAPTER LVI.
318. 1860. From the last our cut is taken.
319. CHAPTER LVII.
320. CHAPTER LVIII.
321. CHAPTER LIX.
322. CHAPTER LX.
323. 1. Radde mentions as a rare crane in South Siberia _Grus monachus_,
324. 2. _Grus leucogeranus_ (?) whose chief habitat is Siberia, but
325. 4. The colour of the pendants varies in the texts. Pauthier’s and
326. 5. Certainly the Indian _Sáras_ (vulgo Cyrus), or _Grus antigone_,
327. CHAPTER LXI.
328. CHAPTER I.
329. CHAPTER II.
330. 1287. What followed will be found in a subsequent note (ch. iv.
331. CHAPTER III.
332. CHAPTER IV.
333. CHAPTER V.
334. CHAPTER VI.
335. CHAPTER VII.
336. CHAPTER VIII.
337. CHAPTER IX.
338. CHAPTER X.
339. CHAPTER XI.
340. CHAPTER XII.
341. CHAPTER XIII.
342. CHAPTER XIV.
343. CHAPTER XV.
344. CHAPTER XVI.
345. CHAPTER XVII.
346. CHAPTER XVIII.
347. CHAPTER XIX.
348. CHAPTER XX.
349. CHAPTER XXI.
350. CHAPTER XXII.
351. CHAPTER XXIII.
352. CHAPTER XXIV.
353. CHAPTER XXV.
354. CHAPTER XXVI.
355. 200. And if there chance to be some river or lake to be passed by the
356. CHAPTER XXVII.
357. CHAPTER XXVIII.
358. CHAPTER XXIX.
359. CHAPTER XXX.
360. CHAPTER XXXI.
361. CHAPTER XXXII.
362. CHAPTER XXXIII.
363. CHAPTER XXXIV.
364. Prologue, note 1.
365. introduction of plants from Asia into China, 16n;
366. introduction of block-printing into Europe and Polo, _138–141_;
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