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Concrete Construction: Methods and Costs by Gillette and Hill

Chapter XXI. Despite this considerable use of metal for special forms

344 words  |  Chapter 55

nothing approaching its general use like wood has been attempted, and the field lies wide open for invention. The economics of form construction deserve the most serious attention of the engineer and contractor. It is seldom that form work, outside of very massive foundation construction, costs less than 50 cts. per cubic yard of concrete in place, and it is not unusual in the more complex structures for it to cost $5 per cubic yard of concrete in place. These costs include the cost of materials and of framing, handling and removing the forms but they do not embrace extremely high or low costs. It is evident without further demonstration that time spent in planning economic form construction for any considerable job of concrete work is time spent profitably. In the following sections we review the general considerations which enter into all form work. Specific details of construction and specific costs of form work are given in succeeding chapters where each class of concrete work is discussed separately. This chapter is intended principally to familiarize the reader with general principles governing form work. ~EFFECT OF DESIGN ON FORM WORK.~--The designing engineer can generally aid largely in reducing the cost of form work if he will. This is particularly true in building work in which, also, form costs run high. By arranging his beam spacing and sizes with a little care he will enable the contractor to use his forms over and over and thus greatly reduce the expense for lumber. In the same way columns may be made of dimensions which will avoid frequent remaking of column forms. Panel recesses in walls may be made the thickness of a board or plank, instead of some odd depth that will require a special thickness of lumber, or beams may be made of such size that certain dimension widths of lumber can be used without splitting. In general, carpenter work costs more than concrete and where a little excess concrete may be contributed to save carpenter work it pays to contribute it. The figures given in
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Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. CHAPTER I.--METHODS AND COST OF SELECTING AND PREPARING 3. CHAPTER II.--THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PROPORTIONING CONCRETE. 25 4. CHAPTER III.--METHODS AND COSTS OF MAKING AND PLACING 5. CHAPTER IV.--METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND PLACING 6. Introduction--Conveying and Hoisting Devices--Unloading with Grab 7. CHAPTER V.--METHODS AND COST OF DEPOSITING CONCRETE 8. Introduction--Depositing in Closed Buckets; O'Rourke Bucket; Cyclopean 9. CHAPTER VI.--METHODS AND COST OF MAKING AND USING RUBBLE 10. Introduction--Rubble Concrete: Chattahoochee River Dam; Barossa 11. CHAPTER VII.--METHODS AND COST OF LAYING CONCRETE IN 12. Introduction--Lowering the Freezing Point of the Mixing Water; Common 13. CHAPTER VIII.--METHODS AND COST OF FINISHING CONCRETE 14. Introduction--Effect of Design on Form Work--Kind of Lumber--Finish and 15. CHAPTER X.--METHODS AND COST OF CONCRETE PILE AND PIER 16. Introduction--Molding Piles in Place; Method of Constructing Raymond 17. CHAPTER XI.--METHODS AND COST OF HEAVY CONCRETE WORK 18. Introduction--Fortification Work: Gun Emplacement, Staten Island, N. Y., 19. CHAPTER XII.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING BRIDGE 20. Introduction--Rectangular Pier for a Railway Bridge--Backing for 21. CHAPTER XIII.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RETAINING 22. Introduction--Comparative Economy of Plain and Reinforced Concrete 23. CHAPTER XIV.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE 24. Introduction--Mixtures Employed--Distribution of Stock Piles--Hints on 25. CHAPTER XV.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING SIDEWALKS, 26. Introduction--~Cement Sidewalks:~ General Method of Construction--Bonding 27. CHAPTER XVI.--METHODS AND COST OF LINING TUNNELS AND 28. Introduction--Capitol Hill Tunnel, Pennsylvania R. R., Washington, D. 29. CHAPTER XVII.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ARCH 30. Introduction--Centers--Mixing and Transporting Concrete; Cableway 31. Introduction--Box Culvert Construction, C., B. & Q. R. R.--Arch Culvert 32. CHAPTER XIX.--METHODS AND COST OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 33. Introduction--Construction, Erection and Removal of Forms: Column Forms; 34. CHAPTER XX.--METHOD AND COST OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 35. Introduction--Column, Girder and Slab Construction: Warehouses, 36. CHAPTER XXI.--METHODS AND COST OF AQUEDUCT AND SEWER 37. Introduction--Forms and Centers--Concreting--Reinforced Conduit, Salt 38. CHAPTER XXII.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING RESERVOIRS 39. Introduction--Small Covered Reservoir--500,000 Gallon Covered Reservoir, 40. CHAPTER XXIII.--METHODS AND COST OF CONSTRUCTING ORNAMENTAL 41. Introduction--Separately Molded Ornaments: Wooden Molds; Iron Molds; 42. Introduction--Drilling and Blasting Concrete--Bench Monuments, Chicago, 43. CHAPTER XXV.--METHODS AND COST OF WATERPROOFING CONCRETE 44. CHAPTER I. 45. CHAPTER II. 46. CHAPTER III. 47. CHAPTER IV. 48. 15. The trestle work was made of 12×12-in. timbers and was approximately 49. CHAPTER V. 50. CHAPTER VI. 51. part 1/8 to ½-in. stone or screenings. The sand was one-half river sand 52. CHAPTER VII. 53. CHAPTER VIII. 54. CHAPTER IX. 55. Chapter XXI. Despite this considerable use of metal for special forms 56. Chapter XIX, showing the reduction in lumber cost coming from using the 57. CHAPTER X. 58. CHAPTER XI. 59. 75. Three shifts were worked, each composed as specified for the guard 60. 84. The scow was loaded with sufficient sand and cement for a day's work 61. CHAPTER XII. 62. CHAPTER XIII. 63. 102. In fastening the forms with ties the choice is usually between long 64. Chapter VIII. 65. CHAPTER XIV. 66. CHAPTER XV. 67. Chapter II we can estimate the quantity of cement required for any given 68. CHAPTER XVI. 69. CHAPTER XVII. 70. 155. The exact construction of the forms for one of the larger slabs is 71. CHAPTER XVIII. 72. CHAPTER XIX. 73. Chapter IV. 74. CHAPTER XX. 75. 3. One full depth side form and the side of girder No. 2 formed the mold 76. CHAPTER XXI. 77. CHAPTER XXII. 78. CHAPTER XXIII. 79. 289. Referring first to the end posts, it will be seen that they were 80. CHAPTER XXIV. 81. CHAPTER XXV.

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