106. M. A. Ruffer, _Palaeopathology of Egypt_, 1921.

[36] _History of Egypt_, p. 101. [37] _Ibid_, p. 102. [38] Budge, p. 206. [39] _History of Egypt_, p. 101. [40] _Archéologie et Histoire des Sciences_, Paris, 1906, pp. 232-3. [41] Professor Breasted, however, feels that the contents of the new Edwin Smith Papyrus will raise our estimate of the worth of Egyptian medicine and surgery: letter to me of Jan. 20, 1922. [42] Petrie, “Egypt,” in EB, p. 73. [43] Berthelot (1885), p. 235. See E. B. Havell, _A Handbook of Indian Art_, 1920, p. 11, for a combination of “exact science,” ritual, and “magic power” in the work of the ancient Aryan craftsmen. [44] Berthelot (1889), pp. vi-vii. [45] Berthelot (1885), pp. 247-78; E. O. v. Lippmann (1919), pp. 118-43. [46] Budge, pp. 19-20. [47] Berthelot (1885), p. 10. [48] Lippmann (1919), pp. 181-2, and the authorities there cited. [49] Budge, pp. 214-5. [50] Budge, pp. 225-8; Wiedemann (1905), p. 9. [51] Wiedemann (1905), pp. 7, 8, 11. See also G. Daressy, _Une ancienne liste des décans égyptiens_, in _Annales du service des antiquités de l’Egypte_, I (1900), 79-90. [52] F. Boll in _Neue Jahrb._ (1908), p. 108. [53] Budge, pp. 222-3. [54] Budge, p. 229. [55] Some works on the subject of magic and religion, astronomy and astrology in Babylonia and Assyria will be found in Appendix I at the close of this chapter. [56] Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; Fossey, pp. 17-20. [57] Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, p. 102. [58] Prince, “Sumer and Sumerians,” in EB. [59] Webster, _Rest Days_, pp. 215-22, with further bibliography. See Orr (1913), 28-38, for an interesting discussion in English of the problem of the origin of solar and lunar zodiac. [60] Lippmann (1919), pp. 168-9. [61] Although Schiaparelli, _Astronomy in the Old Testament_, 1905, pp. v, 5, 49-51, 135, denies that “the frequent use of the number seven in the Old Testament is in any way connected with the planets.” I have not seen F. von Andrian, _Die Siebenzahl im Geistesleben der Völker_, in _Mitteil, d. anthrop. Gesellsch. in Wien_, XXI (1901), 225-74; see also Hehn, _Siebenzahl und Sabbat bei den Babyloniern und im alten Testament_, 1907. J. G. Frazer (1918), I, 140, has an interesting passage on the prominence of the number seven “alike in the Jehovistic and in the Babylonian narrative” of the flood. [62] Webster, _Rest Days_, pp. 211-2. Professor Webster, who kindly read this chapter in manuscript, stated in a letter to me of 2 July 1921 that he remained convinced that “the mystic properties ascribed to the number seven” can only in part be accounted for by the seven planets; “Our American Indians, for example, hold seven in great respect, yet have no knowledge of seven planets.” But it may be noted that the poet-philosophers of ancient Peru composed verses on the subject of astrology, according to Garcilasso (cited by W. I. Thomas, _Source Book for Social Origins_, 1909, p. 293). [63] L. W. King, _History of Babylon_, 1915, p. 299. [64] Fossey (1902), pp. 2-3. [65] Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, pp. 301-2. On liver divination see Frothingham, “Ancient Orientalism Unveiled,” _American Journal of Archaeology_, XXI (1917) 55, 187, 313, 420. [66] Fossey, p. 66. [67] Fossey, p. 16. [68] Lenormant, pp. 35, 147, 158. [69] Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. xxxviii-xxxix. [70] _Greece and Babylon_, p. 296. [71] Lenormant, pp. 146-7. [72] _Ibid._, p. 158. [73] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylon and Assyria_, pp. 283-4. [74] Zimmern, _Beiträge_, p. 173. [75] _Ibid._, p. 161. [76] Fossey, p. 399. [77] Fossey, p. 83. [78] _Ibid._, pp. 89-91. F. Küchler, _Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Assyr.-Babyl. Medizin; Texte mit Umschrift, Uebersetzung und Kommentar_, Leipzig, 1904, treats of twenty facsimile pages of cuneiform. [79] Lenormant, p. 190. [80] _Ibid._, p. 159. [81] So enlightened in fact that they spoke with some scorn of the “levity” and “lies” of the Greeks. [82] _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, Chicago, 1911, p. 189. [83] Thorndike (1905), p. 63. [84] E. E. Sikes, _Folk-lore in the Works and Days of Hesiod_, in _The Classical Review_, VII (1893). 390. [85] Freeman, _History of Sicily_, I, 101-3, citing Herodotus VII, 153. [86] Butler and Owen, _Apulei Apologia_, note on 30, 30. [87] For details concerning operative or vulgar magic among the ancient Greeks see Hubert, _Magia_, in Daremberg-Saglio; Abt, _Die Apologie des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei_, Giessen, 1908; and F. B. Jevons, “Græco-Italian Magic,” p. 93-, in _Anthropology and the Classics_, ed. R. Marett; and the article “Magic” in ERE. [88] I think that this sentence is an approximate quotation from some ancient author, possibly Diogenes Laertius, but I have not been able to find it. [89] J. E. Harrison, _Themis_, Cambridge, 1912. The chapter headings briefly suggest the argument: “1. Hymn of the Kouretes; 2. Dithyramb, Δρώμενον, and Drama; 3. Kouretes, Thunder-Rites and Mana; 4. a. Magic and Tabu, b. Medicine-bird and Medicine-king; 5. Totemism, Sacrament, and Sacrifice; 6. Dithyramb, Spring Festival, and Hagia Triada Sarcophagus; 7. Origin of the Olympic Games (about a year-daimon);