CHAPTER XXXVI

PREPARATION OF THE UNIVERSAL BEVERAGE The evolution of grinding and brewing methods--Coffee was first a food, then a wine, a medicine, a devotional refreshment, a confection, and finally a beverage--Brewing by boiling, infusion, percolation, and filtration--Coffee making in Europe in the nineteenth century--Early coffee making in the United States--Latest developments in better coffee making--Various aspects of scientific coffee brewing--Advice to coffee lovers on how to buy coffee, and how to make it in perfection Page 693 A COFFEE CHRONOLOGY Giving dates and events of historical interest in legend, travel, literature, cultivation, plantation treatment, trading, and in the preparation and use of coffee from the earliest time to the present Page 725 A COFFEE BIBLIOGRAPHY A list of references gathered from the principal general and scientific libraries--Arranged in alphabetic order of topics Page 738 INDEX Page 769 [Illustration] ILLUSTRATIONS _Color Plates_ _Facing page_ Coffee branches, flowers, and fruit (painted by Blendon Campbell) _Frontispiece_ v _Coffea arabica_; leaves, flowers, and fruit (painted by M.E. Eaton) 1 The coffee tree bears fruit, leaf, and blossom at the same time 16 A close-up of ripe coffee berries 32 Coffee under the Stars and Stripes 144 Coffee scenes in British India 160 Picking and sacking coffee in Brazil 176 Mild-coffee culture and preparation 192 Coffee scenes in Java 200 Coffee scenes in Sumatra 216 Coffee preparation in Central and South America 248 Typical coffee scenes in Costa Rica 336 Principal varieties of green-coffee beans, natural size and color 352 Coal-roasting plant, New York 408 Coffee scenes in the Near and Far East 544 Primitive transportation methods, Arabia 640 Hulling coffee in Aden, Arabia 656 _Black and White Illustrations_ _Page_ Coffee tree in flower 4 De Clieu and his coffee plant 7 Legendary discovery of coffee drink 10 Title page of Dufour's book 13 Frontispiece from Dufour's book 15 Turkish coffee house, 17th century 21 Serving coffee to a guest, Arabia 23 First printed reference to coffee 24 An 18th-century Italian coffee house 26 Nobility in an early Venetian café 27 Goldoni in a Venetian coffee house 28 Florian's famous coffee house 29 Title page of La Roque's work 32 Coffee tree as pictured by La Roque 32 Coffee branch in La Roque's work 33 First printed reference in English 37 Reference in Sherley's travels 39 References in Biddulph's travels 40 Mol's coffee house at Exeter 41 Reference in Sandys' travels 42 Richter's coffee house, Leipsic 46 Coffee house, Germany, 17th century 47 Kolschitzky in his Blue Bottle coffee house 48 First coffee house in Leopoldstadt 50 Statue of Kolschitzky 51 First advertisement for coffee 55 First newspaper advertisement 57 Coffee house, time of Charles II 60 London coffee house, 17th century 61 Coffee house, Queen Anne's time 62 Coffee-house keepers' tokens (plate 1) 63 A broadside of 1663 64 Coffee-house keepers' tokens (plate 2) 65 A broadside of 1667 68 A broadside of 1670 70 A broadside of 1672 70 A broadside of 1674 71 White's and Brooke's coffee houses 78 London coffee-house politicians 78 Great Fair on the frozen Thames 79 Lion's head at Button's 80 Trio of notables at Button's 81 Vauxhall Gardens on a gala night 82 Rotunda in Ranelagh Gardens 83 Garraway's coffee house 84 Button's coffee house 84 Slaughter's coffee house 85 Tom's coffee house 85 Lloyd's coffee house 86 Dick's coffee house 87 Grecian coffee house 87 Don Saltero's coffee house 88 British coffee house 88 French coffee house in London 89 Ramponaux' Royal Drummer café 90 La Foire St.-Germain 92 Street coffee vender of Paris 92 Armenian decorations in Paris café 93 Corner of historic Café de Procope 93 Café de Procope, Paris 95 Cashier's desk in coffee house, Paris 96 Café Foy 97 Café des Mille Colonnes 99 Café de Paris 101 Interior of a typical Parisian café 103 Chess at the Café de la Régence 104 Types of colonial coffee roasters 106 Early family coffee roaster 106 Historic relics, early New England 107 Mayflower "coffee grinder" 108 Crown coffee house, Boston 108 Coffee devices, Massachusetts colony 109 Coffee devices of western pioneers 110 Coffee pots of colonial days 110 Green Dragon tavern, Boston 111 Metal coffee pots, New York colony 112 Exchange coffee house, Boston 113 President-elect Washington's official welcome at Merchants Coffee House 114 King's Arms coffee house, New York 116 Burns coffee house 117 Merchants coffee house 119 Tontine coffee house 121 Tontine building of 1850 122 Niblo's Garden 122 Coffee relics, Dutch New York 122 New York's Vauxhall Garden of 1803 123 Tavern and grocers' signs, old New York 124 Second London coffee house, Philadelphia 127 Selling slaves, old London coffee house 128 City tavern, Philadelphia 129 Coffee-house scene in "Hamilton" 130 Coffee tree, flowers and fruit 132 Germination of the coffee plant 133 Brazil coffee plantation in flower 134 _Coffea arabica_, Porto Rico 135 _Coffea arabica_, flower and fruit, Costa Rica 135 Young _Coffea arabica_, Kona, Hawaii 136 Survivors of first Liberian trees in Java 136 _Coffea arabica_ in flower, Java 137 Liberian coffee tree, Lamoa, P.I. 138 _Coffea congensis_, 2-1/2 years old 138 Flowering of 5-year-old _Coffea excelsa_ 139 Branches of _Coffea excelsa_ 140 _Coffea stenophylla_ 140 Near view of _Coffea arabica_ berries 141 Wild caffein-free coffee tree 142 Coffee bean characteristics 142 _Coffea arabica_ berries 143 _Robusta_ coffee in flower 144 One-year-old _robusta_ estate 145 _Coffea Quillou_ flowers 146 _Quillou_ coffee tree in blossom 147 _Coffea Ugandæ_ 148 _Coffea arabica_ under the microscope 149 Cross-section of coffee bean 150 Cross-section of hull and bean 150 Epicarp and pericarp under microscope 151 Endocarp and endosperm under microscope 152 Spermoderm under microscope 152 Tissues of embryo under microscope 152 Coffee-leaf disease under microscope 153 Green and roasted coffee under microscope 153 Green and roasted Bogota under microscope 154 Cross-section of endosperm 156 Portion of the investing membrane 157 Structure of the green bean 157 Ground coffee under microscope 167 Coffee tree in bearing, Lamoa, P.I. 196 Early coffee implements 198 Cross-section of mountain slope, Yemen 198 First steps in coffee-growing 199 Coffee nursery, Guatemala 200 Coffee under shade, Porto Rico 201 Boekit Gompong estate, Sumatra 202 Estate in Antioquia, Colombia 203 Weeding and harrowing, São Paulo 204 Fazenda Dumont, São Paulo 205 Fazenda Guatapara, São Paulo 206 Picking coffee, São Paulo 207 Intensive cultivation, São Paulo 207 Private railroad, São Paulo 208 Coffee culture in São Paulo 209 Heavily laden coffee tree, Bogota 210 Picking coffee, Bogota 211 Altamira Hacienda, Venezuela 212 Carmen Hacienda, Venezuela 213 Heavy fruiting, _Coffea robusta_, Java 214 Road through coffee estate, Java 215 Native picking coffee, Sumatra 216 Administrator's bungalow, Java 216 Administrator's bungalow, Sumatra 217 Coffee culture in Guatemala 218 Indians picking coffee, Guatemala 219 Bungalow, coffee estate, Guatemala 220 Thirty-year-old coffee trees, Mexico 221 Mexican coffee picker 222 Receiving coffee, Mexico 223 Heavily laden coffee tree, Porto Rico 224 Coffee cultivation, Costa Rica 225 Picking Costa Rica coffee 226 Mountain coffee estate, Costa Rica 226 Mysore coffee estate 227 Coffee growing under shade, India 228 Coffee estate at Harar 229 Wild coffee near Adis Abeba 231 Mocha coffee growing on terraces 232 Picking Blue Mountain berries, Jamaica 233 Coffee pickers, Guadeloupe 234 Coffee in blossom, Panama 235 _Robusta_ coffee, Cochin-China 237 Bourbon trees, French Indo-China 238 Picking coffee in Queensland 239 Coffee in bloom, Kona, Hawaii 240 Coffee at Hamakua, Hawaii 241 Coffee trees, South Kona, Hawaii 242 Plantation near Sagada, P.I. 243 Coffee preparation, São Paulo 244 Walker's original disk pulper 246 Early English coffee peeler 246 Group of English cylinder pulpers 247 Copper covers for pulper cylinders 248 Granada unpulped coffee separator 249 Hand-power double-disk pulper 249 Tandem coffee pulper 250 Horizontal coffee washer 251 Vertical coffee washer 251 Cobán pulper, Venezuela 252 Niagara power coffee huller 252 British and American coffee driers 253 American Guardiola drier 254 Smout peeler and polisher 254 Smout peeler and polisher, exposed 255 O'Krassa's coffee drier 255 Six well-known hullers and separators 256 El Monarca coffee classifier 257 Hydro-electric installation, Guatemala 258 Preparing Brazil coffee for market 259 Working coffee on the drying flats 260 Fermenting and washing tanks, São Paulo 260 Drying grounds, Fazenda Schmidt 261 Preparing Colombian coffee for market 262 Old-fashioned ox-power huller 263 Street-car coffee transport, Orizaba 264 Coffee on drying floors, Porto Rico 264 Sun-drying coffee 265 Drying patio, Costa Rica 266 Early Guardiola steam drier 266 Indian women cleaning Mocha coffee 267 Cleaning-and-grading machinery, Aden 268 Drying coffee at Harar 269 Preparing Java coffee for market 270 Coffee transport in Java 271 Meeting of Amsterdam coffee brokers, 1820 291 Bill of public sale of coffee, 1790 292 Last sample before export, Santos 304 Stamping bags for export 304 Preparing Brazil coffee for export 305 Grading coffee at Santos 306 The test by the cups, Santos 306 New York importers' warehouse, Santos 307 Pack-mule transport in Venezuela 308 Coffee-carrying cart, Guatemala 308 Pack-oxen fording stream, Colombia 308 Coffee transport, Mexico and South America 309 Donkey coffee-transport at Harar 310 Coffee camels at Harar 310 Selling coffee by tapping hands, Aden 310 Packing and transporting coffee, Aden 311 Coffee camel train at Hodeida 312 Methods of loading coffee, Santos 313 Coffee freighter, Cauca River, Colombia 314 Coffee steamers on the Magdalena 314 Loading heavy cargo on Santa Cecilia 315 Unloading Java coffee from sailing vessel 317 Receiving piers for coffee, New York 318 Unloading coffee, covered pier, New York 319 Receiving and storing coffee, New York 320 Tester at work, Bush Terminal, New York 321 Loading lighters, Bush Docks, Brooklyn 321 New Terminal system on Staten Island 322 Motor tractor, Bush piers 322 Unloading with modern conveyor 323 Coffee handling, New Orleans piers 324 Coffee in steel-covered sheds, New Orleans 325 Unloading and storing coffee, San Francisco 326 Modern device for handling green coffee 327 Handling green coffee at European ports 328 New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange 329 Coffee section, Coffee and Sugar Exchange 330 Blackboards, Coffee Exchange 331 "Coffee afloat" blackboard 332 Well known green-coffee marks 339 Bourbon-Santos beans, roasted 343 Flat and Bourbon-Santos beans, roasted 343 Rio beans, roasted 343 Mexican beans, roasted 347 Guatemala beans, roasted 347 Bogota (Colombia) beans, roasted 348 Maracaibo beans, roasted 349 Mocha beans, roasted 351 Washed Java beans, roasted 353 Sample-roasting and cup-testing outfit 357 Modern gas coffee-roasting plant 380 Sixteen-cylinder coal roasting plant 382 Green-coffee separating and milling machines 384 English gas coffee-roasting plant 385 German gas coffee-roasting plant 386 French gas coffee-roasting plant 387 Jumbo coffee roaster, Arbuckle plant 388 Roasting plant of Reid, Murdoch & Co. 389 Complete gas coffee-plant installation 390 Burns Jubilee gas roaster 391 Burns coal roaster 392 Open perforated cylinder with flexible back head 392 Trying the roast 394 Monitor gas roaster 394 A group of roasting-room accessories 394 Dumping the roast 395 A four-bag coffee finisher 396 Burns sample-coffee roaster 396 Lambert coal coffee-roasting outfit 397 Coles No. 22 grinding mill 398 Monitor coffee-granulating machine 398 Challenge pulverizer 398 Burns No. 12 grinding mill 399 Monitor steel-cut grinder, separator, etc 399 Johnson carton-filling, weighing, and sealing machine 400 Ideal steel-cut mill 400 Smyser package-making and filling machine 401 Automatic coffee-packing machine 402 Complete coffee-cartoning outfit 403 Automatic coffee-weighing machines 404 Units in manufacture of soluble coffee 405 Types of coffee containers 411 Fresh-roasted-coffee idea in retailing 414 Premium tea and coffee dealer's display 416 Chain-store interior 417 Familiar A & P store front 418 Specialist idea in coffee merchandising 419 Monitor gas roaster, cooler, and stoner 420 Royal gas coffee roaster for retailers 420 Burns half-bag roaster, cooler, and stoner 421 Lambert Jr. roasting outfit for retailers 421 Faulder and Simplex gas roasters 422 Coffee roasters used in Paris shops 423 Small German roasters 424 Popular French retail roaster 424 Uno cabinet gas roaster and cooler 424 Educational window exhibit 425 Better-class American grocery, interior 426 Prize-winning window display 427 Americanized English grocer's shop 429 Famous package coffees 430 First coffee advertisement in U.S. 433 Coffee advertisement of 1790 434 First colored handbill for package coffee 435 Reverse side of colored handbill 435 St. Louis handbill of 1854 436 Advertising-card copy, 1873 437 Handbill copy of the seventies 437 Box-end sticker, 1833 438 Chase & Sanborn advertisement, 1888 438 A Goldberg cartoon, 1910 439 Copy used by Chase & Sanborn, 1900 439 An effective cut-out 442 How coffee is advertised to the trade 443 Joint Coffee Trade Publicity Committee 447 Magazine and newspaper copy, 1919 449 Copy that stressed helpfulness of coffee, 1919-20 450 Joint Committee's house organ 451 Introductory medical-journal copy 451 Telling the doctors the truth, 1920 452 Joint Committee's attractive booklets 453 More medical journal copy, 1920 454 Magazine and newspaper copy, 1921 455 Educating the doctor, 1922 456 Magazine and newspaper copy, 1922 457 Specimen of early Yuban copy 459 Historical association in advertising 459 Package coffee advertising in 1922 460 The social distinction argument 461 Drawing upon history for atmosphere 461 An impressive electric sign, Chicago 462 How coffee is advertised outdoors 463 Attractive car cards, spring of 1922 464 Effective iced-coffee copy 465 European advertising novelty, New York 465 Coenties Slip, in days of sailing vessels 466 First U.S. coffee-grinder patent 469 Carter's Pull-out roaster patent 469 First registered trade mark for coffee 470 Original Arbuckle coffee packages 471 Merchants coffee house tablet 473 Departed dominant figures in New York green coffee trade 476 "Their association with New York green coffee trade dates back nearly fifty years" 477 Green coffee trade-builders who have passed on 478 "Their race is run, their course is done" 479 112 Front Street, New York, 1879 480 At 87 Wall Street, New York, years ago 480 Wall and Front Streets, New York, 1922 481 Front Street, New York, 1922 483 In the New Orleans coffee district 486 Green coffee district, New Orleans 487 California Street, San Francisco 488 San Francisco's coffee district 489 Pioneer coffee roasters, New York City 493 Oldtime New York coffee roasters 495 Pioneer coffee roasters of the North and East, U.S. 500 Pioneer coffee roasters of the South and West, U.S. 504 Ground coffee price list of 1862 507 Organization convention, N.C.R.A., 1911 510 Former presidents, N.C.R.A. 512 Earliest coffee manuscript 540 Song from "The Coffee House" 555 Dr. Johnson's seat, the Cheshire Cheese 567 Original coffee room, old Cock Tavern 568 Morning gossip in the coffee room 569 "His Warmest Welcome at an Inn" 571 Alexander Pope at Button's, 1730 577 Dutch coffee house, 1650 (by Van Ostade) 586 White's coffee house, 1733 (by Hogarth) 588 Tom King's, 1738 (by Hogarth) 589 Petit Déjeuner (by Boucher) 590 Coffee service in the home of Madame de Pompadour (by Van Loo) 590 Madame Du Barry (by Decreuse) 591 Coffee house at Cairo (by Gérôme) 592 Kaffeebesuch (by Philippi) 593 Coffee comes to the aid of the Muse (by Ruffio) 593 Mad dog in a coffee house (by Rowlandson) 594 Napoleon and the Curé (by Charlet) 595 Coffee, a chanson (music by Colet) 596 Statue of Kolschitzky 597 Betty's Aria, Bach's coffee cantata 598 Café Pedrocchi, Padua 599 Coffee grinder set with jewels 600 Italian wrought-iron coffee roaster 600 Seventeenth-century tea and coffee pots 601 Lantern coffee pot, 1692 602 Folkingham pot, 1715-16 602 Wastell pot, 1720-21 603 Dish of coffee-boy design, 1692 603 Chinese porcelain coffee pot 604 Silver coffee pots, early 18th century 604 Silver coffee pots, 18th century 605 Pottery and porcelain pots 606 Silver coffee pots, late 18th century 607 Porcelain pots, Metropolitan Museum 608 Vienna coffee pot, 1830 609 Spanish coffee pot, 18th century 609 Silver coffee pots in American collections 610 Coffee pot by Win. Shaw and Wm. Priest 611 Pot of Sheffield plate, 18th century 611 Pot by Ephraim Brasher 611 French silver coffee pot 612 Green Dragon tavern coffee urn 612 Coffee pots by American silversmiths 613 Twentieth-century American coffee service 613 Turkish coffee set, Peter collection 614 Oldest coffee grinder 616 Grain mill used by Greeks and Romans 616 First coffee roaster 616 First cylinder roaster, 1650 616 Historical relics, U.S. National Museum 617 Turkish coffee mill 618 Early French wall and table grinders 618 Bronze and brass mortars, 17th century 619 Early American coffee roasters 619 Roaster with three-sided hood 620 Roasting, making, and serving devices, 17th century 620 English and French coffee grinders 621 Eighteenth-century roaster 621 Original French drip pot 621 Belgian, Russian, and French pewter pots 622 17th and 18th century pewter pots 623 Count Rumford's percolator 623 Drawings of early French coffee makers 624 Early French filtration devices 624 Early American coffee-maker patents 625 French coffee makers, 19th century 625 First English commercial roaster patent 626 Early French coffee-roasting machines 627 Battery of Carter pull-out machines 628 Early English and American roasters 630 Early Foreign and American coffee-making devices 632 Dakin roasting machine of 1848 633 Globe stove roaster of 1860 634 Hyde's combined roaster and stove 634 Original Burns roaster, 1864 635 Burns granulating mill, 1872-74 636 Napier's vacuum machine 637 German gas and coal roasting machines 638 Other German coffee roasters 639 Original Enterprise mill 640 Max Thurmer's quick gas roaster 640 An English gas coffee-roasting plant 641 French globular roaster 642 Sirocco machine (French) 642 English roasting and grinding equipment 643 Magic gas machine (French) 644 Burns Jubilee gas machine 644 Double gas roasting outfit (French) 645 Lambert's Victory gas machine 646 One of the first electric mills 647 English electric-fuel roaster 648 Ben Franklin electric coffee roaster 648 Enterprise hand store mill 649 Latest types electric store mills 650 Italian rapid coffee-making machines 651 Working of Italian rapid machines 652 La Victoria Arduino Mignonne 652 N.C.R.A. Home coffee mill 653 Manthey-Zorn rapid infuser and dispenser 653 Tricolette, single-cup filter device 654 Moorish coffee house in Algiers 656 Coffee house in Cairo 656 Coffee service in Cairo barber shop 657 Coffee-laden camels, Arabia 658 Arabian coffee house 658 Mahommedan brewing coffee for guest 659 Native café, Harar 661 Early coffee, tea, and chocolate service 661 Nubian slave girl with coffee service 662 Persian coffee service, 1737 663 In a Turkish coffee house 664 Roasting coffee outside a Turkish café 664 Turkish caffinet, early 19th century 665 Coffee-making in Turkey 666 Street coffee vender in the Levant 666 A coffee house in Syria 667 Cafetan--garb of oriental café-keeper 668 Street coffee service in Constantinople 668 Riverside café in Damascus 669 Coffee _al fresco_ in Jerusalem 671 Café Schrangl, Vienna 672 Favorite English way of making coffee 673 A café of Ye Mecca Company, London 673 Groom's coffee house, London 674 Café Monico, Piccadilly Circus, London 674 Gatti's, The Strand, London 675 Tea lounge, Hotel Savoy, London 675 Two popular places for coffee in London 676 Temple Bar restaurant, London 677 Tea balcony, Hotel Cecil, London 677 One of Slater's chain-shops, London 677 St. James's restaurant, Picadilly, London 678 An A.B.C. shop, London 678 Halt of caravaners at a serai, Bulgaria 678 Café de la Paix, Paris 679 Sidewalk annex, Café de la Paix 680 Café de la Régence, Paris 681 Café de la Régence in 1922 682 One of the Biard cafés, Paris 683 Restaurant Procope, 1922 683 Morning coffee at a Boulevard café 684 Café Bauer, Unter den Linden, Berlin 684 Café Bauer, exterior 685 Kranzler's Unter den Linden, Berlin 685 Swedish coffee boilers 687 Sidewalk café, Lisbon 687 Coffee rooms replacing hotel bars, U.S. 688 Britannia coffee pot--a Lincoln relic 690 Coffee service, Hotel Astor, New York 691 Early coffee-making in Persia 694 Napier vacuum coffee maker 700 Napier-List steam coffee machine 700 Finley Acker's filter-paper coffee pot 700 Kin-Hee pot in operation 701 Tricolator in operation 701 King percolator 701 Three American coffee-making machines in operation 702 How the Tru-Bru pot operates 702 Coffee-making devices used in U.S. 703 English hotel coffee-making machines 706 Well-known makes of large coffee urns 707 Popular German drip pot 708 Section of roasted bean, magnified 719 Cross-section of roasted bean, magnified 720 Coarse grind under the microscope 720 Medium grind under the microscope 721 Fine-meal grind under the microscope 721 _Portraits_ Ach, F.J. 447, 512 Akers, Fred 495 Ames, Allan P. 447 Arbuckle, John 523 Arnold, Benjamin Greene 476, 517 Arnold, F.B. 476 Bayne, William 479 Bayne, William, Jr. 447 Beard, Eli 493 Beard, Samuel 493 Bennett, William H. 479 Bickford, C.E. 478 Boardman, Thomas J. 500 Boardman, William 500 Brand, Carl W. 512 Brandenstein, M.J. 504 Burns, Jabez 527 Canby, Edward 500 Casanas, Ben C. 512 Cauchois. F.A. 493 Chase, Caleb 500 Cheek, J.O. 504, 515 Closset, Joseph 504 Coste, Felix 447 Crossman, Geo. W. 479 Devers, A.H. 504 Dwinell, James F. 500 Eppens, Fred 495 Eppens, Julius A. 495, 497 Eppens, W.H. 493, 495 Evans, David G. 504 Fischer, Benedickt 493 Flint, J.G. 500 Folger, J.A., Jr. 504 Folger, J.A., Sr. 504 Forbes, A.E. 504 Forbes, Jas. H. 504 Geiger, Frank J. 500 Gillies, Jas. W. 493 Gillies, Wright 493 Grossman, William 500 Harrison, D.Y. 500 Harrison, W.H. 500 Haulenbeek, Peter 493 Hayward, Martin 500 Heekin, James 500 Jones, W.T. 504 Kimball, O.G. 478 Kinsella, W.J. 504 Kirkland, Alexander 495 Kolschitzky, Franz George 50 McLaughlin, W.F. 500 Mahood, Samuel 500 Mayo, Henry 495 Meehan, P.C. 477 Menezes, Th. Langgaard de 446 Meyer, Robert 511 Peck, Edwin H. 477 Phyfe, Jas. W. 478 Pierce, O.W., Sr. 500 Pupke, John F. 495 Purcell, Joseph 476 Reid, Fred 495 Reid, Thomas 493, 495 Roome, Col. William P. 499 Russell, James C. 478 Sanborn, James S. 500 Schilling, A. 504 Schotten, Julius J. 504, 512 Schotten, William 504 Seelye, Frank R. 512 Sielcken, Hermann 476, 519 Simmonds, H. 477 Sinnot, J.B. 504 Smith, L.B. 493 Smith, M.E. 504 Sprague, Albert A. 500 Stephens, Henry A. 500 Stoffregen, Charles 504 Stoffregen, C.H. 447 Taylor, James H. 477 Thomson, A.M. 500 Van Loan, Thomas 498 Weir, Ross W. 447, 512 Westfeldt, George 479 Widlar, Francis 500 Wilde, Samuel 493 Withington, Elijah 493 Woolson, Alvin M. 500 Wright, George C. 500 Wright, George S. 447 Young, Samuel 500 Zinsmeister, J. 504 _Maps, Charts, and Diagrams_ Map of London coffee-house district, 1748 76 Formula for Caffein 160 Commercial coffee chart 191 Eiffel and Woolworth towers in coffee 272 World's coffee cup and largest ship 275 Coffee exports, 1850-1920 277 Coffee exports, 1916-1920 277 Brazil coffee exports, 1850-1920 278 World's coffee consumption, 1850 286 Coffee imports, 1916-1920 286 World trend of consumption of tea and coffee, 1860-1920 288 Coffee map of World (folded insert) _facing_ 288 Pre-war annual average production of coffee by continents 294 Pre-war annual average production of coffee by countries 294 Pre-war average annual imports of coffee into U.S. by continents 295 Pre-war average annual imports of coffee into U.S. by countries 295 Pre-war coffee-imports chart 297 Pre-war consumption and price chart 297 Coffee map, Brazil 342 Coffee map, São Paulo, Minãs, and Rio 344 Mild-coffee map, 1 346 Coffee map, Africa and Arabia 352 Mild-coffee map, 2 354 Complete reference table (21 pp.) 358 Plan of milling-machine connections 381 Plan of green-coffee-mixer connections 383 Layout for coffee and tea department 418 Chart, advertising of coffee and coffee substitutes, 1911-20 440 Charts, per capita consumption of coffee, and coffee and substitute advertising 441 Chart, plan of advertising campaign 448 Chart, private-brand advertising, 1921 458 A COFFEE THESAURUS _Encomiums and descriptive phrases applied to the plant, the berry, and the beverage_ _The Plant_ The precious plant This friendly plant Mocha's happy tree The gift of Heaven The plant with the jessamine-like flowers The most exquisite perfume of Araby the blest Given to the human race by the gift of the Gods _The Berry_ The magic bean The divine fruit Fragrant berries Rich, royal berry Voluptuous berry The precious berry The healthful bean The Heavenly berry The marvelous berry This all-healing berry Yemen's fragrant berry The little aromatic berry Little brown Arabian berry Thought-inspiring bean of Arabia The smoking, ardent beans Aleppo sends That wild fruit which gives so beloved a drink _The Beverage_ Nepenthe Festive cup Juice divine Nectar divine Ruddy mocha A man's drink Lovable liquor Delicious mocha The magic drink This rich cordial Its stream divine The family drink The festive drink Coffee is our gold Nectar of all men The golden mocha This sweet nectar Celestial ambrosia The friendly drink The cheerful drink The essential drink The sweet draught The divine draught The grateful liquor The universal drink The American drink The amber beverage The convivial drink The universal thrill King of all perfumes The cup of happiness The soothing draught Ambrosia of the Gods The intellectual drink The aromatic draught The salutary beverage The good-fellow drink The drink of democracy The drink ever glorious Wakeful and civil drink The beverage of sobriety A psychological necessity The fighting man's drink Loved and favored drink The symbol of hospitality This rare Arabian cordial Inspirer of men of letters The revolutionary beverage Triumphant stream of sable Grave and wholesome liquor The drink of the intellectuals A restorative of sparkling wit Its color is the seal of its purity The sober and wholesome drink Lovelier than a thousand kisses This honest and cheering beverage A wine which no sorrow can resist The symbol of human brotherhood At once a pleasure and a medicine The beverage of the friends of God The fire which consumes our griefs Gentle panacea of domestic troubles The autocrat of the breakfast table The beverage of the children of God King of the American breakfast table Soothes you softly out of dull sobriety The cup that cheers but not inebriates[1] Coffee, which makes the politician wise Its aroma is the pleasantest in all nature The sovereign drink of pleasure and health[2] The indispensable beverage of strong nations The stream in which we wash away our sorrows The enchanting perfume that a zephyr has brought Favored liquid which fills all my soul with delight The delicious libation we pour on the altar of friendship This invigorating drink which drives sad care from the heart EVOLUTION OF A CUP OF COFFEE _Showing the various steps through which the bean passes from plantation to cup_ 1 Planting the seed in nursery 2 Transplanting into rows 3 Cultivating and pruning 4 Picking the cherries 5 Pulping 6 Fermenting 7 Washing 8 Drying in the parchment 9 Hulling 10 Polishing 11 Grading 12 Transporting to the seaport 13 Buying and selling for export 14 Transhipment overseas 15 Buying and selling at wholesale 16 Shipment to the point of manufacture 17 Separating 18 Milling 19 Mixing or blending 20 Roasting 21 Cooling and stoning 22 Buying and selling at retail 23 Grinding 24 Making the beverage [Illustration: COFFEE ARABICA; LEAVES, FLOWERS AND FRUIT Painted from nature by M.E. Eaton--Detail sketches show anther, pistil, and section of corolla]