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Part VI.—After the Reformation. “The religious life was to be

595 words  |  Chapter 92

democratic—not in religious bodies, but in the whole people; and in a new sense—in relation to family and social life—it was to be moral. That was the significance of the Reformation.” Organization of municipal relief. Poor relief acts and statutory serfdom. Progress of thought in 18th and 19th century: influence of Rousseau, of Law, of Howard, of Bentham, of Nonconformists, particularly Friends in England; Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor (1796). The Poor Law. Movement for Old Age Pensions. Charity Organization. Hospitals. American charities and their peculiar problems. Other articles bearing on the subject are: POOR LAW (Vol. 22, p. 74), for the British system, and Dr. T. A. Ingram’s articles UNEMPLOYMENT (Vol. 27, p. 578) and VAGRANCY (Vol. 27, p. 837). [Sidenote: Prisons] One of the earliest and most important definite charitable movements was prison reform. On this subject see in the Britannica the articles,—all by Major Arthur Griffiths, British inspector of prisons,—PRISON, CRIME, CRIMINOLOGY, CHILDREN’S COURTS, POLICE, JUVENILE OFFENDERS, DEPORTATION, FINGER PRINTS, IDENTIFICATION. This series of articles shows both the improvements in methods of treating criminals, in itself a means of protecting society, and the better methods of defense and of police. [Sidenote: Insane] On the treatment of the insane and feeble-minded, on the gradual assumption of responsibility for them by governments, and on the transition from the prison-like asylum to the modern hospital, see the article INSANITY, particularly part III (Vol. 14, p. 616), on Hospital Treatment, by Dr. Frederick Peterson, professor of psychiatry, Columbia University, author of _Mental Diseases_, etc. [Sidenote: Deaf and Blind] As great as the change in treatment of the insane has been that in the treatment of the deaf and blind. On this subject read the articles; BLINDNESS (Vol. 4, p. 59), by Sir Francis J. Campbell, principal of the Royal Normal College for the Blind; and DEAF AND DUMB (Vol. 7, p. 880), by the Rev. Arnold Hill Payne, chaplain of the Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Both these authors have had experience in teaching in the United States as well as in Great Britain,—one of the many striking instances of the wisdom displayed in the choice of contributors to the Britannica. And see the articles on GALLAUDET (Vol. 11, p. 416), the great teacher of the deaf, and S. G. HOWE (Vol. 13, p. 837), the educator of the blind. [Sidenote: Biographies] The following list, arranged for the most part in chronological order, gives some of the names of reformers and philanthropists about whom there are separate articles. These biographical sketches will be of great value for the study of the history and development of charitable work for the public welfare. John Kyrle Thomas Guy Thomas Coram Adam Anderson Gen. Booth John Howard Tuke (family) Baron de Montyon Granville Sharp Johann Beckmann Sir Thomas Bernard Robert Owen François Charles Marie Fourier George Birkbeck Elizabeth Fry Sir M. H. Montefiore Sir Thomas F. Buxton Theobald Mathew Lucretia Mott Joseph Sturge Sir Rowland Hill B. N. M. Appert Gerrit Smith Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel Victor P. Considerant E. Vansittart Neale Baroness Burdett-Coutts Grace Horsley Darling J. B. A. Godin John B. Gough George Jacob Holyoake Madhowdas Vurjcevandas Clara Barton Louis Adolphe Bertillon Henri Cernuschi Mary Ashton Livermore Sir Francis Galton Geo. Thorndike Angell Sir D. M. Petit George Smith of Coalville M. E. L. Walras Emily Faithfull Lyman Judson Gage Octavia and Miranda Hill A. Carnegie Baron Rowton J. D. Rockefeller Benjamin Waugh Frances E. Willard F. A. Bebel Charles Booth Gabriel Tarde Laurence Gronlund Samuel Gompers Sidney Webb Jane Addams Helen Gould
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Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. INTRODUCTION 3. Part 1 contains 30 chapters, each designed for readers engaged in, or 4. Part 2 contains 30 chapters, each devoted to a course of systematic 5. Part 3 is devoted to the interests of children. The first of its 6. Part 4 suggests readings on questions of the day which relate to 7. Part 5, especially for women, deals with their legal and political 8. Part 6 is an analysis of the many departments of the Britannica which 9. PART I 10. Chapter 1. For Farmers 3 11. PART II 12. Chapter 31. Music 175 13. PART III 14. Chapter 61. Readings for Parents 371 15. PART IV 16. Chapter 64. 393 17. PART V 18. Chapter 65. 411 19. PART VI 20. Chapter 66. 425 21. PART I 22. CHAPTER I 23. CHAPTER II 24. CHAPTER III 25. CHAPTER IV 26. CHAPTER V 27. CHAPTER VI 28. CHAPTER VII 29. CHAPTER VIII 30. CHAPTER IX 31. CHAPTER X 32. CHAPTER XI 33. CHAPTER XII 34. CHAPTER XIII 35. introduction, from which we learn that the first legal statute in which 36. CHAPTER XIV 37. introduction of postal savings-banks and the adoption of the 38. CHAPTER XV 39. CHAPTER XVI 40. CHAPTER XVII 41. CHAPTER XVIII 42. 1. Articles on continents contain authoritative and original accounts of 43. 2. The articles on separate countries, on the individual states of the 44. 3. The articles on cities show the relation of each centre to the 45. 4. The maps as well as the many plans of cities, all of which were 46. 5. The articles on various branches of engineering and mechanics, 47. 6. The articles devoted exclusively to the subject, of which a brief 48. CHAPTER XIX 49. introduction of steam. 50. CHAPTER XX 51. CHAPTER XXI 52. CHAPTER XXII 53. CHAPTER XXIII 54. CHAPTER XXIV 55. CHAPTER XXV 56. introduction is furnished by VETERINARY SCIENCE (Vol. 28, p. 2), by Drs. 57. CHAPTER XXVI 58. CHAPTER XXVII 59. CHAPTER XXVIII 60. Part 4 of the Guide, with its special references to the subjects to 61. CHAPTER XXIX 62. CHAPTER XXX 63. PART II 64. CHAPTER XXXI 65. CHAPTER XXXII 66. CHAPTER XXXIII 67. CHAPTER XXXIV 68. CHAPTER XXXV 69. CHAPTER XXXVI 70. CHAPTER XXXVII 71. CHAPTER XXXVIII 72. CHAPTER XXXIX 73. CHAPTER XL 74. CHAPTER XLI 75. prologue (see the article LOGOS, by the late Rev. Dr. Stewart Dingwall 76. introduction, in which Paul’s attitude toward Jewish legalism is made an 77. chapter 3; MATTHEW, for a similar view of the gospel and the Church; and 78. CHAPTER XLII 79. CHAPTER XLIII 80. 1846. F. W. Taussig, Harvard 81. CHAPTER XLIV 82. CHAPTER XLV 83. CHAPTER XLVI 84. CHAPTER XLVII 85. CHAPTER XLVIII 86. Introduction: “Charity,” as used in New Testament, means love and 87. Part I.—Primitive Charity—highly developed idea of duty to guest or 88. Part II.—Charity among the Greeks. “In Crete and Sparta the citizens 89. Part III.—Charity in Roman Times. “The system obliged the hard-working 90. Part IV.—Jewish and Christian Charity. In Christianity a fusion of 91. Part V.—Medieval Charity and its Development. St. Francis and his 92. Part VI.—After the Reformation. “The religious life was to be 93. CHAPTER XLIX 94. CHAPTER L 95. CHAPTER LI 96. CHAPTER LII 97. CHAPTER LIII 98. CHAPTER LIV 99. CHAPTER LV 100. CHAPTER LVI 101. CHAPTER LVII 102. CHAPTER LVIII 103. CHAPTER LIX 104. CHAPTER LX 105. PART III 106. CHAPTER LXI 107. CHAPTER LXII 108. CHAPTER LXIII 109. PART IV 110. CHAPTER LXIV 111. introduction of Flemish weavers to England and the forced migration of 112. PART V 113. CHAPTER LXV 114. PART VI 115. CHAPTER LXVI

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