CHAPTER XX

FOR ENGINEERS [Sidenote: What “Engineering” Includes] The history of a word will sometimes supply the key to the gradual development of an art. “Engineering” was originally used to describe a mere branch of military science, the construction of fortifications and the trenching and sapping needed for their capture. Then about a century and a half ago the use of the phrase “civil engineering” came into use to indicate the broadening of the engineer’s functions to civil pursuits, but even then it served for a long time chiefly to describe surveying, road-making and bridge building. To-day, the specialized knowledge of engineers of one kind or another directs or facilitates every branch of industry. Consider for a moment the handling of iron, which, as the Britannica article IRON AND STEEL shows, has become the most indispensable of all substances save air and water, because we can find no substitute for it that possesses its strength, the hardness and the pliability we can give to it, and its magnetic properties, upon which all our electrical work depends. The mining engineer is concerned with the ore, the mechanical engineer with the machinery employed in its treatment; the transportation of the finished iron or steel depends upon the skill of the engineers who construct railroads and ships; the structural engineer shapes our buildings from the girders and erects them on the sites indicated by the surveying engineer; the sanitary engineer makes them wholesome, and the electrical engineer provides them with the many convenient appliances we need. Various primitive races have believed that the earth is supported upon the back of a tortoise, an elephant, or a fish; but when we begin to look into the origin of the surroundings we have made for ourselves, we cannot carry our examination very far before we find that almost everything we possess begins with a blueprint. It seems a paradox, and yet it is true, that the more a man’s profession tends to specialization, the more help he can get from the comprehensiveness of the Britannica. He finds it necessary to dig so deep that the shaft he sinks must perforce be of narrow diameter, limiting his daily vision to but a small circle of the broad sky above him. The engineer of each class has his own text books, but at any moment his work may bring him into temporary relation with allied subjects which they do not cover, and in connection with which he may need trustworthy information. There is certainly no other book which surveys so authoritatively and minutely as does the Britannica the whole field of applied science. The services rendered by the 73 engineering experts—German, American, English, French and Italian—who collaborated in the production of the work are not to be measured only by the articles they wrote; for the advice and assistance many of them gave the editors in planning the book as a whole, ensured such treatment as an engineer would desire of many subjects indirectly connected with his work. [Sidenote: Mathematical Articles] The engineer will naturally turn first to the mathematical articles, which may be described as text-books of the most concise and useful nature, written by leading mathematicians of the age. ALGEBRA (Vol. 1, p. 599) is by Dr. Sheppard, and G. B. Mathews, formerly professor of mathematics, University College of North Wales; ALGEBRAIC FORMS (Vol. 1, p. 620) by Major P. A. Macmahon, formerly president of the London Mathematical Society; GEOMETRY (Vol. 11, p. 675), _Euclidean_, _Projective_, _Descriptive_, by Dr. Henrici, professor of mathematics, Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute; _Analytical_, by E. B. Elliott, Waynflete professor of pure mathematics, Oxford; _Line_, by B. A. W. Russell, author of _Foundations of Geometry_, etc., and Dr. A. N. Whitehead of Trinity College, Cambridge; _Axioms_, by Dr. Whitehead; TRIGONOMETRY (Vol. 27, p. 271) by Dr. E. W. Hobson of Cambridge University; SURVEYING (Vol. 26, p. 142), _Geodetic Triangulation, Levelling, Topographical Surveys, and Geographical Surveying_, by Sir Thomas Holdich, formerly superintendent of Frontier Surveys, India; _Nautical_, by Vice-Admiral A. M. Field, R.N., author of _Hydrographical Surveying_, etc.; GEODESY (Vol. 11, p. 607) by Col. A. R. Clarke of the British ordinance survey, and Prof. F. R. Helmert of the University of Berlin; LOGARITHM (Vol. 16, p. 868) by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher, editor of the _Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics_; MECHANICS (Vol. 17, p. 955), _Statics_, _Kinetics_, by Dr. Horace Lamb, professor of mathematics, University of Manchester; _Theory of Structures_, _Theory of Machines_, _Applied Dynamics_, by Dr. W. J. M. Rankine, late professor of civil engineering, Glasgow University, and W. E. Dalby, professor of civil and mechanical engineering, City and Guilds of London Institute; DYNAMICS (Vol. 8, p. 756) by Professor Lamb; DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Vol. 8, p. 223), by Dr. W. F. Sheppard; INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS (Vol. 14, p. 535) by Dr. A. E. H. Love, secretary of the London Mathematical Society; VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF (Vol. 27, p. 915), by Dr. Love; QUATERNIONS (Vol. 22, p. 718) by Alexander McAulay, professor of mathematics and physics, University of Tasmania; DIAGRAM (Vol. 8, p. 146), by Dr. James Clerk Maxwell, the noted physicist; MENSURATION (Vol. 18, p. 135) by Dr. Sheppard; TABLE, MATHEMATICAL (Vol 26, p. 325), by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher; UNITS, PHYSICAL (Vol. 27, p. 738), by Dr. J. A Fleming, professor of electrical engineering, University of London; UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF (Vol. 27, p. 736), by Sir Joseph Larmor, secretary of the Royal Society, England; and CALCULATING MACHINES (Vol. 4, p. 972), with 24 illustrations, is by Professor Henrici. These admirable treatises as well as the article DRAWING, _Drawing-Office work_ (Vol. 8, p. 556), by Joseph G. Horner, will be useful to all engineers, and in the special field of civil engineering the following partial list of articles will convey some idea of the scope of the material to which the professional man has immediate access. [Sidenote: Articles for Civil Engineers] BRIDGES (Vol. 4, p. 533), with 72 illustrations, diagrams, etc., is a thorough discussion of the subject by Dr. William C. Unwin, emeritus professor of engineering, Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London Institute, author of _Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs_, etc. This article covers the whole theory of bridge design, and describes all the typical structures from the timber Pons Sublicius of ancient Rome, the bridge Horatius defended, to the Manhattan Bridge over the East River at New York. ROADS AND STREETS (Vol. 23, p. 388); RIVER ENGINEERING (Vol. 23, p. 374), with 26 illustrations, by the late L. F. Vernon-Harcourt, professor of civil engineering, University College, London, and author of _Rivers and Canals_, etc.; JETTY (Vol. 15, p. 359), with 6 illustrations, and PIER (Vol. 21, p. 588), illustrated, also by Prof. Vernon-Harcourt; DREDGE AND DREDGING (Vol. 8, p. 562), with 13 illustrations, by William Hunter, consulting engineer for Waterworks to Crown agents for the Colonies. HYDRAULICS (Vol. 14, p. 35), with 213 illustrations, is by Prof. W. C. Unwin—an article in which the whole theory and practice of water-power, including discussions of water-motors and turbines, are brought fully up to date by the designer of the first water-motors at Niagara, the section dealing with hydraulic machines occupying 25 pages; HYDROMECHANICS (Vol. 14, p. 115) by Sir Alfred George Greenhill, formerly professor of mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich; VENTILATION (Vol. 27, p. 1008), illustrated, by James Bartlett; WATER SUPPLY (Vol. 28, p. 387), with 20 illustrations, diagrams, and maps, by Dr. G. F. Deacon, formerly engineer-in-chief for the Liverpool Water Supply; AQUEDUCT, _Modern Construction_ (Vol. 2, p. 244), by E. P. Hill; SEWERAGE (Vol. 24, p. 735), with 29 illustrations, by James Bartlett; IRRIGATION (Vol 14, p. 841). CANAL (Vol. 5, p. 168), by Sir E. Leader Williams, chief engineer of Manchester Ship Canal during construction, is an interesting article. There are also separate articles on great engineering undertakings, such as PANAMA CANAL (Vol. 20, p. 667); MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL (Vol. 17, p. 550) by Sir E. Leader Williams; SUEZ CANAL (Vol. 26, p. 22). It will surprise many readers to learn that the project of a ship canal across Central America was considered as early as 1550, when a book demonstrating its feasibility was published in Portugal. Only a year later the King of Spain was strongly urged, in a memorial presented by De Gomara, the Spanish historian, to undertake the work. [Sidenote: Railways and Transportation] TUNNEL (Vol. 27, p. 399), with many plans and illustrations, by H. A. Carson, in charge of designing and constructing the Boston Subway; DOCK (Vol. 8, p. 353), with illustrations and plans; CAISSON (Vol. 4, p. 957); BREAKWATER (Vol. 4, p. 475), with 16 illustrations; HARBOUR (Vol. 12, p. 935), illustrated; RECLAMATION OF LAND (Vol. 22, p. 954), with 13 illustrations. The last five articles are by Professor Vernon-Harcourt; LIGHTHOUSE (Vol. 16, p. 627), with 59 illustrations, by W. T. Douglass, who erected the Eddystone and Bishop Rock Lighthouses, and Nicholas G. Gedye, chief engineer to the Tyne Improvement Commission; SHIPBUILDING (Vol. 24, p. 922), with 125 illustrations—a complete treatise on the subject by Sir Philip Watts, director of naval construction for the British Navy; TRACTION (Vol. 27, p. 119), illustrated, by Prof. Louis Duncan, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; TRAMWAY (Vol. 27, p. 159), illustrated, by Emile Garcke, managing director of the British Electric Traction Co., Ltd.; RAILWAYS (Vol. 22, p. 819), a magnificent composite article, fully illustrated, in which the _Introduction_ and the sections on _Construction and Rolling Stock_ are by H. M. Ross, editor of _The Times Engineering Supplement_; _General Statistics and Financial Organization_, by Ray Morris, formerly of the _Railway Age Gazette_, New York, and author of _Railroad Administration_; _Economics and Legislation_, by Arthur T. Hadley, president of Yale University; _American Railway Legislation_, by Prof. Frank H. Dixon, of Dartmouth College, author of _State Railroad Control_; _Accident Statistics_, by B. B. Adams, associate editor, _Railway Age Gazette_; _Intra Urban Railways_, by W. B. Parsons, formerly chief engineer, Rapid Transit Commission, New York, and _Light Railways_, by C. E. Webber of the Royal Engineers, and Emile Garcke. No book on the subject has ever before contained so great a collection of expert knowledge as this article presents. [Sidenote: Structural Engineering] In regard to construction, engineers will find most valuable for reference and study the elaborate treatises STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (Vol. 25, p. 1007), with 42 diagrams and illustrations, by Prof. J. A. Ewing, and ELASTICITY (Vol. 9, p. 141), with 32 diagrams, by Prof. A. E. H. Love. Notable articles in this connection are IRON AND STEEL (Vol. 14, p. 801), illustrated, by Dr. H. M. Howe, professor of metallurgy, Columbia University; and STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Vol. 25, p. 861), illustrated. It is interesting to note that early in the 19th century a tall shot-tower was built in New York city by erecting a braced cage of iron and filling in the panels with masonry. STONE (Vol. 25, p. 958); MASONRY (Vol. 17, p. 841), with 18 illustrations; BRICKWORK (Vol. 4, p. 521), with 15 illustrations—these four articles by James Bartlett, lecturer on construction at King’s College, London; CEMENT (Vol. 5, p. 653), illustrated, by Bertram Blount, hon. president, Cement Section of International Association for Testing Materials, Budapest; CONCRETE (Vol. 6, p. 835), with 16 illustrations, by F. E. Wentworth-Shields, dock engineer of the London and South-Western Railway; MORTAR (Vol. 18, p. 875); FOUNDATIONS (Vol. 10, p. 733), with 13 illustrations; TIMBER (Vol. 26, p. 978); ROOFS (Vol. 23, p. 697), with 23 illustrations; SCAFFOLD (Vol. 24, p. 279) illustrated; SHORING (Vol. 24, p. 1004), illustrated—the last six by James Bartlett. [Sidenote: For the Mechanical Engineer] The Engineering Section of the new Britannica provides an equal wealth of authentic material for members of other branches of the profession. It is impossible to indicate the exact lines of demarcation between these branches, and many articles are of use to all engineers alike; but in the special field of mechanical engineering there are THERMODYNAMICS (Vol. 26, p. 808) by Dr. H. L. Callendar, professor of physics, Royal College of Science, London; STEAM ENGINE (Vol. 25, p. 818) by Prof. Ewing, more than 30 pages long, with 68 illustrations. This article, with its up-to-date section on turbines, is one of the many in the engineering department of the Britannica which have been said by technical critics to merit separate publication as text-books. But such articles are all the more useful because they form part of one great library of universal knowledge. Other mechanical articles are AIR ENGINE (Vol. 1, p. 443), illustrated, also by Professor Ewing; GAS ENGINE (Vol. 11, p. 495), illustrated, by Dugald Clerk, inventor of the Clerk Cycle Gas Engine; OIL ENGINE (Vol. 20, p. 35), illustrated, also by Dugald Clerk; BOILER (Vol. 4, p. 141), with 20 illustrations, by James T. Milton, chief engineer surveyor to Lloyd’s Registry of Shipping, and Joseph G. Horner, author of _Plating and Boiler Making_; INJECTOR (Vol. 14, p. 570); WATER MOTORS (Vol. 28, p. 382), illustrated, by T. H. Beare, Regius professor of engineering in the University of Edinburgh; WINDMILL (Vol. 28, p. 710), illustrated, by Professor Unwin; FUEL (Vol. 11, p. 274), illustrated, _Solid Fuels_ by Hilary Bauermann, of the Ordnance College, Woolwich; _Liquid Fuel_, by Sir James Fortescue-Flannery, formerly president of the Institute of Marine Engineers; _Gaseous Fuel_, by Dr. Georg Lunge, professor of technical chemistry at the Zurich Polytechnic; GAS, _Gas for Fuel and Power_ (Gas producers) (Vol. 11, p. 490), illustrated, also by Professor Lunge. POWER TRANSMISSION (Vol. 22, p. 224), illustrated, _Mechanical_, by Professor Dalby; _Hydraulic_, by Edward B. Ellington, chief engineer of the General Hydraulic Power Co., Ltd.; _Pneumatic_, by A. de W. Foote, superintendent of the North Star Mining Co., California; PULLEY (Vol. 22, p. 641), illustrated, by Dr. Ernest G. Coker, professor of mechanical Engineering in the City and Guilds of London Technical College; PUMP (Vol. 22, p. 645), illustrated; BRAKE (Vol. 4, p. 413), illustrated; TOOL (Vol. 27, p. 14), with 79 illustrations, by Joseph G. Horner; CRANES (Vol. 7, p. 368), with 21 illustrations, by Walter Pitt; ELEVATORS (Vol. 9, p. 263), illustrated, by G. F. Zimmer, author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_; LUBRICANTS (Vol. 17, p. 89) by R. M. Deeley, joint author of _Lubrication and Lubricants_; PNEUMATIC DESPATCH (Vol. 21, p. 865) by H. R. Kempe, electrician to the General Post Office, London; GYROSCOPE AND GYROSTAT (Vol. 12, p. 769), illustrated, by Sir Alfred Greenhill; MOTOR VEHICLES (Vol. 18, p. 914), with 37 illustrations—_Light_, by the Hon. C. S. Rolls, late managing director of the Rolls Royce Co., Ltd.; _Heavy Commercial Vehicles_, by Edward S. Smith, editor of _The Commercial Motor_; RAILWAYS, _Locomotive Power_ (Vol. 22, p. 842) by Professor W. E. Dalby. [Sidenote: For the Electrical Engineer] The key article describing the general principles of electrical engineering is ELECTRICITY SUPPLY (Vol. 9, p. 192), illustrated, by Emile Garcke, but at the immediate service of the electrical engineer there also stand DYNAMO (Vol. 8, p. 764), with 42 illustrations, by C. C. Hawkins, author of _The Dynamo_; POWER TRANSMISSION, _Electrical_ (Vol. 22, p. 233) by Dr. Louis Bell, chief engineer, Electric Power Transmission Dept., General Electric Co.; CONDUCTION, ELECTRIC (Vol. 6, p. 855), _Conduction in Solids_ by Professor Fleming; _in Liquids_, by W. C. D. Whetham; in Gases, by Sir J. J. Thomson, a Nobel prize-winner and professor of experimental physics at Cambridge; ELECTROLYSIS (Vol. 9, p. 217) by W. C. D. Whetham; ELECTROKINETICS (Vol. 9, p. 210), illustrated; ELECTROSTATICS (Vol. 9, p. 240); ELECTROMAGNETISM (Vol. 9, p. 226), illustrated; UNITS, PHYSICAL, _Electrical Units_ (Vols. 27, p. 740); GALVANOMETER (Vol. 11, p. 428), illustrated; ELECTROMETER (Vol. 9, p. 234), illustrated; AMPEREMETER (Vol. 1, p. 879), illustrated; VOLTMETER (Vol. 28, p. 206), illustrated; OHMMETER (Vol. 20, p. 34), illustrated; WATTMETER (Vol. 28, p. 419)—all of these by Professor Fleming; POTENTIOMETER (Vol. 22, p. 205); ACCUMULATOR (Vol. 1, p. 126), with 24 illustrations and diagrams, by Walter Hibbert, of the London Polytechnic; TRANSFORMERS (Vol. 27, p. 173), with 15 illustrations and diagrams, and WHEATSTONE’S BRIDGE (Vol. 28, p. 584), illustrated, by Professor Fleming; MOTORS, ELECTRIC (Vol. 18, p. 910), by Dr. Louis Bell; METER, ELECTRIC, (Vol. 18, p. 291), by Professor Fleming; LIGHTING, _Electric_ (Vol. 16, p. 659), with 16 illustrations, by Professor Fleming, and a chapter on its commercial aspects, methods of charging, wiring of houses, testing meters, etc., by Emile Garcke; TELEGRAPH (Vol. 26, p. 510), fully illustrated, _Land and Submarine Telegraphy_, by H. R. Kempe; _Wireless Telegraphy_, by Professor Fleming, and _Commercial Aspects_, by Emile Garcke; TELEPHONE (Vol. 26, p. 547), illustrated, by H. R. Kempe and Emile Garcke; TRACTION, _Electric_ (Vol. 27, p. 120), illustrated, by Professor Duncan. An admirable historical sketch of electricity will be found in ELECTRICITY (Vol. 9, p. 179), by Professor Fleming, which contains also an account of the development of electric theory. [Sidenote: American Practice in Mining] It is typical of the policy pursued in making the new Britannica that the Editor placed the mining section in the hands of American experts, since they are universally regarded as the best in the world. This entire section is a worthy monument to American learning and practice. The key-article MINING (Vol. 18, p. 528), fully illustrated, is by Dr. Henry Smith Munroe, professor of mining in Columbia University. This covers every branch of the subject, but further discussion of its special phases is continued in MINERAL DEPOSITS (Vol. 18, p. 504) by Dr. James F. Kemp, professor of geology, Columbia University; QUARRYING (Vol. 22, p. 712) by Dr. F. J. H. Merrill, formerly state geologist of New York; ORE-DRESSING (Vol. 20, p. 238), illustrated, by Dr. R. H. Richards, professor of mining and metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; SHAFT-SINKING (Vol. 24, p. 766), illustrated; BORING (Vol. 4, p. 251), illustrated; BLASTING (Vol. 4, p. 44), illustrated—the last three by Robert Peele, professor of mining in Columbia University. [Sidenote: The Metallurgical Section] METALLURGY (Vol. 18, p. 203) describes in outline the general sequence of operations. ASSAYING (Vol. 18, p. 776) is by Andrew A. Blair, formerly chief chemist U. S. Geological Survey. See also METAL (Vol. 18, p. 198). METALOGRAPHY (Vol. 18, p. 202), illustrated, is an account of the new and important method of microscopical examination of alloys and metals by Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen; and Francis H. Neville. ALLOYS (Vol. 1, p. 704), with unique photomicrographs of alloys and metals, is also by the authors of the article METALLOGRAPHY. ANNEALING, HARDENING AND TEMPERING (Vol. 2, p. 70), illustrated, is by Joseph G. Horner, who also writes FORGING (Vol. 10, p. 663), which has 19 illustrations, FOUNDING (Vol. 10, p. 743), with 11 illustrations, and ROLLING-MILL (Vol. 23, p. 468), with 8 illustrations. The material on FUEL has already been mentioned. FURNACE (Vol. 11, p. 358) describes and illustrates all the latest designs. WELDING (Vol. 28, p. 501) is by J. G. Horner and Elihu Thomson, who writes on his own invention, _Electric Welding_. The mining engineer or metallurgist will have in the new Britannica constantly at his elbow a complete series of articles dealing with the mining and metallurgy of all minerals and metals. Professor Howe’s exhaustive article IRON AND STEEL has already been noted in another part of this chapter. A few of the other important articles are COPPER (Vol. 7, p. 103); GOLD (Vol. 12, p. 192); SILVER (Vol. 25, p. 112); LEAD (Vol. 16, p. 314); TIN (Vol. 26, p. 995); ZINC (Vol. 28, p. 981); MANGANESE (Vol. 17, p. 569); ALUMINUM (Vol. 1, p. 767) by E. J. Ristori, member of Council, Institute of Metals. SAFETY-LAMP (Vol. 23, p. 998) is written by Hilary Bauermann. The latest mining statistics of all countries are to be found under their respective headings. [Sidenote: Biographies of Engineers] Military men are familiar with the lives and deeds of great soldiers; lovers of art and literature know something of the careers of their favorites; but as a rule the engineer knows little or nothing about the lives of the great ornaments of his profession, the splendid heroes of peace who have done much more than the soldier and the artist to create the world of to-day. The reason for this is that engineering biographies are very scarce, and in this connection the new Britannica _fills a positive gap_ in the engineer’s library. There are considerably more than 100 biographies of great engineers, living and dead, written in the most interesting fashion by authoritative contributors. Among these articles are WATT, JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 414) by Professor Ewing; ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (Vol. 2, p. 556); STEPHENSON, GEORGE (Vol. 25, p. 888); BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (Vol. 3, p. 823); WHITWORTH, SIR JOSEPH (Vol. 28, p. 616); RENNIE, JOHN (Vol. 23, p. 101); LESSEPS, FERDINAND DE (Vol. 16, p. 494) by Henri G. S. A. de Blowitz; EADS, JAMES B. (Vol. 8, p. 789); EDISON, THOMAS A. (Vol. 8, p. 946); ERICSSON, JOHN (Vol. 9, p. 740); MAXIM, SIR HIRAM (Vol. 17, p. 918); ROEBLING, JOHN A. (Vol. 23, p. 450); SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM (Vol. 25, p. 47) by Professor Ewing; TELFORD, THOMAS (Vol. 26, p. 573); MCADAM, JOHN L. (Vol. 17, p. 190), and TREVITHICK, RICHARD (Vol. 27, p. 256). ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO ENGINEERS Aberration Abrasion Abscissa Absorption of Light Acceleration Accumulator Achromatism Acoustics Actinometer Adhesion Adjutage Adze Aeronautics Aether, or Ether Aggregation Agonic Lines Air Engine Algebra Algebraic Forms Aliquot Alloys Aluminium Amicable Numbers Amperemeter, or Ammeter Anchor Angle Annealing, Hardening and Tempering Anthracite Anvil Aperture Aqueduct Archimedes, Screw of Architecture Arkwright, Sir Richard Armature Armour Plates Armstrong, 1st Baron Artesian Wells Assaying Atmospheric Electricity Atmospheric Railway Auger Autoclave Awl Axe Axis Axle Baird, James Baker, Sir Benjamin Ballast Ballistics Balloon Banket Barker’s Mill Barometer Barometric Light Battery Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William Bearings Bell, Henry Bellows and Blowing Machines Bench-mark Berlin Berthon, Edward Lyon Berthoud, Ferdinand Bessel Function Bessemer, Sir Henry Bicycle Bidder, George Parker Biddery Binocular Instrument Binomial Biquadratic Bisectrix Blasting Bloom Bogie Boiler Boring Boulton, Matthew Brachistochrone Bradawl Brake Bramah, Joseph Brass Brassey, Thomas Brazing and Soldering Breakwater Brick Brickwork Bridges Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of Bright, Sir Charles Brindley, James Bronze Bronzing Brown, Sir John Brunel, I. K. Brunel, Sir Marc Buoy Building Burns, Sir George Bush Cab Cable Caisson Caisson Disease Calculating Machines Caledonian Canal Calorescence Calorimetry Camera Lucida Camera Obscura Camus, F. J. des Canal Cantilever Capillary Action Car Cardioid Carnegie, Andrew Carpentry, Cart Cartwright, Edmund Cash Register Catenary Causeway Caustic Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas Cement Chain Chappe, Claude Chart Chisel Chronograph Chubb, Charles Cinematograph Circle Cissoid Clark, Josiah Latimer Clock Coal Cockerill, W. (and J.) Cofferdam Cold Colour Combinational Analysis Compass Conchoid Concrete Condensation of Gases Conduction, Electric Conduction of Heat Cone Congreve, Sir William Conic Section Conoid Continued Fractions Contour, Contour-line Conveyors Coode, Sir John Copper Copying Machines Cordite Corning, Erastus Coxwell, Henry Tracey Cramp, Charles Henry Cranes Crank Crompton, Samuel Cube Cubitt, Thomas Cubitt, Sir William Cunard, Sir Samuel Curricle Curve Cycloid Cyclometer Cylinder Damascening or Damaskeening Damask Steel or Damascus Steel Density Destructors Determinant Diagonal Diagram Diamagnetism Diameter Dielectric Differences, Calculus of Differential Equation Diffraction of Light Diffusion Dimension Dispersion Divers and Diving Apparatus Dock Dodecahedron Drawing Dredge and Dredging Drill Drummond, Thomas Dry Rot Dupuy de Lôme, S.C.H.L. Dynamics Dynamite Dynamo Dynamometer Eads, James Buchanan Earth Currents Earth, Figure of the Edison, Thomas Alva Elasticity Electrical, or Electrostatic Machine Electricity Electricity Supply Electric Waves Electrochemistry Electrokinetics Electrolysis Electromagnetism Electrometallurgy Electrometer Electron Electroplating Electroscope Electrostatics Electrotyping Electrum Elevators, Lifts or Hoists Ellipse Ellipsoid Embankment Employers’ Liability Energetics Energy Engine Engineering Epicycloid Equation Ericsson, John Evans, Oliver Explosives Fairbairn, Sir William Felloe Ferguson, James Figurate Numbers File Filter Finlay, Sir George Fire and Fire Extinction Firebrick Firth, Mark Fitch, John Flight and Flying Flume Flux Focus Folium Forging Fortification and Siegecraft Fossick Foundations Founding Fourier’s Series Fowler, John Fowler, Sir John Friction Frustum Fuel Fulton, Robert Function Furnace Fusible Metal Fusion Fuze, or Fuse Galvanized Iron Galvanometer Gas Engine Gatling, Richard Jordan Gauge, or Gage Geodesy Geoid Geometrical Continuity Geometry Gimlet Girard, Philippe Henri de Glazing Gnomon Gold Gooch, Sir Daniel Goodyear, Charles Gouge Graduation Gramophone Graphical Methods Gravitation Greathead, James Henry Grimthorpe, 1st Baron Groups, Theory of Guncotton Gyroscope and Gyrostat Gunpowder Hachure Hammer Harbour Harmonic Harmonic Analysis Harrison, John Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus Hawkshaw, Sir John Hawksley, Thomas Hawser Heat Heathcoat, John Heating Heliostat Hodgkinson, Eaton Hodograph Holden, Sir Isaac Horse-Power Hose-pipe Hydraulics Hydrodynamics Hydrography Hydromechanics Hydrometer Hydrostatics Hyperbola Hypsometer Hysteresis Icosahedron Illumination Inclinometer Induction Coil Infinitesimal Calculus Ingot Injector Interference of Light Interpolation Invar Inversion Involution Iron and Steel Irrigation Ismay, Thomas Henry Jacquard, Joseph Marie Jenkin, H. C. F. Jetty Joinery Joints Joist Kaleidoscope Kiln Kinematics Kinetics Kingsford, W. Knife Knot Krupp, Alfred Labour Legislation Ladder Lamp Lantern Lath Lathe Latitude Latten Lead Lemniscate Lens Lesseps, Ferdinand de Lever Leyden Jar, or Condenser Life-boat Light Lighthouse Lighting Lightning Conductor Limaçon Lindley, William Line Liquid Gases Lock Locus Logarithm Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid, or Foliate Longitude Loxodrome Lubricants Lubrication Magic Square Magnetism Magnetism, Terrestrial Magnetograph Magnetometer Magneto-Optics Manchester Ship Canal Manganese Manometer Map Masham, Baron Masonry Mathematics Matter Maxima and Minima Maxim, Sir Hiram McAdam, John Loudon McCormick, Cyrus Hall Mechanics Mensuration Meridian Metal Metallography Metallurgy Meter, Electric Metric System Microscope Mill Mineral Deposits Mining Mirror Model Molecule Mortar Mortise, or Mortice Motion, Laws of Motors, Electric Motor Vehicles Murdock, William Myddelton, Sir Hugh Nasmyth, James Navigation Newcomen, Thomas Nitro-glycerine Nixon, John Noble, Sir Andrew Number Numbers, Partition of Numeral Objective, or Object Glass Octahedron Ohmmeter Oil Engine Optics Ordinate Ore Dressing Oscillograph Oval Painter-work Palanquin Palmer, Sir Charles Mark Panama Canal Pantograph Parabola Parachute Parallel Motion Pedometer Perkins, Jacob Permeability, Magnetic Permeameter Perpetual Motion, or Perpetuum Mobile Perspective Phonograph Photography Photometry Physics Pier Piston Plaster-work Pneumatic Despatch Pneumatics Polarity Polarization of Light Pole, William Polygon Polygonal Numbers Polyhedral Numbers Polyhedron Porism Potentiometer Power Transmission Prism Probability Projection Prony, G. C. F. M. R. de Pulley Pump Pyrometer Quadratrix Quarrying Quaternions Radiation, Theory of Radiometer Rafter Railways Random Rankine, W. J. M. Rawlinson, Sir Robert Reclamation of Land Reflection of Light Refraction Refrigerating and Ice Making Reid, Sir Robert G. Rennie, John River Engineering Rivet Roads and Streets Roebling, J. A. Rolling-mill Roofs Roulette Safes, Strong-rooms and Vaults Safety-lamp Saw Scaffold, Scaffolding Scantling Schichau, Ferdinand Science Scissors Screw Semaphore Seppings, Sir Robert Series Serpentine Sewerage Sewing Machines Sextant Shadoof Shadow Shaft-sinking Shears Ship Shipbuilding Shoring Shovel Shuttle Siemens, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm) Sieve Signal Silver Siphon, or Syphon Sleeper Sleigh, Sled, or Sledge Smeaton, John Smoke Solder Sound Sounding Spade Spectroscopy Speculum Sphere Spherical Harmonics Spheroid Sphereometer Spiral Starley, James Statics Steel Construction Steam Engine Stephenson, George Stephenson, Robert Stereoscope Stevenson, Robert Stone Strength of Materials Strutt, Jedediah Stucco Suez Canal Sun Copying, or Photo Copying Surface Surveying Table, Mathematical Tacheometry Tangye, Sir Richard Technical Education Telegraph Telephone Telford, Thomas Tetrahedron Theodolite Thermodynamics Thermoelectricity Thermometry Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist Tide Timber Time, Measurement of Time, Standard Tin Tin-plate and Terne-plate Tire Tongs Tool Topography Traction Tramway Transformers Tredgold, Thomas Trevithick, Richard Triangle Tricycle Trigonometry Trisectrix Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing Tube Tunnel Turbine Tweezers Typewriter Units, Dimensions of Units, Physical Vacuum Tube Valve Vaporization Variations, of Calculus Vector Analysis Ventilation Vernier Vision Voltmeter Wagon or Waggon Water Motors Water Supply Watt, James Wattmeter Wave Wedge Weighing Machines Weights and Measures Weir Welding Well Wheatstone’s Bridge White, Sir William H. Whitney, Eli Whitworth, Sir Joseph Wilkinson, John Windmill Witch of Agnesi Zero Zinc