CHAPTER XXIX

FOR ARMY OFFICERS [Sidenote: A New Departure] It is often said of an article in the Britannica that it is “_the last word_ on the subject,” so thoroughly has the authority of the book been recognized. This is quite as true of military articles as of those in any other field; but of the military articles it may also be said that they are the _first word_. Of course, there have been, in previous editions of the Britannica and, to a less degree in minor works of general reference, articles on military history and biography. But in the new Britannica, for the first time, all branches of military knowledge are included, and the spirit of the entire treatment is comparative and critical. The military student will find a discussion not merely of Napoleon’s influence on army organization or Frederick’s influence on cavalry (in the articles on these two leaders), but also of the influence of army organization on Napoleon (in the articles on the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Campaigns), and of cavalry drill on the peculiar generalship of Frederick (in such articles as Seven Years’ War, on Hohenfriedberg, and on Rossbach). Put more concretely, the novelty consists in the inclusion of articles on wars, campaigns and battles, chosen because of their importance in military as well as in political history, and treated from the point of view of the military critic and with particular attention to the lessons they contain for the modern army officer. The care with which the battles and campaigns of the American Civil War are analyzed and criticized will be of singularly great interest to the American soldier, who will immediately notice among the contributors to the military department of the Britannica such names as those of Capt. C. F. Atkinson, author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_, Major G. W. Redway, author of _Fredericksburg: A Study in War_, Col. G. F. R. Henderson, author of _Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War_, and Col. F. N. Maude, lecturer in military history, University of Manchester. [Sidenote: Army] The best starting point for a study of military affairs in the Britannica is the article ARMY (Vol. 2, p. 592; equivalent to more than 100 pages of this Guide). This “key” article may be outlined as follows: _General History_ Early Armies—_Egypt_ (chariots, infantry, archers). _Babylon_ and _Assyria_ (horsemen, charioteers, etc.). _Persian_, largely cavalry; the first “organized” army. _Greece_,—compulsory service; citizen militia; heavy infantry the strong arm; phalanx, the Greek formation. _Sparta_,—a nation in arms. _Greek_ mercenaries. _Epaminondas_ and _Thebes_—new phalanx tactics, “oblique order”; development of cavalry. _Alexander_ and _Macedon_—a modified Theban system. _Carthage_—mercenary troops led by great generals, with modification of phalanx for greater elasticity. _Rome_—army under the Republic; its characteristics; under the Empire; see also separate article ROMAN ARMY (Vol. 23, p. 471), by Professor F. J. Haverfield of Oxford. _The Dark Ages_, the Byzantines, and the development of Feudalism. Medieval Mercenaries. Infantry in Feudal Times. _The Crusades_. _The Period of Transition_ (1290–1490), development of English archers and of professional soldiery,—_condottieri_, _Swiss_, _Landsknechts_. _The Spanish army_: “at the disposal of its sovereign, trained to the due professional standard and organized in the best way found by experience.” _The Sixteenth Century_—rise of the heavy cavalry armed with pistols, and fall of the pikemen. _Dutch System_—attention to minute detail; William the Silent and Maurice of Nassau. _Thirty Years’ War_—the _Werbe-system_, small standing army to be increased by levy at time of need. _The Swedish Army_—conscription and feudal _indelta_; Gustavus. _The English Civil War_—real national armies; Cromwell and the “New Model” only an incident without influence on army organization. _Standing Armies_. French pre-eminence after Rocroi. Small field armies, well-fed and sheltered for economy’s sake. _18th Century organization_: “linear” formation and its negative results. _Frederick the Great_: the art of war a formal science. _The French Revolution_: a “nation in arms,” a war-machine more powerful than Frederick’s. The conscription in France. _Napoleon_—his attempt to make a dynastic army out of the “nation in arms.” _The Grande Armée_ of 1805–1806; development of artillery; the army corps. The Wars of Liberation: new Prussian army; excellent Austrian organization. _Armies of 1815–1870_. _American Civil War_,—its slow decision. Contrast between French and Prussian staff systems in 1870. _Modern Developments_: German model followed slavishly except in Great Britain and the United States. _Present Day Armies_: The general accounts of existing armies, and of the past organizations of each country, are supplemented by detailed information in the articles on different countries. Especial attention should be given to the military information in the article on Japan. Army Systems: _Compulsory Service_; _Conscription_; _Voluntary Service_; _Militia_. _Army Organization_ The three chief arms—their relative importance: proportion on peace footing—5 or 6 guns per 1000 men, 16 cavalry soldiers to 1000 men of other arms; proportion in war—Russian (1905) 3½ guns per 1000 men of other arms, 60 cavalry to 1000 infantry; Japanese (1905), 2½ field guns per 1000 men, 37 cavalry to 1000 infantry. _Command_: _Brigade_; _Division_; _Army Corps_, its constitution; _Army_; _Chief Command_ of group of armies; chief of general staff and his relations to commander-in-chief—for example, von Moltke and King William. _Branches of Administration_—war office and general staff. _Table_: Comparative strength of Various Armies. _British Army_, _Indian Army_, _Canadian Forces_. _Austrian Army_. _French Army_. _German Army_. _Italian Army_. _Russian Army_. _Spanish Army_. _Turkish Army_. _United States Army_. _Armies of minor countries_. _Bibliography_ (2000 words) [Sidenote: Theory and Practice] Next in order the student should turn to the article WAR (Vol. 28, p. 305; equivalent to 40 pages of this Guide), by Col. G. F. R. Henderson, well known for his books on the American Civil War (_Fredericksburg_, _Stonewall Jackson_, etc.), with a section on _Laws of War_, by Sir Thomas Barclay. Col. Henderson’s article lays down important general principles. An analysis of modern conditions shows that improved methods of communication have made war a much speedier process, in which the victorious general cannot make mistakes at the outset. That intellect and education count for more than stamina and courage was the lesson of the Franco-Prussian War—a lesson learned by the Prussians before that war. Modern war is a science and the amateur has little chance; in this respect things have changed. “It is impossible to doubt that had the Boers of 1899 possessed a staff of trained strategists, they would have shaken the British Empire to its foundations.” There must be a concert between diplomacy and strategy. Civilian war ministers cannot solve strategic problems. The greater deadliness of modern warfare, and the greater moral effect of being under fire call for better foresight, strategy and _morale_. The relation of army and navy is discussed and the new doctrine of “sea-power” explained. (See the chapter _For Naval Officers_ in this Guide). The remaining topics in the article are: weakness of allied armies; railways and sea as lines of operation; amphibious power; value of unprofessional troops and the need of professional leaders. [Sidenote: Arms of Service] In the articles INFANTRY (Vol. 14, p. 517; 2 plates; equivalent to 35 pages of this Guide) and ARTILLERY (Vol. 2, p. 685; 2 plates; equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide), both by Capt. Atkinson, and in the article CAVALRY (Vol. 5, p. 563; illustrated with 2 plates and 1 cut; in length equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide), by Col. F. N. Maude, the student will find an elaborate treatment of the history, organization and tactics (especially since 1870) of each of these arms. For details of their organization and equipment he should read the articles ENGINEERS, STAFF, MOUNTED INFANTRY, SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT (MILITARY), OFFICERS, AMBULANCE, FORTIFICATION, MACHINE GUNS, COAST DEFENCE, ORDNANCE, BALLISTICS, SIGHTS, RIFLE, GUN, PISTOL, EXPLOSIVE, GUNPOWDER, GUNCOTTON, CORDITE and NITRO-GLYCERINE. In many geographical articles there are descriptions of the world’s great fortifications, e. g., _Paris_, _Antwerp_, and _Verdun_. Other topics of a more miscellaneous character are covered by the articles ARMY SIGNALLING, PIGEON POST, SIGNALS, WAR GAME, MANOEUVRES, KITE, etc. The military use of aeroplanes and balloons is very fully shown in the articles FLIGHT and AERONAUTICS. [Sidenote: Strategy and Tactics] Before taking up a systematic course in military history, there are two general articles that the military student should read: TACTICS (Vol. 26, p. 347; equivalent in length to 20 pages of this Guide), by Maj. Neill Malcolm, editor of the _Science of War_; and STRATEGY (Vol. 25, p. 986; equivalent to 35 pages of this Guide), by Col. F. N. Maude. The former article should be compared with the sections on tactics in the articles INFANTRY, CAVALRY and ARTILLERY. Major Malcolm makes much of the continuity of military history, comparing Metaurus and Ramillies with the fighting in Manchuria, and Wellington at Maya with Oyama in his contest with Kuropatkin. The mistakes that have been made once should not be made again; at least the careful student of tactical history may see to it that if they are repeated, it is done by his opponent and not by himself. Modern tactics are different from ancient because of greater fire-power and improved methods of transportation. Cavalry tactics are in an uncertain condition; there is no recent practice to serve as a guide, since neither in South Africa in the Boer war nor in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese conflict was cavalry much used. Infantry must co-operate to make artillery bombardment effective. An interesting discussion of offensive and defensive fighting is summed up in the words “To the true general the purely defensive battle is unknown” and as evidence are adduced Wellington at Salamanca and Oyama at Sha-ho. Oyama’s victory in the latter battle, it is pointed out, shows the increased ease of the process of envelopment, which has resulted in discarding corps artillery in favour of divisional artillery. The importance—and the possibility—of the counter stroke; the danger of using for the relief of one’s own troops forces which might better be launched at the enemy’s weakest spot; and the similar unwisdom of any negative tactics, adopted to avoid loss, as in “holding attacks”—are the other principal points made in the article. The article STRATEGY should be read in conjunction with the articles ARMY and WAR. It is impossible to summarize or outline it here, but it is worth noting that the article closes with a definition and discussion of the following terms: _Base_; _Line of Communication_; _Line of Operations_; _Exterior Lines_; _Obstacles_. [Sidenote: Military History and Criticism] For a reasoned history of warfare in more detail than has been given in the general articles already alluded to, the reader will find some outline like the following valuable, the arrangement being roughly chronological and all words in _Italics_ being titles of articles in the Britannica. _Marathon_; _Darius_; _Miltiades_; _Herodotus_. _Thermopylae_; _Leonidas_; _Salamis_. _Peloponnesian War_; _Pericles_; _Cleon_; _Pylos_; _Brasidas_; _Alcibiades_; _Critias_; _Thucydides_; _Xenophon_. _Epaminondas_; _Mantineia_. _Philip II of Macedon_; _Olynthus_; _Chaeroneia_; _Alexander the Great_; _Arrian_. _Pyrrhus_. _Roman Army_; _Caudine Forks_; _Punic Wars_; _Carthage_; _Hanno_; _Hannibal_; _Hasdrubal_; _Mago_; _Trasimene_; _Fabius_ (Cunctator); _Cannae_; _Scipio Africanus_; _Scipio Aemilianus_; _Aemilius Paulus_; _Perseus_; _Marius_; _Jugurtha_; _Sulla_; _Sertorius_; _Pompey_; _Caesar_; _Antonius_ (Mark Antony). _Charles Martel_. _Charlemagne_. _William I_ (of England); _Hastings_; _Standard, Battle of_. _Crusades_ (equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide); _Godfrey of Bouillon_; _Raymund of Toulouse_; _Richard I_ (of England); _Philip II_ (of France); _Saladin_; _Henry VI_ (Roman Emperor); _Baldwin I_; _Frederick II_; _Louis IX_ (of France). _Bouvines._ _Bannockburn_; _Robert Bruce_. _Hundred Years’ War_; _Philip VI_; _Edward III_; _Crécy_; _John of Bohemia_; _Edward_ (the Black Prince); _Calais_; _Poitiers_; _John II_ (of France); _Lancaster, House of_ (for John of Gaunt); _Bertrand Du Guesclin_; _Henry V_ (of England); _Agincourt_; _Joan of Arc_; _1st Duke of Bedford_ (John Plantagenet); Count of _Dunois_. _Wars of the Roses_; _St. Albans_; _Towton_; _Earl of Warwick_ (Richard Neville); _Edward IV_. _Ravenna_, battle of; _Bayard_ (the chevalier); _Gaston de Foix_; _Pescara_; _Navarro_; _Marignan_; _Francis_ I (of France). _Flodden_; _James IV_ (of Scotland); _Norfolk, 3rd Duke_. _St. Quentin_ (1557); _Coligny_; _Montmorency_ (constable); _Emmanuel Philibert_. _Alva_; _William the Silent_ (Vol. 28, p. 672); _Maurice of Nassau_; _Farnese_ (duke of Parma). _Thirty Years’ War_; _Maximilian I_ (of Bavaria); _Frederick V_ (elector palatinate; Vol. 11, p. 59); _Mansfeld_; _Tilly_; _Wallenstein_; _Gustavus Adolphus_; _Breitenfeld_; _Lützen_; _Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar_; duc de _Rohan_; _Frederick Henry_; _Gallas_; _Banér_; _Piccolomini_; _Turenne_; _Torstensson_; _Condé_; _Freiburg_; _Mercy_; _Nördlingen_; _Wrangel_ (1613–1676); _Fronde_. _Great Rebellion_ (English Civil Wars of 1642–52); _Charles I_ (of England); _Prince Rupert_; _Essex_ (2nd Earl, Vol. 9, p. 782); _Edgehill_; _John Hotham_; _Baron Hopton_; _Sir William Waller_; _Duke of Newcastle_ (1592–1676); _Fairfax of Cameron_ (2nd and 3rd Barons); _Sir Bevil Grenville_; _Oliver Cromwell_; _Manchester_, 2nd Earl of (Vol. 17, p. 543); _Marston Moor_; _Leven_; _Skippon_; _Argyll, 8th Earl_; _Montrose_; _Lord Newark_; _Goring_; _Naseby_; _John Lambert_; _Charles Fleetwood_; _Dunbar_; _Thomas Harrison_. _Dutch Wars_; _Louis XIV_; _Condé_; _Frederick William of Brandenburg_; _Turenne_; _Montecucculi_; _William III_ (of England); _Duke of Luxembourg_; _Charles of Lorraine_ (Vol. 17, p. 11). _Vauban._ _Grand Alliance, War of_; _Catinat_; _Luxembourg_; _Vauban_; _Fleurus_; _Louvois_; _Duc de Boufflers_; _Coehoorn_; _William III of England_; _Steenkirk_; _Neerwinden_; _Villeroi_. _Spanish Succession_; _Marlborough_; _Eugene of Savoy_; _Villars_; _Peterborough_; _Ruvigny_; _Catinat_; _Vendôme_; _Blenheim_; _Ramillies_; _Oudenarde_; _Malplaquet_; _Berwick_. _Polish Succession War._ _Austrian Succession_; _Frederick the Great_; _Count von Schwerin_; _L. A. Khevenhüller_; _Duc de Broglie_; _Traun_; _Charles_ (of Lorraine; Vol. 5, p. 936); _Seckendorf_; _George II_ (of England); _Noailles_; _Conti_ (Vol. 7, p. 28); _Hohenfriedberg_; _Fontenoy_; comte de _Saxe_ (marshal); Duke of _Cumberland_; _Ligonier_; _Belle-Isle_. _Seven Years’ War_ (with 5 diagrams): _Frederick the Great_; _Clive_; _Amherst_; _Wolfe_; comte de _Lally_; _Montcalm_; Count von _Browne_; _Ferdinand_ (of Brunswick); _Daun_; _Zieten_; _F. E. J. Keith_; _Seydlitz_; _Rossbach_; _Soubise_ (1715–1787); _Leuthen_; _Loudon_; _Kunersdorf_; _Finck_; _Minden_; _Sackville_, 1st Viscount; _Granby_. _American War of Independence_; _Lexington_; _Concord_; _Bunker Hill_; _Joseph Warren_; _Israel Putnam_; _Thomas Gage_; _William Howe_; _Ethan Allen_; _Ticonderoga_; _George Washington_; _Benedict Arnold_; _Richard Montgomery_; _Long Island_; _Rufus Putnam_; _William Alexander_; _Trenton and Princeton_; _Henry Knox_; _Brandywine_; _Germantown_; _Burgoyne_; _Bennington_; _John Stark_; _Saratoga_; _George Rogers Clark_; _Sir Henry Clinton_; _Monmouth_; _John Sullivan_; _Anthony Wayne_; _William Moultrie_; _Charleston_ (S. C.); _Francis Marion_; _Thomas Sumter_; _Andrew Pickens_; _Horatio Gates_; _Nathanael Greene_; _Cornwallis_; _Kalb_; _Camden_; _King’s Mountain_; _Daniel Morgan_; _Henry Lee_; _Tarleton_; _Eutawville_; _Lafayette_; _Yorktown_. _French Revolutionary Wars_ (with 6 diagrams); _Dumouriez_; _Kellerman_ (1735–1820); _Custine_; _Jemappes_; _Gribeauval_; _Neerwinden_ (1793); _Clerfayt_; _Vendée_; _L. N. M. Carnot_; _Jourdan_; _Wattignies_; _Joubert_; _Frederick Augustus, Duke of York_; _Souham_; _Moreau_; _Kray von Krajova_; _Vandamme_; _Pichegru_; _Marceau_; _Charles_, archduke of Austria (Vol. 5, p. 935); _Masséna_; _Napoleon_; _Augereau_; _Serurier_; _Joubert_; _Sir W. Sidney Smith_; _Kléber_; _Alexandria_; _Oudinot_; _Suvarov_; _Borodino_; _Macdonald_; _Marengo_; _Murat_; _Lannes_; _Berthier_; _Bautzen_. _Napoleonic Campaigns_ (9 diagrams; and see, on p. 233 of Vol. 19, “The Military Character of Napoleon”); _Napoleon_; _Wrede_; _Murat_; _Charles XIV_ (Bernadotte); _Marmont_; _Davout_; _Ney_; _Lannes_; _Soult_; _Berthier_; _Angereau_; _Dupont de l’Etang_; _Austerlitz_; _Kutusov_; _Hohenlohe_ (Vol. 13, p. 572); _Blücher_; _Lasalle_; _Massenbach_; _Kalckreuth_; _Scharnhorst_; _Lefebvre-Desnoëttes_; _Count von Bennigsen_; _Eylau_; _Friedland_; _Grouchy_; _Mortier_; _Senarmont_; _Oudinot_; _Massena_; _Aspern-Essling_; _Charles_, archduke of Austria; _Bellegarde_; _Wagram_; _Beauharnais_; _Macdonald_; Jerome _Bonaparte_ (Vol. 4, p. 195); _Barclay de Tolly_; _Bagration_; _Victor-Perrin_; _Yorck von Wartenburg_; _Lauriston_; _Wittgenstein_; _Bautzen_; _Schwarzenberg_; _Gouvion St. Cyr_; _Dresden_ (battle). _Peninsular War_; _Junot_; _Murat_; _Dupont de l’Etang_; _Moncey_; _Palafox y Melzi_; _Wellington_; _Sir John Moore_; Sir David _Baird_; _Talavera_; _Suchet_; _Sebastiani_; _Foy_; _Lord Hill_; _Lord Lynedoch_; W. C. _Beresford_; _Salamanca_; _Clausel_; _O’Donnell_; _Vitoria_; _Sir William Napier_. _American War_ of 1812; Isaac _Brock_; _Dearborn_; _Baltimore_; _Washington_; _New Orleans_; Andrew _Jackson_; Jacob _Brown_; James _Wilkinson_; and for sea-fighting the titles in the chapter of this Guide: _For Naval Officers_. _Waterloo Campaign_ (with 3 maps); _Napoleon_; _Murat_; _Schwarzenberg_; _Barclay de Tolly_; _Wellington_; _Blücher_; _Lord Hill_; _Anglesey_; _D’Erlon_; _Gneisenau_; _Gérard_; _Grouchy_; _Vandamme_; _Thielmann_; _Bülow_ (1755–1816); _Ney_; _Exelmans_; _Pajol_; _Picton_. _Greek Independence_; _Ypsilanti_; _Mavrocordato_; _Coraës_; _Dundonald_; _Sir Richard Church_. _Russo-Turkish Wars_ (1828–29); _Paskevich_; _Diebitsch_ (1877–78); _Osman_; _Skobelev_; _Plevna_ (with diagram); _Todleben_; _Shipka Pass_. _Crimean War_ (with 2 diagrams): _Gorchakov_; _Hess_; _Raglan_; _Saint Arnaud_; _Canrobert_; _Pelissier_; _Menshikov_ (1787–1869); _Bosquet_; _Todleben_; _Alma_; _Balaklava_; _Scarlett_; _Cardigan_; _Inkerman_; _Sir George Brown_; _Sir George Cathcart_; _Kinglake_. _Italian Wars_ (1848–1870); _Radetzky_; _Charles Albert_ of Sardinia (Vol. 5, p. 938); _Durando_; _Pepe_; _Victor Emmanuel_; _Pelissier_; _Canrobert_; _La Marmora_; _Napoleon III_; _Forey_; _MacMahon_; _Bazaine_; _Wimpffen_; _Benedek_; _Niel_; _Custozza_; _Cialdini_. _American Civil War_; _Bull Run_; _McDowell_; _Beauregard_; _J. E. Johnston_; _R. E. Lee_; _Rosecrans_; _Lexington, Mo._; _Fremont_; _Nathaniel Lyon_; _F. P. Blair, Jr._; _Pope_; _Burnside_; _B. F. Butler_; _McClellan_; _A. S. Johnston_; _G. H. Thomas_; _U. S. Grant_; _C. F. Smith_; _Lew Wallace_; _McClernand_; _Halleck_; _O. M. Mitchel_; _Shiloh_; _N. P. Banks_; _T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson_; _Shenandoah_; _Fair Oaks_; _Seven Days_; _A. P. Hill_; _D. H. Hill_; _J. E. B. Stuart_; _Braxton Bragg_; _Longstreet_; _Bull Run (second battle)_; _Ewell_; _Sigel_; _Hooker_; _Kearny_; _Fitz-John Porter_; _Antietam_; _E. V. Sumner_; _Hood_; _Burnside_; _Van Dorn_; _Fredericksburg_; _W. B. Franklin_; _John F. Reynolds_; _D. N. Couch_; _Stone River_; _Hardee_; _A. McD. McCook_; _T. L. Crittenden_; _G. H. Thomas_; _J. C. Breckinridge_; _McPherson_; _Chancellorsville_; _T. F. Meagher_; _Meade_; _Gettysburg_; _O. O. Howard_; _Doubleday_; _Early_; _Hancock_; _Sickles_; _Vicksburg_; _J. H. Morgan_; _Chickamauga_; _N. B. Forrest_; _Chattanooga_; _Sheridan_; _Wilderness_ (4 diagrams); _Fitz-Hugh Lee_; _J. H. Wilson_; _G. K. Warren_; _John Sedgwick_; _Merritt_; _R. H. Anderson_; _Spottsylvania_; _Cold Harbor_; _Petersburg_; _Shenandoah Valley_; _Cedar Creek_; _W. T. Sherman_; _Marietta_; _Atlanta_; _Slocum_; _Schofield_; _Joseph Wheeler_; _J. A. Logan_; _Nashville_; _Richmond_; _Appomatox Court-House_; _Durham, N. C._ _Seven Weeks’ War_ (with 2 diagrams): _William I_ (of Germany); _Moltke_; _Benedek_; _Frederick III_ (of Germany); _Frederick Charles_ (of Prussia; Vol. 11, p. 61); _Steinmetz_; _Blumenthal_; _Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen_ (Vol. 13, p. 573b); _Goeben_; and see _Italian Wars_ above. _Franco-German War_; _Napoleon III_; _Niel_; _Moltke_; _William I_ (of Germany); _Steinmetz_; _Frossard_; _MacMahon_; _Wörth_ (with plan); _Bazaine_; _Metz_ (2 plans); _Alvensleben_; _Canrobert_; _Bourbaki_; _Leboeuf_; _Manteuffel_; _Caprivi_; _Prince Frederick Charles_; _Sedan_ (with plan); _Vinoy_; _Wimpffen_; _Gallifet_; _Werder_; _Gambetta_; _Freycinet_; _Aurelle de Paladines_; _Orleans_; _Bourbaki_; _Le Mans_; _Chanzy_; _Faidherbe_; _Belfort_; _Clinchant_; _Paris_. _Servo-Bulgarian War_; _Alexander of Bulgaria_ (Vol. 1, p. 544); _Milan of Servia_. _Greco-Turkish War_; _Edhem Pasha_. _Spanish-American War_; _Joseph Wheeler_; _F. V. Greene_; _Roosevelt_; _Miles_. _Transvaal_ (Vol. 27, pp. 203 sqq. for Boer War of 1899–1902); _Kruger_; _Cronje_; _P. J. Joubert_; _Sir George White_; _Buller_; _Lord Roberts_; _Lord Kitchener_; _J. H. De la Rey_; _Christian DeWet_; _Louis Botha_. _Russo-Japanese War_ (with 4 diagrams); _Kuroki_; _Kuropatkin_; _Inouye_; _Oku_; _Nozu_; _Oyama_. [Sidenote: A Military Encyclopaedia] The military student will see from what has already been said that the Britannica is not merely a general work of reference but a valuable aid in the study of military history, biography, theory, practice and phraseology. The following alphabetical list names only the chief of the articles in the Britannica which make it a military cyclopaedia. As has been noticed above, many articles are special treatises in themselves dealing with many related topics, and—for instance—articles on wars or campaigns contain elaborate descriptions of separate battles. Many topics are treated in the Britannica, even if they are not in the following list, and their whereabouts may be readily learned by turning to the Index volume. Abatis Accoutrement Acinaces Adjutant Adjutant-general Adye, Sir John Miller Aelian (Aelianus Tacticus) Aemilius, Paulus Aeneas Tacticus Aeronautics Agincourt, Battle of Aide-de-camp Albert, Charles, of Sardinia Alcibiades Alexander Alexander the Great Alexander, William Alexander of Bulgaria Alexandria Alignment Allan, Ethan Alma Alva Alvensleben Ambush Ammunition American Civil War American War of 1812 American War of Independence Amherst Anderson, R. H. Anglesey Antietam Antonius (Mark Antony) Antwerp Archery Argyll, 8th Earl Armet Arms and Armour Army Army Corps Army Signalling Arnold, Benedict Arquebus Arrian Arsenal Artillery Asclepiodotus Aspern-Essling Assegai Atlanta Augereau Augsburg, War of the League of Augustus, Frederick, Duke of York Aurelle de Paladines Austerlitz Austrian Succession, War of the Aventail or Avantaille Bagration Bailey Baird, Sir David Balaklava Baldwin I Ballistics Bandolier Banér Banks, N. P. Bannockburn Barbette Barclay de Tolly Barracks Barricade Basinet Bastion Batta Battalion Battering Ram Battle Bautzen Bayonet Bazaine Bayard (the Chevalier) Beauharnais Beauregard Bedford, 1st Duke of Belfort Bellegarde Belle-Isle Benedek Bennigsen, Count von Bennington Beresford, W. C. Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Berthier Berwick Bivouac Blair, F. P., Jr. Blenheim Blockhouse Blücher Blumenthal Blunderbuss Bomb Bombardier Bombardment Bonaparte, Jerome Borodino Bosquet Botha Boufflers, Duc de Boulevard Bourbaki Bouvines Bragg, Braxton Brandywine Brasidas Breckinridge, J. C. Breitenfeld Brevet Brialmont, H. A. Brigade Brigandine Benedetto Brin Bronsart von Schellendorf, Paul Brown, Sir George Brown, Jacob Brown Bess Browne, Count von Bruce, Robert Bullet Buller Bull Run Bull Run (second battle) Bülow, Dietrich Heinrich Bunker Hill Burgonet, or Burganet Burgoyne Burnside Busby Butler, B. F. Cadet Cadre Caesar Calais Caliver Caltrop Camden Camp Campaign Canadian Forces Cannac Cannon Canrobert Canteen Cantonment Capitulation Caponier Caprivi Captain Carabiniers Carbine Cardigan Carnot, L. N. M. Carronade Carthage Cartridge Carrington, H. B. Casemate Case-Shot Cashier Castle Catapult Cathcart, Sir George Catinat Caudine Forks Cavalry Cedar Creek, Va. Chaeroneia Chancellorsville Chanzy Chaplain Charlemagne Charles, Archduke of Austria Charles I (of England) Charles XIV (Bernadotte) Charles Martel Charleston, S. C. Chassepot Chattanooga, Tenn. Chesney, C. C. Chesney, Sir G. T. Chevaux-de-frise Church, Sir Richard Chickamauga Creek Cialdini Circumvallation, Lines of Clark, George Rogers Clausel Clausewitz, Karl von Claymore Cleon Clerfayt Clinchant Clinton, Sir Henry Clive Coast Defence Coastguard Coehoorn Cold Harbor Coligny Colonel Colours, Military Colour-sergeant Commander Commandeer Commando Commissariat Concord Condé Condottiere Conscription Conti Coraés Cordite Cormontaingne, Louis de Cornwallis Corporal Corps Couch, D. N. Counterscarp Countersign Court Marshal Cox, J. D. Crécy Crimean War Crilias Crittenden, T. L. Cromwell, Oliver Cronje Crusades Cuirass Cuirassiers Cumberland, Duke of Custine Custozza Cutlass Dagger Dannewerk Darius Daun Davout Dearborn Defile Depot D’Erlon De la Rey Devolution, War of De Wet Diebitsch Dirk Division Dodge, Theodore A. Donelson, Fort Doubleday Dragoon Dresden Du Guesclin, Bertrand Dumouriez Dunbar Dundonald Dunes Dunois, Count of Dupont de l’Etang Düppel Durando Dutch Wars Early Echelon Edgehill Edhem Pasha Edward (the Black Prince) Edward III Edward IV Emmanuel Philibert Emmanuel, Victor Enceinte Enfilade Engineers, Military Ensign Epaminondas Epaulette Essex Eugene of Savoy Eutawville Ewell Exelmans Explosives Eylau Fabius (Cunctator) Faidherbe Fairfax of Cameron Fair Oaks, Va. Farnese (Duke of Parma) Fascine Ferdinand (of Brunswick) Filibuster Finck Fleetwood, Charles Fleurus Flodden Flying Flying Column Foix, Gaston de Folard, Jean Charles Fontenoy Forey Forlorn Hope Forrest, N. B. 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