CHAPTER XXXVII

AMERICAN LITERATURE The list in the preceding chapter of the key articles dealing with national literatures shows that the Britannica separately treats the literary products of some 30 countries. To outline 30 courses of reading, mentioning the 3,000 critical and biographical articles, would make this Guide unwieldy. On pp. 929–937 of Vol. 29 the reader will find classified lists of these articles, and only four groups are selected here for detailed treatment: those on American, English, German and Greek literature. The main article in the literature of each of the other countries indicates the characteristic forms, the typical works of the leading writers discussed in special articles, so that courses of reading as systematic as these four can easily be planned for other countries by the reader. _Topic of Study_ _Article and Contributor_ General Summary of the subject, AMERICAN LITERATURE (Vol. 1, p. with critical appreciation of 831), by George E. Woodberry, main tendencies and great formerly professor in Columbia authors. University, biographer of Poe and Hawthorne, author of _America in Literature_, etc. _Colonial Period._ English writers, especially JOHN SMITH (Vol. 25, p. 264), by historical. Prof. Edward Arber, editor of _English Garner_, etc. Colonial writers, especially of MASSACHUSETTS, _History_ (Vol. 17, Puritan New England. p. 858); CONNECTICUT, _History_ (Vol. 6, p. 954). Massachusetts governors and WILLIAM BRADFORD (Vol. 4, p. 370); historical writing. JOHN WINTHROP (Vol. 28, p. 736). The Clergy as writers of History, JOHN COTTON (Vol. 7, p. 255), by and of Theology of the Puritan Prof. Williston Walker, Yale, School. author of _History_ _of the Congregational Churches in_ _the United States_; THOMAS HOOKER (Vol. 13, p. 674). The Mathers. COTTON, INCREASE, and RICHARD MATHER (Vol. 17, p. 883). Apostle to the Indians. JOHN ELIOT (Vol. 9, p. 278), by Prof. Walker. Revolt against Puritanism. Ethical. THOMAS MORTON (Vol. 18, p. 882). Theological. ROGER WILLIAMS (Vol. 28, p. 682). New England Verse. MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTH (Vol. 28, p. 626). The New England Diarist. SAMUEL SEWALL (Vol. 24, p. 733). The great New England Philosopher JONATHAN EDWARDS (Vol. 9, pp. 3–6), and Theologian; the first by Prof. Harry Norman Gardiner, American author with a lasting editor of _Jonathan Edwards—a and European reputation. Retrospect_, and Riehard Webster. Edwards’s contemporaries. CHARLES CHAUNCY (Vol. 6, p. 18). JONATHAN MAYHEW (Vol. 17, p. 935). Edwards’s followers,—the New JOSEPH BELLAMY (Vol. 3, p. 694). England theology. SAMUEL HOPKINS (Vol. 13, p. 685). The first newspaper in New York. WILLIAM BRADFORD (Vol. 4, p. 370). A Virginia educator. JAMES BLAIR (Vol. 4, p. 34). The American Quaker preacher. JOHN WOOLMAN (Vol. 28, p. 817). A royal governor and historian. THOMAS HUTCHINSON (Vol. 14, p. 13). A New York statesman and CADWALLADER COLDEN (Vol. 6, p. philosopher. 663). The first great American figure in BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Vol. 11, p. 24), secular literature,—essayist, by Richard Webster, late fellow pamphleteer, politician, Princeton University, editorial autobiographer. staff, Encyclopaedia Britannica. _Revolutionary Period._ The patriotic orators and JAMES OTIS (Vol. 20, p. 366). Pamphleteers. PATRICK HENRY (Vol. 13, p. 300). JOHN ADAMS (Vol. 1, p. 176). JOSIAH QUINCY (Vol. 22, p. 753). JAMES WILSON (Vol. 28, p. 693). “Common Sense.” THOMAS PAINE (Vol. 20, p. 456). James Otis’s Sister. MERCY WARREN (Vol. 28, p. 330). The Declaration of Independence and INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF (Vol. its author. 14, p. 372), and THOMAS JEFFERSON (Vol. 15, p. 301), both by Dr. F. S. Philbrick. Prominent Patriots in New Jersey. WILLIAM LIVINGSTON (Vol. 16, p. 813). JOHN WITHERSPOON (Vol. 28, p. 759). A Connecticut Educator and Patriot. EZRA STILES (Vol. 25, p. 919). Opponents of Independence. JOSEPH GALLOWAY (Vol. 11, p. 421). “A Westchester Farmer.” SAMUEL SEABURY (Vol. 24, p. 531). In Massachusetts. MATHER BYLES (Vol. 4, p. 896). In Maryland. JONATHAN BOUCHER (Vol. 4, p. 312). Patriotic Poetry. JOHN TRUMBULL (Vol. 27, p. 324). The “Hartford Wits.” TIMOTHY DWIGHT (Vol. 8, p. 741). Satire and Epic. JOEL BARLOW (Vol. 3, p. 406). “Battle of the Kegs.” FRANCIS HOPKINSON (Vol. 13, p. 685). A Western Traveler. JONATHAN CARVER (Vol. 5, p. 437). _The National Period._ The Constitution and its JAMES MADISON (Vol. 17, p. 284). Pamphleteers—“The Federalist,” the greatest application of elementary principles of government to practical administration. ALEXANDER HAMILTON (Vol. 12, p. 880), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick and Hugh Chisholm. JOHN JAY (Vol. 15, pp. 294–296). Importance of the early national UNITED STATES, _History_, §106 period on the development of (Vol. 27, p. 688), by the late American literature. Prof. Alexander Johnson, Princeton, and C. C. Whinery, assistant editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. The first professional “man of CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN (Vol. 4, p. letters.” 657). First foreign vogue. Essay and History: “The American WASHINGTON IRVING (Vol. 14, p. Goldsmith.” 856), by Richard Garnett, late librarian British Museum. Fiction: “The American Scott.” JAMES FENIMORE COOPER (Vol. 7, p. 79), by W. E. Henley, poet, critic and essayist. Poetry. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT (Vol. 4, p. 698), by G. W. Cable. The Knickerbocker School. NEW YORK CITY, _Literature_ (Vol. 19, p. 615). New York as a literary centre. JAMES KIRKE PAULDING (Vol. 20, p. 958). FITZ-GREENE HALLECK (Vol. 12, p. 854). A Southern novelist and poet. W. G. SIMMS (Vol. 25, p. 123). Cooper’s successor as novelist of HERMAN MELVILLE (Vol. 18, p. 102). the sea. Poetesses of the early 19th LYDIA HUNTLEY SIGOURNEY (Vol. 25, century. p. 82). ALICE AND PHOEBE CARY (Vol. 5, p. 438). The “Literati.” N. P. WILLIS (Vol. 28, p. 686). RUFUS WILMOT GRISWOLD (Vol. 12, p. 610). The short story. EDGAR ALLAN POE (Vol. 21, p. 875), by David Hannay. Traveler, Translator, Poet. BAYARD TAYLOR (Vol. 26, p. 467). _New England in the 19th century._ Boston and Cambridge. BOSTON (Vol. 4, p. 293). HARVARD UNIVERSITY (Vol. 13, p. 38). GEORGE TICKNOR (Vol. 26, p. 936). History and Scholarship as affected GEORGE BANCROFT (Vol. 3, p. 307), by European contacts. by Prof. W. M. Sloane, Columbia. EDWARD EVERETT (Vol. 10, p. 8), by Edward Everett Hale. JARED SPARKS (Vol. 25, p. 608), by Prof. W. L. Corbin, Wells College. J. G. PALFREY (Vol. 20, p. 629). W. H. PRESCOTT (Vol. 22, p. 294). J. L. MOTLEY (Vol. 18, p. 909). Unitarianism and its Literary HOSEA BALLOU (Vol. 3, p. 282). Leaders, Influencing and Influenced by Transcendentalism. WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING (Vol. 5, p. 843), by Richard Webster. JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE (Vol. 6, p. 444), by E. E. Hale. THEODORE PARKER (Vol. 20, p. 829). Transcendentalism and the Concord AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT (Vol. 1, p. School—central figures. 528), by Prof. C. F. Richardson, Dartmouth College. RALPH WALDO EMERSON (Vol. 9, p. 332), by Prof. Henry Van Dyke, Princeton. HENRY DAVID THOREAU (Vol. 26, p. 877), by William Sharp (“Fiona Macleod”). The Dial. MARGARET FULLER (Vol. 11, p. 295). GEORGE RIPLEY (Vol. 23, p. 363), by Edward Livermore Burlingame, editor of _Scribner’s_. Brook Farm. BROOK FARM (Vol. 4, p. 645), by E. L. Burlingame. The author of “Margaret.” SYLVESTER JUDD (Vol. 15, p. 536). The great New England Novelist. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE (Vol. 13, p. 102), by Richard Henry Stoddard, poet and essayist. The great New England Poet. HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (Vol. 16, p. 977), by Thomas Davidson, author of _The Philosophical System of Rosmini_. Earlier Romanticism. WASHINGTON ALLSTON (Vol. 1, p. 709). RICHARD HENRY DANA (Vol. 7, p. 792). _Oratory._ In the North. DANIEL WEBSTER (Vol. 28, p. 459), by Everett P. Wheeler, author of _Daniel Webster_, etc. RUFUS CHOATE (Vol. 6, p. 258). WENDELL PHILLIPS (Vol. 21, p. 407), by Col. T. W. Higginson. CHARLES SUMNER (Vol. 26, p. 81). ROBERT CHARLES WINTHROP (Vol. 28, p. 736). In the South. HENRY CLAY (Vol. 6, p. 470), by Carl Schurz, biographer of Clay. Other Southern Orators. JOHN C. CALHOUN (Vol. 5, p. 1), by Judge H. A. M. Smith, South Carolina. ROBERT YOUNG HAYNE (Vol. 13, p. 114). The Pulpit Orator of the North. HENRY WARD BEECHER (Vol. 3, p. 639), by Dr. Lyman Abbott, editor _The Outlook_. The Abolition Novelist, author of HARRIET ELIZABETH BEECHER STOWE _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_. (Vol. 25, p. 972), by Horace E. Scudder, late editor of the _Atlantic Monthly._ Another anti-slavery authoress. LYDIA MARIA CHILD (Vol. 6, p. 135). The New England Poets prominent in JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER (Vol. 28, the Anti-Slavery Movement. p. 613), by Edmund Clarence Stedman, poet and critic. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (Vol. 17, p. 74), by Horace E. Scudder, biographer of Lowell. Their Contemporary, the “Autocrat.” OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (Vol. 13, p. 616), by J. T. Morse, biographer of Holmes. _The_ American Poet—by the Walt Whitman (Vol. 28, p. 610), by criterion of foreign standards. John Burroughs, author of _Whitman, A Study_. Scholarship and criticism in this FRANCIS JAMES CHILD (Vol. 6, p. Period and the Next: the 135). particularly Important Work done by Americans in Grammar, Language, Text Criticism, etc. CORNELIUS C. FELTON (Vol. 10, p. 246). GEORGE PERKINS MARSH (Vol. 17, p. 768). WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY (Vol. 28, p. 611), by Benjamin E. Smith, editor _Century Dictionary_. RICHARD GRANT WHITE (Vol. 28, p. 601). HORACE HOWARD FURNESS (Vol. 11, p. 362). FRANCIS ANDREW MARCH (Vol. 17, p. 688). BASIL LANNEAU GILDERSLEEVE (Vol. 12, p. 12). CHARLES ELIOT NORTON (Vol. 19, p. 797). _The later Poets._ New England. THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH (Vol. 1, p. 536). JULIA WARD HOWE (Vol. 13, p. 836). WILLIAM WETMORE STORY (Vol. 25, p. 970). New York. EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN (Vol. 25, p. 861). RICHARD HENRY STODDARD (Vol. 25, p. 939). RICHARD WATSON GILDER (Vol. 12, p. 12). Pennsylvania. CHARLES GODFREY LELAND (Vol. 16, p. 405). SILAS WEIR MITCHELL (Vol. 18, p. 618). The South. SIDNEY LANIER (Vol. 16, p. 181), by Prof. W. P. Trent, Columbia. The Middle West (especially JOHN HAY (Vol. 13, p. 105). humorous, light and character verse). EUGENE FIELD (Vol. 10, p. 321). JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY (Vol. 23, p. 343). The Far West. FRANCIS BRET HARTE (Vol. 13, p. 31). JOAQUIN MILLER (Vol. 18, p. 464). EDWARD ROWLAND SILL (Vol. 25, p. 107). _Later Fiction._ The American Realist. W. D. HOWELLS (Vol. 13, p. 839). The American Cosmopolite. HENRY JAMES (Vol. 15, p. 143). Stories of Italy. F. MARION CRAWFORD (Vol. 7, p. 386). Historical Romance. LEWIS WALLACE (Vol. 28, p. 276). Humorous Short Story. FRANCIS R. STOCKTON (Vol. 25, p. 938). Pietistic Novel. E. P. ROE (Vol. 23, p. 449). J. G. HOLLAND (Vol. 13, p. 587). The Provincial Types— Maine. SARAH ORNE JEWETT (Vol. 15, p. 371). New England. MARY E. WILKINS (Vol. 28, p. 646). West. EDWARD EGGLESTON (Vol. 9, p. 17). MARY HALLOCK FOOTE (Vol. 10, p. 625). FRANCIS BRET HARTE (Vol. 13, p. 31). South: Tennessee. “CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK” (Vol. 7, p. 360). Kentucky. JAMES LANE ALLEN (Vol. 1, p. 691). Virginia. THOMAS NELSON PAGE (Vol. 20, p. 450). New Orleans. GEORGE W. CABLE (Vol. 4, p. 920). _Essayists._ THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON (Vol. 13, p. 455). EDWARD EVERETT HALE (Vol. 12, p. 832). CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER (Vol. 28, p. 326). GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS (Vol. 7, p. 652), by Charles Eliot Norton. _Humor._ HENRY WHEELER SHAW, “Josh Billings” (Vol. 24, p. 813). The American “Hood.” JOHN GODFREY SAXE (Vol. 24, p. 258). “Bill Nye.” EDGAR WILSON NYE (Vol. 19, p. 929). America’s Great Humorist. MARK TWAIN (Vol. 27, p. 490), by Prof. Brander Matthews, Columbia. “Uncle Remus.” JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS (Vol. 13, p. 20). Puck. H. C. BUNNER (Vol. 4, p. 799). “Mr. Dooley.” FINLEY PETER DUNNE (Vol. 8, p. 682). _History._ FRANCIS PARKMAN (Vol. 20, p. 832), by John Fiske. HERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST (Vol. 28, p. 210). FRANCIS LIEBER (Vol. 16, p. 590). C. E. A. GAYARRÉ (Vol. 11, p. 542). HENRY CHARLES LEA (Vol. 16, p. 314). Historians. HENRY MARTYN BAIRD (Vol. 3, p. 224). JOHN FISKE (Vol. 10, p. 437), by Prof. C. F. Richardson, Dartmouth. JAMES FORD RHODES (Vol. 23, p. 257). HENRY CABOT LODGE (Vol. 16, p. 860). JAMES B. MCMASTER (Vol. 17, p. 264). JAMES SCHOULER (Vol. 24, p. 377). THEODORE A. DODGE (Vol. 8, p. 369). JOHN CODMAN ROPES (Vol. 23, p. 718). ALFRED T. MAHAN (Vol. 17, p. 394). ALBERT BUSHNELL HART (Vol. 13, p. 30). HUBERT H. BANCROFT (Vol. 3, p. 309). THEODORE ROOSEVELT (Vol. 23, p. 711), by Lawrence F. Abbott, New York _Outlook_. Newspaper Men. NEWSPAPERS, _American_ (Vol. 19, pp. 566–572). PERIODICALS, _United States_ (Vol. 21, pp. 154–155). _New York Tribune._ HORACE GREELEY (Vol. 12, p. 531), by Whitelaw Reid. WHITELAW REID (Vol. 23, p. 52). _New York Herald._ JAMES GORDON BENNETT (Vol. 3, p. 740). _Springfield Republican._ SAMUEL BOWLES (Vol. 4, p. 344). _New York Times._ H. J. RAYMOND (Vol. 22, p. 933). _New York Sun._ C. A. DANA (Vol. 7, p. 791). _New York Evening Post._ EDWIN LAWRENCE GODKIN (Vol. 12, p. 174). _Louisville Courier-Journal._ HENRY WATTERSON (Vol. 28, p. 418).