CHAPTER XLV

ENGLISH, SCOTCH AND IRISH HISTORY [Sidenote: The British Empire] The student of English history in the Britannica may well begin with the summary view in the article BRITISH EMPIRE (Vol. 4, p. 606), equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide, by Lady Lugard, wife of the British explorer and colonial administrator, Sir Frederick Lugard, herself an authority on colonial subjects and well-known as colonial editor of the _Times_ of London. On pp. 608–610 there is a chronological list of the acquisitions of the Empire, and nothing will surprise the reader more than the comparative recentness of the movement by which two small islands have expanded into an empire covering nearly one-fourth of the earth’s land surface. Except for the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and “the nominal possession of Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583, all the territorial acquisitions of the Empire have been made in the 17th and subsequent centuries.” On each of the localities mentioned in this imposing list the reader will find a separate article in its proper alphabetical place in the Encyclopaedia Britannica dealing with geography, government and history. Here it will be possible only to call attention to articles on the more important branches of the subject. [Sidenote: Early Britain] On the early inhabitants of the islands and on British archaeology, read the elaborate article CELT (Vol. 5, p. 611; equivalent to 135 pages of this Guide), by Prof. William Ridgeway, Cambridge, author of _The Oldest Irish Epic_, and E. C. Quiggin, lecturer in Celtic, Cambridge,—with particularly full treatment of Celtic languages and literatures,—Gaulish, Irish, Scottish, Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Breton and Cornish; and the article BRITAIN (Vol. 4, p. 583; equivalent to 40 pages of this Guide), which is illustrated by a map of Roman Britain and plans of Roman remains. The treatment of pre-Roman and Roman Britain is by Professor F. J. Haverfield of Oxford; and later Britain is described by Hector Munro Chadwick, librarian of Clare College, Cambridge, and author of _Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions_. Then read: WALES, _History_ (Vol. 28, pp. 261–268), by Herbert Murray Vaughan, Keble College, Oxford. [Sidenote: Scottish History] SCOTLAND, _Political History_ (Vol. 24, pp. 429–457), by Andrew Lang, author of _History of Scotland from the Roman Occupation_; and, among many other articles, SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF, (Vol. 24, 460), by the Rev. Dr. Allan Menzies, St. Mary’s College, St. Andrews, and such biographies as: MALCOLM III. (Canmore); ALEXANDER I, II AND III (Vol. 1, p. 563); WILLIAM THE LION (Vol. 28, p. 665); WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (Vol. 28, p. 277), by A. F. Hutchinson, late rector of the High School, Stirling; ROBERT I, THE BRUCE (Vol. 23, p. 395); DAVID I AND II (Vol. 8, p. 859); JAMES I, II, III, IV AND V (Vol. 15, p. 139); MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS (Vol. 17, p. 817), a striking biography by the poet and essayist Algernon Charles Swinburne, author of the tragedies _Chastelard_, _Bothwell_ and _Mary Stuart_; BOTHWELL (Vol. 4, p. 303), by P. C. Yorke; RIZZIO (Vol. 23, p. 388); DARNLEY (Vol. 7, p. 836), and see also the article CASKET LETTERS (Vol. 5, p. 449), an examination of the evidence in this mystery by Andrew Lang; MAR (Vol. 17, p. 666); KNOX, JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 878), by Dr. Alexander Taylor Innes, author of JOHN KNOX and _Studies in Scottish History_; GOWRIE (Vol. 12, p. 301), by R. J. McNeill, late editor _St. James’s Gazette_; and JAMES I of England—VI of Scotland (Vol. 15, p. 136); and for the later period see ENGLISH HISTORY to supplement Andrew Lang’s account of the period since the Union under SCOTLAND, _History_. [Sidenote: Irish History] IRELAND, _History_ (Vol. 14, p. 756), by Prof. E. C. Quiggin, of Cambridge, on the early period, and Richard Bagwell, commissioner of national education for Ireland and author of _Ireland under the Tudors_, _Ireland under the Stuarts_, etc.; and to supplement this general treatment such separate articles as ST. PATRICK (Vol. 20, p. 933) and ST. COLUMBA (Vol. 6, p. 737), both by Dr. E. C. Quiggin; ST. BRENDAN (Vol. 4, p. 495); BRIAN (Vol. 4, p. 515); BREHON LAWS (Vol. 4, p. 488), by Laurence Ginnell, M. P. for North Westmeath and author of _Land and Liberty_, etc.; O’NEILL family (Vol. 20, p. 107) and O’DONNELL family (Vol. 20, p. 6), by R. J. McNeill; FITZGERALD family (Vol. 10, p. 441), by J. H. Round, author of _Feudal England_, etc.; TYRONE, earls of (Vol. 27, p. 549); TYRCONNELL (Vol. 27, p. 548); ST. LEGER, SIR ANTHONY (Vol. 24, p. 23), by R. J. McNeill; DESMOND (Vol. 8, p. 98); BUTLER family (Vol. 4, p. 879), by Oswald Barron, editor of _The Ancestor_; DROGHEDA (Vol. 8, p. 587); PEEP-OF-DAY BOYS (Vol. 21, p. 45); ORANGEMEN (Vol. 20, p. 160); FLOOD, HENRY (Vol. 10, p. 525); GRATTAN, HENRY (Vol. 12, p. 379); TONE, T. WOLFE (Vol. 27, p. 2) and EMMET, ROBERT and THOMAS A. (Vol. 9, pp. 342–343), all by R. J. McNeill; O’CONNELL, DANIEL (Vol. 19, p. 990), by the late William O’Connor Morris, author of _Irish History_, etc.; FENIANS (Vol. 10, p. 254), by R. J. McNeill; BUTT, ISAAC (Vol. 4, p. 889); PARNELL, C. S. (Vol. 20, p. 854), by James R. Thursfield, author of _Peel_, etc.; DAVITT, MICHAEL (Vol. 7, p. 870); BOYCOTT (Vol. 4, p. 353); DILLON, JOHN (Vol. 8, p. 273); PLUNKETT, SIR HORACE CURZON (Vol. 21, p. 857); REDMOND, JOHN E. (Vol. 22, p. 968); and many articles on Irish towns and counties, and, on Home Rule and recent political questions, the biographies of English viceroys, premiers and chief secretaries, and the latter part of the article ENGLISH HISTORY. ENGLISH HISTORY On English history the student will find the Britannica particularly valuable. The article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 466–587), is itself equivalent to about 380 pages of this Guide, and carries the story through 13 centuries. This great article—a text-book of the subject in scope and power—is written by: Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford, author of _England before the Norman Conquest_, etc., dealing with the period down to the time of Elizabeth; Prof. A. F. Pollard, University of London, assistant editor _Dictionary of National Biography_, for the Reformation and the reign of Elizabeth, 1528–1603; Samuel Rawson Gardiner, best known as the historian of the Puritan Revolution, who deals with the period from 1603 to 1793; W. Alison Phillips, author of MODERN EUROPE, on the years 1793 to 1837; and Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, for the period since the accession of Queen Victoria. And the article closes with a critical estimate of _Sources and Writers of English History_, by Prof. Albert Frederick Pollard, University of London. For the period from 600 to 1066 read: Part 1 of ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 8, pp. 466–474); and the separate articles: [Sidenote: Anglo-Saxon Period] For the introduction of Christianity and the “Kingdoms”—AUGUSTINE (Vol. 2, p. 910); AETHELBERHT (Vol. 1, p. 289); EDWIN (Vol. 9, p. 7), by F. G. M. Beck, of Clare College, Cambridge; ANGLO-SAXONS (Vol. 2, p. 38), by H. M. Chadwick; BRITAIN, _Anglo-Saxon_ (Vol. 4, pp. 589–595) and ANGLI (Vol. 2, p. 18) and JUTES (Vol. 15, p. 609), by the same author; SAXONS (Vol. 24, p. 264); NORTHUMBRIA (Vol. 19, p. 793); BERNICIA (Vol. 3, p. 802); DEIRA (Vol. 7, p. 933); EAST ANGLIA (Vol. 8, p. 827); WESSEX (Vol. 28, p. 534); MERCIA (Vol. 18, p. 151); SUSSEX, KINGDOM of (Vol. 26, p. 168), and KENT (Vol. 15, p. 735), ECGBERT (Vol. 8, p. 869); AETHELWULF (Vol. 1, p. 292). On the Danish invasions and the Anglo-Saxon period, VIKING (Vol. 28, pp. 62–66), by C. F. Keary, author of _The Vikings in Western Europe_; ÆTHELBALD (Vol. 1, p. 289), ÆTHELBERHT (Vol. 1, p. 289) and ÆTHELRED I (Vol. 1, p. 290); ALFRED THE GREAT (Vol. 1, p. 582), by Charles Plummer, biographer of Alfred; DANELAGH (Vol. 7, p. 803), by Prof, Allen Mawer of Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne; EDWARD “THE ELDER” (Vol. 8, p. 989), ÆTHELSTAN (Vol. 1, p. 291), EDMUND I (Vol. 8, p. 948), EDGAR (Vol. 8, p. 933), all by Prof. Mawer; ST. DUNSTAN (Vol. 8, p. 684), ÆTHELRED II “the Unready” (Vol. 1, p. 290), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips, King’s College, Cambridge; SWEYN I (Vol. 26, p. 224), by R. Nisbet Bain of the British Museum; DANEGELD (Vol. 7, p. 803); CANUTE (Vol. 5, p. 221), by R. Nisbet Bain; EDMUND “Ironside” (Vol. 8, p. 948), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips; HAROLD I (Vol. 13, p. 11); HARDICANUTE (Vol. 12, p. 942); EDWARD “the Confessor” (Vol. 8, p. 990), by Rev. C. Stanley Phillips; HAROLD II (Vol. 13, p. 11). For the Norman Conquest and the Norman and Angevin kings the student should read the second section of the article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 474–486) and, at least, the following important articles: [Sidenote: William the Conqueror William Rufus Henry I Stephen and Matilda Henry II] WILLIAM I, “The Conqueror” (Vol. 28, p. 659), by H. W. Carless Davis of Oxford, author of _England under the Normans and Angevins_; HEREWARD (Vol. 13, p. 363), by J. H. Round, author of _Feudal England_, etc.; FEUDALISM (Vol. 10, p. 297), by Prof. George Burton Adams, Yale University, author of _Political History of England, 1066–1216_, etc.; DOMESDAY BOOK (Vol. 8, p. 398), by J. H. Round; WILLIAM II, “Rufus” (Vol. 28, p. 661) and LANFRANC (Vol. 16, p. 169), both by H. W. Carless Davis; ANSELM (Vol. 2, p. 81); HENRY I (Vol. 13, p. 279), STEPHEN (Vol. 25, p. 881), MATILDA (Vol. 17, p. 888), HENRY II (Vol. 13, p. 281), BECKET, THOMAS (Vol. 3, p. 608), RICHARD I, “Coeur de Lion” (Vol. 23, p. 294), all by H. W. Carless Davis. [Sidenote: John Henry III Edward I to III] In connection with the third section of the article ENGLISH HISTORY dealing with the struggle for constitutional liberty from 1199 to 1337 (Vol. 9, pp. 486–501) the following supplementary articles are among the many to which the student should turn: JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 439), and LANGTON, STEPHEN (Vol. 16, p. 178), both by H. W. Carless Davis; MAGNA CARTA (Vol. 16, p. 314), by A. W. Holland, late scholar of St. John’s, Oxford; HENRY III (Vol. 13, p. 282), PEMBROKE (Vol. 21, p. 78), MONTFORT, SIMON DE (Vol. 18, p. 781), EVESHAM (Vol. 10, p. 10); EDWARD I (Vol. 8, p. 991–993), by Prof. T. F. Tout, University of Manchester, author of _Edward I_; MORTMAIN (Vol. 18, p. 880); WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF (Vol. 28, p. 551); EDWARD II (Vol. 8, p. 993); LANCASTER, HENRY and THOMAS, EARLS OF (Vol. 16, pp. 144 and 148); DESPENSER, HUGH LE (Vol. 8, p. 101); MORTIMER family (Vol. 18, p. 879); and EDWARD III (Vol. 8, p. 994). [Sidenote: Richard II Henry IV to VI] On the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) and contemporary history, see the section in ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 8, pp. 501–516); the article HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR (Vol. 13, p. 893), by Jules Viard, archivist of the National Archives, Paris; SLUYS, BATTLE OF (Vol. 25, p. 246), by D. Hannay, author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_; CRÉCY (Vol. 7, p. 389); POITIERS, BATTLE OF (Vol. 21, p. 898); EDWARD, THE BLACK PRINCE (Vol. 8, p. 999), by Prof. Tout; WYCLIFFE (Vol. 28, p. 866), by R. Lane Poole, author of _Wycliffe and Movements for Reform_, and W. Alison Phillips, author of _Modern Europe_, etc.; LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT, DUKE OF (Vol. 16, p. 146), by C. Lethbridge Kingsford, biographer of Henry V; RICHARD II (Vol. 23, p. 295), also by C. L. Kingsford; TYLER, WAT (Vol. 27, p. 495); BALL, JOHN (Vol. 3, p. 263); LOLLARDS (Vol. 16, p. 929), by Dr. T. M. Lindsay, author of _History of the Reformation_; GLOUCESTER, THOMAS, DUKE OF (Vol. 12, p. 130); NORFOLK, THOMAS MOWBRAY, DUKE OF (Vol. 19, p. 742); HENRY IV (Vol. 13, p. 283), by C. L. Kingsford; GLENDOWER, OWEN (Vol. 12, p. 120); NORTHUMBERLAND (Vol. 19, p. 787); HENRY V (Vol. 13, p. 284) and OLDCASTLE, SIR JOHN (Vol. 20, p. 66), by C. L. Kingsford; AGINCOURT (Vol. 1, p. 375); HENRY VI (Vol. 13, p. 285) and GLOUCESTER, HUMPHREY, DUKE OF (Vol. 12, p. 129), both by C. L. Kingsford; BEDFORD JOHN, DUKE OF (Vol. 3, p. 616); JOAN OF ARC (Vol. 15, p. 520), by Prof. J. T. Shotwell of Columbia University and Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; BEAUFORT family (Vol. 3, p. 585); CADE, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 927). [Sidenote: Edward IV and V Richard III Henry VII] On the fifth period of English history, read section 5, _The Wars of the Roses (1453–1497)_ in the article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 516–525); the separate article, ROSES, WARS OF THE (Vol. 23, p. 735); and the articles: YORK, HOUSE OF (Vol. 28, p. 924), and LANCASTER, HOUSE OF (Vol. 16, p. 143), both by James Gairdner, author of _The Houses of Lancaster and York_, etc.; YORK, RICHARD, DUKE OF (Vol. 28, p. 926), WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (Vol. 28, p. 339), EDWARD IV (Vol. 8, p. 996), MARGARET OF ANJOU (Vol. 17, p. 702), CLARENCE, GEORGE, DUKE OF (Vol. 6, p. 428), EDWARD V (Vol. 8, p. 996), RICHARD III (Vol. 23, p. 296), and BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF (Vol. 4, p. 726), all by C. L. Kingsford; HENRY VII (Vol. 13, p. 286), by James Gairdner, author of _The Houses of Lancaster and York_, and biographer of Henry VII; WARBECK, PERKIN (Vol. 28, p. 316). [Sidenote: Henry VIII Edward VI Mary Elizabeth] The sixth section of the article ENGLISH HISTORY, dealing with the years 1497–1528 (Vol. 9, pp. 525–530), should be supplemented by the latter part of James Gairdner’s article on HENRY VII and by the articles: REFORMATION (Vol. 23, p. 4), by Prof. James Harvey Robinson, Columbia University, author of _History of Western Europe_, etc.; HENRY VIII (Vol. 13, p. 287) and FOX, RICHARD (Vol. 10, p. 766), both by Prof. A. F Pollard; WOLSEY, THOMAS (Vol. 28, p 779); CATHERINE OF ARAGON (Vol. 5 p. 529) and BOLEYN, ANNE (Vol. 4, p. 159), by P. C. Yorke, Oxford; CROMWELL THOMAS (Vol. 7, p. 499); CRANMER THOMAS (Vol. 7, p. 375); FISHER, JOHN (Vol. 10, p. 427), by Rev. E. L. Taunton, author of _The English Black Monks of St. Benedict_, etc.; MORE, SIR THOMAS (Vol. 18, p. 822), by Mark Pattison, late rector of Lincoln College, Oxford; HOWARD, CATHERINE (Vol. 13, p. 832); PARR, CATHERINE (Vol. 20, p. 861); NORFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 3RD DUKE OF (Vol. 19, p. 743); ASKEW, ANNE (Vol. 2, p. 762), by A. F. Pollard; EDWARD VI (Vol. 8, p. 996); SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (Vol. 25, p. 386); NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, EARL OF WARWICK, AND DUKE OF (Vol. 19, p. 788); GREY, LADY JANE (Vol. 12, p. 590); MARY I (Vol. 17, p. 814) and GARDINER, STEPHEN (Vol. 11, p. 460), both by James Gairdner; WYAT, SIR THOMAS (Vol. 28, p. 862); POLE, CARDINAL (Vol. 21, p. 974), by E. L. Taunton; RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (Vol. 23, p. 320); LATIMER, HUGH (Vol. 16, p. 242), by T. F. Henderson, author of _Mary Queen of Scots and the Casket Letters_; ELIZABETH (Vol. 9, p. 282); MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS (Vol. 17, p. 817), by A. C. Swinburne; NORFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 4TH DUKE OF (Vol. 19, p. 744); ARMADA (Vol. 2, p. 560); HAWKINS, SIR RICHARD (Vol. 13, p. 99); DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (Vol. 8, p. 473); RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (Vol. 22, p. 869); LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL OF (Vol. 16, p. 390); ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, EARL OF (Vol. 9, p. 782); BACON, FRANCIS (Vol. 3, p. 135), by Prof. Robert Adamson of Glasgow, and J. Malcolm Mitchell, University of London; BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (Vol. 4, p. 816); and—for this whole period the article ENGLAND, CHURCH OF (Vol. 9, especially pp. 447–448), by William Hunt, author of _History of the English Church_. [Sidenote: James I Charles I The Commonwealth Charles II James II] The seventh part of the article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 535–542) deals with the _Stuart Monarchy, the Great Rebellion and the Restoration (1603–1689)_. From the great wealth of supplementary material in the Britannica on this interesting period, at least the following articles should be selected: STEWART or STUART family (Vol. 12, p. 911); JAMES I (Vol. 15, p. 136); GUNPOWDER PLOT (Vol. 12, p. 727); BIBLE, ENGLISH (Vol. 3, p. 894); SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (Vol. 24, p. 76); BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE OF (Vol. 4, p. 722); THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (Vol. 26, p. 852); CHARLES I (Vol. 5, p. 906) and LAUD, WILLIAM (Vol. 16, p. 276), both by P. Chesney York; SHIP-MONEY (Vol. 24, p. 982); HAMPDEN, JOHN (Vol. 12, p. 900); PYM, JOHN (Vol. 22, p. 680) and STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL OF (Vol. 25, p. 978), both by P. C. Yorke; GREAT REBELLION (Vol. 12, p. 403); CROMWELL, OLIVER (Vol. 7, p. 487), by P. C. Yorke, C. F. Atkinson and R. J. McNeill; Cromwell, Richard (Vol. 7, p. 498); for the military operations of the Great Rebellion, the articles listed under that heading in the chapter of this Guide entitled _For Army Officers_; MONK, GEORGE (Vol. 18, p. 723); CHARLES II, (Vol. 5, p. 912); CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (Vol. 6, p. 428); BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE OF (Vol. 4, p. 724); CLEVELAND, DUCHESS OF (Vol. 6, p. 500); PORTSMOUTH, DUCHESS OF (Vol. 22, p. 131); GWYN, NELL (Vol. 12, p. 750); LAUDERDALE, DUKE OF (Vol. 16, p. 279); SHAFTESBURY, 1ST EARL (Vol. 24, p. 760) by Osmund Airy, biographer of Charles II; DUTCH WARS (Vol. 9, p. 729); TEST ACTS (Vol. 26, p. 665); JAMES II (Vol. 15, p. 138); ARGYLL, 9TH EARL OF (Vol. 2, p. 484); MONMOUTH, DUKE OF (Vol. 18, p. 725); TYRCONNELL (Vol. 27, p. 548). [Sidenote: William and Mary; Anne] On the Revolution and the age of Anne (1689–1714) see the article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 542–544), and WILLIAM III. (Vol. 28, p. 662); MARY II. (Vol. 17, p. 816); BURNET, GILBERT (Vol. 4, p. 851); GRAND ALLIANCE (Vol. 12, p. 342), and for additional military articles the chapter _For Army Officers_ in this Guide; ANNE (Vol. 2, p. 65); MARLBOROUGH, 1ST DUKE OF (Vol. 17, p. 737), by W. Prideaux Courtney; MASHAM, LADY (Vol. 17, p. 836); GODOLPHIN (Vol. 12, p. 174); SOMERS (Vol. 25, p. 384); HALIFAX, 1ST MARQUESS OF (Vol. 12, p. 839); OXFORD, 1ST EARL (Vol. 20, p. 403); BOLINGBROKE, VISCOUNT (Vol. 4, p. 161); SHREWSBURY, DUKE OF (Vol. 24, p. 1016). [Sidenote: George I to IV William IV] The part of the article ENGLISH HISTORY dealing with the Hanoverian Kings, 1714–1793 (Vol. 9, pp. 544–551) and that on the Revolutionary epoch, the reaction and the triumph of reform, 1793–1837 (pp. 551–558) are respectively by S. R. Gardiner and W. Alison Phillips. They should be supplemented by S. R. Gardiner’s articles on the four Georges (Vol. 11, pp. 737–745); SOUTH SEA BUBBLE (Vol. 25, p. 515); STANHOPE, 1ST EARL (Vol. 25, p. 773); WALPOLE, HORATIO (Vol. 28, p. 288); WHIG AND TORY (Vol. 28, p. 588); TOWNSHEND, CHARLES (Vol. 27, p. 111); CAROLINE (Vol. 5, p. 380); PELHAM, HENRY (Vol. 21, p. 67); CHARLES EDWARD, “the Young Pretender” (Vol. 5, p. 940), by H. M. Vaughan, author of _The Last of the Royal Stuarts_; METHODISM (Vol. 18, p. 293); WESLEY, JOHN (Vol. 28, p. 527); NEWCASTLE, THOMAS PELHAM HOLLES, DUKE OF (Vol. 19, p. 471); CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT, 1ST EARL OF (Vol. 6, p. 1); SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (Vol. 24, p. 715) and, for engagements and commanders in the war, see the chapter in this Guide _For Army Officers_; INDIA, _History_ (Vol. 14, especially pp. 407–409); CANADA, _History_ (Vol. 5, especially p. 158); BUTE, 3RD EARL OF (Vol. 4, p. 877); GRENVILLE, GEORGE (Vol. 12, p. 580); ROCKINGHAM, MARQUESS OF (Vol. 23, p. 434); GUILFORD, 2ND EARL, Lord North (Vol. 12, p. 691); WILKES, JOHN (Vol. 28, p. 642); BURKE, EDMUND (Vol. 4, p. 824), by John Morley; FOX, CHARLES JAMES (Vol. 10, p. 761); GORDON, LORD GEORGE (Vol. 12, p. 253); LANSDOWNE, MARQUESS OF, Lord Shelburne (Vol. 16, p. 184); PORTLAND, 3RD DUKE (Vol. 22, p. 119); PITT, WILLIAM (Vol. 21, p. 667); FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS (Vol. 11, p. 171), NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS (Vol. 19, p. 216) and, for leaders and engagements in these wars, in the Peninsular War, and in the American War for Independence, see the chapter in this Guide _For Army Officers_; CAROLINE AMELIA AUGUSTA (Vol. 5, p. 380); WELLESLEY, MARQUESS (Vol. 28, p. 506); LONDONDERRY, MARQUESS OF, Castlereagh (Vol. 16, p. 969); CANNING, GEORGE (Vol. 5, p. 186); CORN LAWS (Vol. 7, p. 174); COBBETT, WILLIAM (Vol. 6, p. 606); WELLINGTON, DUKE OF (Vol. 28, p. 507); WILLIAM IV. (Vol. 28, p. 664); GREY, 2ND EARL (Vol. 12, p. 586); BROUGHAM, LORD (Vol. 4, p. 652); PARLIAMENT (Vol. 20, especially p. 843); MELBOURNE, 2ND VISCOUNT (Vol. 18, p. 90); PEEL, SIR ROBERT (Vol. 21, p. 40). [Sidenote: Victoria] On the reign of Victoria the section of the article ENGLISH HISTORY (Vol. 9, pp. 558–582) gives a very full treatment, which should be supplemented by the study of such articles as: VICTORIA (Vol. 28, p. 28), by Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; ALBERT (Vol. 1, p. 495), by the same author; PALMERSTON (Vol. 20, p. 645); RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (Vol. 23, p. 863); O’BRIEN, WILLIAM SMITH (Vol. 19, p. 953); CHARTISM (Vol. 5, p. 953); DERBY, 14TH EARL (Vol. 8, p. 66); CRIMEAN WAR (Vol. 7, p. 450); “ALABAMA” ARBITRATION (Vol. 1, p. 464); BRIGHT, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 567); COBDEN, RICHARD (Vol. 6, p. 607); BEACONSFIELD (Vol. 3, p. 563); GLADSTONE, W. E. (Vol. 12, p. 66), by G. W. E. Russell, biographer of Gladstone; SALISBURY (Vol. 24, p. 72); TRANSVAAL, _History_ (Vol. 27, p. 193); PARNELL, C. S. (Vol. 20, p. 854); GORDON, C. G. (Vol. 11, p. 249); ROSEBERY (Vol. 23, p. 731); RHODES, C. J. (Vol. 23, p. 254). [Sidenote: Edward VII George V] For the years since Victoria’s death see the articles: EDWARD VII. (Vol. 8, p. 997) and GEORGE V. (Vol. 11, p. 745), and the articles on recent political leaders: BALFOUR (Vol. 3, p. 250); CHAMBERLAIN (Vol. 5, p. 813); CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN (Vol. 5, p. 131); ASQUITH (Vol. 2, p. 769); and LLOYD GEORGE (Vol. 16, p. 832); and on the reform of the House of Lords PARLIAMENT (Vol. 20, especially pp. 845–847) and REPRESENTATION (Vol. 23, especially pp. 111–113).