1846. F. W. Taussig, Harvard

University. WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 273). Independent Treasury System (1846). POLK, J. K. (Vol. 21, p. 983), by Prof. W. R. Smith, Bryn Mawr. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850). CLAYTON-BULWER TREATY (Vol. 6, p. 475). CLAYTON, JOHN M. (Vol. 6, p. 474). The northern boundary “Fifty-four OREGON, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. forty or fight.” 249). WASHINGTON, _History_ (Vol. 28, p. 357). New Leaders in the ’50’s. Northern anti-slavery men. SUMNER, CHARLES (Vol. 26, p. 81). SEWARD, WILLIAM H. (Vol. 24, p. 733). CHASE, SALMON P. (Vol. 5, p. 955). Southern leaders, protecting DAVIS, JEFFERSON (Vol. 7, p. 867), slavery in the Territories. by Hon. W. W. Henry, late president of the American Historical Association, and Dr. N. D. Mereness. STEPHENS, A. H. (Vol. 26, p. 887). Northern “popular sovereignty DOUGLAS, STEPHEN A. (Vol. 8, p. leader.” 446). Attempt to uphold Fugitive Slave WHIG PARTY (Vol. 28, p. 590), by Law of 1850—a death blow to the Prof. A. D. Morse, Amherst Whig Party. College. The American or “Know Nothing” KNOW NOTHING PARTY (Vol. 15, p. Party. 877). Kansas-Nebraska Bill, repealing KANSAS, _History_ (Vol. 15, p. Missouri Compromise. 658). NEBRASKA, _History_ (Vol. 19, p. 330). Origin of the Republican Party REPUBLICAN PARTY (Vol. 23, p. 177), (1854). by Prof. A. D. Morse, Amherst College. Opening of Japan (1854). JAPAN, _History_ (Vol. 15, p. 237), by Capt. Frank Brinkley, late editor of “The Japan Mail”; author of _Japan_; PERRY, M. C. (Vol. 21, p. 184). Efforts to obtain Cuba in the BUCHANAN, JAMES (Vol. 4, p. 716). interests of Slavery. The Ostend Manifesto (1854). The election of 1856. FILLMORE, MILLARD (Vol. 10, p. 344). FREMONT, JOHN C. (Vol. 11, p. 97). The Dred Scott decision and its TANEY, ROGER B. (Vol. 26, p. 396). effects (1857). Lincoln and Douglas debates in LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (Vol. 16, p. 705), Illinois. Senatorial contest by J. G. Nicolay and C. C. (1858). Whinery. DOUGLAS, S. A. (Vol. 8, p. 446). FREEPORT, ILL. (Vol. 11, p. 85). John Brown’s Raid (1859). BROWN, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 660). Admission of Minnesota and Oregon. MINNESOTA, _History_ (Vol. 17, p. 553). OREGON, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. 249). The Presidential Campaign of 1860. BELL, JOHN (Vol. 3, p. 686). EVERETT, EDWARD (Vol. 10, p. 8), by Dr. Edward Everett Hale, author of _The Man Without a Country_, etc. Lincoln elected with Hannibal LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (Vol. 16, p. 703), Hamlin of Maine as by John G. Nicolay, author (with Vice-President. John Hay) of _Abraham Lincoln—a History_, and C. C. Whinery, assistant editor, 11th edition, Encyclopaedia Britannica. HAMLIN, HANNIBAL (Vol. 12, p. 896). _Secession_ (1860–1861). UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, p. 707), by the late Prof. Alexander Johnston of Princeton and C. C. Whinery. SECESSION (Vol. 24, p. 568), by Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University. STATE RIGHTS (Vol. 25, p. 802). Organization and administration of CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (Vol. the Confederacy. 6, p. 899), by Dr. J. C. Schwab, Yale, author of _The Confederate States of America_. President DAVIS, JEFFERSON (Vol. 7, p. 867), by Hon. William Wirt Henry and N. D. Mereness. Vice-President STEPHENS, ALEXANDER H. (Vol. 25, p. 87). Other leaders and administrators BENJAMIN, JUDAH P. (Vol. 3, p. 739). REAGAN, JOHN H. (Vol. 22, p. 940). COBB, HOWELL (Vol. 6, p. 606). TOOMBS, ROBERT (Vol. 27, p. 47). VANCE, Z. B. (Vol. 27, p. 882). Commissioners to Europe YANCEY, WILLIAM LOWNDES (Vol. 28, p. 902). MASON, JAMES MURRAY (Vol. 17, p. 839). SLIDELL, JOHN (Vol. 25, p. 241). Secession by popular vote, May TENNESSEE, _History_ (Vol. 26, p. (1861). 624). VIRGINIA, _History_ (Vol. 28, p. 124). The people of Virginia divide the WEST VIRGINIA, _History_ (Vol. 28, State (May, 1861). p. 563). [Sidenote: Battles and Campaigns] The main article AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (Vol. 1, p. 818), by Capt. Charles F. Atkinson, author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_, is richly supplemented with detailed accounts of the principal campaigns and battles, and biographies of military leaders on both the Federal and Confederate sides. For battles and campaigns see: CHARLESTON (Vol. 5, p. 944); BULL RUN (Vol. 4, p. 791), with map and description of both famous battles; LEXINGTON, Mo. (Vol. 16, p. 527); SHENANDOAH VALLEY CAMPAIGNS (Vol. 24, p. 834); YORKTOWN (Vol. 28, p. 936); SEVEN DAYS’ BATTLE (Vol. 24, p. 707), both with fine maps, and written by Major George W. Redway, author of _The War of Secession_; FAIR OAKS (Vol. 10, p. 133); HAMPTON ROADS (Vol. 12, p. 906); DONELSON, FORT (Vol. 8, p. 414); SHILOH, BATTLE OF (Vol. 24, p. 859); CORINTH (Vol. 7, p. 150); NEW MADRID (Vol. 19, p. 516); PERRYVILLE (Vol. 21, p. 185); IUKA (Vol. 15, p. 87); MEMPHIS (Vol. 18, p. 107); NEW ORLEANS (Vol. 19, p. 531); HARPER’S FERRY (Vol. 13, p. 14); ANTIETAM (Vol. 2, p. 124); FREDERICKSBURG (Vol. 11, p. 68); STONE RIVER, BATTLE OF (Vol. 25, p. 966); CHANCELLORSVILLE (Vol. 5, p. 835), see also WILDERNESS (Vol. 28, p. 633); GETTYSBURG (Vol. 11, p. 911), with map; VICKSBURG (Vol. 28, p. 21), with maps; PORT HUDSON (Vol. 22, p. 117); BATON ROUGE (Vol. 3, p. 521); HELENA, ARK. (Vol. 13, p. 219); CHICKAMAUGA CREEK (Vol. 6, p. 130), with map; CHATTANOOGA (Vol. 6, p. 7); KNOXVILLE (Vol. 15, p. 883); RED RIVER (Vol. 22, p. 969); WILDERNESS (Vol. 28, p. 633), with 4 maps, by C. F. Atkinson, author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_; WASHINGTON (Vol. 28, p. 352); MARIETTA, Ga. (Vol. 17, p. 715); ATLANTA (Vol. 2, p. 854); SAVANNAH (Vol. 24, p. 241); MOBILE (Vol. 18, p. 636); GALVESTON (Vol. 11, p. 431); FRANKLIN, Tenn. (Vol. 11, p. 34); NASHVILLE (Vol. 19, p. 247); PETERSBURG (Vol. 21, p. 301), with two maps, by Major G. W. Redway; COLUMBIA, S. C. (Vol. 6, p. 738); APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE (Vol. 2, p. 226); RICHMOND, Va. (Vol. 23, p. 311). [Sidenote: Union Generals] On the leaders on both sides see the biographical articles: MCCLELLAN, GEORGE BRINTON (Vol. 17, p. 201); HALLECK, HENRY WAGER (Vol. 12, p. 854); GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (Vol. 12, p. 355), by John Fiske and Capt. C. F. Atkinson; DIX, JOHN ADAMS (Vol. 8, p. 346); MCDOWELL, IRVIN (Vol. 17, p. 214); BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERETT (Vol. 4, p. 861); HOOKER, JOSEPH (Vol. 13, p. 671); MEADE, GEORGE GORDON (Vol. 17, p. 945); POPE, JOHN (Vol. 22, p. 87); BUELL, DON CARLOS (Vol. 4, p. 751); ROSECRANS, WILLIAM STARKE (Vol. 23, p. 734); SHERMAN, WILLIAM TECUMSEH (Vol. 24, p. 851); THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (Vol. 26, p. 866); MACPHERSON, JAMES BIRDSEYE (Vol. 17, p. 268); SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (Vol. 24, p. 847); SLOCUM, HENRY WARNER (Vol. 25, p. 243); BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Vol. 4, p. 881); HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT (Vol. 12, p. 909); HUMPHREYS, ANDREW ATKINSON (Vol. 13, p. 891); SEDGWICK, JOHN (Vol. 24, p. 578); REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (Vol. 23, p. 226); WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (Vol. 28, p. 329); HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (Vol. 13, p. 833); DOUBLEDAY, ABNER (Vol. 8, p. 441); SICKLES, DANIEL EDGAR (Vol. 25, p. 36); SCHURZ, CARL (Vol. 24, p. 386); DEVENS, CHARLES (Vol. 8, p. 120); BUTTERFIELD, DANIEL (Vol. 4, p. 890); PORTER, HORACE (Vol. 22, p. 116); FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (Vol. 11, p. 33); PORTER, FITZ-JOHN (Vol. 22, p. 115); SHIELDS, JAMES (Vol. 24, p. 856); HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (Vol. 13, p. 934); COUCH, DARIUS NASH (Vol. 7, p. 307); COX, JACOB DOLSON (Vol. 7, p. 352); MEAGHER, THOMAS FRANCIS (Vol. 17, p. 946); SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (Vol. 26, p. 83); SIGEL, FRANZ (Vol. 25, p. 60); KEARNY, PHILIP (Vol. 15, p. 707); SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (Vol. 25, p. 259); SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (Vol. 25, p. 271); CRITTENDEN, THOMAS LEONIDAS (Vol. 7, p. 471); MCCLERNAND, JOHN ALEXANDER (Vol. 17, p. 202); SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (Vol. 25, p. 259); GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (Vol. 11, p. 464); WALLACE, LEWIS (Vol. 28, p. 276); BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (Vol. 3, p. 333); WASHBURN, CADWALADER COLDEN (Vol. 28, p. 344); LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (Vol. 16, p. 866); PALMER, JOHN MCAULEY (Vol. 20, p. 645); MCCOOK, ALEXANDER MCDOWELL, MCCOOK, DANIEL, and MCCOOK, JOHN JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 205); SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS, and SMITH, GILES ALEXANDER (Vol. 25, p. 267); BLAIR, FRANCIS PRESTON (Vol. 4, p. 34); SCHOFIELD, JOHN MCALLISTER (Vol. 24, p. 345); NEWTON, JOHN (Vol. 19, p. 592); MILES, NELSON A. (Vol. 18, p. 442); MERRITT, WESLEY (Vol. 18, p. 173); CUSTER, GEORGE ARMSTRONG (Vol. 7, p. 668); STONEMAN, GEORGE (Vol. 25, p. 962); WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (Vol. 28, p. 695); TRACY, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Vol. 27, p. 127); LYON, NATHANIEL (Vol. 17, p. 173); FARRAGUT, DAVID GLASGOW (Vol. 10, p. 187); PORTER, DAVID DIXON (Vol. 22, p. 113); FOOTE, ANDREW HULL (Vol. 10, p. 625); CUSHING, WILLIAM BARKER (Vol. 7, p. 667). [Sidenote: Confederate Generals] And, for Confederate leaders: LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (Vol. 16, p. 362); JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN, “STONEWALL” (Vol. 15, p. 110); LONGSTREET, JAMES (Vol. 16, p. 985); JOHNSTON, ALBERT SIDNEY (Vol. 15, p. 472); JOHNSTON, JOSEPH EGGLESTON (Vol. 15, p. 474); BEAUREGARD, PIERRE G. T. (Vol. 3, p. 599); BRAGG, BRAXTON (Vol. 4, p. 376); HOOD, JOHN BELL (Vol. 13, p. 665); POLK, LEONIDAS (Vol. 21, p. 984); HARDEE, WILLIAM JOSEPH (Vol. 12, p. 941); HILL, AMBROSE POWELL (Vol. 13, p. 463); HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (Vol. 13, p. 464); EWELL, RICHARD STODDERT (Vol. 10, p. 40); EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (Vol. 8, p. 797); ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (Vol. 1, p. 960); FLOYD, JOHN BUCHANAN (Vol. 10, p. 573); BUCKNER, SIMON BOLIVAR (Vol. 4, p. 732); CRITTENDEN, GEORGE BIBB (Vol. 7, p. 471); BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN CABELL (Vol. 4, p. 483); SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (Vol. 25, p. 260); LEE, STEPHEN DILL (Vol. 16, p. 364); VAN DORN, EARL (Vol. 27, p. 887); ASHBY, TURNER (Vol. 2, p. 730); STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (Vol. 25, p. 1047); HAMPTON, WADE (Vol. 12, p. 905); LEE, FITZHUGH (Vol. 16, p. 360); WHEELER, JOSEPH (Vol. 28, p. 586); FORREST, NATHAN BEDFORD (Vol. 10, p. 673); MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (Vol. 18, p. 834); MOSBY, JOHN SINGLETON (Vol. 18, p. 890); WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (Vol. 28, p. 751). _Topics for Reading_ _Articles_ _Political History During the Civil War._ Paper money (1862). GREENBACKS (Vol. 12, p. 537). Public lands given to settlers at HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION LAWS (Vol. reduced rates (1862), and granted 13, p. 639), by Dr. N. D. to agricultural colleges (1862). Mereness. MORRILL, J. S. (Vol. 18, p. 869). War Tariffs (1862–1864). TARIFF, _United States_ (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard, author of _Tariff History of the United States_. Establishment of National Banking BANKS AND BANKING, _United States_ System (1862–1865). (Vol. 3, p. 347), by Charles A. Conant, author of _Banks of Issue_. Emancipation (1863). LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (Vol. 16, p. 707), by J. G. Nicolay, biographer of Lincoln, and C. C. Whinery, assistant editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Second election of Lincoln (1864). MCCLELLAN, G. B. (Vol. 17, p. 201). Opposition to the War in the North. KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE (Vol. 15, p. 868), by Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University. VALLANDIGHAM, C. L. (Vol. 27, p. 862). COPPERHEADS (Vol. 7, p. 110). The War Governors of the Northern ANDREW, JOHN A. (Vol. 1, p. 973). States. CURTIN, A. G. (Vol. 7, p. 651). MORGAN, E. D. (Vol. 18, p. 833). SEYMOUR, HORATIO (Vol. 24, p. 755). MORTON, OLIVER P. (Vol. 18, p. 882). YATES, RICHARD (Vol. 28, p. 908). Assassination of Lincoln (1865). LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (Vol. 16, p. 709), by J. G. Nicolay and C. C. Whinery. _The Reconstruction Period._ UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, p. 711), by Dr. Frederick J. Turner, professor of history, Harvard University. Organizing the negroes into a FREEDMEN’S BUREAU (Vol. 11, p. 75), political party. by Prof. W. L. Fleming. HOWARD, O. O. (Vol. 13, p. 833). Opposition to Reconstruction KU KLUX KLAN (Vol. 15, p. 942), by Measures (1865–1876). Prof. W. L. Fleming. Thirteenth, Fourteenth and UNITED STATES, _Constitution and Fifteenth Amendments. Government_ (Vol. 27, pp. 647, 658, etc.), by James Bryce, author of _The American Commonwealth_. Character of Reconstruction See under _History_ in articles on Government. Southern States. “Scalawags” and “Carpet Baggers.” CARPET BAGGER (Vol. 5, p. 397). Johnson’s Policy: his impeachment. JOHNSON, ANDREW (Vol. 15, p. 461). IMPEACHMENT (Vol. 14, p. 340). The Legal Tenders. MCCULLOCH, HUGH (Vol. 17, p. 207). Grant’s two administrations GRANT, U. S. (Vol. 12, p. 357), by (1869–1877). Dr. John Fiske, author of _American Political Ideas_, etc., and C. F. Atkinson, author of _Wilderness and Cold Harbour_, etc. Beginning of Woman’s Suffrage WOMAN (Vol. 28, p. 788). (1869). Black Friday (1869). GOULD, JAY (Vol. 12, p. 284). FISK, JAMES (Vol. 10, p. 437). The Alabama Claims, Treaty of “ALABAMA” ARBITRATION (Vol. 1, p. Washington (1871). 464), by Montague H. Crackanthorpe. The “Virginius” Affair (1873). SANTIAGO DE CUBA (Vol. 24, p. 193). The Panic of 1873 and the Inflation GREENBACKS (Vol. 12, p. 536). Bill (1874). Political unrest in the West FARMERS’ MOVEMENT (Vol. 10, p. (1873–1874). 181). Railway abuses. The greatest CRÉDIT MOBILIER OF AMERICA (Vol. 7, American political scandal. p. 391). War with the Sioux. Custer massacre CUSTER, GEORGE A. (Vol. 7, p. 668). (1876). The Hayes-Tilden Contest (1876). ELECTORAL COMMISSION (Vol. 9, p. 172). TILDEN, S. J. (Vol. 26, p. 970). Withdrawal of Federal troops from HAYES, R. B. (Vol. 13, p. 112), by the South. Carl Schurz. Civil Service Reform. SCHURZ, CARL (Vol. 24, p. 386). GODKIN, E. L. (Vol. 12, p. 174). Monetary Question—Bland-Allison Act ALLISON, W. B. (Vol. 1, p. 696). (1878). Republicans regain control of CONKLING, ROSCOE (Vol. 6, p. 950). Congress. Factions in Republican Party. PLATT, T. C. (Vol. 21, p. 825). Assassination of Garfield. GARFIELD, JAMES A. (Vol. 11, p. 465), by Prof. John B. McMaster, University of Pennsylvania, author of _A History of the People of the United States_. Succession of the Vice-President. ARTHUR, C. A. (Vol. 2, p. 683). Anti-Polygamy Act (1882). MORMONS (Vol. 18, p. 846). UTAH (Vol. 27, p. 818). Triumph of Civil Service Reform CIVIL SERVICE, _United States_ (1883). (Vol. 6, p. 414). Tariff revision (1883). TARIFF (Vol. 26, p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard University, author of _Tariff History of the United States_. The Presidential campaign of 1884. BLAINE, JAMES G. (Vol. 4, p. 32), First election of Grover by Charles Emory Smith, late Cleveland. editor _Albany Journal_ and _Philadelphia Press_, and Postmaster-General of the United States. CLEVELAND, GROVER (Vol. 6, p. 501), by Horace White, formerly editor _The Evening Post_, New York; author of _The Tariff Question_. Party Breaks. MUGWUMP (Vol. 18, p. 956). Increasing problems of Interstate INTERSTATE COMMERCE (Vol. 14, p. Commerce. Federal legislation 711), by Prof. Frank A. Fetter, (1887) on interstate commerce. Princeton University, author of _The Principles of Economics._ Labor combinations, social unrest. TRADE UNIONS, _United States_ (Vol. 27, p. 150), by Carroll D. Wright, late U. S. Commissioner of Labor. STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, _United States_ (Vol. 25, p. 1033), by Carroll D. Wright. Republican success in 1888. HARRISON, BENJAMIN (Vol. 13, p. Benjamin Harrison, president. 22), by Hon. J. W. Foster, formerly U. S. Secretary of State. Republican policy in Congress. REED, THOMAS B. (Vol. 22, p. 973). American control in Samoa (1889). SAMOA, _History_ (Vol. 24, p. 116). Republican and Democratic Tariffs: TARIFF, _United States_ (Vol. 26, Mills Bill (1888), McKinley Act p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. (1890). MILLS, R. Q. (Vol. 18, p. 475). MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (Vol. 17, p. 256). States powerless to arrest the TRUSTS (Vol. 27, p. 334), by Prof. progress of Industrial J. W. Jenks, professor of Economy Combinations. Federal and Government, New York legislation. Sherman Anti-Trust University, special investigator Law (1890). of Trusts for U. S. Government. Party disruption over free coinage SHERMAN, JOHN (Vol. 24, p. 850), by of silver. Sherman Silver Prof. W. A. Dunning, Columbia Purchase Act (1890). University, author of _Essays on Civil War and Reconstruction_, etc. BIMETALLISM (Vol. 3, p. 946), by C. F. Bastable, Dublin University, author of _Public Finance_. Opening of Indian Lands OKLAHOMA, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. (1889–1898). Formation of 60). Oklahoma. Beginning of restriction of Negro UNITED STATES, _Constitution and suffrage (1890), and adoption of Government_ (Vol. 27, p. 647), by grandfather clauses in Hon. James Bryce. Sections on constitutions of Southern states. _Government_ of articles MISSISSIPPI, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, LOUISIANA and OKLAHOMA. The campaign of 1892. The candidates. HARRISON, BENJAMIN (Vol. 13, p. 22), by J. W. Foster, late U. S. Secretary of State. Second election of Cleveland. WEAVER, JAMES B. (Vol. 28, p. 439). Panic of 1893. CLEVELAND, GROVER (Vol. 6, p. 502), by Horace White, late editor of _The New_ _York Evening Post_. Wilson Tariff (1894). TARIFF, _United States_ (Vol. 26, p. 426), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. Venezuela Boundary Question (1895). CLEVELAND, GROVER (Vol. 6, p. 503), by Horace White. New phase of Monroe Doctrine. OLNEY, RICHARD (Vol. 20, p. 91). The issues of 1896. McKinley’s MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (Vol. 17, p. election. 257). Republicans and Gold Standard. HANNA, M. A. (Vol. 12, p. 919). Democrats and Silver. BRYAN, WILLIAM J. (Vol. 9, p. 697). Gold Democrats. PALMER, J. M. (Vol. 20, p. 645). BUCKNER, S. B. (Vol. 4, p. 732). The Dingley Tariff (1897). TARIFF, _United States_ (Vol. 26, p. 427), by Prof. F. W. Taussig. Annexation of Hawaii and events HAWAII, _History_ (Vol. 13, p. 91). leading to it (1898). War with Spain (1898). SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OF 1898 (Vol. 25, p. 594). Treaty of Paris (1898). The United PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, _History_ (Vol. States finds itself “in a 21, p. 399), by Prof. Hiram position of increased importance Bingham, Yale University. and prestige among the nations of the world.” PORTO RICO, _History_ (Vol. 22, p. 126). Regeneration of Cuba (1898–1909). CUBA, _History_ (Vol. 7, p. 604), by F. S. Philbrick. Initiative and Referendum first SOUTH DAKOTA, _History_ (Vol. 25, adopted (1898). p. 508). UNITED STATES, _Constitution and Government_ (Vol. 27, p. 651), by Hon. James Bryce, author of _The American Commonwealth_. Discovery of gold in Alaska. ALASKA (Vol. 1, p. 475). Conservation of National Resources, FOREST AND FORESTRY, _United a new policy. States_ (Vol. 10, p. 651), by Gifford Pinchot, formerly chief of the Forestry Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Assassination of McKinley. The ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (Vol. 23, p. Roosevelt Administration 707), by Lawrence F. Abbott, (1901–1909). president of “The Outlook Company.” Isthmian Canal. PANAMA (Vol. 20, p. 666). PANAMA CANAL (Vol. 20, p. 666). Panic of 1907. BANKS AND BANKING (Vol. 3, p. 348), by Charles A. Conant, author of _A History of Modern Banks of Issue_. Elkins Law. RAILWAYS, _American Legislation_ (Vol. 22, p. 829). Eastern Policy. HAY, JOHN (Vol. 13, p. 105). ROOT, ELIHU (Vol. 23, p. 711). This sketch of American History closes with the inauguration of President Roosevelt, for the questions that have arisen since that date are questions into which current politics enter, and these are treated in the chapter of this Guide on _Questions of the Day_. Here we need only say that throughout his study of American history the reader will constantly—and easily—find many more articles bearing on the subject than are mentioned in the outline given above. In particular let him note: —that there are many biographies of figures prominent in nation and state not mentioned above; —that in each article devoted to a state there is a section on history, which has a double value, as giving the outline of the state’s history and as showing its part in the history of the nation; —and that there is in articles on cities and towns a great deal of important information of historical value, sometimes merely local, but oftener bearing on the history of state or nation, or both.