CHAPTER XXXIV

SCULPTURE [Sidenote: The Main Article] The Britannica article SCULPTURE (Vol. 24, p. 488; equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide) is a complete treatise on the technique and history of this branch of art by J. H. Middleton, late professor of Fine Art, Cambridge, M. H. Spielmann, former editor of the _Magazine of Art_, P. G. Konody, art critic of the _Observer_ and _Daily Mail_, and, for French sculpture, Léonce Bénédite, keeper of the Luxembourg Museum and author of _Histoire des Beaux Arts_. It is illustrated with 10 full page plates as follows: I and II. _Medieval_, etc., with examples of the work of Jacopo della Quercia, Donatello (2), Andrea Pisano, Michelangelo, Verrocchio and Leopardo, Luca della Robbia, Benvenuto Cellini, Peter Vischer, Bernini, Goujon, Canova, Houdon, Coysevox; III. IV. V. _Modern British_—Alfred Stevens, Sir George Frampton, Lord Leighton, Harry Bates, H. H. Armstead, G. F. Watts (2), A. Gilbert, F. W. Pomeroy, E. Onslow Ford, W. Hamo Thornycroft (2), Alfred Drury, F. Derwent Wood, Bertram Mackennal, Albert Toft, Havard Thomas, W. Goscombe John, W. R. Colton (2), Sir Charles Lawes-Wittewronge, Sir J. Edgar Boehm, Thomas Brock; VI. _American_—J. Q. A. Ward, D. C. French and E. C. Potter, Augustus St. Gaudens, Frederick MacMonnies; VII. VIII. and IX. _Modern French_—Falguière, Barrias, Delaplanche, Idrac, Becquer, L. Gérôme, Marqueste, Longepied, Frémiet, Guillaume, Puech, Saint-Marceaux, Mercié, Rodin, Michel, Dalou, Aubé, Chapu, Bloche, Gardet, Bartholomé; and X. _Other Foreign Countries_—Sinding, Begas, Ximenes, Querol, Antokolski, Lambeaux, Meunier. [Sidenote: Other General Articles] This article opens with an account of technical methods of sculpture which should be supplemented by other articles, which deal also with history and criticism: WOOD-CARVING (Vols. 28, p. 791), by Franklyn Arden Crallan, author of _Gothic Wood-carving_, with four plates and with descriptions not merely of Gothic and Renaissance work in Europe, but of Coptic, Mahommedan, Persian, Indian and Burmese, Chinese and Japanese, and the carving done by savage races; IVORY (Vol. 15, especially pp. 95–98, with 5 illustrations), by A. Maskell, author of _Ivories_; CHRYSELEPHANTINE; METAL-WORK (Vol. 18, p. 205), (with 9 text cuts and 2 full page plates), by Prof. J. H. Middleton, Cambridge, and John Starkie Gardner, author of _Armour in England_ and _Iron Work_; GEM (Vol. 11, p. 560; with 2 full page plates containing 76 illustrations, mostly of antique gems, besides 10 cuts in the text) by Alexander Stuart Murray, author of _History of Greek Sculpture_, _Terra Cotta Sarcophagi_, etc., and Arthur Hamilton Smith, keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum; CAMEO; INTAGLIO; SEALS (Vol. 24, p. 539; with 9 illustrations), by Sir E. Maunde Thompson, late director British Museum; NUMISMATICS (Vol. 19, p. 869; equivalent to 120 pages of this Guide; with 6 plates—20 Greek coins, 27 Greek and Roman coins, 23 Roman and Medieval coins, 22 Oriental coins, 8 modern coins and medals, and 4 Italian medals—and 11 cuts illustrating modern coins) by Reginald Stuart Poole, formerly keeper department coins and medals, British Museum, Herbert Appold Grueber, keeper of the same department in 1906–1912, and George Francis Hill, assistant keeper of this department; MEDAL (Vol. 18, especially pp. 1 and 2, with 2 plates, showing 32 medals), by M. H. Spielmann; TERRA COTTA (Vol. 26, p. 652, with 2 plates, 12 illustrations), by William Burton, author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_ and H. Beauchamp Walters, assistant keeper Greek and Roman antiquities, British Museum; PLATE (Vol. 21, p. 789; with 31 illustrations), by H. R. H. Hall, author of _The Oldest Civilization of Greece_, H. Stuart Jones, author of _The Roman Empire_, and E. Alfred Jones, author of _Old English Gold Plate_, etc.; ALTO-RELIEVO; BASSO-RELIEVO; RELIEF and REPOUSSÉ, by M. H. Spielmann; WAX FIGURES; EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL, by the late Charles Boutell, author of _A Manual of British Archaeology_, and M. H. Spielmann. [Sidenote: History of Sculpture] Early sculpture is separately treated. For “Classical” sculpture see the articles GREEK ART by Percy Gardner and ROMAN ART by H. Stuart Jones, both elaborately illustrated and devoting particular attention to statuary, plate; etc. See also the illustrations in the articles mentioned in the last paragraph,—especially GEM, NUMISMATICS, TERRA COTTA; and those in the article ARCHITECTURE and subsidiary articles mentioned in the chapter of this Guide _For the Architect_. And on Greek art see the article PERGAMUM and the sketches of the great sculptors of Greece: AGASIAS AGESANDER AGORACRITUS ALCAMENES ANTENOR APOLLONIUS OF TRALLES ARCHERMUS BATHYCLES BOETHUS BRYAXIS BUPALUS AND ATHENIS BUTADES CALAMIS CALLIMACHUS CANACHUS CEPHISODOTUS CHARES CRESILAS CRITIUS AND NESIOTES DAMOPHON DEMETRIUS DIPOENUS AND SCYLLIS ENDOEUS EUTYCHIDES LEOCHARES LYSIPPUS LYSISTRATUS MYRON ONATAS PAEONIUS PASITELES PHEIDIAS POLYCLITUS PRAXIAS AND ANDROSTHENES PRAXITELES RHOECUS SCOPAS SILANION STRONGYLION THRASYMEDES TIMOTHEUS See also the article BYZANTINE ART; and for sculpture elsewhere the sections _Art_ in the articles EGYPT, CHINA, JAPAN. [Sidenote: Medieval] For medieval sculpture, almost entirely an adjunct to architecture and particularly ecclesiastical architecture, see, besides the treatment in the historical part of the article SCULPTURE (pp. 490–496), the articles ARCHITECTURE and EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL, comparing with the latter the article BRASSES, MONUMENTAL (with 13 illustrations). [Sidenote: Renaissance] The close of the medieval period and the beginning of the more individualistic Renaissance are marked by the occurrence of the names of great individual artists, whose biographies are the best summary of the sculpture of the period. See on Italy: the articles NICCOLA PISANO (Vol. 20, p. 648); VITTORE PISANO (Vol. 20, p. 649); ANDREA PISANO (Vol. 20, p. 647) and the article immediately following on his son, GIOVANNI PISANO; each of these four with an illustration; VITTORE PISANO or Pisanello; AGOSTINO and AGNOLO DA SIENA (Vol. 1, p. 381); ORCAGNA, “the last great master of the Gothic period,” by J. H. Middleton; DELLA QUERCIA, who “heralds ... the boldest and most original achievements of two generations hence,” by E. T. Strange, assistant keeper, South Kensington; GHIBERTI, “the first of the great sculptors of the Renaissance”; DONATELLO, by P. G Konody; MICHELOZZO; DELLA ROBBIA family (with 3 illustrations), by J. H. Middleton and William Burton, author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; LEONARDO, by Sir Sidney Colvin; VERROCCHIO, by J. H. Middleton; LEOPARDO; POLLAIUOLO; MICHELANGELO, by Sir Sidney Colvin; BANDINELLI; AMMANATI; and in the 16th century period of decline GIOVANNI DA BOLOGNA, LOMBARDO family, CELLINI, by W. M. Rossetti and E. Alfred Jones, author of _Old English Gold Plate_, etc. On the Renaissance in France: JEAN GOUJON, SARRAZIN. —In Germany: VEIT STOSS, ADAM KRAFFT, the VISCHERS. —In England: the Italian TORRIGIANO. —In Spain: ALONZO CANO, MONTAÑES, PEDRO DE MENA, ZARCILLO. [Sidenote: 17th and 18th Century] Some of the names just mentioned are those of 17th century artists. But the rococo character of the period is best seen in Italy: see the articles BERNINI, ALGARDI, and, for France, GIRARDON and PUGET. With the 18th century came a classical revival for which the great names are CANOVA and THORWALDSEN: see the articles on these sculptors, that on Canova being by W. M. Rossetti. See also the articles on Thorwaldsen’s followers, SERGEL, BYSTRÖM and FOGELBERG. The more important articles on French sculpture in this period are PIGALLE and HOUDON, the latter known to Americans by his portraits of our Revolutionary worthies. For English sculpture in the 17th and 18th centuries see: NICHOLAS STONE, ROUBILIAC, by M. H. Spielmann, SCHEEMAKERS, NOLLEKENS, JOHN BACON, and, possibly most important, JOHN FLAXMAN, by Sir Sidney Colvin. For Germany: ANDREAS SCHLÜTER. [Sidenote: 19th Century and Modern Schools] On the 19th century in Germany see the articles: SCHADOW, RAUCH, RIETSCHEL, DANNECKER, SCHWANTHALER, and marking a sharp reaction, REINHOLD BEGAS, and the younger men, known also as painters, FRANZ STUCK and MAX KLINGER. On modern British sculpture see the articles: JOHN GIBSON, E. H. BAILY, THOMAS BANKS, SIR RICHARD WESTMACOTT, and ALFRED STEVENS; and, for the last thirty years, JULES DALOU, LORD LEIGHTON, better known as a painter, E. ONSLOW FORD and ALFRED GILBERT, the most influential and important factors in the awakening, and THOMAS WOOLNER, MAROCHETTI, SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, SIR J. E. BOEHM, J. H. FOLEY, H. H. ARMSTEAD, THOMAS BROCK, W. HAMO THORNYCROFT, JOHN M. SWAN, HARRY BATES, G. F. WATTS. Scores of others are criticized and their work summarized on pp. 501–508 in the article SCULPTURE. [Sidenote: France] The 19th century in France opened with a pseudo-Roman school, and among the names of this period are PRADIER, RUDE, P. J. DAVID, ETEX, and CARPEAUX and BARYE, by Henri Frantz, who mark a transition. For the more modern period see GUILLAUME, DUBOIS, FALGUIÈRE, MERCIÉ, FRÉMIET, GUSTAVE CRAUCK, DALOU, RODIN. [Sidenote: Other European Countries] In addition to the discussion of modern Belgian sculptors in the section on Belgium of the article SCULPTURE there are separate articles on PAUL DE VIGNE, VAN DER STAPPEN, JEF LAMBEAUX, JULIEN DILLENS, and CONSTANTIN MEUNIER. For Italian sculpture in the 19th century see BARTOLINI, and the summary in the article SCULPTURE (Vol. 24, p. 513). Separate articles on Spanish sculptors are JOSE ALVAREZ and MANUEL ALVAREZ. [Sidenote: American Sculpture] In the United States there was little sculpture of native origin, and virtually none of the slightest merit, before the 19th century. The following list of articles in rough chronological order will supplement the outline in the article SCULPTURE (Vol. 24, p. 516): HORATIO GREENOUGH, HIRAM POWERS, THOMAS CRAWFORD, HENRY KIRKE BROWN, WILLIAM RIMMER, E. D. PALMER, THOMAS BALL, L. W. VOLK, HARRIET G. HOSMER, J. Q. A. WARD, LAUNT THOMPSON, LARKIN G. MEAD, G. E. BISSELL, OLIN L. WARNER, W. R. O’DONOVAN, JONATHAN S. HARTLEY, AUGUSTUS SAINT-GAUDENS, D. C. FRENCH, J. J. BOYLE, C. H. NIEHAUS, LORADO TAFT, W. O. PARTRIDGE, CYRUS E. DALLIN, A. P. PROCTOR, CHARLES GRAFLY, F. W. MACMONNIES, GEORGE GRAY BARNARD, P. W. BARTLETT, HERMON A. MACNEIL, KARL BITTER, BORGLUM. [Sidenote: Summary] This chapter, and the one before, outline courses on these arts in the Britannica, but there are many articles on these topics to which no reference has been made in these pages. It may, therefore, be interesting to the student of these forms of art to have before him a list, fairly complete, of articles in the Britannica dealing with painting and sculpture. The following is such a list in alphabetical arrangement. The student should remember that the absence from the list—or from any similar list in the Guide—of a topic on which he wishes information does not mean that there is no information on the subject in the Britannica, but merely that there may be no separate article on the subject. In such cases let him turn to the general index (Vol. 29). LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES DEALING WITH THE FINE ARTS Abati, N. Abbey, E. A. Abildgaard, N. A. Achenbach, Andreas Acroliths Adam, L. S. Adams, Herbert Aertszen, Pieter Aetion Agasias Agatharchus Ageladas Agesander Agoracritus Agostino and Agnolo da Siena Agricola, C. L. Aikman, William Albani, Francesco Albertinelli Mariotto Alcamenes Aldegrever, Heinrich Alexander, Francis Alexander, John White Alfani, Domenico Algardi, Alessandro Allan, David Allan, Sir William Allori, Alessandro Allston, Washington Alma-Tadema, Sir L. Altdorfer, Albrecht Alto-Relievo Alvarez, Don José Alvarez, Don Manuel Amalteo, Pomponio Amman, Jost Ammanati, Bartolomeo Amsler, Samuel Andrea del Sarto Andreani, Andrea Andrieu, Bertrand Angelico, Fra Anguier, François and Michel Angussola, Sophonisba Anichini, Luigi Anna, Baldasarre Ansdell, Richard Antenor Antiphilus Antonello da Messina Apelles Apollodorus Apollonius of Tralles Appiani, Andrea Aquarelle Aquatint Archermus Aristides of Thebes Armstead, H. H. Asper, Hans Asselyn, Hans Audran (family) Bacon, John Backhuysen, Ludolf Badalocchio, Sisto Baer, William Jacob Bagnacavallo, B. Baily, E. H. Baldinucci, Filippo Baldovinetti, Alessio Ball, Thomas Bandinelli, B. Banks, Thomas Barbieri, G. F. Barbizon Barnard, G. G. Barocci, Federigo Barry, James Bartels, Hans von Bartlett, P. W. Bartolini, Lorenzo Bartolommeo di Pagholo, Fra Bartolozzi, Francesco Barye, A. L. Bassano, Jacopo da Ponte Basso-Relievo Bastien-Lepage, Jules Bates, Harry Bathycles Batoni, P. G. Baudry, P. J. A. Beard, William H. Beardsley, Aubrey V. Beaux, Cecilia Beccafumi, Domenico di Pace Becerra, Gaspar Beck, David Beckwith, J. C. Beechey, Sir William Begas, Karl Begas, Reinhold Bellini (family) Bellows, Albert F. Benlliure y Gil, José Benson, F. W. Berchem, Nicolaas Bernini, G. L. Besnard, P. A. Beverley, W. R. Bewick, Thomas Bierstadt, Albert Bissell, G. E. Bitter, K. T. F. Blackburn, Jonathan Blake, William Blakelock, R. A. Blanche, J. E. Blashfield, E. H. Bloemaert, Abraham Bloemen, J. F. van Blum, R. F. Böcklin, Arnold Boehm, Sir J. E. Boethus Bologna, Giovanni Bone, Henry Bonfigli, Benedetto Bonheur, Rosa Bonnat, L. J. F. Bordone, Paris Borglum, S. H. Borgognone, Ambrogio Bosch, Jerom Bossi, Giuseppe Botticelli, Sandro Bouchardon, Edme Boudin, François Boudin, Eugène Boughton, G. H. Bouguereau, A. W. Boulanger (family) Boulogne Boursse, Esaias Boyle, John J. Bracquemond, Felix Bradford, William Braekeleer, H. J. A. de Brangwyn, Frank Brascassat, J. R. Bredael, J. F. van Breton, Jules A. A. L. Breughel, Pieter Bridgman, F. A. Brierly, Sir O. W. Bril, Paul Briosco, Andrea Brock, Thomas Bronzino, Il Brough, Robert Brouwer, Adrian Brown, Ford Madox Brown, Henry Kirke Brown, John George Browne, Hablôt Knight Brush, G. de Forest Bry, T. (Dirk) de Bryaxis Bunbury, H. W. Bupalus and Athenis Burckhardt, Jakob Burgkmair, Hans Burne-Jones, Sir E. B. Burton, Sir F. W. Busch, Wilhelm Butadeo Byström, Johan Niklas Cabanel, Alexandre Calamis Calcar (Kalcker), de Caldecott, Randolph Callcott, Sir A. W. Callimachus Callot, Jacques Calvart, Denis Calvert (3 artists) Cambiasi, Luca Camphausen, Wilhelm Camphuysen, D. R. Campi, Guilio Camuccini, Vincenzo Canachus Canale, A. (Canaletto) Canini, G. A. Cano, Alonzo Canova, Antonio Cantarini, Simone Caracci, Lodovico, Agostino and Annibale Caran d’Ache Caravaggio, M. A. da Caravaggio, P. C. da Carducci, Bartolommeo Caricature Carolus-Duran Carpaccio, Vittorio Carpeaux, J. B. Carpi, Girolamo da Carpi, Ugo da Carstens, A. J. Cartoon Carving Cassana, Niccolo Castagno, Andrea del Castello, Bernardo Castello, G. B. Castello, Valerio Castiglione, G. B. Cattermole, George Cavallini, Pietro Cavedone, Jacopo Cazin, J. C. Cephisodotus Cesari, Giuseppe Cespedes, Pablo de Chalmers, G. P. Chambers, George Champaigne, Philippe de Chantrey, Sir F. L. Chardin, J. S. Chares Charlet, N. T. Chase, W. M. Chassériau, Theodore Chiaroscuro Chodowiecki, D. N. Chryselephantine Church, F. E. Cibber, C. G. Cicognara, Count Leopoldo Cignani, Carlo Cigoli, L. C. da Cimabue, Giovanni Cimon of Cleonae Cipriani, G. B. Civerchio, Vincenzo Clarke, T. S. Claude of Lorraine Clausen, George Clays, Paul Jean Clouet, François Clouet, Jean Clovio, G. G. Cockx, Hieronymus Coello, A. S. Cole, Thomas Cole, Timothy Cole, Vicat Colin, Alexandre Collaert, Hans Collins, William Colman, Samuel Colman, Sidney Conca, Sebastiano Conder, Charles Constable, John Constant, Benjamin Conway, Sir W. Martin Cooper, Abraham Cooper, Alexander Cooper, Samuel Cooper, Thomas Sidney Copley, John Singleton Coques (Cocx), Gonzales Corenzio, Belisario Cormon, Fernand Cornelius, P. von Corot, J. B. C. Correggio Cort, Cornelius Costa, Giovanni Costa, Lorenzo Cosway, Richard Cotman, J. S. Cottet, Charles Courbet, Gustave Courtois, Jacques and Guillaume Cousin, Jean Cousins, Samuel Coustou (family) Couture, Thomas Cox, David Cox, Kenyon Coxcie, Michael Coypel Coysevox, C. A. Cranach, Lucas Crane, Walter Crauck, Gustave Crawford, Thomas Crayer, Gaspard de Crayon Credi, Lorenzo di Cresilas Crespi, Daniele Crespi, Giovanni B. Crespi, Giuseppe M. Creswick, Thomas Critius and Nesiotes Crivelli, Carlo Crome, John Cropsey, J. F. Crowe, Sir J. A. Cruikshank, George Cuyp Dahl, Hans Dahl, J. C. Dahl, Michael Dallin, Cyrus E. Dalou, Jules Damophon Danby, Francis Daniell, Thomas Dannat, William T. Dannecker, J. H. von Daubigny, C. F. Daumier, Honoré David, Gerard David, J. L. David, Pierre Jean Davis, C. H. Davis, H. W. B. De Camp, Joseph Decamps, A. G. Degas, H. G. E. De Haas, M. F. H. De Keyser, Thomas Delacroix, F. V. E. Delaroche, H. (Paul) Delaunay, Elie Della Bella, Stefano Della Colle, Raffaellino Della Quercia, Jacopo Della Robbia De Loutherbourg, P. J. Demetrius Desiderio da Settignano Detaille, J. B. E. Dewing, T. W. De Wint, Peter Diamante, Fra Diaz, N. V. Dielmann, Frederick Diepenbeck, A. van Dies, C. A. Dietrich, C. W. E. Dillens, Julien Dipoenus and Scyllis Dobson, William Dolci, Carlo Domenichino, Zampieri Donatello Doré, L. A. Gustave Douw, Gerhard Downman, John Doyen, G. F. Doyle, Richard Drawing Drouais, J. G. Dubois, Paul Du Maurier, G. L. P. B. Dumont (family) Dumont, François Duncan, Thomas Dupré, Jules Durand, Asher Brown Dürer, Albrecht Duveneck, Frank Dyce, William Eakins, Thomas Earle, Ralph Earlom, Richard East, Alfred Eastlake, Sir C. L. Eaton, Wyatt Eckersberg, Kristoffer Edelinck, Gerard Eeckhout, G. van den Effigies, Monumental Egg, A. L. Encaustic Painting Endoeus Engleheart, George Engraving Enneking, J. J. Etching Etex, Antoine Etty, William Euphranor Euphronius Eupompus Eutychides Everdingen, Allart van Eyck, Van Faed, Thomas Faithorne, William Falcone, Aniello Falconet, E. M. Falguière, J. A. J. Fantin-Latour, I. H. T. Farinato, Paolo Feltre, Morto da Fernow, K. L. Ferrari, Gaudenzio Ferri, Ciro Feuerbach, Anselm Fielding, A. V. Copley Fildes, Sir Luke Finden, William Fiorenzo di Lorenzo Fiorillo, J. D. Fisher, Alvan Flandrin, J. Hippolyte Flaxman, John Flinck, Govert Floris, Frans Fontana, Lavinia Fontana, Prospero Fogelberg, B. E. Foley, J. H. Foppa, Vincenzo Forain, J. L. Ford, E. Onslow Forster, François Fortuny, M. J. M. B. Foster, M. Birket Foucquet, Jean Fragonard, J. H. Français, F. L. Franceschi, Piero de’ Franceschini, Baldassare Francia Franciabigio Franck Francken (family) Frèmiet, Emmanuel French, Daniel C. Frère, P. E. Fresco Fresnoy, C. A. du Frith, W. P. Fromentin, Eugène Frost, W. E. Fruytiers, Philip Führich, Joseph von Fuller, George Furniss, Harry Furse, C. W. Fuseli, Henry Fyt, Johannes Gaddi (family) Gainsborough, Thomas Gallait, Louis Gauermann, Friedrich Gaul, G. W. Gavarni Gay, Walter Geddes, Andrew Geikie, Walter Genelli, G. B. Genga, Girolamo Gentile da Fabriano Gentileschi, Artemisia and Orazio de’ Gérard, Baron F. Gérard, J. I. I. Géricault, J. L. A. T. Gérôme, Jean Léon Gervex, Henri Ghiberti, Lorenzo Ghirlandajo, Domenico Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo Gibson, C. Dana Gibson, John Gibson, W. H. Gifford, R. S. Gifford, S. R. Gilbert, Alfred Gilbert, Sir John Gillot, Claude Gillray, James Giordano, Luca Giorgione Giottino Giotto Girardon, François Girodet de Roussy, A. L. Girtin, Thomas Giulio Romano Giunta Pisano Giusto da Guanto Gleyre, M. C. G. Goes, Hugo van der Goldschmidt, Hermann Goltzius, Hendrik Gordon, Sir J. W. Gouache Goujon, Jean Gould, Sir F. C. Goya y Lucientes, F. Goyen, J. J. Van Gozzoli, Benozzo Grafly, Charles Granet, F. M. Grant, Sir Francis Gray, Henry Peters Greco, El Green, Valentine Greenaway, Kate Greenough, Horatio Gregory, Edward John Greuze, J. B. Grimaldi, G. F. Grisaille Gros, Antoine Jean Grün, Hans Baldung Grünewald, Mathias Guardi, Francesco Guariento (Guerriero) Guérin, J. B. P. Guérin, P. N. Guido of Siena Guido Reni Guillaume, J. B. C. E. Guthrie, Sir James Haag, Carl Haden, Sir F. Seymour Hals, Frans Hamerton, P. G. Hamon, Jean Louis Harding, Chester Harding, J. D. Harpignies, Henri Harrison, T. A. Hart, William Hartley, Jonathan S. Harvey, Sir George Hassam, Childe Haydon, B. R. Hayter, Sir George Head, Sir E. W. Healy, G. P. A. Heda, Willem Claasz Heem, Jan Davidsz van Heemskerk, M. J. Heim, F. J. Helst, B. van der Hemy, C. Napier Hennequin, P. A. Henner, J. J. Henry, E. L. Herkomer, Sir H. von Herlen, Fritz Herrera, Francisco Hersent, Louis Hess (family) Heusch, Willem Heyden, Jan van der Hildebrandt, Eduard Hildebrandt, Theodor Hilliard, Lawrence Hilliard, Nicholas Hilton, William Hiroshige Hitchcock, George Hobbema, Meyndert Hoefnagel, Joris Hogarth, William Hokusai Holbein, Hans (elder) Holbein, Hans (younger) Holl, Frank Hollar, Wenzel Holroyd, Sir Charles Homer, Winslow Hondecoeter, M. d’ Hone, Nathaniel Honthorst, Gerard van Hooch, Pieter de Hoogstraten, S. D. van Hook, James Clarke Hoppner, John Horsley, J. C. Hoskins, John Hosmer, Harriet G. Hotho, Heinrich G. Houbraken, Jacobus Houdon, J. A. Hovenden, Thomas Huchtenburg (family) Humphry, Ozias Hunt, Alfred William Hunt, William Henry Hunt, William Holman Hunt, William Morris Huntington, Daniel Hurlstone, F. Y. Huysmans (family) Huysum, Jan van Illuminated MSS. Illustration Impressionism Ingham, C. C. Ingres, J. A. D. Inman, Henry Inness, George Isabey, Jean Baptiste Israëls, Josef Ivory Jackson, Mason Jameson, George Janssen, Cornelius Janssens, V. H. Janssens van Nuyssen, Abraham Jarvis, J. W. Joanes, Vicente Johnson, Eastman Jordaens, Jacob Jouvenet, Jean Kalckreuth, Leopold von Kauffmann, Angelica Kaulbach, Wilhelm von Kay, John Keene, C. S. Keller, Albert Kensett, J. F. Khnopff, F. E. J. M. Klinger, Max Kneller, Sir Godfrey Knight, D. R. Knight, John Buxton Koninck, Philip de Korin, Ogata Krafft, Adam Kyosai, Sho-fu Laer, Pieter van La Farge, John Lafosse, Charles de Lagrenée, L. J. F. Lahire, Laurent de Lambeaux, Jef Lancret, Nicolas Landon, C. P. Landseer, Sir E. H. Lantara, S. M. Lanzi, Luigi Largillière, Nicolas Lathrop, Francis La Tour, Quentin de Lavery, John Lawrence, Sir Thomas Lawson, Cecil Gordon Leader, B. W. Léandre, C. L. Lear, Edward LeBrun, Charles Leech, John Legros, Alphonse Leighton, Baron Frederick Lejeune, Baron L. F. Lely, Sir Peter Lemoyne, J. B. Le Nain Lenbach, Franz von Leochares Leonardo da Vinci Leopardo, Alessandro Leslie, C. R. Le Sueur, Eustache Leutze, Emanuel Lewis, J. F. Leys, Hendrik Liebermann, Max Limousin, Léonard Line Engraving Linnell, John Linton, W. J. Liotard, J. E. Lippi Lockwood, Wilton Lombardo (family) Longhi, Pietro Lotto, Lorenzo Low, Will Hicok Lucas, J. Seymour Leyden, Lucas van Luini, Bernardino Lysippus Lysistratus Mabuse, Jan MacCulloch, Horatio Macdonald, Lawrence McEntee, Jervis Maclise, Daniel MacMonnies, F. W. Macnee, Sir Daniel MacNeil, Hermon A. Madou, J. B. Madrazo y Kunt, Don F. de Maes, Nicolas Makart, Hans Mander, Carel van Manet, Edouard Manson, George Mantegna, Andrea Marcantonio Maris, Jacob Marochetti, Baron Carlo Marr, Carl Martin, Homer Dodge Martin, John Martini, Simone Masaccio Masolino da Panicale Mason, G. H. Matsys, Quintin Mauve, Anton May, Phil Mead, Larkin G. Meer, Jan van der Meissonier, J. L. E. Melanthius Melchers, Gari Melozzo da Forli Melville, Arthur Memling, Hans Mena, Pedro de Mengs, Anthony Raphael Menzel, A. F. E. von Mercié, M. J. A. Merian, Matthew Méryon, Charles Metcalf, W. L. Metsu, Gabriel Meulen, A. F. van der Meunier, Constantin Mezzotint Michel, Claude Michelangelo Michelozzo di Bartolommeo Micon Mierevelt, M. J. van Mieris (family) Mignard, Pierre Mignon, Abraham Milanesi, Gaetano Millais, Sir J. E. Miller, William Millet, Francis Davis Millet (Milé), Jean François Millet, Jean François Miniature Mino di Giovanni (da Fiesole) Minor, Robert C. Models, Artists’ Monet, Claude Montañes, J. M. Moore, Albert J. Moore, Henry Mora, José Moran, Edward Moran, Thomas Moreau, Gustave Morelli, Giovanni Moretto, Il Morghen, R. S. Morland, George Moro, Antonio Moroni, Giambattista Mosler, Henry Mount, W. S. Mowbray, H. S. Müller, W. J. Mulready, William Munkacsy, Michael von Murillo, B. E. Murphy, John Francis Murray, David Muziano, Girolamo Muzzioli, Giovanni Myron Nanteuil, Robert Nasmyth, Alexander Nast, Thomas Nattier, J. M. Navarrete, J. F. Neal, D. D. Neer, van der Netscher, Gaspar Neuville, Alphonse M. de Newlyn Niehaus, C. H. Nicholson, William Nicias Nicomachus Nollekens, Joseph Northcote, James Oberlander, A. A. Ochtman, Leonard O’Donovan, W. R. Oliver, Isaac Oliver, Peter Onatas Opie, John Orcagna Orchardson, Sir W. Q. Orley, Bernard von Ostade Oudiné, E. A. Overbeck, J. F. Pacchia, Girolamo del, and Pacchiarotto, Jacopo Pacheco, Francisco Paeonius Page, William Painting Pajou, Augustin Palette Palma, Jacopo Palmer, E. D. Palmer, Samuel Palomino, de Castro y Velasco Pamphilus Panaenus Panorama Pareja, Juan de Parmigiano Parrhasius Partridge, J. Bernard Partridge, W. O. Pasiteles Pastel Paton, Sir J. Noel Paul Veronese Pausias Peale, C. W. Peale, Rembrandt Pearce, C. S. Pennell, Joseph Penni, Gianfrancesco Perino del Vaga Perkins, C. C. Perugino, Pietro Peruzzi, Baldassare Petitot, Jean Petitot, Jean Louis Pettenkofen, A. von Pettie, John Pheidias Phillip, John Phillips, Thomas Picknell, W. L. Piero di Cosimo Pigalle, J. B. Piloty, Karl von Pinturicchio Pinwell, G. J. Piranesi, G. B. Pisano, Andrea Pisano, Giovanni Pisano, Niccola Pisano, Vittore Pissarro, Camille Plimer, Andrew Plimer, Nathaniel Plumbago Drawings Pollaiuolo (family) Polyclitus Polygnotus Pontormo, Jacopo da Poole, Paul Falconer Pordenone, Il Portaels, J. F. Porter, B. C. Portraiture Poster Potter, Paul Poussin, Nicolas Powers, Hiram Poynter, Sir E. J. Pradier, James Pradilla, Francisco Praxias and Androsthenes Praxiteles Predella Preller, Friedrich Prieur, Pierre Prinsep, V. C. Proctor, A. P. Protogenes Prout, Samuel Prud’hon, Pierre Puget, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes Pythagoras Pyle, Howard Raeburn, Sir Henry Raffaellino del Garbo Raffet, D. A. M. Raimbach, Abraham Ramsay, Allan Ranger, H. W. Raoux, Jean Raphael Sanzio Raven-Hill, Leonard Rauch, C. D. Redgrave, Richard Regnault, Henri Regnault, J. B. Reid, Sir George Reid, Robert Reinhart, C. S. Reinhart, J. C. Relief Rembrandt Remington, Frederick Renoir, F. A. Repin, I. J. Restout, Jean Rethel, Alfred Reynolds, Sir Joshua Rhoecus Ribera, Giuseppe Ribot, Théodule Ricard, L. G. Ricciarelli, Daniele Richards, W. T. Richmond, Sir W. B. Richter, A. L. Rietschel, E. F. A. Rigaud, Hyacinthe Rimmer, William Riviere, Briton Robert, Hubert Robert, L. L. Robert-Fleury, J. N. Roberts, David Robinson, Theodore Rodin, Auguste Rogers, John Roll, A. P. Romney, George Rops, Félicien Rosa, Salvator Rosenthal, T. E. Rosselli, Cosimo Rossellino, Antonio Rossetti, D. G. Roubiliac, L. F. Rousseau, Jacques Rousseau, P. E. T. Rowlandson, Thomas Rubens, Peter Paul Rude, François Runciman, Alexander Russell, John Ruysdael, Jacob van Ryder, A. P. Ryland, W. W. Sacchi, Andrea Saint-Gaudens, Augustus Sambourne, E. Linley Sandby, Paul Sandrart, Joachim von Sandys, Frederick Sansovino, Andrea C. del Monte Sansovino, Jacopo Santerre, J. B. Sargent, J. S. Sarrazin, Jacques Sartain, John Satterlee, Walter Sayer, James Schadow Schadow, J. G. and R. Schalcken, Godfried Scharf, Sir George Scheemakers, Peter Scheffer, Ary Schetky, J. C. Schiavonetti, Luigi Schirmer, Friedrich W. Schirmer, Johann W. Schlüter, Andreas Schnorr von Karolsfeld Schongauer, Martin Schreyer, Adolf Schwanthaler, L. M. Schwartze, Teresa Schwind, Moritz von Scopas Scott, David Scott, William Bell Sculpture Sebastiano del Piombo Seddon, Thomas Segantini, Giovanni Sequeira, D. A. de Sergel, Johan Tobias Severn, Joseph Shannon, C. H. Shannon, J. J. Sharp, William Shee, Sir M. A. Sherwin, J. K. Short, F. J. Sigalon, Xavier Signorelli, Luca Silanion Simon, Abraham Simon, Thomas Simmons, E. E. Simson, William Sisley, Alfred Slodtz, René Michel Smart, John Smedley, W. T. Smillie, J. D. Smirke, Robert Smith, Colvin Smith, John Raphael Smybert, John Snyders, Franz Sodoma, Il Solario, Antonio Sorolla y Bastida, J. Spagna, Lo Spinello, Aretino Stanfield, W. C. Stannard, Joseph Stark, James Steen, Jan Havicksz Steer, P. Wilson Stevens, Alfred Stevens, Alfred Stewart, Julius L. Stillman, W. J. Stone, Frank Stone, Marcus Stone, Nicholas Stoss, Veit Stothard, C. A. Stothard, Thomas Strang, William Strange, Sir Robert Strongylion Stuart, Gilbert Stuck, Franz Subleyras, Pierre Sully, Thomas Swan, J. M. Taft, Lorado Tait, A. F. Tanner, H. O. Tarbell, Edmund C. Tempera Teniers (family) Tenniel, Sir John Ter Borch, Gerard Terra Cotta Thayer, Abbott H. Theon of Samos Thoma, Hans Thompson, Launt Thomson, John Thornhill, Sir James Thornycroft, W. Hamo Thorwaldsen, Bertel Thrasymedes Tiepolo, G. B. Tiffany, L. C. Timanthes Timomachus Timotheus Tintoretto Tisio, Benvenuto Tissot, J. J. J. Titian Torrigiano, Pietre Triptych Troy, J. F. de Troyon, Constant Trumbull, John Tryon, D. W. Turner, Charles Turner, J. M. W. Uhde, F. K. H. Von Utamaro Vanderlyn, John Van der Stappen, C. Van der Weyden, R. Vandevelde, Adrian Vandevelde, William Van Dyck, Sir Anthony Vanloo, C. A. Vanloo, J. B. Varley, Cornelius Varley, John Vasari, Giorgio Vedder, Elihu Veit, Philipp Velazquez, D. R. de Silva y Verboeckhoven, E. J. Vereshchagin, V. V. Verlat, M. M. C. Vernet (family) Verrocchio, Andrea del Vertue, George Vien, J. M. Vierge, Daniel Vigée-Lebrun, M. A. E. Vigne, Paul de Vincent, George Vinton, F. P. Vischer (family) Vischer, F. T. Vivarini (family) Volk, L. W. Vonnoh, R. W. Vouet, Simon Vrancx, Sebastian Vriendt, J. J. de and A. F. L. de Waagen, G. F. Waldo, S. L. Walker, Frederick Walker, H. O. Walker, Horatio Walker, Robert Wappers, E. C. G. Ward, James Ward, E. M. Ward, J. Q. A. Ward, William Warner, Olin Levi Waterhouse, J. W. Waterlow, Sir E. A. Watteau, Antoine Watts, G. F. Wauters, Emile Wax Figures Webster, Thomas Weeks, E. L. Weenix, J. B. Weir, R. W. Werner, A. A. von West, Benjamin Westall, Richard Westmacott, Sir R. Wheatley, Francis Whistler, J. A. McN. White, Robert Wiles, I. R. Wilkie, Sir David Willems, F. J. M. Willette, L. A. Willmore, J. T. Wilson, Richard Wohlgemuth, Michael Wolf, Joseph Woodbury, C. H. Wood Carving Wood Engraving Woollett, William Woolner, Thomas Wouwerman, Philip Wright, Joseph Wyant, A. H. Wylie, Robert Yosai Zarcillo y Alcaraz, F. Zeuxis Ziem, F. F. G. P. Zoffany, Johann Zuccarelli, Francesco Zuccaro, Taddeo Zuccaro, Federigo Zuloaga, Ignacio Zurbaran, Francisco