104. The _Rumanian, Bulgarian_ and _Servian_ armies are the youngest

in Europe. The conduct of the Rumanians before Plevna in 1877 earned for them the respect of soldiers of all countries. Servia and Bulgaria came to war in 1885, and the Bulgarian soldiers, under the most adverse conditions, achieved splendid victories under the leadership of their own officers. In the crisis following the Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908-9), it seemed likely that the Servian forces might play an unexpectedly active part in war even with a strong power. BIBLIOGRAPHY.--Below are the titles of some of the more important works on the subject of armies. See also under biographical headings and articles dealing with the several arms, &c. A large proportion of the works mentioned below are concerned mainly with the development of strategy and tactics. V. der Goltz, _Das Volk in Waffen_ (1883, new ed., 1898, English translation, P.A. Ashworth, _Nation in Arms_, London, 1887, new ed., 1907, French, _Nation armee_, Paris, 1889); Jahns, _Heeresverfassung und Volkerleben_ (Berlin, 1885); Berndt, _Die Zahl im Kriege_ (Vienna, 1895); F.N. Maude, _Evolution of Modern Strategy_ (1903), _Voluntary versus Compulsory Service_ (1897), and _War and the World's Life_ (1907); Pierron, _Methodes de guerre_, vol. i.; Jahns, _Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften_ (an exhaustive bibliography, with critical notes); Troschke, _Mil. Litteratur seit den Befreiungskriegen_ (Berlin, 1870); T.A. Dodge, _Great Captains_ (_Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar, Gustavus, Napoleon_); Bronsart v. Schellendorf (Eng. trans., War Office, 1905) _Duties of the General Staff_; Fave, _Histoire et tactique des trois armes_ (Liege, 1850); Maynert, _Gesch. des Kriegswesens u. der Heeresverfassungen in Europa_ (Vienna, 1869); Jahns, _Handbuch fur eine Geschichte des Kriegswesens v. der Urzeit bis zur Renaissance_ (Leipzig, 1880); de la Barre Duparcq, _Histoire de l'art de la guerre avant l'usage de poudre_ (Paris, 1860); Rustow and Kochly, _Geschichte des griechischen Kriegswesens_ (Aarau, 1852); Kochly and Rustow, _Griechische Kriegsschriftsteller_ (Leipzig, 1855); Forster, in _Hermes_, xii. (1877); D.G. Hogarth, _Philip and Alexander_ (London, 1897); Macdougall, _Campaigns of Hannibal_ (London, 1858); Rustow, _Heerwesen, &c., Julius Casars_ (Nordhausen, 1855); _Organ der M. Wissensch. Verein_ of 1877 (Vienna); Polybius literature of the 17th and 18th centuries; supplement to _M.W.B._, 1883; the works of Xenophon, Aelian, Arrian, Vegetius, Polybius, Caesar, &c. (see Kochly and Rustow: a collection was made in the 15th century, under the title _Veteres de re militari scriptores_, 1487); Oman, _A History of the Art of War: Middle Ages_ (London, 1898); Delpech, _La Tactique au XIII^e siecle_ (Paris, 1886); Kohler, _Die Entwickelung des Kriegswesens v. II. Jahrhdt. bis zu den Hussitenkriegen_ (Breslau, 1886-1893); Ricotti, _Storia delle Compagnie di Ventura_ (Turin, 1846); Steger, _Gesch. Francesco Sforzas und d. ital. Condottieri_ (Leipzig, 1865); J.A. Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy and The Age of the Despots; A Brandenburg Mobilization of 1477_ (German General Staff Monograph, No. 3); Palacky, "Kriegskunst der Bohmen," _Zeitschrift bohmisch. Museums_ (Prague, 1828); George, _Battles of English History_ (London, 1895); Biottot, _Les Grands inspires devant la science: Jeanne d'Arc_ (Paris, 1907); V. Ellger, _Kriegswesen, &c., der Eidgenossen, 14., 15., 16. Jahrhdt._ (1873); de la Chauvelays, _Les Armees de Charles le Temeraire_ (Paris, 1879); Guillaume, _Hist. des bandes d'ordonnance dans les Pays-Bas_ (Brussels, 1873); the works of Froissart, de Brantome, Machiavelli, Lienhard Fronsperger (_Kriegsbuch_, 1570), de la Noue, du Bellay, &c.; Villari, _Life and Times of Machiavelli_ (English version); "Die frommen Landsknechte" (_M. W. B._, supplement, 1880); _Kriegsbilder aus der Zeit der Landsknechte_ (Stuttgart, 1883); C.H. Firth, _Cromwell's Army_ (London, 1902); Heilmann, _Das Kriegswesen der Kaiserlichen und Schweden_ (Leipzig, 1850); C. Walton, _History of the British Standing Army, 1660-1700_ (London, 1894); E.A. Altnam in _United Service Magazine_, February 1907; Austrian official history of Prince Eugene's campaigns, &c.; de la Barre Duparcq, _Hist, milit. de la Prusse avant 1756_ (Paris, 1857); Marsigli, _L'Etat militaire de l'emp. ottoman_ (1732); Prussian Staff History of the Silesian wars; C. von B(inder)-K(rieglstein), _Geist und Stoff im Kriege_ (Vienna, 1895); E. d'Hauterive, _L'Armee sous la Revolution_ (Paris, 1894); C. Rousset, _Les Volontaires de 1791-1794_; Michelet, _Les Soldats de la Revolution_ (Paris, 1878); publications of the French general staff on the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; H. Bonnal, _Esprit de la guerre moderne_ (a series of studies in military history, 1805-1870); Paimblant du Rouil, _La Division Durutte, les Refractaires_, also supplement, _M.W.B._, 1890; "The French Conscription" (suppl. _M.W.B._, 1892); C. v. der Goltz, _Von Rossbach bis Jena und Auerstadt_ (a new edition of the original _Rossbach und Jena_, Berlin, 1883); German General Staff Monograph, No. 10; _M.W.B._ supplements of 1845, 1846, 1847, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1862, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1887; v. Duncker, _Preussen wahrend der franz. Okkupation_ (1872); Archives of Prussian war ministry, publications of 1892 and 1896; histories of the wars of 1866 and 1870; V. Chareton, _Comme la Prusse a prepare sa revanche, 1806-1813; Reports_ of Col. Baron Stoffel, French attache at Berlin (translation into English, War Office, London); Haxthausen, _Les Forces militaires de la Prusse_ (Paris, 1853); de la Barre Duparcq, _Etudes historiques generales et militaires sur la Prusse_ (Paris, 1854); Paixhans, _Constitution militaire de la France_ (Paris, 1849); Duc d'Aumale, _Les Institutions militaires de la France_ (Paris, 1867); C. v. Decker, _Uber die Personlichkeit des preussischen Soldaten_ (Berlin, 1842); War Office, _Army Book of the British Empire_ (London, 1893); M. Jahns, _Das franzosische Heer von der grossen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart_ (Leipzig, 1873); Baron Kaulbars, _The German Army_ (in Russian) [St Petersburg, 1890]; _Die Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert_ (Berne and Lausanne, 1899); Heimann, _L'Armee allemande_ (Paris, 1895); R. de l'Homme de Courbiere, _Grundzuge der deutschen Militarverwaltung_ (Berlin, 1882); G.F.R. Henderson, _The Science of War_ (London, 1905); J.W. Fortescue, _History of the British Army_ (London, 1899- ----); R. de l'Homme de Courbiere, _Gesch. der brandenburg-preussisch. Heeresverfassung_ (Berlin, 1852); Krippentagel and Kustel, _Die preuss. Armee von der altesten Zeit bis zur Gegenwart_ (Berlin, 1883); Gansauge, _Das brandenbg.-preuss. Kriegswesen, 1440, 1640, 1740_ (Berlin, 1839); A. v. Boguslawksi, _Die Landwehr, 1813-1893_ (1893); A.R. v. Sichart, _Gesch. d. k. hannover. Armee_ (Hanover, 1866); v. Reitzenstein, _Die k. hannover. Kavallerie, 1631-1866_ (1892); Schlee, _Zur Gesch. des hessischen Kriegswesens_ (Kassel, 1867); Leichtlen, _Badens Kriegsverfassung_ (Carlsruhe, 1815); v. Stadlinger, _Gesch. des wurttembergischen Kriegswesens_ (Stuttgart, 1858); Munich, _Entwickelung der bayerischen Armee_ (Munich, 1864); official _Gesch. d. k. bayer. Armee_ (Munich, 1901 onward); Wurdinger, _Kriegsgeschichte v. Bayern_ (Munich, 1868); H. Meynert, _Gesch. des osterr. Kriegswesens_ (Vienna, 1852), _Kriegswesen Ungarns_ (Vienna, 1876); Anger, _Gesch. der K.-K. Armee_ (Vienna, 1886); _Beitrage zur Gesch. des osterr. Heerwesens, 1754-1814_ (Vienna, 1872); R. v. Ottenfeld and Teuber, _Die osterr. Armee, 1700-1867_ (Vienna, 1895); v. Wrede, _Gesch. d. K. u. K. Wehrmacht_ (Vienna, 1902); May de Rainmoter, _Histoire militaire de la Suisse_ (Lausanne, 1788); Cusachs y Barado, _La Vida Militar en Espana_ (Barcelona, 1888); Guillaume, _Hist. de l'infanterie wallonne sous la maison d'Espagne_ (Brussels, 1876); A. Vitu, _Histoire civile de l'armee_ (Paris, 1868); A. Pascal, _Hist. de l'armee_ (Paris, 1847); L. Jablonski, _L'Armee francaise a travers les ages_; C. Romagny, _Hist. generale de l'armee nationale_ (Paris, 1893); E. Simond, _Hist. mil. de la France_; Susane, _Hist. de l'infanterie, cavalerie, artillerie francaises_ (Paris, 1874); Pere Daniel, _Hist. des milices francaises_ (1721); the official _Historique des corps de troupe_ (Paris, 1900- ----); Cahu, _Le Soldat francais_ (Paris, 1876); J. Molard, _Cent ans de l'armee francaise, 1780-1889_ (Paris, 1890); v. Stein, _Lehre vom Heerwesen_ (Stuttgart, 1872); du Verger de S. Thomas, _L'Italie et son armee_, 1865 (Paris, 1866); "C. Martel," _Military Italy_ (London, 1884); Sir R. Biddulph, _Lord Cardwell at the War Office_ (London, 1904); Willoughby Verner, _Military Life of the Duke of Cambridge_ (London, 1905); W.H. Daniel, _The Military Forces of the Crown_ (London, 1902); War Office, _Annual Report of the British Army_; Broome, _Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army_ (Calcutta, 1850); W.J. Wilson, _Hist. of the Madras Army_ (London, 1882-1885); C.M. Clode, _Military Forces of the Crown_; Blume, _Die Grundlage unserer Wehrkraft_ (Berlin, 1899); Spenser Wilkinson, _The Brain of an Army_ (London, 1890 and 1895); v. Olberg, _Die franzosische Armee im Exerzirplatz und im Felde_ (Berlin, 1861); _Die Heere und Flotte der Gegenwart_, ed. Zepelin (Berlin, 1896); Molard, _Puissances militaires de l'Europe_ (Paris, 1895); works of Montecucculi, Puysegur, Vauban, Feuquieres, Guibert, Folard, Guichard, Joly de Maizeroy, Frederick the Great, Marshal Saxe, the prince de Ligne, Napoleon, Carnot, Scharnhorst, Clausewitz, Napoleon III., Moltke, Hamley, &c. The principal general military periodicals are:--English, _Journal of the R. United Service Institution_; United States, _Journal of the Military Service Institution_; French, _Revue d'histoire_ and _Revue des armees etrangeres_ (general staff); Rau and Lauth, _L'Etat militaire des puissances_ (about every 4 years); _Revue militaire generale_, founded in 1907 by General Langlois; _Almanach du drapeau_ (a popular _aide-memoire_ published annually); German, the _Vierteljahrsheft_ of the general staff; _Militar-Wochenblatt_ (referred to above as _M.W.B._--the supplements are of great value); von Lobell's _Jahresberichte_ (annual detailed reports on the state, &c., of all armies--an English _precis_ appears annually in the _Journal_ of the R.U.S. Institution); Austrian, _Streffleurs ost. Militar-Zeitschrift_, with which was amalgamated (1907) the _Organ d. militarwissenschaft. Vereins._ The British War Office issues from time to time handbooks dealing with foreign armies, and, quarterly since April 1907, a critical review and bibliography of recent military literature in the principal languages, under the name of _Recent Publications of Military Interest_. (C. F. A.) FOOTNOTES: [1] The phrase "K. und K." (_Kaiserlich und Koniglich_) is applied to all services common to the Austrian and Hungarian armies. "K.-K." (_Kaiserlich-Koniglich_) refers strictly only to the troops of Austria, the Hungarian army being known as the "K. Ung." (Royal Hungarian) service. [2] From _Krumperpferde_ (cast horses attached to batteries, &c., for odd jobs), applied to the recruits in jest. ARNAL, ETIENNE (1794-1872), French actor, was born at Meulan, Seine-et-Oise, on the 1st of February 1794. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was unsuccessful; it was not until 1827 that he showed his real ability in comedy parts, especially in plays by Felix August Duvert (1795-1876) and Augustin Theodore Lauzanne (1805-1877), whose _Cabinets particuliers_ (1832), _Le Mari de la dame de choeurs_ (1837), _Passe minuit, L'Homme blase_ (1843), _La Clef dans le dos_ (1848), &c., contained parts written for him. He was twenty years at the Vaudeville, and completed at the various Parisian theatres a stage career of nearly half a century. Arnal was the author of _Epitre a bouffe_ (1840), which is reprinted in his volume of poetry, _Boutades en vers_ (1861). ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, also called ARNALDUS DE VILLANUEVA, ARNALDUS VILLANOVANUS or ARNAUD DE VILLENEUVE (c. 1235-1313), alchemist, astrologer and physician, appears to have been of Spanish origin, and to have studied chemistry, medicine, physics, and also Arabian philosophy. After having lived at the court of Aragon, he went to Paris, where he gained a considerable reputation; but he incurred the enmity of the ecclesiastics and was forced to flee, finally finding an asylum in Sicily. About 1313 he was summoned to Avignon by Pope Clement V., who was ill, but he died on the voyage. Many alchemical writings, including _Thesaurus Thesaurorum_ or _Rosarius Philosophorum, Novum Lumen, Flos Florum_, and _Speculum Alchimiae_, are ascribed to him, but they are of very doubtful authenticity. Collected editions of them were published at Lyons in 1504 and 1532 (with a biography by Symphorianus Campegius), at Basel in 1585, at Frankfort in 1603, and at Lyons in 1686. He is also the reputed author of various medical works, including _Breviarium Practicae_. See J.B. Haureau in the _Histoire litteraire de la France_ (1881), vol. 28; E. Lalande, _Arnaud de Villeneuve, sa vie et ses oeuvres_ (Paris, 1896). A list of writings is given by J. Ferguson in his _Bibliotheca Chemica_ (1906). See also U. Chevalier, _Repertoire des sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie_ (Paris, 1903). ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721), pastor and general of the Vaudois or Waldensians of Piedmont, was born at Embrun. About 1650 his family returned to their native valley of Luserna, where Arnaud was educated at La Tour (the chief village), later visiting the college at Basel (1662 and 1668) and the Academy at Geneva (1666). He then returned home, and seems to have been pastor in several of the Vaudois valleys before attaining that position at La Tour (1685). He was thus the natural leader of his co-religionists after Victor Amadeus expelled them (1686) from their valleys, and most probably visited Holland, the ruler of which, William of Orange, certainly gave him help and money. Arnaud occupied himself with organizing his 3000 countrymen who had taken refuge in Switzerland, and who twice (1687-1688) attempted to regain their homes. The English revolution of 1688, and the election of William to the throne, encouraged the Vaudois to make yet another attempt. Furnished with detailed instructions from the veteran Josue Janavel (prevented by age from taking part in the expedition) Arnaud, with about 1000 followers, started (August 17, 1689) from near Nyon on the Lake of Geneva for the _glorieuse rentree_. On the 27th of August, the valiant band, after many hardships and dangers, reached the Valley of St Martin, having passed by Sallanches and crossed the Col de Very (6506 ft.), the Enclave de la Fenetre (7425 ft.), the Col du Bonhomme (8147 ft.), the Col du Mont Iseran (9085 ft.), the Grand Mont Cenis (6893 ft.), the Petit Mont Cenis (7166 ft.), the Col de Clapier (8173 ft.), the Col de Coteplane (7589 ft.), and the Col du Piz (8550 ft.). They soon took refuge in the lofty and secure rocky citadel of the Balsille, where they were besieged (October 24, 1689 to May 14, 1690) by the troops (about 4000 in number) of the king of France and the duke of Savoy. They maintained this natural fortress against many fierce attacks and during the whole of a winter. In particular, on the 2nd of May, one assault was defeated without the loss of a single man of Arnaud's small band. But another attack (May 14) was not so successful, so that Arnaud withdrew his force, under cover of a thick mist, and led them over the hills to the valley of Angrogna, above La Tour. A month later the Vaudois were received into favour by the duke of Savoy, who had then abandoned his alliance with France for one with Great Britain and Holland. Hence for the next six years the Vaudois helped Savoy against France, though suffering much from the repeated attacks of the French troops. But by a clause in the treaty of peace of 1696, made public in 1698, Victor Amadeus again became hostile to the Vaudois, about 3000 of whom, with Arnaud, found a shelter in Protestant countries, mainly in Wurttemberg, where Arnaud became the pastor of Durrmenz-Schonenberg, N.W. of Stuttgart (1699). Once again (1704-1706) the Vaudois aided the duke against France. Arnaud, however, took no part in the military operations, though he visited England (1707) to obtain pecuniary aid from Queen Anne. He died at Schonenberg (which was the church hamlet of the parish of Durrmenz) in 1721. It was during his retirement that he compiled from various documents by other hands his _Histoire de la glorieuse rentree des Vaudois dans leurs vallees_, which was published (probably at Cassel) in 1710, with a dedication to Queen Anne. It was translated into English (1827) by H. Dyke Acland, and has also appeared in German and Dutch versions. A part of the original MS. is preserved in the Royal Library in Berlin. See K.H. Klaiber, _Henri Arnaud, ein Lebensbild_ (Stuttgart, 1880); A. de Rochas d'Aiglun, _Les Vallees vaudoises_ (Paris, 1881); various chapters in the _Bulletin du bicentenaire de la glorieuse rentree_ (Turin, 1889). (W. A. B. C.) ARNAULD, the surname of a family of prominent French lawyers, chiefly remembered in connexion with the Jansenist troubles of the 17th century. At their head was ANTOINE ARNAULD (1560-1619), a leader of the Paris bar; in this capacity he delivered a famous philippic against the Jesuits in 1594, accusing them of gross disloyalty to the newly converted Henry IV. This speech was afterwards known as the original sin of the Arnaulds. Of his twenty children several grew up to fight the Jesuits on more important matters. Five gave themselves up wholly to the church. HENRI ARNAULD (1597-1692), the second son, became bishop of Angers in 1649, and represented Jansenism on the episcopal Bench for as long as forty-three years. The youngest son, ANTOINE (1612-1694), was the most famous of Jansenist theologians (see below). The second daughter, ANGELIQUE (1591-1661), was abbess and reformer of Port Royal; here she was presently joined by her sister AGNES (1593-1671) and two younger sisters, both of whom died early. Only two of Antoine's children married--ROBERT ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674), the eldest son, and CATHERINE LEMAISTRE (1590-1651), the eldest daughter. But both of these ended their lives under the shadow of the abbey. Andilly's five daughters all took the veil there; the second, ANGELIQUE DE ST JEAN ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1624-1684) rose to be abbess, was a writer of no mean repute, and one of the most remarkable figures of the second generation of Jansenism. One of Andilly's sons became a hermit at Port Royal; the eldest, ANTOINE (1615-1699), was first a soldier, afterwards a priest. As the Abbe Arnauld, he survives as author of some interesting _Memoirs_ of his time. The second son, SIMON ARNAULD DE POMPONNE (1616-1699), early entered public life. After holding various embassies, he rose to be foreign secretary to Louis XIV., and was created marquis de Pomponne. Lastly Madame Lemaistre and two of her sons became identified with Port Royal. On her husband's death she took the veil there. Her eldest son, ANTOINE LEMAISTRE (1608-1658), became the first of the _solitaires_, or hermits of Port Royal. There he was joined by his younger brother, ISAAC LEMAISTRE DE SACI (1613-1684), who presently took holy orders, and became confessor to the hermits. The Arnaulds' connexion with Port Royal (q.v.)--a convent of Cistercian nuns in the neighbourhood of Versailles--dated back to 1599, when the original Antoine secured the abbess's chair for his daughter Angelique, then a child of eight. About 1608 she started to reform her convent in the direction of its original Rule; but about 1623 she made the acquaintance of du Vergier (q.v.) and thenceforward began to move in a Jansenist direction. Her later history is entirely bound up with the fortunes of that revival. Angelique's strength lay chiefly in her character. Her sister and collaborator, Agnes, was also a graceful writer; and her _Letters_, edited by Prosper Feugere (2 vols., Paris, 1858), throw most valuable light on the inner aims and aspirations of the Jansenist movement. The first relative to join their projects of reform was their nephew, Antoine Lemaistre, who threw up brilliant prospects at the bar to settle down at the Abbey gates (1638). Here he was presently joined by his brother, de Saci, and other hermits, who led an austere semi-monastic existence, though without taking any formal vow. In 1646 they were joined by their uncle, Arnauld d'Andilly, hitherto a personage of some importance at court and in the world; he was a special favourite of the queen regent, Anne of Austria, and had held various offices of dignity in the government. Uncle and nephews passed their time partly in ascetic exercises--though Andilly never pretended to vie in austerity with the younger men--partly in managing the convent estates, and partly in translating religious classics. Andilly put Josephus, St Augustine's _Confessions_, and many other works, into singularly delicate French. Lemaistre attacked the lives of the saints; in 1654 Saci set to work on a translation of the Bible. His labours were interrupted by the outbreak of persecution. In 1661 he was forced to go into hiding; in 1666 he was arrested, thrown into the Bastille, and kept there more than two years. Meanwhile his friends printed his translation of the New Testament--really in Holland, nominally at Mons in the Spanish Netherlands (1667). Hence it is usually known as the _Nouveau Testament de Mons_. It found enthusiastic friends and violent detractors. Bossuet approved its orthodoxy, but not its over-elaborate style; and it was destructively criticized by Richard Simon, the founder of Biblical criticism in France. On the other hand it undoubtedly did much to popularize the Bible, and was bitterly attacked by the Jesuits on that ground. Le grand Arnauld. By far the most distinguished of the family, however, was Antoine--_le grand_ Arnauld, as contemporaries called him--the twentieth and youngest child of the original Antoine. Born in 1612, he was originally intended for the bar; but decided instead to study theology at the Sorbonne. Here he was brilliantly successful, and was on the high-road to preferment, when he came under the influence of du Vergier, and was drawn in the direction of Jansenism. His book, _De la frequente Communion_ (1643), did more than anything else to make the aims and ideals of this movement intelligible to the general public. Its appearance raised a violent storm, and Arnauld eventually withdrew into hiding; for more than twenty years he dared not make a public appearance in Paris. During all this time his pen was busy with innumerable Jansenist pamphlets. In 1655 two very outspoken _Lettres a un duc et pair_ on Jesuit methods in the confessional brought on a motion to expel him from the Sorbonne. This motion was the immediate cause of Pascal's _Provincial Letters_. Pascal, however, failed to save his friend; in February 1656 Arnauld was solemnly degraded. Twelve years later the tide of fortune turned. The so-called peace of Clement IX. put an end to persecution. Arnauld emerged from his retirement, was most graciously received by Louis XIV., and treated almost as a popular hero. He now set to work with Nicole (q.v.) on a great work against the Calvinists: _La Perpetuite de la foi catholique touchant l'eucharistie_. Ten years later, however, another storm of persecution burst. Arnauld was compelled to fly from France, and take refuge in the Netherlands, finally settling down at Brussels. Here the last sixteen years of his life were spent in incessant controversy with Jesuits, Calvinists and misbelievers of all kinds; here he died on the 8th of August 1694. His inexhaustible energy is best expressed by his famous reply to Nicole, who complained of feeling tired. "Tired!" echoed Arnauld, "when you have all eternity to rest in?" Nor was this energy by any means absorbed by purely theological questions. He was one of the first to adopt the philosophy of Descartes, though with certain orthodox reservations; and between 1683 and 1685 he had a long battle with Malebranche on the relation of theology to metaphysics. On the whole, public opinion leant to Arnauld's side. When Malebranche complained that his adversary had misunderstood him, Boileau silenced him with the question: "My dear sir, whom do you expect to understand you, if M. Arnauld does not?" And popular regard for Arnauld's penetration was much increased by his _Art de penser_, commonly known as the _Port-Royal Logic_, which has kept its place as an elementary text-book until quite modern times. Lastly a considerable place has quite lately been claimed for Arnauld among the mathematicians of his age; a recent critic even describes him as the Euclid of the 17th century. In general, however, since his death his reputation has been steadily on the wane. Contemporaries admired him chiefly as a master of close and serried reasoning; herein Bossuet, the greatest theologian of the age, was quite at one with d'Aguesseau, the greatest lawyer. But a purely controversial writer is seldom attractive to posterity. Anxiety to drive home every possible point, and cut his adversary off from every possible line of retreat, makes him seem intolerably prolix. "In spite of myself," Arnauld once said regretfully, "my books are seldom very short." And even lucidity may prove a snare to those who trust to it alone, and scornfully refuse to appeal to the imagination or the feelings. It is to be feared that, but for his connexion with Pascal, Arnauld's name would be almost forgotten--or, at most, live only in the famous epitaph Boileau consecrated to his memory-- "Au pied de cet autel de structure grossiere Git sans pompe, enferme dans une vile biere Le plus savant mortel qui jamais ait ecrit." Full details as to the lives and writings of the Arnaulds will be found in the various books mentioned at the close of the article on Port Royal. The most interesting account of Angelique will be found in _Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de Port-Royal_ (3 vols., Utrecht 1742). Three volumes of her correspondence were also published at the same time and place. There are excellent modern lives of her in English by Miss Frances Martin (_Angelique Arnauld_, 1873) and by A. K. H. (_Angelique of Port Royal_, 1905). Antoine Arnauld's complete works--thirty-seven volumes in forty-two parts--were published in Paris, 1775-1781. No modern biography of him exists; but there is a study of his philosophy in Bouillier, _Histoire de la philosophie cartesienne_ (Paris, 1868); and his mathematical achievements are discussed by Dr Bopp in the 14th volume of the _Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften_ (Leipzig, 1902). The memoirs of Arnauld d'Andilly and of his son, the abbe Arnauld, are reprinted both in Petitot's and Poujoulat's collections of memoirs illustrative of the 17th century. (St. C.) ARNAULT, ANTOINE VINCENT (1766-1834), French dramatist, was born in Paris in January 1766. His first play, _Marius a Minturnes_ (1791), immediately established his reputation. A year later he followed up his first success with a second republican tragedy, _Lucrece_. He left France during the Terror and on his return was arrested by the revolutionary authorities, but was liberated through the intervention of Fabre d'Eglantine and others. He was commissioned by Bonaparte in 1797 with the reorganization of the Ionian Islands, and was nominated to the Institute and made secretary general of the university. He was faithful to his patron through his misfortunes, and after the Hundred Days remained in exile until 1819. In 1829 he was re-elected to the Academy and became perpetual secretary in 1833. Others of his plays are _Blanche et Montcassin, ou les Venitiens_ (1798); and _Germanicus_ (1816), the performance of which was the occasion of a disturbance in the _parterre_ which threatened serious political complications. His tragedies are perhaps less known now than his _Fables_ (1813, 1815 and 1826), which are written in very graceful verse. Arnault collaborated in a _Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon_ (1822), and wrote some very interesting _Souvenirs d'un sexagenaire_ (1833), which contain much out-of-the-way information about the history of the years previous to