1539. On comparing these various editions (to which may be added one

probably published in Nuernberg by Friedrich Peypus in 1532[10]) we find that they fall into two very distinct groups, characterised by their contents and by two entirely different sets of woodcuts. Group I. (_a_) _Eyn Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_ (in _Bibl. Nat._, Paris) before 1500 (?). (_b_) Ditto, Erfurt, 1527. Group II. (_c_) _Wolgeordent Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_, Worms, Peter Schoefern, 1512. (_d_) _Wolgeordent Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_, Worms, Peter Schoefern, 1518. (_e_) _Bergbuechlin von Erkantnus der Berckwerck_, Nuernberg, undated, 1532 (?). (_f_) _Bergwerckbuch & Probirbuch_, Christian Egenolph, Frankfurt-am-Meyn, 1533. (_g_) _Wolgeordent Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_, Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1534. (_h_) _Wolgeordent Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_, Augsburg, Heinrich Steyner, 1539. There are also others of later date toward the end of the sixteenth century. The _Buechlein_ of Group I. terminate after the short dialogue between Daniel and Knappius with the words: _Mitt welchen das kleinspeissig ertz geschmeltzt soil werden_; whereas in those of Group II. these words are followed by a short explanation of the signs used in the woodcuts, and by directions for colouring the woodcuts, and in some cases by several pages containing definitions of some 92 mining terms. In the editions of Group I. the woodcut on the title page represents a miner hewing ore in a vein and two others working a windlass. In those of Group II. the woodcut on the title page represents one miner hewing on the surface, another to the right carting away ore in a handcart, and two others carrying between them a heavy timber. In our opinion Group I. represents the older and original work of Calbus; but as we have not seen the copy in the _Bibliotheque Nationale_, and the Augsburg edition of 1505 has only so far been traced to Veith's catalogue,[11] the question of the first edition cannot be considered settled at present. In any event, it appears that the material grafted on in the second group was later, and by various authors. The earliest books comprise ten chapters, in which Daniel delivers about 6,000 words of instruction. The first four chapters are devoted to the description of veins and the origin of the metals, of the remaining six chapters one each to silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, lead, and quicksilver. Among the mining terms are explained the meaning of country rock (_zechstein_), hanging and footwalls (_hangends_ and _liegends_), the strike (_streichen_), dip (_fallen_), and outcrop (_ausgehen_). Of the latter two varieties are given, one of the "whole vein," the other of the _gesteins_, which may be the ore-shoot. Various veins are illustrated, and also for the first time a mining compass. The account of the origin of the metals is a muddle of the Peripatetics, the alchemists, and the astrologers, for which acknowledgment to Albertus Magnus is given. They are represented to originate from quicksilver and sulphur through heat, cold, dampness, and dryness, and are drawn out as exhalations through the veins, each metal owing its origin to the special influence of some planet; the Moon for silver, Saturn for lead, etc. Two types of veins are mentioned, "standing" (_stehendergang_) and flat (_flachgang_). Stringers are given the same characteristics as veins, but divided into hanging, footwall, and other varieties. Prominence is also given to the _geschick_ (selvage seams or joints?). The importance of the bearing of the junctions of veins and stringers on enrichment is elaborated upon, and veins of east-west strike lying upon a south slope are considered the best. From the following notes it will be seen that two or three other types of deposits besides veins are referred to. In describing silver veins, of peculiar interest is the mention of the association of bismuth (_wismuth_), this being, we believe, the first mention of that metal, galena (_glantz_), quartz (_quertz_), spar (_spar_), hornstone (_hornstein_), ironstone and pyrites (_kies_), are mentioned as gangue materials, "according to the mingling of the various vapours." The term _glasertz_ is used, but it is difficult to say if silver glance is meant; if so, it is the first mention of this mineral. So far as we know, this is the first use of any of the terms in print. Gold alluvial is described, part of the gold being assumed as generated in the gravel. The best alluvial is in streams running east and west. The association of gold with pyrites is mentioned, and the pyrites is found "in some places as a complete stratum carried through horizontally, and is called a _schwebender gang_." This sort of occurrence is not considered very good "because the work of the heavens can be but little completed on account of the unsuitability of the position." Gold pyrites that comes in veins is better. Tin is mentioned as found in alluvial, and also in veins, the latter being better or worse, according to the amount of pyrites, although the latter can be burned off. Tin-stone is found in masses, copper ore in schist and in veins sometimes with pyrites. The ore from veins is better than schist. Iron ore is found in masses, and sometimes in veins; the latter is the best. "The iron veins with good hanging- and foot-walls are not to be despised, especially if their strike be from east to west, their dip to the south, the foot-wall and outcrop to the north, then if the ironstone is followed down, the vein usually reveals gold or other valuable ore". Lead ore is found in _schwebenden gang_ and _stehenden gang_. Quicksilver, like other ore, is sometimes found in brown earth, and sometimes, again, in caves where it has run out like water. The classification of veins is the same as in _De Re Metallica_.[12] The book generally, however, seems to have raised Agricola's opposition, for the quotations are given in order to be demolished. _Probierbuechlein._ Agricola refers in the Preface of _De Re Metallica_ to a work in German on assaying and refining metals, and it is our belief that it was to some one of the little assay books published early in the 16th century. There are several of them, seemingly revised editions of each other; in the early ones no author's name appears, although among the later editions various names appear on the title page. An examination of these little books discloses the fact that their main contents are identical, for they are really collections of recipes after the order of cookery books, and intended rather to refresh the memory of those already skilled than to instruct the novice. The books appear to have grown by accretions from many sources, for a large number of methods are given over and over again in the same book with slight variations. We reproduce the title page of our earliest copy. [Illustration 612 (Title page)] The following is a list of these booklets so far as we have been able to discover actual copies:-- _Date._ _Place._ _Publisher._ _Title (Short)._ _Author._ Unknown Unknown Unknown _Probierbuechlein_ Anon. (Undated; but catalogue of British Museum suggests Augsburg, 1510.) 1524 Magdeburg _Probirbuechleyn Anon. tzu Gotteslob_ 1531 Augsburg Unknown _Probierbuch aller Anon. Sachsischer Ertze_ 1533 Frankfurt a. _Bergwerck und Anon. Meyn Probierbuechlein_ 1534 Augsburg Heinrich _Probirbuechlein_ Anon. Steyner, 8vo. 1546 Augsburg Ditto, ditto _Probirbuechlein_ Anon. 1549 Augsburg Ditto, ditto _Probirbuechlein_ Anon. 1564 Augsburg Math. Francke, _Probirbuechlein_ Zach. Lochner 4to 1573 Augsburg 8vo. _Probirbuch_ Sam. Zimmermann 1574 Franckfurt _Probierbuechlein_ Anon. a. Meyn 1578 Ditto _Probierbuechlein Fremde Cyriacus und subtile Kunst_ Schreittmann 1580 Ditto _Probierbuechlein_ Anon. 1595 Ditto _Probierbuechlein darinn Modestin Fachs gruendlicher Bericht_ 1607 Dresden 4to _Metallische Probier C. C. Schindler Kunst_ _Bericht vom Ursprung und Erkenntniss der Metallischen erze_ 1669 Amsterdam _Probierbuechlein darinn Modestin Fachs gruendlicher Bericht_ 1678 Leipzig _Probierbuechlein darinn Modestin Fachs gruendlicher Bericht_ 1689 Leipzig _Probierbuechlein darinn Modestin Fachs gruendlicher Bericht_ 1695 Nuernberg 12mo. _Deutliche Vorstellung Anon. der Probier Kunst_ 1744 Luebeck 8vo. _Neu-eroeffnete Probier Anon. Buch_ 1755 Frankfurt 8vo. _Scheid-Kuenstler ... Anon. and Leipzig alle Ertz und Metalle ... probiren_ 1782 Rotenburg an 8vo. _Probierbuch aus K. A. Scheidt der Fulde Erfahrung aufgesetzt_ As mentioned under the _Nuetzlich Bergbuechlein_, our copy of that work, printed in 1533, contains only a portion of the _Probierbuechlein_. Ferguson[13] mentions an edition of 1608, and the Freiberg School of Mines Catalogue gives also Frankfort, 1608, and Nuernberg, 1706. The British Museum copy of earliest date, like the title page reproduced, contains no date. The title page woodcut, however, in the Museum copy is referred from that above, possibly indicating an earlier date of the Museum copy. The booklets enumerated above vary a great deal in contents, the successive prints representing a sort of growth by accretion. The first portion of our earliest edition is devoted to weights, in which the system of "lesser weights" (the principle of the "assay ton") is explained. Following this are exhaustive lists of touch-needles of various composition. Directions are given with regard to assay furnaces, cupels, muffles, scorifiers, and crucibles, granulated and leaf metals, for washing, roasting, and the preparation of assay charges. Various reagents, including glass-gall, litharge, salt, iron filings, lead, "alkali", talc, argol, saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, alum, vitriol, lime, sulphur, antimony, _aqua fortis_, or _scheidwasser_, etc., are made use of. Various assays are described and directions given for crucible, scorification, and cupellation tests. The latter part of the book is devoted to the refining and parting of precious metals. Instructions are given for the separation of silver from iron, from lead, and from antimony; of gold from silver with antimony (sulphide) and sulphur, or with sulphur alone, with "_scheidwasser_," and by cementation with salt; of gold from copper with sulphur and with lead. The amalgamation of gold and silver is mentioned. The book is diffuse and confused, and without arrangement or system, yet a little consideration enables one of experience to understand most statements. There are over 120 recipes, with, as said before, much repetition; for instance, the parting of gold and silver by use of sulphur is given eight times in different places. The final line of the book is: "Take this in good part, dear reader, after it, please God, there will be a better." In truth, however, there are books on assaying four centuries younger that are worse. This is, without doubt, the first written word on assaying, and it displays that art already full grown, so far as concerns gold and silver, and to some extent copper and lead; for if we eliminate the words dependent on the atomic theory from modern works on dry assaying, there has been but very minor progress. The art could not, however, have reached this advanced stage but by slow accretion, and no doubt this collection of recipes had been handed from father to son long before the 16th century. It is of wider interest that these booklets represent the first milestone on the road to quantitative analysis, and in this light they have been largely ignored by the historians of chemistry. Internal evidence in Book VII. of _De Re Metallica_, together with the reference in the Preface, leave little doubt that Agricola was familiar with these booklets. His work, however, is arranged more systematically, each operation stated more clearly, with more detail and fresh items; and further, he gives methods of determining copper and lead which are but minutely touched upon in the _Probierbuechlein_, while the directions as to tin, bismuth, quicksilver, and iron are entirely new. Biringuccio (Vanuccio). We practically know nothing about this author. From the preface to the first edition of his work it appears he was styled a mathematician, but in the text[14] he certainly states that he was most of his time engaged in metallurgical operations, and that in pursuit of such knowledge he had visited Germany. The work was in Italian, published at Venice in 1540, the title page of the first edition as below:-- [Illustration 614 (Title page)] It comprises ten chapters in 168 folios demi-octavo. Other Italian editions of which we find some record are the second at Venice, 1552; third, Venice, 1558; fourth, Venice, 1559; fifth, Bologna, 1678. A French translation, by Jacques Vincent, was published in Paris, 1556, and this translation was again published at Rouen in 1627. Of the ten chapters the last six are almost wholly devoted to metal working and founding, and it is more largely for this description of the methods of making artillery, munitions of war and bells that the book is celebrated. In any event, with the exception of a quotation which we give on page 297 on silver amalgamation, there is little of interest on our subject in the latter chapters. The first four chapters are undoubtedly of importance in the history of metallurgical literature, and represent the first work on smelting. The descriptions are, however, very diffuse, difficult to follow, and lack arrangement and detail. But like the _Probierbuechlein_, the fact that it was written prior to _De Re Metallica_ demands attention for it which it would not otherwise receive. The ores of gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, and iron are described, but much interrupted with denunciations of the alchemists. There is little of geological or mineralogical interest, he too holding to a muddle of the classic elements astrology and alchemy. He has nothing of consequence to say on mining, and dismisses concentration with a few words. Upon assaying his work is not so useful as the _Probierbuechlein_. On ore smelting he describes the reduction of iron and lead ores and cupriferous silver or gold ores with lead. He gives the barest description of a blast furnace, but adds an interesting account of a _reverbero_ furnace. He describes liquation as consisting of one operation; the subsequent treatment of the copper by refining with an oxidizing blast, but does not mention poling; the cupellation of argentiferous lead and the reduction of the litharge; the manufacture of nitric acid and that method of parting gold and silver. He also gives the method of parting with antimony and sulphur, and by cementation with common salt. Among the side issues, he describes the method of making brass with calamine; of making steel; of distilling quicksilver; of melting out sulphur; of making vitriol and alum. He states that _arsenico_ and _orpimento_ and _etrisagallio_ (realgar) are the same substance, and are used to colour copper white. In general, Biringuccio should be accredited with the first description (as far as we are aware) of silver amalgamation, of a reverberatory furnace, and of liquation, although the description is not complete. Also he is, so far as we are aware, the first to mention cobalt blue (_Zaffre_) and manganese, although he classed them as "half" metals. His descriptions are far inferior to Agricola's; they do not compass anything like the same range of metallurgy, and betray the lack of a logical mind. _Other works._ There are several works devoted to mineralogy, dating from the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which were, no doubt, available to Agricola in the compilation of his _De Natura Fossilium_. They are, however, practically all compiled from the jeweller's point of view rather than from that of the miner. Among them we may mention the poem on precious stones by Marbodaeus, an author who lived from 1035 to 1123, but which was first printed at Vienna in 1511; _Speculum Lapidum_, a work on precious stones, by Camilli Leonardi, first printed in Venice in 1502. A work of wider interest to mineralogists is that by Christoph Entzelt (or Enzelius, Encelio, Encelius, as it is variously given), entitled _De Re Metallica_, and first printed in 1551. The work is five years later than _De Natura Fossilium_, but contains much new material and was available to Agricola prior to his revised editions. FOOTNOTES: [1] See pages 44 and 46. [2] Page 75. [3] _Der Mineralog Georgius Agricola_, Zwickau, 1889, p. 46. [4] Andreas Moeller, _Theatrum Freibergense Chronicum_, etc., Freiberg, 1653. [5] Paris, 1897, Vol. I. p. 501. [6] Cantor Lectures, London, April 1892. [7] Hans von Dechen, _Das aelteste deutsche Bergwerksbuch_, reprint from _Zts. fuer Bergrecht Bd. XXVI._, Bonn, 1885. [8] Panzer's _Annalen_, Nuernberg, 1782, p. 422, gives an edition Worms _bei_ Peter Schoefern, 1512. [9] The Royal Library at Dresden and the State Library at Munich have each a copy, dated 1518, Worms. [10] Hans von Decken _op. cit._, p. 48-49. [11] _Annales typographiae augustanae ab ejus origine, MCCCLXVI. usque ad. an. M.D.XXX. Accedit dom Franc. Ant. Veith. Diatribe de origine ... artis typographicae in urbe augusta vindelica edidit...._ Georgius G. Zapf., Augsburg, 1778, X. p. 23. [12] See p. 44. [13] _Bibliotheca Chemica_. [14] Book I., Chap. 2. APPENDIX C. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. As stated in the preface, the nomenclature to be adopted for weights and measures has presented great difficulty. Agricola uses, throughout, the Roman and the Romanized Greek scales, but in many cases he uses these terms merely as lingual equivalents for the German quantities of his day. Moreover the classic language sometimes failed him, whereupon he coined new Latin terms adapted from the Roman scale, and thus added further confusion. We can, perhaps, make the matter clearer by an illustration of a case in weights. The Roman _centumpondium_, composed of 100 _librae_, the old German _centner_ of 100 _pfundt_, and the English hundredweight of 112 pounds can be called lingual equivalents. The first weighs about 494,600 Troy grains, the second 721,900, and the third 784,000. While the divisions of the _centumpondium_ and the _centner_ are the same, the _libra_ is divided into 12 _unciae_ and the _pfundt_ into 16 _untzen_, and in most places a summation of the units given proves that the author had in mind the Roman ratios. However, on p. 509 he makes the direct statement that the _centumpondium_ weighs 146 _librae_, which would be about the correct weight if the _centumpondium_ referred to was a _centner_. If we take an example such as "each _centumpondium_ of lead contains one _uncia_ of silver", and reduce it according to purely lingual equivalents, we should find that it runs 24.3 Troy ounces per short ton, on the basis of Roman values, and 18.25 ounces per short ton, on the basis of old German. If we were to translate these into English lingual equivalents of one ounce per hundredweight, then the value would be 17.9 ounces per short ton. Several possibilities were open in translation: first, to calculate the values accurately in the English units; second, to adopt the nearest English lingual equivalent; third, to introduce the German scale of the period; or, fourth, to leave the original Latin in the text. The first would lead to an indefinite number of decimals and to constant doubt as to whether the values, upon which calculations were to be based, were Roman or German. The second, that is the substitution of lingual equivalents, is objectionable, not only because it would indicate values not meant by the author, but also because we should have, like Agricola, to coin new terms to accommodate the lapses in the scales, or again to use decimals. In the third case, that is in the use of the old German scale, while it would be easier to adapt than the English, it would be more unfamiliar to most readers than the Latin, and not so expressive in print, and further, in some cases would present the same difficulties of calculation as in using the English scale. Nor does the contemporary German translation of _De Re Metallica_ prove of help, for its translator adopted only lingual equivalents, and in consequence the summation of his weights often gives incorrect results. From all these possibilities we have chosen the fourth, that is simply to reproduce the Latin terms for both weights and measures. We have introduced into the footnotes such reductions to the English scale as we considered would interest readers. We have, however, digressed from the rule in two cases, in the adoption of "foot" for the Latin _pes_, and "fathom" for _passus_. Apart from the fact that these were not cases where accuracy is involved, Agricola himself explains (p. 77) that he means the German values for these particular terms, which, fortunately, fairly closely approximate to the English. Further, we have adopted the Anglicized words "digit", "palm", and "cubit", instead of their Latin forms. For purposes of reference, we reproduce the principal Roman and old German scales, in so far as they are used by Agricola in this work, with their values in English. All students of weights and measures will realize that these values are but approximate, and that this is not an occasion to enter upon a discussion of the variations in different periods or by different authorities. Agricola himself is the author of one of the standard works on Ancient Weights and Measures (see Appendix A), and further gives fairly complete information on contemporary scales of weight and fineness for precious metals in Book VII. p. 262 etc., to which we refer readers. ROMAN SCALES OF WEIGHTS. Troy Grains. 1 _Siliqua_ = 2.87 6 _Siliquae_ = 1 _Scripulum_ 17.2 4 _Scripula_ = 1 _Sextula_ 68.7 6 _Sextulae_ = 1 _Uncia_ 412.2 12 _Unciae_ = 1 _Libra_ 4946.4 100 _Librae_ = 1 _Centumpondium_ 494640.0 Also 1 _Scripulum_ = 17.2 3 _Scripula_ = 1 _Drachma_ 51.5 2 _Drachmae_ = 1 _Sicilicus_ 103.0 4 _Sicilici_ = 1 _Uncia_ 412.2 8 _Unciae_ = 1 _Bes_ 3297.6 SCALE OF FINENESS (AGRICOLA'S ADAPTATION). 4 _Siliquae_ = 1 Unit of _Siliquae_ 3 _Units of Siliquae_ = 1 _Semi-sextula_ 4 _Semi-sextulae_ = 1 _Duella_ 24 _Duellae_ = 1 _Bes_ OLD GERMAN SCALE OF WEIGHTS. Troy Grains. 1 _Pfennig_ = 14.1 4 _Pfennige_ = 1 _Quintlein_ 56.4 4 _Quintlein_ = 1 _Loth_ 225.6 2 _Loth_ = 1 _Untzen_ 451.2 8 _Untzen_ = 1 _Mark_ 3609.6 2 _Mark_ = 1 _Pfundt_ 7219.2 100 _Pfundt_ = 1 _Centner_ 721920.0 SCALE OF FINENESS. 3 _Grenlin_ = 1 _Gran_ 4 _Gran_ = 1 _Krat_ 24 _Krat_ = 1 _Mark_ ROMAN LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Digitus_ = .726 4 _Digiti_ = 1 _Palmus_ 2.90 4 _Palmi_ = 1 _Pes_ 11.61 1-1/2 _Pedes_ = 1 _Cubitus_ 17.41 5 _Pedes_ = 1 _Passus_ 58.1 Also 1 Roman _Uncia_ = .97 12 _Unciae_ = Pes 11.61 GREEK LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Dactylos_ = .758 4 _Dactyloi_ = 1 _Palaiste_ 3.03 4 _Palaistai_ = 1 _Pous_ 12.135 1-1/2 _Pous_ = 1 _Pechus_ 18.20 6 _Pous_ = 1 _Orguia_ 72.81 OLD GERMAN LONG MEASURE. Inches. 1 _Querfinger_ = .703 16 _Querfinger_ = 1 _Werckschuh_ 11.247 2 _Werckschuh_ = 1 _Elle_ 22.494 3 _Elle_ = 1 _Lachter_ 67.518 Also 1 _Zoll_ = .85 12 _Zoll_ = 1 _Werkschuh_ ROMAN LIQUID MEASURE. Cubic inches. Pints. 1 _Quartarius_ = 8.6 .247 4 _Quartarii_ = 1 _Sextarius_ 31.4 .991 6 _Sextarii_ = 1 _Congius_ 206.4 5.947 16 _Sextarii_ = 1 _Modius_ 550.4 15.867 8 _Congii_ = 1 _Amphora_ 1650.0 47.577 (Agricola nowhere uses the Saxon liquid measures, nor do they fall into units comparable with the Roman). GENERAL INDEX. NOTE.--The numbers in heavy type refer to the Text; those in plain type to the Footnotes, Appendices, etc. Abandonment of Mines, =217= Abertham. Mines at, =74=; =92=; 74 Abolite, 113 _Abstrich_, 465; 492 Abydos. Gold mines of, =26=; 27 Lead figure from, 390 _Abzug_, 464; 465; 475 _Achates_ (_see_ Agate). Accidents To Miners, =214-218= Accounts (Mining), =96-98= Adit, 101 _Aeris flos_ (_see_ Copper Flowers). _Aeris squama_ (_see_ Copper Scales). _Aes caldarium_, 109 _Aes luteum_, 109 _Aes nigrum_, 109 _Aes purum fossile_ (_see_ Native Copper). _Aes rude plumbei coloris_ (_see_ Copper Glance). _Aes ustum_ (_see_ Roasted Copper). _Aetites_, 2 Africa. Iron, 420 Tin, 412 Agate, 114 Agriculture. Mining compared with, =5= Ailments of Miners (_see_ Maladies of Miners). Air Currents in Mines, =121=; =200= Alabaster, 114 Alchemists, XXVII-XXX; 44; 608 Agricola's opinion of, XII; =XXVII.= Amalgamation, 297 Assaying, =248=; 219 Discovery of acids, 439; 460 Distillation, 441 Aljustrel Tablet, 83-84 Alkali, 558 Alloys, Assaying of, =247-252= Alluvial Mining, =321-348=; 330-332 Alston Moor, 84 Altenberg, =XXXI=; VI. Collapse of mine, =216= Miners poisoned, =214= Tin working appliances, =290=; =304=; =318= Alum, =564-568=; 564-570 A solidified juice, 1 Elizabethan Charter, 283 In roasted pyrites, =350= In _Sal artificiosus_, =463= Latin and German terms, 220; 221 Papal monopoly, 570 Use in making nitric acid, =439=; 460 Amalgam. Parting the gold from, =298=; 297 Amalgamation, 297 Of gilt objects, =461= Mills, =295-299= Amber, =34=; 35 Amethyst, 114 _Amiantus_ (_see_ Asbestos). Ampulla, =445-447=; 220 Annaberg, VI; =XXXI=; =42=; =75=; 75 Profits, =92= Ant, venomous, =216= Antimony, 220; 428; 354 Minerals, 110 Smelting of, =400=; =428= Use as type-metal, 2; 429 Antimony Sulphide, 220; 428; 451 Parting gold and silver with, =451=; 451; 461 Parting gold from copper, =463= Parting silver and iron, =544= Antwerp, Scale of Weights, =263= Apex Law, 81; 83-86 _Aqua regia_, 439; 441; 354 _Aqua valens_ (_see also_ Nitric Acid), =439-443=; 439; 220 Clarification with silver, =443=; 443 Cleansing gold-dust with, =396= Parting precious metals with, =443-447= _Arbores dissectae_ (Lagging), 101 Archimedes, Screw of, 149 Architecture. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4= _Area fodinarum_ (_see_ Meer). Argentiferous Copper Ores, Smelting of, =404-407= Argentite, 109 _Argentum purum in venis_ (_see_ Native Silver). _Argentum rude plumbei coloris_ (_see_ Silver Glance). _Argentum rude rubrum translucidum_ (_see_ Ruby Silver). Argol, 234; 220 As a flux, =234=; =238=; =243= Use in melting silver nitrate, =447= Use in smelting gold dust, =396-398= Argonauts, 330 Arithmetical Science. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4= Armenia, Stone of, 115 Arsenic (_see also_ Orpiment _and_ Realgar), 111; 214 _Arsenicum_, 111 Arsenopyrite, 111 Asbestos, =440=; 440; 114 Ash-coloured Copper, =539-540=; 540; 523-524; 492 From liquation, =529-530= Ashes which Wool Dyers use (_see also_ Potash), 233; 559; 220 Use in assaying, =236-238= Ash of Lead, =237-238=; 237; 220 Ash of Musk Ivy (_see also_ Potash and _Nitrum_), =236-238=; 220 Asphalt, 581 _Asphaltites_ (_see_ Dead Sea). Assay Balances (_see_ Balances). Assay Fluxes (_see_ Fluxes). Assay Furnaces, =224-228=; 220 Crucible, =226-227= Muffle, =224-228=; =239= Assaying (_see also_ _Probierbuechlein_), =219=; 219; 220; 354 Amalgamation, =243= Bismuth, =247= Copper, =244= Cupellation, =240= Gold and silver alloys, =248= Gold ore, =242-244= Iron ore, =247= Lead, =245-246= Silver, =242-245= Silver and copper alloys, =249-250= Tin, =246= Tin and silver alloys, =251= Assay Muffles (_see_ Muffles). Assay Ton, =261=; 242 Assyrian Copper, 402 Asthma, =214= Astronomy. Knowledge necessary for miners, =4= Atarnea. Mines near, =26=; 27 Athens. Mining law, 83 Sea power and mines, 27 Silver mines (_see_ Mt. Laurion, Mines of). _Atramentum Sutorium_ (_see also_ Vitriol), 572; 110 _Atramentum Sutorium candidum_, 113 _Atramentum Sutorium rubrum_, =274=; 274 _Aurichalcum_, 409; 404 _Auripigmentum_ (_see_ Orpiment). Azure, 1; 109; 220 An indication of copper, =116= An indication of gold, =117= Colour of flame, =235= Azurite 109; 220; 402 Babel, Tower of, 582 Babylonia. Bitumen in, 582 Use of lead, 391 Babytace. Gold buried by inhabitants, =9=; =15= Baebelo, =42=; 42 Balances, =224=; =264-265= Barite, 115 Barmaster, of High Peak, 77 Bars, for Furnace Work, =382= Baskets, for Hoisting, =153= Batea, =156= Beer, =230=; 220 Bell, to call Workmen, =100= Bellows, =362-373=; =419= Ancient use of, 354; 355; 362 Assay furnace, =226=; =245= Mine ventilation with, =207-210= Beni Hassen, Inscriptions at, 586 _Berg-geel_, 111 Bergmeister, =33=; =81=; =95=; =77=; 77; 78 Deals with forfeited shares, =92-93= Jurors, =96= Bergmeister's Clerk, =95=; 78 _Bergzinober_ (_see_ Quicksilver). Bermius (Bermium), Mt. (_see_ Mt. Bermius). Bismuth, =433=; 354; 220 Assaying ores of, =247= Indication of silver, =116= Minerals, 2; 111 Smelting of, =433-437=; =400= The "roof of silver," =117=; 433 _Zaffre_, 112 Bitumen. Ancient knowledge of, 220; 581-582; 354 Colour of fumes, =235= Dead Sea, =33= Distillation, =581= From springs, =582= Harmful to metals, =273= Roasting from ore, =273=; =276=; =351= Solidified juice, =1= _Bituminosa cadmia_ (_see_ _Cadmia bituminosa_). Blast, Regulation of, =380=; =386= Blasting, 119 Blende, 113 Bleyberg, 239 Bloodstone, 111; 2 Bloom, 420 _Bluetstein_ (_see_ Ironstone). Bohemia. Antimony sulphide, 428 Pestilential vapours, =216= Sifting ore in, =293= Smelting, =384= Bone-ash, =230=; 466 Borax, 560; 221; 110 Method of manufacture, =560= Use in gold smelting, =444=; =457=; =464= Use in assaying, =245=; =246= Bornite, 109 Boundary Stones, =87=; 129 Boundaries, =77=; =147= Bowls for Alluvial Washing, =322=; =324=; =334=; =336= Brass, 410; 354; 2 Ancient methods of making, 404-405; 112 Breaking Ore, =117-119= Brick Dust. Used in cementation, =454=; 454 Used in making nitric acid, =440= Brine (_see also_ Salt). Evaporation of, =547-548= Britain. Lead-silver smelting, 392 Miners mentioned by Pliny, 83 Tin trade, 411-413 British Museum. Egyptian gold-mining, 399 Egyptian lead, 390 Egyptian steel, 402 Bromyrite, 109 Bronze. Historical notes, 411; 402; 354 Bronze Age, 355; =402=; 411 Bryle (Outcrop), 101 Buckets, for Hoisting Ore, =153-154=; =157= Buddle, 281; 282; 267 Divided, =302-303= Simple, =300-302=; =312-315= Bullion, Pouring into Bars, =382= Burning Ore, =231=; =273=; 267 Burnt Alum, =233=; 565; 221 _Cadmia_ (_see also_ Zinc, _Pompholyx_, _and_ Cobalt), =542=; 542; 112-113 Ancient ore of brass, 410 From dust chambers, =394= From liquation, =539=; 542 From roasting matte, =349= Poisonous to miners, =214=; 214 Roasting, =276= Smelting for gold and silver, =410= _Cadmia bituminosa_, =276=; 273; 113 _Cadmia fornacis_ (_see_ Furnace Accretions). _Cadmia fossilis_ (_see_ Calamine _and_ Blende). _Cadmia metallica_ (_see also_ Cobalt), =403=; 113 _Caeruleum_ (_see_ Azure). Cakes of Melted Pyrites, 379; 222 A flux, =234= Roasting of, =349-351= Use in smelting, =379= Calaem (_see also_ Zinc), =409= Calamine, 112; 113; 409; 410 Calcite, 114 Calcspar, =116=; 114 _Caldarium_ Copper, =512=; =542=; 404; 511 Caldrons, for Evaporating Salts, =548= _Calmei_ (_see_ Calamine). Cameros. Zinc found at, 409 Camphor, =238=; 238; 221 Cam-shaft, =282-283=; 267 _Canales_ (Ore Channels), 43; 46; 47 Ore shoots in, =117= Cannon, =11= Cardinal Points, =57=; =58= Carnelian, 114 _Carneol_ (_see_ Carnelian). _Carni_, 390 Cupellation, =483= Smelting of lead ores, =390= Carpathian Mountains. Liquation practice in, =540=; =544= Sieves, =289= Stamp-milling, =319= Carthage. Mines in Spain, =27= Castulo (Cazlona), 42 Cementation (_see also_ Parting Gold from Silver), =453-457=; 453; 458 _Centumpondium_, 616; 242; 509 Scale of weights, =260-261= Cerargurite, 109 _Cerussa_ (_see_ White-lead). Cerussite, 110 Chain Pumps, =171-175= Chalcanthite, 110 _Chalcanthum_ (_see also_ Vitriol), 109; 572 Chalcedony, 114 _Chalcitis_, 573; 109 Indication of copper, =116= Chalcocite, 109; 402 Chalcopyrite, 109 Chaldean Antimony, 429 Chemistry. Origin, XXVII; 220 Chemnitz. Agricola appointed city physician, VII. Agricola elected burgomaster, VIII; IX. Quarrel over Agricola's burial, XI. China, Grand Canal of, 129 Chinese. Early copper smelting, 402 Early iron, 421 Early silver metallurgy, 391 Early zinc smelting, 409 _Chrysocolla_ (_see also_ Borax), 110; 221; 584; 1 Collection in vats, =584= Colour of fumes, =235= Indication of copper, =116= Indication of gold, =117= Mineral, 109 Smelting of, =401= Church, Share in Mines, =91= Cimolite, 31 Cinnabar (_see_ Quicksilver _and_ _Minium_). Claim, in American Title, 77 Cloth. Lining sluices, =322= Ventilation by shaking, =210= Coal, 34 Cobalt, 354; 542; 112-113 Cobalt-blue, 112; 433 From lead smelting, 408 King Hiram's experience with, 214 Poisonous to miners, 214 Relation to _cadmia_, 112 Relation to bismuth, 435 Smelting ores of, 401 Cobalt-Arsenic Minerals (_see_ Arsenic). Cobaltite, 113 _Cobaltum cineraceum_ (_see_ Smallite). _Cobaltum ferri colore_ (_see_ Cobaltite). _Cobaltum nigrum_ (_see_ Abolite). Coiners, =95=; 78 Coins, =251-253=; =457= Colchis. Alluvial gold washing, =330= Cologne. Scale of weights, =263= Companies, Mining, =89-93=; 90 Fraudulent dealing, =22= Investment in, =29= Compass, =141-142=; 56; 129 Divisions of the, =56=; =57= Swiss, =145=; 137 Concentrates. From washing liquation products, =542= Sintering of, =401= Smelting of, =394=; =396-399=; =401= Concentration, =267-348=; 279; 354 _Congius_, 153; 172, 617 Constantinople, Alum Trade, 569 Consumption. Miners liable to, =214= _Conterfei_ (_see_ Zinc). Contracts, Method of Setting, =96= Copiapite, 111 Copper (_see also_ Liquation), 109; 402; 511 Assay of, =244=; =249= Granulation of, =250= Indications of, =116= Parting from gold, =462-464= Parting gold from silver, =448-451=; 448 Ratio in liquation cakes, 505; 506 Residues from liquation, =521= Rosette, =538= Copper-filings, =233=; 233; 221 Copper flowers, =538=; 110; 233; 538 Pliny's description, 404 Copper Glance, =401=; 109 Copper Matte. Roasting, =350= Smelting, =404-407= Copper Ore (_see also_ Copper Smelting, _etc._), 109 Assaying, =244-245= Copper Pyrites, =117=; 109 Copper Refining, =530-538=; 354; 492; 535-536 Breaking cakes, =501-503= Enrichment of silver by settling, 510 Roman method, 404 Rosette copper, 535 Copper Scales, 110; 221; 233; 539 Use in assaying, =245= Copper Schists (_see also_ Mannsfeld Copper Slates), 127 Method of smelting, =408= Copper Smelting, =388-390=; =401=; =404=; 402 Invention of appliances, 353-354 Cornwall. Ancient tin mining, 413 Early German miners, 282 Early mining law, 85 Early ore dressing, 282 Influence on German mining, 283 "Knockers," 217 Mining terms, 77; 101; 267; 282 Royal Geol. Soc. Transactions, 84 _Coticula_ (_see_ Touchstone). _Counterfeht_ (_see_ Zinc). Crane. For cupellation furnaces, =476-477= For lead cakes, =500= For liquation cakes, =514= Cremnitz. Age of mines, =5= Width of veins, =52= Crinoid Stems, 115 Croppings, =37=; 37 Crosscuts, =106= Crowbars, =152= Crucible. Assay, =228=; =230=; =241=; =245=; 221 Of blast furnaces, =376=; =377= _Crudaria_, 65 Crushing Mills (_see_ Stamp-mill _and_ Mills). Crushing Ore, =231=; =279-287=; 279 Crystal (_Crystallum_), 114 Cumberland. Early report on ores of, 267 Roman lead furnaces, 392 Cup-Bearer. Right to a meer, =81= Cupellation, =464-483=; 465-466 Buildings and furnaces, =464-472=; 492 Brightening of the silver, =241=, =475= In assaying, =240= In "tests," =483= Latin and German terms, 221; 492 Litharge, =475= Cupels, =228-230=; 221; 466 Drying of, =240= Moulds, =231= Cupric Oxide, 221 Cuprite, 109; 402 _Cyanus_ (_see also_ Azurite), 110 Cyprus. Ancient copper smelting, 402 _Dach_, 127 _Dactylos_, 617; 78 Dangers to Miners, =214-218= _Darrlinge_, 492 _Darrofen_, 492 _Darrsoehle_, 492 Dawling, of a Vein, 101 Dead Sea. Bitumen in, =33= Decemviral College, =96= _Decumanus_ (_see_ Tithe Gatherer). _Demensum_ (_see_ Measure). Demons (_see also_ Gnomes), =217=; 217 Derbyshire (_see also_ High Peak). Early ore washing, 281