1820. Died at St. John's, New Brunswick.

CAPTAIN HENRY HIND (English).--Wounded in an attack on Callao, Oct. 2nd, 1819. Since dead. CAPTAIN W. KENNEDY (Jamaica).--Wounded in an encounter at Rio Cuarto, where both his eyes were shot out in 1821. Died some years afterwards in the United States. CAPTAIN DANL. L. V. CARSON (U. S.).--Wounded at the assault upon Talcahuano, Dec. 6th, 1817. Married and left children in the country. Died in Chile. CAPTAIN HENRY WYMAN (English).--Present at the battle of Junin; wounded at Ayacucho in 1824. Is now residing in England. Married in South America. LIEUT. JOHN HELDES (German).--Wounded at the battle of Cancha-rayada, March 19th, 1818. Since dead. LIEUT. JAMES LINDSAY (English).--Belonged to the expedition under General Beresford. Wounded at the battle of Maypo, April 5th, 1818. Married and left children in the country. TOTAL WOUNDED 18. NOT WOUNDED. LIEUT.-GEN. MICHAEL BRAYER (French).--Was present at the assault of Talcahuano, Dec. 6th, 1817, and in the battle of Cancha-rayada, March 19th, 1818. He then returned to France, was reinstated in his former rank of General of Division, and was created a Peer of France. MAJOR-GEN. JAMES PAROISSIEN (English).--Was Surgeon-General to the Buenos-Ayrean army under General Belgrano in 1814, and to the army of the Andes, under General San Martin, at the battles of Chacabuco, Feb. 12th, 1817, and Maypo, April 5th, 1818. Was appointed Aide-de-Camp to General San Martin, and became Major-General in 1821. Associated with M. Garcia del Rio, proceeded from Lima to Europe on a political mission in 1822, returned to Peru in 1825, and died on his passage from Callao to Valparaiso in 1826. COLONEL JOHN O'BRIEN (Irish).--Served at the siege and taking of Montevideo and campaign in the Banda Oriental in 1814; was Aide-de-Camp to General San Martin in the battles of Chacabuco and Maypo; withdrew from active service while with the army in Peru in 1822. Joined General Santa Cruz a short time previous to the battle of Yanacocha, at which he was present, August 12th, 1835. He became a Major-General, and died in 1861. COLONEL BELFORD H. WILSON (English).--Son of the late General Sir Robert Wilson; was Aide-de-Camp to General Bolivar from 1823 to 1830; subsequently H.B.M. Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General at Lima and at Caraccas. Was appointed a K.C.B. Died in London in 1858. COLONEL ALBERT B. D'ALVE (French).--Son of the French General of the same name. Served in the campaigns in Spain and Russia, 1809 and 1813, and was at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Died at Valparaiso 1821. Married and left children in the country. COLONEL BENJAMIN VIEL (French).--Served in the French army encamped at Boulogne in 1804, and commanded a squadron of cavalry at the battle of Waterloo 1815. Is now a Major-General in Chile. COLONEL JOSEPH RONDISONI (Italian).--Is now a Major-General in Chile. COLONEL CLEMENT ALTHAUS (German).--Was present at the battle of Junin. Became a Major-General and died at La Concepcion in Peru, having married and left children in the country. COLONEL SALVADOR SOYER (French).--Was Commissary to the navy, afterwards Aide-de-Camp to General Gamarra, and for some time charged with the Ministry of War. Married and left children in the country. Died at Lima. LIEUT.-COL. LEWIS CRAMMER (French).--Retired from the army 1818; was afterwards murdered with his wife and family by the Patagonian Indians. LIEUT.-COL. ALEXIS BRUIX (French).--Son of Admiral Bruix; was page to Napoleon I. Was present at the battle of Junin. Was killed by accident at Lima in 1825. LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES WOOD (English).--Married and left children in Chile. Died in England while on leave of absence in 1856. MAJOR MICHAEL O'CARROL (Irish).--Died in Chile in 1839, having married and left children in the country. CAPTAIN WILLIAM SMITH (English). CAPTAIN MILLER HALLOWES (English).--Was present at the battles of Junin and Ayacucho. Married and resides in the United States. CAPTAIN WILLIAM HARRIS (Irish).--Is now living at Cuenca, in Ecuador. CAPTAIN JOHN RODRIGUEZ (English).--Married and left children in the country. Died at Callao. CAPTAIN ROBERT YOUNG.--Belonged to the 71st under General Beresford. Died in Chile. LIEUT. MAGUAN (French).--Retired in 1818, and was subsequently killed in a duel in France. LIEUT. COUNT LUCIEN BRAYER (French).--Served as Aide-de-Camp to his father, General Brayer, in Chile. STAFF-SURGEON THOMAS FOLEY (Irish).--Dead. STAFF-SURGEON CHARLES MOORE (English).--Present at Junin. Dead. STAFF-SURGEON HUGH BLAIR (Irish).--Dead. STAFF-SURGEON MICHAEL CRAWLEY (Scotch).--Dead, Sub-prefect of Lampa, under General Santa Cruz, in 1837. Total 24. Drowned at sea off Chiloe, in 1823, while prisoners of war on board a Spanish privateer.--Major Soulange (French); Captain W. Hill (English); Captain Robert Hannah (English); and Lieut. Saint Amarand (French). ABSTRACT. Total of killed 21 " wounded 18 " drowned 4 " not wounded 24 --- 67 --- _Note._--Admiral George Martin Guise, Captain George O'Brien, Lieut. Bayley, and others killed; Admiral Thomas Lord Cochrane, Commodore (now General) Thomas Charles Wright, and others wounded; are not included in the foregoing list, because they belonged to the Patriot Navy. APPENDIX B. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENUS CHINCHONA, AND OF THE SPECIES OF CHINCHONÆ NOW GROWING IN INDIA AND CEYLON. _From Weddell, Howard's Pavon, Spruce, and Karsten._ CHINCHONA. (_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,'_ p. 17.) _Calyx_ tubo turbinato, cum ovario connato, pubescente; limbo supero, 5-dentato, persistente; dentibus in præfloratione valvatis. _Corolla_ hypocrateriformis, tubo tereti vel subpentagono, in angulis baseos nonnunquam fisso, intus glabro vel rarissime pilosiusculo; limbo 5-fido: laciniis lanceolatis, intus glabris, margine piloso-barbatis (pilis claviformibus lanatis) extus tuboque pubescentibus, æstivatione valvatis, explicatis patulo-recurvis. _Stamina_ 5, corollæ laciniis alterna, glabra; filamentis inferno tubo insertis, adnatis; antheris linearibus, inclusis vel apice subexsertis, bilocularibus, introrsis, imo dorso affixis. _Ovarium_ disco carnoso, pulviniformi, obsolete 5-vel 10-tuberculato coronatum. _Ovula_ numerosa, in placentis linearibus dissepimento utrinque affixis peltata, imbricata, anatropa. _Stylus_ simplex, glaber, stigma bifidum, in tubo corollino latens vel subexsertum. _Capsula_ ovata oblonga vel lineari-lanceolata, utrinque sulcata, limbo calycis coronata, lævis vel obscure costata, glabra pubescensve, bilocularis, polysperma, septicide a basi ad apicem dehiscens, valvulis sejunctis, pedicello simul longitrorsum fisso. _Semina_ plurima in placentis angulato-alatis denique liberis peltatim affixa, sursum imbricata, compressa, nucleo oblongo ala membranacea margine denticulata ex toto ambitu cincto. _Embryo_ in axi albuminis carnosi rectus; cotyledonibus ovatis integris; radicula tereti, infera. _Arbores_ vel _frutices_ sempervirentes, vallium Andinarum intertropicalium inter 10° lat. Sept. et 19° lat. Austr. altitudineque 1200-3270 metr. supra Oceani ripas incolæ; trunco ramisque teretibus; ramulis sæpius subtetragonis, cicatrices foliorum stipularumque delapsorum monstrantibus, harumce vestigiis in ramis adultis etiam conspicuis. _Cortex_ amarus, Quinina et Chinchonina fœtus. _Peridermis_ varia: modo tenuissima valde adhærens, e solo _subere_ confecta; modo incrassata et stratis squamiformibus, e parenchymate cellulari librove externo constantibus formata, natura frustulatim aliquando secedens, cæterum arte haud ægre solubilis. _Lignum_ albidum, demum flavescens, e stratis concentricis pro arboris ætate numero variis, radiisque medullaribus secundum caulis longitudinem singulariter protractis constans; cellulæ enim quibus isti conflantur hic horizontaliter extenduntur sicutique in radiis vulgo notis lateriformes seriem plerumque triplicem agunt, illic vero præter normam longitrorsum summopere protractæ seriem simplicem exhibent; quapropter radii in trunco nudato (adempto cortice) inspecti lineas exiles hinc et illinc brevi spatio ellipticeque dilatatas effingunt. Vasa porosa approximata, seriebus continuis simplicibus ordinata. _Medulla_ ramorum vulgo tetragona. _Folia_ opposita, integerrima, decrescenti-venosa, petiolata, glabra varie pubescentia vel tomentosa, planiuscula aut margine leviter revoluta; axillis venarum venularumque paginæ inferioris in nonnullis speciebus scrobiculatis; scrobiculis simplicissimis, vacuis aut succum adstringentem sudantibus. Epidermidis cellulæ, paginæ superioris præsertim, ambitu vulgo sinuosæ, in quibusdam speciebus humore translucido tumidæ, particulas foventes innumeras innatantes, oculo armato mirantique motu rapido quasi vitali trepidantes. _Petiolus_ limbo brevior, semicylindricus, subtus convexus, supra planus vel subcanaliculatus, rarissime in foliis arboris junioris teres. _Stipulæ_ interpetiolares plerumque liberæ citoque deciduæ vel basi leviter connatæ, intus ad basim glandulis minutis lanceolatis crebre consitæ. _Flores_ interdum fortuitu 4 vel 6-meri, cymoso-paniculati, albi vel sæpius carnei aut purpurascentes, mire fragrantes; paniculis terminalibus, ramulis pedicellisque basi bracteatis. CHINCHONA CONDAMINEA. (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ No. i.) [Illustration: CAPSULES AND PARTS OF THE FLOWER OF CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA. (_Magnified and natural size._)] CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA. CHINCHONA CHAHUARGUERA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis, oblongis ovato-lanceolatisque, undulatis, acuminatis acutisque, pedunculis paniculatis. _Arbor_ 3-4 orgyalis, comâ, frondosâ ramosissimâ. _Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, cortice fusco aspero maculis cinereis indutus, rimis longitudinalibus transversalibusque. _Lignum_ compactum, durum. _Rami_ erecti, teretes, cortice extus nigrescente, intus pallido cinnamomeo. _Ramuli_ subteretes, asperi, rimacei, colore ferrugineo-roseo. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolata, oblonga ovato-lanceolataque, acuminata acutaque, utrinque glabra, subtus nervosa, venosa, integerrima, undulata, marginibus revolutis, glandulis subtus concavis rotundis villosis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus. _Foliola_ floralia opposita, petiolata, parva, ovata ovaliaque, glabra, marginibus revolutis, nervis centralibus purpureis. _Petioli_ teretes, purpurei. _Stipulæ_ duæ oppositæ, supra-axillares, sessiles, ovatæ, integerrimæ, acuminatæ, basi cohærentes, nervo centrali prominente, marginibus revolutis, deciduæ. _Pedunculi_ communes, terminales, axillaresque, subtetragoni, partiales pubescentes, bracteolis oppositis subulatis ad pedicellorum basim, pedicellis pubescentibus. _Pedicelli_ bracteolis subulatis, solitariis ad basim. _Calyx_ rosaceus. _Corolla_ dilute purpurea, extus pubescens, laciniis reflexis supra villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus. _Antheræ_ fauce parum exsertæ. _Capsula_ ovalis oblongaque, purpurea (nonnullæ capsulæ ventricosæ), bilocularis, bivalvis, valvulis basi dehiscentibus. _Habitat_ in collibus Santa Rosa nominatis, situ Huancocolla appellata, ditione Vilcobamba, Loxa provinciâ. _Floret_ Maio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto. Varietas Prima, _Cascarilla amarilla fina del Rey_. Varietas Secunda? _Cascarilla colorada fina del Rey._ Varietas Tertia? _Cascarilla crespilla negra._ (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ No. vii.) CHINCHONA URITUSINGA. CHINCHONA URITUSINGA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolatis; pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque, paniculato-corymbosis, trifidis. _Arbor_ 20-ulnaris et ultra. _Lignum_ compactum, luteo colore. _Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres, crassus, fuscus, nonnullis maculis nigris obsitus, _comâ_ frondosâ, valde ramosâ. _Cortex_ scaber, fuscus, maculis nigris fuscis et albicantibus, rimis transversalibus. _Color_ intus luteus, amarissimus, acidulus, non ingratus. _Rami_ erecto-patentes, teretes; superiores brachiati, complanati, leviter pubescentes, dilute fusci. _Ramuli_ utrinque sulcati. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolata, integerrima, acuta, supra glaberrima, nervosa, venosa, subtus per nervos et venas villosiuscula; nervis alternis, rarius oppositis; marginibus revolutis; _tenerrima_ subtus hirsuta; _glandulis_ minimis, rotundatis, subtus concavis, circum villis albicantibus ad nervorum ortum insertis, supra prominentibus. _Petioli_ teretes, supra canaliculati, glabri, subtus hirsuti, basi incrassati. _Stipulæ_ duæ, oppositæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, ovatæ, acutæ, erectæ, integerrimæ, cauli appressæ, pubescentes, deciduæ. _Pedunculi communes_ axillares terminalesque, trifidi, obtusi tetragoni, paniculato-subcorymbosi, hirsuti, solitarii, erecti, complanati, foliis breviores; _partiales_ hirsuti, tri-septemflori trifidique; bracteolis duabus, oppositis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, concavis, rubris, ad basim insertis, persistentibus. _Pedicelli_ teretes, breves, pubescentes; bracteolis solitariis, minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus, ad basim et in medio insertis. _Flores_ nonnulli sessiles. _Calyx_ campanulatus, ruber, glaber, in fructu ampliatus, denticulis retroflexis persistens. _Corolla_ albo-rosacea, extus pubescens. _Tubus_ intus glaber. _Limbus_ quinque-partitus, patens; laciniis villoso-tomentosis; villis albicantibus, densis, longiusculis. _Capsula_ oblonga, angusta, striata, striis longitudinalibus prominentibus utrinque sulcata, lævis, calyce crescente ampliato coronata, denticulis retroflexis, bilocularis, bivalvis, basi dehiscens. _Semina_ minima, fulva, alâ obovatâ leviter lacerâ albo-pallescente circumdata. _Receptaculum_ lineare. _Habitat_ prope Loxa in collibus Cajanuma, Uritusinga, Boqueron, Villonaco, Huancabamba, et Ayavaca. _Floret_ Maio, Junio, Julio, et Augusto. _Vulgo_ "Cascarilla Fina." CHINCHONA CRISPA (_Tafalla_). (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia de Pavon.'_) CHINCHONA CRISPA. _Quina fina de Loja_, _Cascarilla crespilla buena_, _Quina Carrasqueña_, Tafalla M.S. sec. Ruiz in M.S. Compendio, Mus. Brit. _C. Condaminea._ H. et B. specimen florif. in pl. x. Pl. Equin. exclus. specim. fructif. et descriptione. _C. Chahuarguera_, varietas (tertia). Pavon, Nueva Quinologia. [Illustration: CAPSULE AND PARTS OF THE FLOWER OF CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.] CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA. (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,'_ _No._ iii.) CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovatis ovalibusque; petiolis nervisque rubicundis, glabris, nitidis; pedunculis racemoso-paniculatis. _Arbor_ 6-7 orgyalis. _Truncus_ solitarius, erectus; aliquoties duo tresve ex eadem radice repullulant. _Coma_ frondosa ramosaque. _Lignum_ compactum. _Cortex_ fuscus, nonnullis maculis albicantibus; rimis transversalibus horizontalibusque. _Rami_ erecti, nonnulli horizontales, teretes, _teneri_ pubescentes. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, ovata ovaliaque, integerrima, acumine brevissimo, nonnulla subrotunda, glabra, superne parum nitida, nervosa, venosa, venis reticulatis, nervis venisque villosis, tenuia marginibus retroflexis. _Folia superiora_, floralia petiolata, lanceolata, nonnulla sublinearia. _Petioli_ subteretes, basi crassiores, pubescentes, rubicundi sicuti nervi. _Stipulæ_ duæ, interfoliaceæ, supra-axillares, oppositæ, subamplexicaules, oblongæ, sessiles, integerrimæ, parum concavæ, cauli appressæ, deciduæ. _Pedunculi_ communes, axillares terminalesque, racemoso-paniculati, pubescentes. _Partiales_ oppositi alternique, pubescentes. _Pedicelli_ bracteolis lanceolato-subulatis, parvis, concavis, deciduis, ad basim et in medio rubicundo. _Flores_ pedicellati, nonnulli sessiles. _Corolla_ rubicunda, marginibus laciniarum ciliatis, villis albicantibus. _Capsula_ oblonga, parum incurva, immatura rubicunda, bivalvis, basi hians. _Receptaculum_ lanceolatum. _Semina_ alis dilaceratis. _Habitat_ ad radices collium, ad declivia Sancti Antonii, in via ad Huaranda Provinciæ Quitensis, locis frigidis. _Floret_ Julio et Augusto. _Vulgo._ _Cascarilla Colorada._ In arborum corticumque amputatione, succum lacteum primum profluit; postea, in colorem intense rubicundum transmutatur, unde _Cascarilla Colorada_ nomen oritur. _Chinchona Succirubra_ (Pavon MSS.) arborea; ramis teretibus; ramulis obtuso-angulatis flavido-pubescentibus; foliis membranaceis magnis latissime ovatis petiolatis, utrinque brevissime attenuatis, supra saturate viridibus glabris subnitidis, subtus pallide viridibus puberulis, ad costam nervosque primarios pubescentibus; petiolis semiteretibus puberulis, supra canaliculatis; stipulis oblongis obtusis carinatis subpuberulis caducis; floribus congestis in paniculam terminalem interruptam dispositis; ramis floriferis pedunculatis pubescentibus erectis compressis trichotomo-ramosis, inferioribus foliosis superioribus bracteatis; bracteis subpersistentibus oblongo-linearibus, extus subpubescentibus carinatis basi attenuatis; calycibus turbinatis, basi bracteola minuta suffultis, tubo dense albido pubescente, limbo cupulari quinque-dentato rubescente sparsim pubescente, dentibus brevibus latis acutis, dorso carinatis; corollis hypocraterimorphis brevissime pubescentibus, tubo inferne attenuato, limbo quinquefido, laciniis ovatis acutis, intus longe (ad siccam) luteo-barbatis; staminibus subinclusis glabris; stylo versus basim attenuato; stigmate bipartito incluso. (_From Spruce's Report, p. 104, described from fresh specimens._) CHINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA, Pavon. _Hab._--In sylvis primævis cordilleræ occidentalis Andium Quitensium præcipue ad radices montis nivosi _Chimborazo_, alt. 2000-5000 ped. Angl. (610-1520 metr.) supra mare. _Descr._--_Arbor_ pulcherrima, 50-80 pedalis; caudice recto circumferentiâ 4-usque ad 10-pedali; comâ symmetricâ elongatâ, ramis infimis longioribus deinde superioribus sensim decrescentibus paraboloideâ, vel ramis infimis iis proxime sequentibus sub-brevioribus ovoideâ. _Cortex_, caudicis ubi lichenibus non obvelatus est fusco-badius, haud profunde longitudinaliter rimosus, demum etiam rimulis transversalibus fissus; ramulorum annotinorum rufescens, novellorum e viridi cinerascens secus apicem rubescens. _Succus_ ecoloratus, cortice autem inciso, in lucem aeremque susceptus exinde sæpius albescit, postea sensim albescit. _Rami_ decussati, angulo 50°-80° adscendentes, teretes, e foliorum stipularumque cicatricibus annulati; novelli tamen tetragoni foliosi fragiles succosi, pube brevi deciduâ densiuscule vestiti. _Folia_ opposita decussata, cujusque ramuli 4-6 paribus contemporalibus, cujusque paris inter se subæqualia raro valde inæqualia, sæpe perfecte ovalia, secus paniculas ovato-ovalia, raro rotundato-ovalia, basi in petiolum sensim abrupteve attenuata, apice abrupte acuta vel levissime acuminata rarius rotundata, nitida subcoriacea (fragilissima tamen) læte viridia ad luteum potius quam ad cæruleum vergentia, ætate tota sanguinea, suprà sparse decidue puberula et inter venas plus minus bullato-elevata, subtus pubescentia, raro in utraque facie glabrata; venis 11-12 cujusque lateris, angulo 56°-59° cum costâ tereti (siccando complanatâ) efformantibus, subtus prominulis, a costâ ultrà, medium rectis dein sensim incurvantibus et prope marginem anastomosantibus; petiolo tereti, e folii laminâ decurrente suprà lineis duabus parum elevatis percurso, tomentello. Folia ramulorum tenuiorum nonnunquam ovali- vel etiam obovato-lanceolata. _Stipulæ_ interpetiolares deciduæ erecto-patulæ ligulato-oblongæ obtusæ ad costam carinatæ, basi subventricosæ superne explanatæ, reticulato-venosæ, sub-puberulæ, juniores pallide virides, adultiores basi roseæ vel etiam totæ sanguineæ. _Pedunculi_ ex axillis foliorum superiorum minorum lanceolatorum (v. etiam ad bracteas lineari-lanceolatas subulatasve redactorum) orti, subinde paniculam elongatam pedalem vel etiam sesquipedalem efformantes, tomentosi, bis terve decussatum pinnati dein trichotomi; divisionibus basi bracteatis sæpe indistincte oppositis v. plane alternis. _Pedicelli_ calycesque basi bracteolis minutis rigidis sanguineis ovato-lanceolatis basi utrinque unidentatis suffulti. _Calyx_ parvus dense appresso-puberulus; _tubus_ subturbinato-hemisphæricus; _limbus_ cupulatus fere ad medium usque in lobos 5 lato-triangulares carinatos, apicibus sinubusque acutis, fissus, pubescens raro subglabratus, persistens. _Corolla_ calycem fere 5-ies excedens, extus dense puberula, ante anthesin clavata postea hypocraterimorpha; _tubus_ elongato-truncato-obconicus, intus glaber; _limbus_ e lobis 5 patulis valvatis elongato-ovato-lanceolatis, margine apiceque villis densis albis (siccando flavidis) barbatis. _Stamina_, corollæ tubum paululum superantia; _filamenta_ glabra compressa à basi fere ad medium usque cum corollâ concreta; _antheræ_ elongatæ lineares. _Stylus_ teres; _stigma_ subemersum e lobis duobus ovato-lanceolatis crassis faciebus unisulcis erecto-patulis constans. _Capsula_ stricta curvulave tenui-ovoideo-fusiformis à basi dehiscens, valvulis dorso costis 5 parum elevatis percursis. _Semina_ anguste subovali-lanceolata sæpius asymmetrica, alâ margine lacero-fimbriatâ ciliatâ, basi angustata et ibidem integra bilobave. CHINCHONA CALISAYA. (_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 30._) C. foliis oblongis vel lanceolato obovatis, obtusis, basi attenuatis, rarius utrinque acutis, glabratis, nitidis vel subtus pubescentibus, in axillis venarum scrobiculatis; filamentis quam dimidia anthera plerumque brevioribus; capsula ovata, flores longitudine vix æquante; seminibus margine crebre fimbriato-denticulatis. α _Calisaya vera_, arbor foliis oblongo- vel lanceolato-obovatis, obtusis. β _Calisaya Josephiana_, frutex, foliis oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutiusculis. α. _Calisaya Vera._ _Arbor_ excelsa, trunco recto vel e basi arcuatim ascendente, nudo, crassitudinem corporis humani duplam non infrequenter excedente. Coma frondosa incolas omnes sylvæ ferme superans. _Cortex_ trunci crassus. Peridermis ejusdem quam in omnibus fere generis speciebus crassior, e libro facile solubilis et avulsa ad hujus superficiem sulcos impressionesve sculpturas referentes detegens, rimis parallelis verticalibus et scissuris transversalibus plus minus annularibus ornata, albida vel etiam nigricans. Ramorum peridermis dealbata aut lichenum thallis diverse marmorata, rimis magis sinuatis et scissuris angustioribus exculpta; aliis annularibus distantibus, aliis brevioribus subapproximatis. In ramulis denique cortex tenuis est, lævigatus et fusco-olivaceus vel nigricans. _Folia_ oblongo vel lanceolato-obovata (3 to 6 inches) 8-15 cm. long; (1 to 2 inches) 3-6 cm. lat. obtusa, basi acuta aut leviter attenuata, molliuscula, patula, supra glaberrima, nitore scilicet velutino a cellulis epidermidis prominentibus orto condecorata, obscure virentia, venis pallidioribus, parum conspicuis, subtus dilute smaragdina, glabrata, in axillis venarum scrobiculata, scrobiculis ab antica pagina vix manifestis. Petiolus 1 cm. long., virescens, rarius cum costa rubescens. In arbore juniori folia sæpius utrinque acutiuscula sunt, flaccida, læte viridia, eximie velutina, costa et petiolo roseis, nervis supra lacteo-albidis et limbo persæpe maculis roseosanguineis insignito paginaque inferiori plus minus purpurascenti. _Stipulæ_ oblongæ, obtusissimæ, petiolis longiores vel subæquales, glaberrimæ, basi interna glandulis parce obsitæ. _Panicula Florifera_ ovata vel subcorymbosa, vix multiflora, pedunculis pedicellisque (2-4 mm. long.) pubescentibus. Bracteæ lanceolatæ. _Calyx_ pubescens, limbo-crateriformi, dentibus brevibus, triangularibus. _Corolla_ 9-10 cm. long., tubo cylindrico vel basi subpentagono, et leviter angustato, in angulis interdum fisso, carneo-albescente, laciniis lanceolatis, superne roseis, villis marginalibus candidis. _Stamina_ in medio tubo latentia; filamenta glabra, dimidiis antheris breviora. _Stylus_ tubum fere æquans, stigmatis lobis linearibus, subexsertis, viridescentibus. _Panicula Fructifera_ laxiuscula, haud raro valde depauperata, pedunculis puberulis. _Capsula_ ovata (.4 to .6 of an inch) 10-15 mm. long., latitudine sua vix duplo longior, basi rotundata, ecostata, glabrata, sub maturitatem rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ brevibus, erectiusculis. _Semina_ elliptico-lanceolata, margine fimbriato-denticulata, denticulis approximatis, obtusiusculis; nucleo tertiam seminis partem circiter æquante. _Habitat_ in declivibus et præruptis montium, ad altitud. 1500-1800 m. fervidissimas inter valles Bolivæ et Peruviæ meridionalis, sylvas incolit, inter 13°-16° 30' S. lat., nempe in provinciis Bolivianis Enquisivi, Yungas, Larecaja, et Caupolican dictis, et in provincia Caravaya Peruvianorum. _Floret_ Aprili et Maio. β. _C. Josephiana._ _Frutex_ (6-1/2 to 12 feet) 2-3 m. alt., trunco gracili (1 to 2 inches) 3-5 cm. crass.; ramoso, ramis erectis. _Cortex_ ligno valde hærens, trunci ramorumque schistaceo-nigricans, læviusculus aut lichenibus diversis ornatus scissurisque nonnullis angustissimis, distantibus, annulatim notatus; ramulorum brunneo-rufescens. _Folia_ oblongo- vel ovato-lanceolata, utrinque subacuta aut obtusiuscula, rigidula, superiora præsertim plus minus concava s. cymbiformia, utrinque glaberrima vel subtus pubescenti-tomentosa, læte viridia, denique sanguinea nervique et petiolus. _Panicula_ tum florifera cum fructifera sæpissime interrupta. _Corolla_ quam in varietate præcedente paulo longior. Stamina imo tubo inserta, filamentis nunc brevibus ut Calisayæ Veræ, stylo simul longiore, nunc elongatis antherisque subexsertis, stylo contra iis breviore antherisque superato. _Capsula_ ut in typo vel flore aliquanto longior et non raro superne plus minus attenuata, versus maturitatem pulchre rubescens simulque ramuli paniculæ. Dentes coronæ paululum elongatæ eleganterque patentes. [Illustration: PARTS OF THE FLOWER AND FRUIT OF CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.] CHINCHONA MICRANTHA. (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No._ ii.) CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, ovalibus obovatisque glabris; floribus minimis, paniculatis. _Arbor_ 10-15 orgyalis, comâ frondosâ. _Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres; cortice scabro-fusco-cinereo, sapore valde amaro, acidulo non ingrato; in febribus tertianis usurpari potest; in commercio ignoto. _Rami_ patuli, teretes, cortice fusco-nigrescente; teneri foliosi, obtuse tetragoni, glabri. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, ovalia obovataque, integerrima, obtusa, acumine brevi, ampla, marginibus revolutis, patentia, ut plurimum quadripalmaria, supra nitida, glaberrima, subtus nervosa, venosa, nervis purpureis; glandulis obovatis, subtus concavis, supra prominentibus, in foliis adolescentibus circum villosis, in senioribus deciduis, ad nervorum axillas insertis. _Petioli_ breves, vix pollicares, supra plano-canaliculati, subtus semiteretes. _Stipulæ_ supra axillares, interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, ovatæ, integerrimæ, connatæ, caducæ. _Panicula_ maxima diffusa, subracemosa, foliosa, floridissima, tomentosa, helvolo colore. _Pedunculi_ vix striati, tetragoni, compressiusculi, axillares terminalesque, _communes_ brachiati, _partiales_ oppositi alternique, omnes bracteis ovato-subulatis, oppositis, persistentibus, ad basim pedunculorum pedicellorumque insertis. _Flores_ numerosi, in corymbos parvos multifloros congesti, subsessiles; bracteis minimis, ovatis, acutis, persistentibus ad basim et in medio pedicellorum. _Calyx_ minimus, quinquedentatus; denticulis acutis, dilute purpurascentibus. _Corolla_ parva, ut plurimum trilinearis, extus tomentosa, albicans. _Limbus_ patens, laciniis quinque intus villoso-tomentosis, villis albicantibus extus rubescens. _Antheræ_ lineares, intra faucem inclusæ, luteæ. _Capsula_ oblonga, acuta, leviter decemstriata, fusca, calyce coronata, a basi ad apicem dehiscens. _Semina_ fulva, alâ lineari utrinque acutâ inæqualiter lacerâ cincta. _Habitat_ in Andium montibus altis, frigidis, et nemorosis, versus vicum San Antonio de Playa Grande, ubi Johannes Tafalla, anno 1797, eam observavit, et iconem, cum nonnullis exemplaribus siccis, et descriptionem, nobiscum communicavit. _Floret_ Maio, Junio, et Julio. _Vulgo: Cascarilla fina. Cascarilla Provinciana._ _Chinchona Micrantha_, β. _Oblongifolia_ (Weddell). _Chinchona Micrantha_, var. α. flor. extus roseis; var. β. flor. extus albidis (Poeppig). (_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 52._) CHINCHONA MICRANTHA.--_Arbor_ 6-10 m. alt. sat frondosa, trunco recto, tereti, 2-4 dm. crassitudine raro excedente; ramis patulis. _Cortex_ trunci crassiusculus. _Peridermis_ ejusdem tenuis, libro extus subcarioso vix hærens, plus minus lævigata, sordide grisea fuscescensve; ramorum lævis, cinerascens; ramulorum viridescens. _Folia_ plerumque ovato-rotundata, 12-20 cm, long. 10-15 cm. lat. basi (præcipue in junioribus) plus minus cuneata vel attenuata, obtusiuscula, membranacea, supra glabra nitidiuscula, læte viridia, subtus læevissime puberula pallide virescentia, venis venulisque parce pubescentibus, axillis pilosiusculis, pilis subfasciculatis. Petiolus 2-3 cm. long. glaber, ejusdem coloris ac costa. _Stipulæ_ ovatæ, obtusæ, extus pubescentes, intus puberulæ, deciduæ. _Panicula Florifera_ maxima, thyrsoidea; ramulis subpatentibus pedicellisque (2 mm. long.) pubescentibus, cinereo-virescentibus. _Calyx_ pubescens, limbo crateriformi, dentibus acuminatis. _Corolla_ alba, tubo tereti 5-7 mm. long. basi et fauce leviter coarctato, laciniis lanceolatis. _Stamina_ imo tubo inserta, antheris inclusis filamenta subæquantibus. _Stylus_ brevissimus; stigmatis laciniis linearibus. _Panicula Fructifera_ ovata vel subpyramidalis, subconferta, ramulis glabratis. _Capsula_ lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 25-30 mm. long. 5-7 mm. lat. utrinque attenuata, glabrata, lævis. _Semina_ lanceolata, basi integra vel fissa, margine denticulata. Crescit in nemoribus humidis subobscuris montium, nec non infrequentius juxta ipsas rivulorum ripas, vallium provinciarum Larecaja et Caupolican Bolivianorum, vallisque Tambopata provinciæ Caravaya incola; provenit etiam in editioribus versus Chicoplaya et Playa Grande Peruvianorum. CHINCHONA NITIDA. (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,' No._ vii.) CHINCHONA NITIDA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, obovatis, ovali-oblongis ovato-oblongisque, nitidis, paniculâ terminali--_Cascarilla Officinal_. (Ruiz Quinologia, Art. 2, p. 56.) _Arbor_ procera, a decem usque ad quadraginta ulnas, glabra. _Truncus_ solitarius, erectus, teres, aliquando tres aut quinque repullantes. _Cortex_ extus scaber, fusco-nigricans, sæpe ex fusco et cinereo colore variegatus; intus obscure fulvus, amarissimus, acidulus non ingratus, in commercio et in febribus tertianis magno usu fit. _Rami_ seniores teretes, scabri, fusco atri-cinereo colore variegati, _teneri_ leviter tetragoni, fusci. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, obovata, ovali-oblonga ovato-oblongaque, integerrima, nitidissima, decurrentia, marginibus ad basim revolutis, subtus venosa, venis purpurascentibus, glandulis rotundis oblongisque, supra prominentibus, subtus concavis, ad sinus nervorum ortum insertis, villis longis albicantibus vestitis. _Petioli_ subtus semiteretes, supra planiusculi, purpurei. _Stipulæ_ interfoliaceæ, oppositæ, supra-axillares, basi coadunatæ, oblongæ, sessiles, obtusæ, intus rubescentes, marginibus reflexis. _Panicula_ terminalis, composita, subracemosa, rubescens. _Pedunculi_ multiflori, tetragoni. _Flores_ breviter pedicellati. _Pedicelli_ bracteolis ovatis acumine subulato concavis ad basim stipati, persistentes. _Calyx_ parvus, purpureus. _Corolla_ alba, extus dilute rubicunda, vix semipollicaris, laciniis intus villosis, villis albicantibus. _Capsula_ oblonga, decem-striata, rubescens, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus. _Semina_ ovalia, fulva, alis membranaceis oblongis inæqualiter denticulato cincta. _Habitat_ in Andium montibus altis, nemorosis, frigidis, ad Pampamarca, Chacahuasi, Casapi, Casapillo, Cayumba, Sapan, Cuchero, aliisque tractibus, et in montibus Provinciarum Huamalies, Tarma, et Jauja. _Floret_ Maio, Junio, et Julio. _Vulgo: Cascarilla fina aut Quina fina. Cascarilla lustrosa_ (Pritchett). (_From Weddell's 'Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas,' p. 47._) CHINCHONA NITIDA.--C. foliis lanceolato-obovatis, acutis, basi attenuatis, utrinque glabris, nitidis vel inferne leviter pilosis, escrobiculatis; filamentis antheras æquantibus; capsula anguste lanceolata, latitudine sua duplo longiori; seminibus lanceolatis, margine denticulatis. _Arbor_ 8-12 m. alt., trunco recto, tereti, crassitudine corporis humani; coma parum frondosa. _Cortex_ trunci crassus, peridermide rimosa, obscure brunnea; ramorum peridermis inæqualis, plus minus sulcato-rimosa, brunneo-cinerascens. _Folia_ lanceolato- vel oblongo-obovata, 9-10 cm. long., 25 mm. lat., utrinque acuta, basi cuneata aut attenuata, sub-membranacea; supra glabra nitida, subtus nonnunquam (ad venas præsertim) pilosa; petiolo 1 cm. longo. _Stipulæ_ oblongæ vel obovatæ, obtusæ, deciduæ, raro basi connatæ. _Panicula_ ovata, subcoarctata, ramulis pedicellisque puberulis; bracteis triangulari-lanceolatis. _Calyx_ limbo subcampanulato, dentibus triangularibus. _Corolla_ rosea, tubo subcylindrico, laciniis lanceolatis, villis albidis. _Antheræ_ apice exsertæ, filamenta æquantes vel paulo breviores. _Stylus_ antheras haud attingens; stigmatis lobis linearibus, brevibus. _Capsula_ lanceolata, denique glabra, læviuscula vel striata, sub maturitatem obscure rubiginosa, dentibus coronæ erectiusculis. _Semina_ lanceolata, utrinque acuta, margine denticulata. _Habitat_ in montibus altis, noctu frigidiusculis, diu apricis ventilatisque. (Ruiz et Pavon. Poeppig.) CHINCHONA PERUVIANA. (_Howard._) (_The "Pata de Gallinazo" of Pritchett's Collection._) (_From Howard's 'Nueva Quinologia of Pavon.'_) CHINCHONA PERUVIANA.--Foliis oppositis, petiolatis, lanceolato-ovatis, basi attenuatis, junioribus lanceolatis, scrobiculatis, paniculâ terminali compositâ. _Arbor_ procera ... _Lignum_ compactum, luteum. _Cortex_ extus scaber, rimosus, corticem _Calisayæ_ maxime æmulans, sæpe ex albo et cinereo colore variegatis; intus obscure fulvus, amarus, fragrans. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, lanceolato-ovata, nonnulla lanceolato-obovata, alia elliptica, basi attenuata, obtuse acuminata, juniora lanceolata, scrobiculata, scrobiculis supra valde prominentibus, nitida, subtus venosa. _Petioli_ subtus semi-teretes, supra planiusculi. _Panicula_ terminalis, composita, pyramidalis. _Capsula_ oblonga, leviter decemstriata, calyce coronata, bivalvis, valvulis basi hiantibus. _Semina_ ovalia, alis membranaceis, valde laceratis. _Habitat_ in Andium montibus frigidis Cocheros aliisque tractibus. _Vulgo_: "_Cascarilla Pata de Gallinazo_." _Obs._:--In commercio magno usu fit. _Speciminibus nobis à Pritchett datis descript._ CHINCHONA LANCIFOLIA. (_From Karsten's 'Floræ Columbiæ Specimina Selecta,'_ I. p. 21.) _Arbor_ vasta, usque ad 24 metr. adscendens, trunco recto, 1-1½ metra in diametro; coma subovata, ramosa, ramis teretibus adscendentibus vel inferioribus, horizontalibus, cortice rugoso, fuscescenti, ut plurimum hic illic profunde transversim annulato, tectis; ramulis brachiatis, compressiusculis, uti pedicelli leviter striguloso-pilosiusculis. _Folia_ opposita, petiolata, petiolo semitereti 16-20 m. m. longo, supra plano, glabro, subtus pilosiusculo insidentia, lanceolata, acuminata, basi attenuata, integerrima, glaberrima, in axilla venarum leviter scrobiculata, et hic facie inferiore glomerulo pilorum obsita, patentia, læte viridia, nitida, lamina 10 centim. longa, 3-1/2 centim. lata, petiolo nervisque, demum folio integro, rubescentibus; juniora subtus in costa minutissime pilosiuscula; vernatione applicativa. _Stipulæ_ interpetiolares, liberæ, lanceolatæ, acutæ, pedicellorum longitudine, glaberrimæ; intus basi pluriseriatim glandulosæ, demum rubræ, deciduæ. _Inflorescentia_ terminalis foliosa, paniculata, e cymis dichotomis axillaribus composita, foliis floralibus lineari-lanceolatis; pedunculi pedicellique bracteis minutis, glabris, lanceolato-acutis, subpersistentibus, suffulti. _Calycis_ tubus turbinatus, ovario adnatus, pilis minutis, adpressis strigosus; limbus persistens campanulatus, quinquefidus, glaber, rubescens, laciniis triangularibus, acutis. _Corolla_ tubo cylindrico 10 m. m. longo, extus sericeo, carneo-rubro, intus glabro; limbo quinquepartito, lobis ovatis, acutis, æstivatione valvatis, rubris, extus sericeis, intus margine albide-villosis sub anthesin patentibus. _Stamina_ quinque, tubo medio inserta, paullo exserta. _Filamenta_ subulata, glabra, 1 m. m. longa; _antheræ_ lineares, introrse longitudinaliter birimosæ, basi sagittata affixæ, filamentis paullo breviores, plus minus exsertæ; _pollen_ sphæricum granulosum, triocellatum. _Discus_ epigynus, annularis, carnosus, subpentagonus, quinquesulcatus. _Ovarium_ inferum biloculare, loculis multiovulatis, placentis linearibus, medio dissepimenti longitudinaliter adnatis, ovula anatropa, pluriseriata, imbricatim adscendentia, mox peltata gerentibus; stylus teres glaber, staminibus longior, exsertus aut inclusus; stigmata duo linearia. _Capsula_ oblonga, striato-costata, calva, post dehiscentiam septicidam, a basi ad apicem progredientem, calycis limbo diutius coronata, epicarpio cum endocarpio connato, 17-20 m. m. longa, 6-8 m. m. lata. _Semina_ lanceolata, applanata, 7-8 m. m. longa, 2-3 m. m. lata, spermophoro, a valvis apertis soluto, adhærentia, caduca, ala membranacea, hyalina, imperforata, margine crenulato-denticulata, cincta; nucleo ovali sextam partem fere seminis longitudinis attingente. _Embryo_ in axi albuminis carnosi rectus, cotyledonibus ovalibus, planis, applicativis, radicula tereti infera. In declivitate Andium Granatensium inter 5° et 1° lat. Sept. altitudine 2500-3000 metr. supra oceani littora ad temperaturam glacialem in horis nocturnis fere refrigerata hic illic frequenter in locis nebulosis et illuviosis nascitur. _Tunita_ ab incolis dicta. APPENDIX C. NOTES ON THE PRINCIPAL PLANTS EMPLOYED IN INDIA, ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR REAL OR SUPPOSED FEBRIFUGE VIRTUES. BY ALEXANDER SMITH, ESQ. THE following enumeration of Indian febrifuge plants, though, from the limited time at my disposal, not so complete as could be wished, will serve to give an idea of the great variety of indigenous plants used by the natives of India in the treatment of the different kinds of fevers so prevalent in that country. European physicians of the present day rely to a great extent upon the invaluable products of the _Chinchonas_, as the most certain remedies for these disorders; but a couple of centuries ago, when _quinine_ and the kindred alkaloids were undreamt of, and when even Peruvian Bark, or, as it was then called, "Countess' Bark" or "Jesuits' Bark," was scarcely known, and its source a jealously guarded secret, their ancestors made use of a much greater number of substances, and highly extolled the febrifuge properties of many of our native wild plants. Most of these, however, are now known to be of little use and are discarded from the modern practice of physic, though amongst rustic practitioners, or herb-doctors, they still to a certain degree enjoy their ancient reputation. We must not therefore be surprised that the native doctors of the East, whose knowledge of chemistry and the allied sciences is as limited as was that of our old herbalists, should in like manner ascribe powerful properties to the barks, roots, stems, and other parts of plants which in reality possess as little value in a medical point of view, as the indigenous plants at one time used in our own country. It must not, however, be imagined from these remarks that all the plants mentioned below are known to be completely devoid of medicinal properties. Some of them possibly possess qualities of the greatest value, and, were they properly tested by the enlightened science of the present day, might yield products useful either as tonics or febrifuges, or prove otherwise valuable. But the great majority are comparatively valueless, and their supposed virtues merely the result of fancy. ALEX. SMITH. _Kew, Surrey, April 5th, 1862._ RANUNCULACEÆ. THALICTRUM FOLIOLOSUM, _D. C._ The bitter roots of this Himalayan species of Meadow Rue are used by the natives in intermittent fevers, and have, according to O'Shaughnessy, been experimented upon by European practitioners, and found serviceable not only as a febrifuge, but as a tonic in convalescence from acute diseases. The plant is an erect, branching perennial, three or more feet high, with large quadripinnate leaves composed of numerous small leaflets. It is common throughout the Himalayas, and is called "Pelijuree" or "Shuprak" by the natives. COPTIS TEETA, _Wall._ Several bitter roots are called "Teeta" in the Bengal bazaars. Those of the present plant are brought down from the Mishmee Mountains on the northern borders of Assam, and are consequently called "Mishmee Teeta." They are usually packed in little baskets about two inches wide, made of strips of rattan-cane. In the Scinde bazaars they are called "Mahmira," and they are likewise said to be imported from China under the name of "Sou-line" or "Chyn-len," but the plant is not known to be a native of that country. They have an intensely bitter taste, and the native doctors esteem them very highly as a tonic and stomachic. M. Virey says that a decoction of them is a powerful febrifuge, but O'Shaughnessy states that in experiments made in the Indian hospitals they did not seem to exercise any febrifuge virtues, though their tonic properties were very manifest. The roots of an allied American species (_Coptis trifolia_, Salisb.) are used throughout the United States and Canada as a tonic, under the name of "Gold Thread." ACONITUM, _sp. pl._ The roots of several species of Aconite, common in the Himalayas, are reputed to possess febrifuge properties, but the identification of the particular species is very uncertain. Amongst others the most virulent kind of "Bikh" or "Bish," that yielded by the _Aconitum ferox_, Wall., is said to be thus employed and also in chronic rheumatism; and likewise the "Bikhma" of Hamilton, supposed to be the _Aconitum palmatum_, Don. The little tuber-like roots called "Atees" or "Butees," much esteemed for their bitter tonic properties, are afforded by the _Aconitum heterophyllum_, Wall. MAGNOLIACEÆ. MICHELIA CHAMPACA, _Linn._ Several of the _Magnoliaceæ_ are known to possess powerful febrifuge virtues, particularly the _Magnolia glauca_, Linn., and other American species, the bark and fruits of which are greatly used in intermittent fever. Among the Indian species, the only one reputed to possess similar virtues is the "Champa" (_Michelia Champaca_, Linn.), O'Shaughnessy remarking that, after several trials, its bark appeared to him to possess the properties attributed to the _Magnolia glauca_. It, however, contains tannin and gallic acid, both of which are absent in the American bark. The Champa grows to a large size, has ovate-lanceolate leaves from eight to ten inches long and two to four broad, and bears exceedingly fragrant yellow or orange-coloured flowers, which the Hindus offer to their deities. BERBERIDACEÆ. BERBERIS LYCIUM, _Royle_. According to the learned investigations of the late Dr. Royle, it would appear that this species of Barberry afforded the λύκιον ινδικον of Dioscorides. At the present day an extract of the sliced root, stem, and branches is prepared in Nipal and the Dhoon, and employed by the native doctors in diseases of the eyes, for which purpose the drug was also valued by the physicians of old. It is known in Bengal by the name of "Rusoot" or "Rasot," and in Scinde by that of "Ruswul." Employed as a substitute for Chinchona bark this extract has been found to be a most valuable remedial agent in common and tertian agues, checking the fever in three days. The skin is invariably moist during its action. The plant is a small stiff shrub with twiggy, pale-barked branches armed with conical tripartite spines, and bearing clusters of small obovate-lanceolate leaves, either entire or with spiny teeth along the edges. MENISPERMACEÆ. TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA, _Miers_ (= _Cocculus cordifolius_, D. C., and _Menispermum cordifolium_, Willd.). A tall, climbing shrub with rough corky bark, and broad, heart-shaped, pointed leaves from two to four inches long, upon stalks of about the same length; common in woods throughout the peninsula of India and in Ceylon, and known in the former country by the name of "Guluncha" or "Gurcha," and amongst the Cinghalese by that of "Rassakinda." All parts of the plant have a bitter taste, and an infusion of the young stems and leaves is highly esteemed by the native physicians as a febrifuge medicine, and also as a tonic, while in some districts it is looked upon as a certain cure for poisonous snake-bites. Ainslie says that the bruised plant is put into the water drunk by the Brahmins at some of their religious ceremonies. TINOSPORA CRISPA, _Miers_ (= _Cocculus crispus_, D. C., and _Menispermum crispum_, Linn.). This is closely allied to the above, and is known by the same name, "Guluncha." It has smooth bark, more oval and less heart-shaped leaves on shorter stalks. Like the last it is greatly valued in the treatment of intermittent fever; but the natives in Silhet consider that it is more efficacious when found climbing upon mango-trees. It is found in Silhet and Pegu, and in several of the Indian islands. CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA, _Linn._ The woody stems of this widely spread tropical plant are used in a variety of diseases, and amongst others in fevers, but it is principally valued for its antilithic properties, on account of which it is admitted into our Pharmacopœias under the name of Pareira-brava. It is a tall, hard-wooded climber, indigenous to the tropics of both hemispheres, and is found in all parts of India. In Ceylon, where it is also used as a fever medicine, it is called "Deyamitta." CAPPARIDACEÆ. GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA, _D. C._ (= _Cleome pentaphylla_, Linn.). A decoction of the little black seeds of this plant is considered useful in typhus fever, and in convulsive affections. The plant is called "Vaylee" in the Tamul language; "Hurhuriya" in Bengalese; "Caraila" by the Hindus; and "Waila" by the Cinghalese. It is an annual plant, a foot or more in height, with hairy stems, and palmately divided leaves usually with five, but sometimes with seven or only three segments. CRATÆVA NURVALA, _Ham._ (= _Cratæva Tapia_, Burm.). A small tree, fifteen to twenty feet high, common on the banks of rivers on the Malabar coast and in Mysore, producing an astringent bark, a decoction of which is prescribed as a tonic in both intermittent and typhus fevers. The Sanscrit name of the plant is "Varuna," and it is the "Nurvala" of Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus, according to Hamilton, who says that the real name of the plant in the Malabar dialect is "Vala," the prefix "Nur" (water) merely denoting the localities in which the tree is found. MORINGACEÆ. MORINGA PTERYGOSPERMA, _Gaertn._ (= _Hyperanthera Moringa_, Vahl.). Well known in India as the Horse-radish tree, on account of its roots possessing a pungent odour and biting aromatic taste similar to those of our common horse-radish, for which they are substituted by European residents in both the East and West Indies. They are also used medicinally by the native doctors as a stimulant in paralysis and intermittent fevers, and are also considered valuable as a rubefacient. "Morunghy," from which the generic name adopted by modern botanists has been derived, is the Tamul name; and "Sujna" or "Salijuna," the Hindu. It is a small tree, seldom more than twenty feet high, and has large compound three-times pinnated leaves, and axillary bunches of whitish flowers, producing long pendulous three-sided fruits, containing numerous winged seeds, which some authors regard as the source of the celebrated Ben-oil. CARYOPHYLLACEÆ. MOLLUGO CERVIANA, _Ser._ (= _Pharnaceum Cervianum_, Linn.). This little herb is used as a medicine in fevers in Ceylon, where it is called "Pat-paadagan;" and as the plant is also found in the Indian peninsula, it is most probably employed in a similar manner by the Hindu doctors. The order to which it belongs is remarkable for little besides the presence of _saponine_ in several species. MALVACEÆ. SIDA ACUTA, _Burm._ (= _Sida lanceolata_, Retz.). The roots of this have an intensely bitter taste, and their infusion, in conjunction with ginger, is prescribed in cases of intermittent fever, for which they have also been tried in the Indian hospitals, but without satisfactory results, though they were found to possess some medicinal virtues as a tonic. The plant is called "Pata" in Sanscrit; and "Malaytanghie" in Tamul. It is a shrub with narrow lance-shaped, pointed leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, and either smooth or sprinkled with bristly hairs, especially on the veins underneath. PAVONIA ZEYLANICA, _Cav._ (= _Hibiscus Zeylanicus_, Linn.). A tall annual plant, with variable leaves, the lower ones being roundish heart-shaped, and the upper deeply three to five lobed, and whitish or pale-red flowers. It is called "Sittamootie" in Tamul, and an infusion of the root is administered in fevers, but Ainslie states that it does not appear to possess any virtues. OLACACEÆ. OLAX ZEYLANICA, _Linn._ A small tree, native of Ceylon and of some parts of India, yielding a fœtid, salt-tasted wood, which is employed in putrid fevers. The Cinghalese, who call the tree "Malla," eat the leaves in their curries. AURANTIACEÆ. ÆGLE MARMELOS, _Corr._ (= _Cratæva Marmelos_, Linn.). The Bengal Quince-tree. Almost every part of this tree is used medicinally by the native Indian doctors. In fever cases a decoction of the bark of the root, and also of the stem, is employed, but when the latter is used it is generally combined with a great variety of other substances. The expressed juice of the leaves, diluted with water, is also administered in incipient fevers and colds. The fruit is a valuable remedy in diarrhœa and dysentery, and has been successfully employed in those complaints by medical men in this country. It is a tree of moderate size, with its young branches furnished with sharp spines, and has ternate or rarely pinnate leaves, and axillary panicles of few large fragrant flowers. It has a great number of vernacular names. In Hindustanee and Bengalee it is called "Bael, Bêl, or Bêla;" in Telinga, "Maredoo;" in Tamul, "Willamarvum;" in Malayan, "Tanghula," &c. MELIACEÆ. AZADIRACHTA INDICA, _A. de Juss._ (= _Melia Azadirachta_, Linn.). The bitter astringent bark of this tree, the Neem or Margosa tree of India, is considered by the native doctors to be a most valuable tonic and febrifuge, and it has been successfully employed as a substitute for Chinchona-bark by English physicians in India. A bitter principle called _Azadirine_ has been obtained from it. Other parts of the tree are likewise reputed to possess medicinal properties: the bitter oil obtained from the pericarp being employed as an anthelmintic, and the olive-like fruit itself in leprosy, while the leaves are universally used in India for poultices. The Neem forms a large ornamental tree, and has pinnate leaves with unequal-sided smooth leaflets sharply toothed at the edges, and loose axillary panicles of bluish flowers. "Neem" or "Nim" is its Hindustanee and Bengalee name; "Nimba," in Sanscrit; "Vaypun" or "Vapan," in Tamul; and "Kohomba," in Cinghalese. CEDRELACEÆ. CEDRELA TOONA, _Roxb._ The Toon-tree grows to a large size, and yields a valuable reddish timber, resembling some kinds of mahogany. It has abruptly pinnate leaves composed of from six to twelve pairs of opposite, usually entire, smooth leaflets of an ovate-lanceolate shape; and its flowers are small, yellowish, and sweet-scented, and are disposed in terminal drooping panicles. Toon bark is powerfully astringent, but is said to be devoid of bitterness. It is much esteemed in the treatment of intermittent fever, though seldom administered alone, but generally prescribed in combination with the excessively bitter seed of the _Guilandina Bonducella_. The flowers yield a yellow dye, but the colour is not permanent. SOYMIDA FEBRIFUGA, _A. de Juss._ (= _Swietenia febrifuga_, Roxb.). The specific name of this tree indicates its use as a medicine in fevers. The part employed is the bark, which is of a reddish colour and has a very bitter, slightly astringent, but not unpleasant taste. It was long ago highly recommended as a substitute for Peruvian bark by several English doctors in India, and appears to possess considerable medicinal virtues, though Ainslie found that when given in large doses it deranged the nervous system, occasioned vertigo and subsequent stupor. The tree is called "Shemmarum" by the Tamuls; "Soimido" by the Telingas (whence the generic name adopted by botanists); and "Rohuna" by the Bengalese. It is a very large, hard-wooded tree, with abruptly pinnate leaves composed of from three to six pairs of opposite, oval-oblong blunt leaflets; and produces large panicles of small yellowish flowers towards the points of the young branches. The bark of another large Indian tree belonging to this order, the "Chikrassee" of the Bengalese (_Chickrassia tabularis_, A. de Juss.), is a powerful astringent, but, like the Toon bark, devoid of bitterness. OXALIDACEÆ. AVERRHOA BILIMBI, _Linn._ A syrup prepared with the juice of the excessively acid gherkin-like fruits of the Bilimbi is used by the native doctors in the treatment of fevers, as also is a conserve of the flowers. The Bilimbi is a small tree, with unequally pinnate leaves, which, like those of the well-known sensitive plant, are irritable and close their leaflets together when touched. Its fruits are commonly used for pickling by Europeans, both in the East and in the West Indies. XANTHOXYLACEÆ. TODDALIA ACULEATA, _Pers._ (= _Scopolia aculeata_, Smith). Powerful stimulating properties are ascribed to all parts of this plant. The fresh bark of its root is administered by the Telinga physicians, who call the plant "Conda cashinda," for the cure of the kind of remittent fever known by the name of "hill fever," from its being caught in the jungles of the Indian hills. It is a moderately tall shrub with prickly stems and branches, alternate, trifoliate, smooth leaves marked with numberless pellucid dots, and usually having prickles on their stalks and on the midribs of the leaflets; and its flowers, which are whitish and strong scented, are borne in simple or compound racemes. Its Cinghalese name is "Koodoomirris-wel." SIMARUBACEÆ. SAMADERA INDICA, _Gaertn._ All parts of this tree partake of the excessively bitter qualities common to the order. The decoction of the rasped wood has recently been extensively and successfully employed in Ceylon, in the treatment of intermittent fever, and is recommended to be given in combination with Myrobalan galls. The wood is of a pale colour, resembling quassia-wood, and is very light. The tree is indigenous to Ceylon, and also to the Indian peninsula, and is the "Karin-njotti" of Rheede. It attains a considerable size, and has oblong-elliptical, alternate leaves, and long, pendulous, compressed flower-stalks, divided at the top into a many-flowered umbel. The bark, called "Niepa bark," also possesses febrifugal properties. RHAMNACEÆ. ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA, _Lam._ (= _Rhamnus Jujuba_, Linn.) The root of this common Indian tree is a reputed febrifuge, and an infusion of it, combined with some warm seed, is said to be employed as such in the Moluccas, while the bark is used in diarrhœa. It is a small tree, with prickly branches, usually having the spines in pairs, and elliptical or oblong obtuse leaves, covered on the under side, as also are the branches, with dense short tawny tomentum, and it bears small greenish-yellow flowers, which produce roundish, yellow, edible fruits about the size of cherries. Its Sanscrit name is "Vadari," and its Bengalese "Kool." LEGUMINOSÆ. CASSIA FISTULA, _Linn._ (= _Cathartocarpus Fistula_, Pers.). The black, sweet-tasted pulp contained in the long cylindrical pipe-like pods of this common tropical plant is well known as a gentle laxative medicine; and its roots are reputed to be an excellent febrifuge. It is the "Sonali" of the Bengalese, the "Amultas" of the Hindus, and the "Ahalla" of the Cinghalese, and is a moderately large tree, with very long pinnate leaves, and loose drooping racemes of bright-yellow fragrant flowers. GUILANDINA BONDUCELLA, _Linn._ (= _Cæsalpinia Bonducella_, Fleming). The seeds and bark, but particularly the former, have an intensely bitter taste, and are supposed to possess powerful tonic virtues. The seeds, called Bonduc nuts, are lead or ash coloured and most excessively hard. Their cotyledons, powdered and combined with spices or other medicinal substances, are prescribed with beneficial results in intermittent fever. The root is also said to be a good tonic in dyspeptic complaints; in fact, all parts of the plant are reputed to possess medicinal properties. The plant is a prickly, trailing shrub, with abruptly twice-pinnate leaves, each pinna consisting of from five to eight pairs of oval leaflets, and bears racemes of rusty-yellow flowers. The Tamuls call it "Kalichikai;" the Telingas "Getsakaia;" the Hindus "Cat-caleyi" and "Natacaranja;" and the Cinghalese "Koombooroo-wel." It is a common plant throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. PHASEOLUS TRILOBUS, _Roth._ (= _Dolichos trilobus_, Linn.). Ainslie says that "this plant was brought to Dr. F. Hamilton in Bahar, where he was informed by the Vytians of that district that the fresh herb was given in decoction in cases of irregular fever." It is a procumbent, spreading, herbaceous plant, with leaves composed of three roundish, entire, or three-lobed leaflets on long stalks, and bears a few pea-like flowers at the ends of long ascending stalks. ORMOCARPUM SENNOIDES, _D. C._ (= _Hedysarum sennoides_, Willd.). A shrub with glutinous hairy shoots, unequally pinnate leaves, and short axillary racemes bearing a few pea-like flowers, producing jointed pods. The decoction of the roots of this shrub, which is called "Caat Morungie" in the Tamul language, and "Adivie moonaga" in Telinga, is prescribed by the native physicians as a tonic and stimulant in fevers, and a liniment made of the powdered bark and sesamum oil is applied externally in paralysis and lumbago. COMBRETACEÆ. TERMINALIA TOMENTOSA, _W. et A._ (= _Terminalia alata_, Roth.). This is a large tree with deeply-cracked bark, and nearly opposite, linear, oblong, obtuse leaves, somewhat cordate at the base, crenulate, and clothed with pubescence underneath. It is the "Peea-sal" or "Usan" of the Bengalese; the "Nella madoo" of the Telingas; and the "Aans" of the Hindus. The reddish-brown, cracked bark has a strong but not unpleasant astringent taste, and is classed amongst the febrifuge medicines by the native doctors: powdered and mixed with oil it is employed in apthæ. MYRTACEÆ. SYZYGIUM CARYOPHYLLIFOLIUM, _D. C._ (= _Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia_, Willd.). "Nawel" of the Tamuls; "Nereddie" of the Telingas; and "Madang" of the Cinghalese. The thick, brownish-coloured bark of this tree has an astringent, slightly aromatic taste, and a decoction of it is sometimes prescribed by native doctors in fevers and bowel complaints, and is also employed as a wash for foul ulcers. It has been recommended as a tanning substance, but it does not possess sufficient astringency to render it suitable for that purpose. The tree has smooth, entire leaves of an oblong-lanceolate shape and attenuated at the base, and bears cymose panicles of flowers upon the old branches, producing little edible fruits about the size of peas. BARRINGTONIACEÆ. BARRINGTONIA RACEMOSA, _Roxb._ (= _Eugenia racemosa_, Linn.). "Cadapum" (Tam.); "Kamtee" (Tel.); and "Deya-midella" (Cing.). Ainslie says that the reddish-coloured bark of the Cadapum is supposed to possess virtues similar to those of Chinchona bark. Medicinal properties are also ascribed to the root and seed, both of which have a bitter though not unpleasant taste. It is a large tree, with cuneate-oblong, acuminate, serrulate leaves, crowded together towards the ends of the branches, and long pendulous racemes of large flowers, producing ovate, bluntly quadrangular fruits. CUCURBITACEÆ. ZANONIA INDICA, _Linn._ Mr. Thwaites says that the Cinghalese value this plant as a febrifuge, and call it "Wal-rasakinda." It is also found in India, and is the "Penar-valli" of Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus. The plant is a climber, supporting itself by means of tendrils, and has alternate, elliptical, pointed leaves, slightly cordate at the base, and axillary racemes of flowers. TRICHOSANTHES CUCUMERINA, _Linn._ This is another cucurbitaceous plant much used by the Cinghalese as a febrifuge, and from the experiments made with it in the hospitals at Badulla it appears to possess considerable efficacy. It is astringent and contains a bitter principle, which it yields to boiling water, and is therefore recommended to be used in the form of an infusion, made with the dried stem and leaves. The plant is called "Doommaala" by the Cinghalese, and is very common both in Ceylon and India. It is an annual climbing plant, with three-cleft tendrils, and broadly-cordate, angular or lobed leaves toothed along the edges. Its seeds are used in bowel complaints. UMBELLIFERÆ. HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA, _Linn._ The Asiatic Pennywort has recently been discovered to be a valuable remedy in leprosy, scrofula, venereal, and other complaints. The native doctors, however, have hitherto considered it serviceable only in bowel complaints and fevers, administering it in the form of an infusion of the toasted leaves in combination with fenugreek. It has a bitter, pungent, disagreeable taste, and when bruised gives off a peculiar offensive odour. The active principle of the plant is said to be due to a thick pale-yellow oil or extract, which has been called _Vellarine_, from the Tamul name of the plant, "Vullarei." Its Telinga name is "Babassa;" its Hindu, "Thulkura;" and its Cinghalese, "Heen-gotookola." By the latter people it is used as an anthelmintic. Though named _Asiatica_ by botanists, it is by no means confined to that continent, but is spread very generally throughout the tropics. It has creeping stems, and tufts of roundish kidney-shaped leaves. CHINCHONACEÆ. HYMENODYCTION EXCELSUM, _Wall._ (= _Cinchona excelsa_, Roxb.) Roxburgh supposed this tree to belong to the same genus as the Peruvian barks, but no species of true _Chinchona_ has ever been found wild in the Eastern hemisphere. The present tree grows to a large size and yields a thick bark, the inner coatings of which possess the bitterness and astringency of the real Peruvian bark, especially when fresh; but the bitterness, though more durable, is not so quickly communicated to the taste. It is called "Bundaroo" by the Telingas. COMPOSITÆ. VERBESINA CINEREA, _Less._ (= _Conyza cinerea_, Linn.). A low-growing annual plant, widely spread throughout the tropics of the old world, and considered by the Hindus to possess medicinal virtues, a decoction of the entire herb being administered in febrile affections in order to promote perspiration. It is the "Seera shengalaneer" of the Tamuls, and the "Gherutti Kamma" of the Telingas. AUCKLANDIA COSTUS, _Falc._ In an elaborate memoir upon this plant, Dr. Falconer has shown it to be the source of the celebrated "Costus" of the ancients, which was previously referred to the _Costus Arabicus_, Linn. (= _Costus speciosus_, Sm.), a plant belonging to the order _Zingiberaceæ_. It is a gregarious herbaceous plant with a perennial root sending up annual erect stems six or seven feet high, bearing large, somewhat lyrate pinnatifid leaves. Costus-root is collected in large quantities in Cashmere, but the only use made of it there is for perfuming bales of shawls, and thus protecting them from insects, the great bulk of it being exported to China and Persia, in both of which countries it is highly esteemed as a medicine, the Persian doctors regarding it as an efficacious remedy in nearly all the ills human nature is heir to. Ainslie says that the native practitioners in India prescribe an infusion of it as a stomachic and tonic, and also in the advanced stages of typhus fever. In Cashmere it is called "Koot," which agrees with the Arabic "Koost:" in Bengal it is known by the name of "Putchuk." EMILIA SONCHIFOLIA, _D. C._ (= _Cacalia sonchifolia_, Linn.). "Shudimudi" of the Bengalese, or "Kadoo-para" of the Cinghalese. An annual, with erect or spreading, branching stems, and variously shaped leaves, the lower ones being usually lyrate, and the upper more or less amplexicaul, with blunt or sharp auricles. On the Malabar coast the native practitioners, according to Rheede, consider a decoction of this plant to possess antifebrile qualities. EBENACEÆ. DIOSPYROS EMBRYOPTERIS, _Pers._ (= _Embryopteris glutinifera_, Roxb.). An American species of _Diospyros_ (_D. Virginiana_, Linn.) is employed as a febrifuge by rustic practitioners in the United States, and O'Shaughnessy states that the bark of the present tree has been given in India, but with doubtful results, in the treatment of intermittent fevers. It is well known as the Gaub-tree, and the viscid, excessively astringent juice of its fruit is used for tanning, and for paying the seams of boats. It is a middle-sized tree, with long elliptic-lanceolate, smooth, coriaceous leaves, and whitish flowers. APOCYNACEÆ. OPHIOXYLON SERPENTINUM, _Willd._ "Chivan amelpodi" in Tamul; "Chota Chand" in Hindostanee; "Chandra" in Bengalee; "Patalganni" in Telinga; and "Aikawaireya" in Cinghalese. The root of the Chandra is very bitter, and is administered by the Telinga and also by the Javanese doctors in the form of a decoction, as a remedy in fever cases. It is one of the numberless supposed remedies for the bites of venomous snakes, but, as in many other similar instances, its virtues are fanciful, and its great reputation is probably ascribable to the old doctrine of _signatures_, the plant being a climber and having a twining stem. WRIGHTIA ANTIDYSENTERICA, _R. Br._ (= _Nerium antidysentericum_, Linn.). The bark of this species of _Wrightia_ is included in some European works on Materia Medica under the name of Tellicherry or Conessi bark. It has long enjoyed a high reputation in India as a tonic and febrifuge; but other parts of the plant likewise appear to possess similar properties, a decoction of the long oat-like seeds being employed in ardent fever. The bark is also given in dysentery. Among the Tamuls it goes by the name of "Veppalei," while the Hindus call it "Curayia," and the Telingas "Pala codija." It is a small tree producing a white ivory-like wood, which has been tried for engraving purposes, but found unsuitable on account of it not being of even quality throughout. It has obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, smooth leaves, and nearly terminal corymbs of jasmine-like flowers. ASCLEPIADACEÆ. CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA, _R. Br._ (= _Asclepias gigantea_, Linn.). Various parts of the Yercum-plant have long been employed for medicinal purposes by the native doctors, and experiments made by Anglo-Indian practitioners have proved that the inner bark of the root, called Mudar bark, is a valuable remedy in leprosy, and that it may also be given with advantage in several other complaints, including intermittent and other fevers. An elastic gum and a valuable fibre are also obtained from the plant. There are two varieties of Yercum, one with white and the other with purple flowers, the former forming a tree fifteen or twenty feet high, and the latter a shrub. LOGANIACEÆ. STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA, _Linn._ According to Roxburgh the exceedingly bitter wood of the Nux Vomica is employed as a remedy in fevers of the intermittent kind, and also for the cure of snake-bites, when that of the next species cannot be obtained. The poisonous bark is commonly sold in the Indian bazaars in place of the febrifuge "Rohuna bark," which is in reality the produce of _Soymida febrifuga_. It is the false Angostura bark of our Materia Medica. Nux Vomica seeds have also been administered with some benefit in intermittent fever. The _Strychnos Nux-Vomica_ forms a small tree, has oval, entire, shining leaves, strongly marked with from three to five longitudinal nerves, and bears small corymbs of greenish-white flowers. STRYCHNOS COLUBRINA, _Linn._ The "Naga musadi" of the Telingas, or "Koochilaluta" of the Bengalese. The wood of this species is greatly esteemed by the natives as a remedy for snake-bites, and is also given in cases of intermittent fever. It is a climbing shrub with thick woody tendrils, elliptic-oblong, blunt-pointed, three-nerved leaves, and small corymbs of yellowish flowers. GENTIANACEÆ. OPHELIA CHIRATA, _Griseb._ (= _Gentiana Chirayta_, Roxb., and _Agathotes Chirayta_, Don.). The name "Chirata" or "Chirayta," by which this plant is commonly known in India, is derived from the Sanscrit "Kirataticta." The dried stems of the Chirata have long been famed amongst the natives of India as a tonic and febrifuge; and they have also gained considerable reputation amongst European practitioners in India, who, however, have found them to be more efficacious in the cure of intermittent fever when employed in combination with the seeds of the _Guilandina Bonducella_, mentioned above. It is an annual plant, two or three feet high, with smooth round stems and opposite, ovate or somewhat cordate, acuminate leaves, marked with from five to seven nerves, and bears yellow flowers. Chirata is included in the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia. OPHELIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, _Don._ (= _Swertia angustifolia_, Ham.). The stems of this species are called "Pukaree Chirata" in the Himalayas, and are substituted for the true Chirata. The species is distinguished by its stems being somewhat four-sided, by its much narrower, sharper-pointed, obscurely three-nerved, short-stalked leaves, and by its white, violet-spotted flowers. Both this and the true Chirata are natives of the Himalayas. OPHELIA ELEGANS, _Wight._ It has recently been discovered that the stems of this South Indian species are made up into bundles in the same manner as the Himalayan Chiratas, with which they have hitherto been confounded in the bazaars. The plant, however, has a different native name, being called "Salaras" or "Salajit" by the inhabitants of the Pulney hills; but it is considered equally efficacious as a febrifuge. It has obsoletely four-sided stems, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, three-nerved leaves, tapering to a slender point, and beautiful pale-blue flowers. SALVADORACEÆ. SALVADORA, _sp._ A decoction of the bark of a species of _Salvadora_ is recommended by Hindu doctors in cases of low fever, and as a tonic. Great confusion, however, exists among the species of this genus, and it is therefore uncertain which one is thus employed. Ainslie mentions _Salvadora Persica_, but it is very doubtful whether that species is found in any part of India. CORDIACEÆ. CORDIA MYXA, _Linn._ Tonic and febrifuge properties are ascribed to the bark of this tree, it being, according to Horsfield, one of the chief remedies used in fevers by the Javanese, who call it "Kendal." It is a small tree with rounded branches, ovate leaves, smooth on the upper surface but roughish underneath, and usually terminal panicles of flowers, producing yellow, sweet-tasted pulpy fruits about the size of cherries. In the Tamul language it is called "Vidi marum;" "Nekra" in Telinga; "Lesura" in Hindostanee; and "Loloo" in Cinghalese. SOLANACEÆ. SOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM, _Schrad. et Wendl._ (= _Solanum Jacquini_, Willd.). There are two varieties of this plant, one of which was formerly considered a distinct species, and named _Solanum Jacquini_. All parts of the latter variety are used medicinally, and it is one of the fever remedies employed by the Cinghalese, who call it "Kattoo-wel-battoo." It is a decumbent, spreading annual plant, armed with numerous long white prickles, and has sinuately-pinnatifid prickly leaves. The Tamuls call it "Kandung Kattiri." SCROPHULARIACEÆ. PICRORHIZA KURROOA, _Royle._ A small perennial herbaceous plant found in Kemaon, at Gossain-than, and other parts of the Himalayan mountains, where its roots, which are called "Hooling" in Tibet, and have a powerful bitter taste, are used as a febrifuge by the natives, and also sent down to the bazaars of Bengal, where they form one of the many bitter roots sold under the name of "Teeta." The plant grows about six inches high, and has scarcely any stem, its leaves all rising from the summit of the thick root, and also its flower-stalks, which are five or six inches high, and bear a dense spike of small bluish flowers at the top. HERPESTIS MONNIERIA, _Humb._ (= _Gratiola Monnieria_, Linn.) The Cinghalese consider this plant to possess febrifuge virtues: they call it "Loonoo Weela." In India its expressed juice is mixed with petroleum, and used as a topical application in rheumatism. It is a little creeping plant, common in moist places throughout the tropics of both hemispheres, and has obovate-cuneate leaves, bearing solitary long-stalked pale-blue flowers in their axils. The Bengalese call it "Adha birni," and the Telingas "Sambrani-chittoo." ACANTHACEÆ. ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, _Nees ab Essen._ (= _Justicia paniculata_, Burm.). This is the celebrated Creyat, the principal ingredient in the famous bitter tincture called _drogue amère_, so highly esteemed in India for its tonic and stomachic properties, and also as a febrifuge. The entire plant is employed, the intensely bitter principle being found in all parts of it. It is an annual, with stiff quadrangular stems from one to two feet high, bearing smooth lanceolate leaves, attenuated at the base. In the Telinga language it is called "Nella vemoo;" in Bengalese, "Kala-megh;" in Hindustanee, "Calapnath;" and in Tamul, "Kiriat," hence the common Indian name of the plant, Creat or Creyat. JUSTICIA ADHATODA, _Linn._ (= _Adhatoda Vasica_, Nees ab Essen.) The flowers, leaves, and roots have a bitterish and somewhat aromatic taste, and are supposed to possess antispasmodic properties. An infusion of them, especially of the flowers, is given to prevent the return of rigour in intermittent fever. In Ceylon it is used as an expectorant for children. The Bengalese call the plant "Bakus;" the Tamuls, "Adhatodey;" the Cinghalese, "Paawetta;" the Telingas, "Adasara;" and in Sanscrit it is called "Vasica" or "Uroos." It forms a tree fifteen or twenty feet high, with elliptic oblong leaves, attenuated to both ends, and pale-coloured flowers with purple stripes and rusty spots. LABIATÆ. OCIMUM SANCTUM, _Linn._ The Tamul physicians prescribe a decoction of the root of this common Indian species of Basil in fever cases, and the juice of the leaves in catarrhal affections. The Brahmins consider the plant sacred to Vishnu, and cultivate it in the vicinity of temples, while the Malays strew it upon the graves of their departed friends. The whole plant generally has a purplish tinge, and grows about a foot high: it has long-stalked, downy, oval leaves, toothed along the edges, and small pale-purple flowers. Its Tamul name is "Toolasee;" its Bengalese, "Kala-toolsee;" and its Cinghalese "Madooroo-tallu." ANISOMELES MALABARICA, _R. Br._ (= _Nepeta Malabarica_, Linn.). "Pemayrutie" of the Tamuls; "Moga beerakoo" of the Telingas; and "Bootan Kooshum" in Sanscrit. A shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, clothed with short tomentum, and having oblong-lanceolate leaves, narrowed at the base, and purplish flowers disposed in distant whorls. The leaves are bitter, astringent, and somewhat aromatic, and are given in infusion in the later stages of dysentery and in intermittent fevers. Patients suffering under the last-mentioned disease are also made to inhale the vapour rising from an infusion of the whole plant, in order to induce a copious perspiration. GENIOSPORUM PROSTRATUM, _Benth._ (= _Ocimum prostratum_, Linn.). A small herb used as a febrifuge by the natives of the Madras presidency. It has a prostrate stem and numerous hispid branches, bearing small oblong-lanceolate, serrated leaves, and long spike-like racemes of very small flowers. ROYLEA ELEGANS, _Wall._ (= _Phlomis calycina_, Roxb., and _Ballota cinerea_, Don.). According to the late Dr. Royle, after whom the genus is named, this plant is employed as a febrifuge in the Himalayas, where it is called "Putkuroo." It is a much-branched, erect shrub from three to five feet high, having the branches clothed with ash-coloured tomentum, and bearing ovate, sharp-pointed, coarsely toothed leaves, slightly cordate at the base. Its flowers vary from white to pale-rose colour. VERBENACEÆ. PREMNA SERRATIFOLIA, _Linn._ (= _Premna integrifolia_, Linn.). The warm, bitterish-tasted root of this plant is prescribed in decoction by the native practitioners as a gentle stomachic and cordial in fevers. It has an agreeable odour. The tree is called "Moonnee" by the Tamuls; "Ghebboonellie" by the Telingas; and "Middee-gass" by the Cinghalese. Its trunk and large branches are armed with spines, and its leaves are ovate or oval, entire or toothed towards the top, of a shining green above and paler underneath. VITEX TRIFOLIA, _Linn._ Different parts of this plant are employed medicinally, in various ways and for various diseases, by native doctors in India and also in Java. The part used as a remedy for intermittent fever is the leaves, which are powdered and taken in water. Pillows stuffed with them are used to cure cold in the head, and headache. It is a decumbent shrub, with the branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence mealy-white. There are two varieties: one with trifoliate and the other with simple leaves. Its Tamul name is "Neer-noochie;" its Telinga, "Neela vavilie;" and its Hindustanee, "Nisindha," or "Seduari." VITEX NEGUNDO, _Linn._ This species is considered to have medicinal properties similar to but weaker than the last. The decoction of the root has a pleasant bitter taste, and is administered in cases of intermittent and typhus fever. In Tamul it is called "Noochie;" in Telinga, "Wayalakoo;" in Hindustanee, "Nisunda;" and in Cinghalese, "Sooddoo-nikka." It is a more erect shrub than the last, and its leaves are all compound, consisting of from three to five entire or toothed or deeply pinnatifid leaflets, covered with white meal underneath, as also are the branches and flowers. NYCTAGINACEÆ. BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA, _Linn._ (= _Boerhaavia procumbens_, Roxb.). The roots of several species of _Boerhaavia_ are employed medicinally by the natives of various parts of the world. In India those of the present have the reputation of being antifebrile, and Ainslie also says that the native practitioners include them amongst their laxative medicines. This plant is a herbaceous perennial with decumbent, smooth, or rarely pubescent stems and leaves, the latter varying very much in shape. Among the Bengalese it is known by the name of "Gadha-poorna;" and it is the "Pittasooddopala" of the Cinghalese. Its leaves are eaten as a potherb. EUPHORBIACEÆ. TRAGIA CANNABINA, _Willd._ "Sirroo canchorie" in the Tamul; and "Doolya-gunda" in the Telinga language. The root of this plant has a pleasant odour when fresh: the native doctors consider it to possess diaphoretic and alterative qualities, and they prescribe an infusion of it in ardent fever. It is an erect shrub, about four feet high, with hispid stems and leaves, the latter being divided into three sinuated lobes. Roxburgh says that the hairs on this plant sting as bad as those of the common nettle. PIPERACEÆ. CHAVICA BETLE, _Miq._ (= _Piper Betle_, Linn.). This affords the celebrated Betle leaves, so extensively employed as a masticatory in the East. Ainslie says that the warm juice of the leaves is prescribed by the native doctors as a febrifuge, in the quantity of a small spoonful twice daily. PIPER NIGRUM, _Linn._ Black pepper has long been known to possess febrifuge powers: an infusion of it in some kind of spirit is a popular remedy for preventing the return of the paroxysms in intermittent fevers. The root, however, is the part used by the native doctors in India, and is administered in the form of a decoction. _Piperin_, one of the constituents of pepper, has been said to be a more certain and speedy febrifuge than the chinchona alkaloids, but O'Shaughnessy says that after repeated and careful trials he found it was not of the least utility. The Tamul name of the plant is "Shuvium." ZINGIBERACEÆ. CURCUMA LONGA, _Linn._ The uses of the various kinds of Turmeric for dyeing purposes and as a condiment, particularly for the preparation of curry-powder, are well known, both in this country and to the natives of India; but the latter consider that it also possesses medicinal virtues, and give it as a stimulant and tonic in intermittent fever and some other diseases. European practitioners at one time regarded it as useful in jaundice. LILIACEÆ. ALLIUM SATIVUM, _Linn._ Ainslie says that the Hindus express a stimulating oil from common garlic, which they prescribe internally in ague to prevent the recurrence of the paroxysms, and use externally in paralytic and rheumatic affections. Garlic is called "Vullay poondoo" in Tamul; "Lassun" in Hindostanee; and "Lasuna" in Sanscrit. ORONTIACEÆ. ACORUS CALAMUS, _Linn._ The rhizomes of the common Sweet-Flag are well known in some parts of England as a cure for ague, and the natives of the East are well aware of their virtues in this respect. Indian practitioners also reckon it valuable in the "indigestions, stomach-aches, and bowel affections of children," so much so, indeed, that, according to Ainslie, "there is a penalty incurred by any druggist who will not open his door in the middle of the night and sell it if demanded." The Bengalese call it "Shwet buch;" the Cinghalese, "Wadakaha;" and the Hindus, "Bach." POTHOS SCANDENS, _Linn._ The native practitioners use this plant in putrid fevers. It is an epiphyte with slender rooting stems adhering to the branches of trees like ivy, and has entire, lanceolate, smooth, coriaceous leaves, tapering upwards to a point and blunt and rounded at the base, where they are articulated with the winged stalk. GRAMINACEÆ. ANDROPOGON MURICATUS, _Retz._ The fragrant aromatic roots of this grass, called Cuscus or Vetivert, are only employed for perfumery purposes in this country, but in India they are well known as the material of which window and door screens are made, and the native doctors, moreover, consider them to possess medicinal virtues, prescribing an infusion of them as a diaphoretic and gentle stimulant in some kinds of fever. "Vittie" is the Tamul name of the plant, and "Vayr" in the same language signifies _root_, and, by combining and corrupting these, Europeans have formed the word _Vetivert_; while its other European name, Cuscus, is derived from the Persian "Khus-Khus." In Hindustanee it is called "Useer;" and in Sanscrit "Viratara." ANDROPOGON IWARANCUSA, _Roxb._ The natives administer an infusion of the roots of this grass, combined with pepper, in fevers, of both the continued and intermittent kind. It has a bitter, warm, pungent taste, and fragrant odour. The specific name is derived from the Bengalee and Hindustanee, which is variously spelt "Ibharankusha," "Iwarankusha," "Kurankusha," or "Iwarancussa." ANDROPOGON CALAMUS-AROMATICUS, _Royle_. According to Royle, this is the κάλαμος ἀραματικός of the ancient Greeks, and the Sweet-cane or Calamus of the Bible. When chewed it has a strong taste of ginger, whence it is commonly called Ginger-grass. The native doctors give an infusion of it as a stomachic and febrifuge; and they also prepare from it a very fragrant aromatic oil, which they esteem very highly as a liniment in chronic rheumatism. This is sent to this country as grass-oil, or ginger-grass oil, and is sold by our perfumers as oil of geranium or spikenard. APPENDIX D. REPORT ON THE CULTIVATION OF CHINCHONAS IN SOUTHERN INDIA. BY WILLIAM G. McIVOR, ESQ., SUPERINTENDENT OF CHINCHONA-CULTIVATION IN THE NEILGHERRY HILLS. _Rearing Seeds._--THE first sowing of imported seeds took place in the beginning of February 1860. No certain data being given for the treatment of Chinchona-seeds, our first operations were necessarily experimental, and a good number of seeds were lost by being sown in too retentive a soil, and supplied with what, to Chinchona-seeds, proved to be an excess of moisture; the greatest success we obtained in our first attempts was with the use of a soil composed almost entirely of burned earth, and of this sowing nearly sixty per cent. germinated, the temperature of the earth being about 70°. The number of days required before germination took place in the several sowings varied from sixty-two to sixty-eight. The seedlings made but little progress for the first six weeks, but after that time they sprung into rapid growth, averaging from 1-1/4 to 2 inches per mensem. Seeds of the valuable Chinchona Condaminea, received on the 16th February 1862, were sown on the same day in a very light open soil composed of a beautifully open sort of sand, with a very small admixture of leaf-mould. Our experience with the first seeds having established beyond all doubt that the Chinchonas are very impatient of any excess of moisture, particular care was taken in the preparation of the soil used in this sowing. The earth was in the first instance exposed to the sun for two or three days and thoroughly dried, it was then heated to about 212° in order to destroy all grubs or larva of insects; after being allowed to cool, it was brought into the potting-shed and watered sufficiently to make it moist, but only to that degree of moisture that the particles of soil would not adhere together on being pressed firmly with the hand, that is, the earth on being laid down was sufficiently dry to break and fall into its usual form. With the soil in this state the pots were filled, the surface lightly pressed down, and the seeds sown thereon, being lightly covered with a sprinkling of sand. The pots were then placed on a slight bottom heat of about 72°. These were never watered in the strict sense of the word; when the surface got dry they were slightly sprinkled with a fine syringe just sufficient to damp the surface, but never to penetrate the soil. Under this treatment the seeds began to germinate very vigorously on the sixteenth day after sowing, and now, 17th March 1862, or twenty-nine days after sowing, upwards of sixty per cent. of the whole of the perfect seeds sown have germinated, and we may fairly hope to rear over ninety per cent. of this sowing. I may, however, observe that these seeds possessed the great advantage of being forwarded to India in a letter, and thus they were never subjected to the damaging effects produced on seeds sent out in air-tight parcels. The reason of this is the want of a circulation of air through the packets, and a consequent deposit of moisture on the interior of the outer covering by every increase and decrease of temperature on the voyage. As soon as the seeds germinate they are carefully pricked out into fresh pots (the soil being prepared as before described for the seeds). This must of course be done with very great care, the radicle being carefully covered with soil, while the seed and cotyledons are kept above the surface. In this way about twenty-five seedlings are transplanted into a four-inch pot, and treated in every respect the same as the seeds; that is, they are never watered, the soil being merely sprinkled as before stated to keep it in that medium state of moisture in which it was first put into the pots. This prevents the damping off of the seedlings, to which they are very liable when treated otherwise; it also greatly facilitates their growth and the formation of roots, the soil being so perfectly open that it is readily affected by the atmosphere, and thus kept in the most favourable condition for promoting vegetation. When treated in this way our seedlings have made an average growth in ten months of over eighteen inches, the growth being much more rapid towards the end of the ten months than in the earlier stages. _Propagation._--As soon as the seedlings and imported plants attained sufficient size, they were propagated by being layered; in this way it was found that they rooted readily in about six weeks or two months, and threw out shoots from every bud; and not only this, but many latent buds were developed, and a fine growth of young wood produced for succeeding layers and cuttings. The principle of layering, being so well known to English gardeners, requires no detail; but in the Chinchona-plants it was found that the layers were very liable to _bleed_, and this not only weakened the plants but retarded the formation of roots; this we found to be remedied in a great degree by inserting in the cut a triangular piece of perfectly dry broken porous brick. An abundance of young wood being produced, we proceeded to propagate by cuttings, the earth being prepared with great care, the same as for the seeds, with the exception of not being heated. The ends of the cuttings are placed upon pieces of perfectly dry porous brick, around the sides of the pots. They are then placed on a bottom heat of 75° or 80°; and, with this treatment, young and tender wood roots in about three weeks or one month, older wood in about six weeks to two months. With cuttings of the young wood our loss has not exceeded two per cent., and with older wood about ten per cent. Our object being to produce the largest number of plants in the shortest possible space of time, it was found that cuttings and layers required more wood than could be conveniently spared, and it was resolved to try the propagation by buds; in this respect the success has been most satisfactory. The secret of success entirely lies in the amount of moisture given; if in excess, they rot immediately, but, if sufficient care is exercised in reference to moisture, the losses will not exceed three or four per cent. Six C. Calisaya buds put in on the 30th January all rooted in forty-one days. It may be observed that it is not necessary that a leaf should be attached to the bud: this is no doubt an advantage, although we have struck many buds of the red bark without leaves, and also a few of the Calisayas. It ought to be explained that the reason why the earth is brought to a medium state of moisture before being put into the pots is because it is never afterwards watered to such an extent as to render it really wet, being in fact just kept in that state of moisture in which it was originally placed in the pots, and this uniform and medium state of moisture is more easily retained by the pots being plunged in beds of earth. The reason why we found this system necessary was, that, when the soil was watered in the usual way after the seedlings or cuttings were placed in it, it was found, from its expansion and adhesion by the action of the water, that its particles were forced far too close together to be beneficial to the growth of the plants, and in many instances this proved to be injurious, vastly retarding their growth. In the nurseries in the open air the same principle of cultivation and propagation as that described above has been adopted, and, with reference to the condition of the plants and layers, with nearly equal success, the period of rooting of the layers being from two months to ten weeks, while cuttings take from two to three months, the average loss being about fifteen per cent.: this occurs from the impossibility, in the open air, of keeping a uniform state of the atmosphere around the cuttings. With layers this is not so important, as they root quite as surely (though slower) as in the propagating-houses, and flourish equally well. _Formation of Plantations._--The mode of cultivation of these plants likely to prove the most advantageous being uncertain, it was resolved in May and June of 1861 to place out a number of plants under different conditions of shade, exposure, &c., and the result has been that the plants placed without the protection of living shade have made the most satisfactory progress, and borne the dry season without the least injury. The plants placed under living shade were found to be damaged in some degree during the rains by the incessant drip, but on the weather clearing up they threw out new leaves and quickly recovered. Nine months after planting, or at the end of our dry season, these plants were found to be suffering considerably from the drought; and on taking a few of them up, it was found that the holes in which these Chinchonas were planted had become entirely filled by the fibres of the roots of the living trees in their neighbourhood, which had drawn up the whole of the moisture and nourishment from the soil in which the Chinchona-plants were placed. In putting the plants out, which were placed in the open, we of course saw from the first that with the young plants we had to combat the bad effects of excessive evaporation during our dry season, under a bright and scorching sun; we also saw the injury likely to be done to the plants by radiation during bright and cloudless nights. To obviate these disadvantages the plants were sheltered on the approach of the dry season by a rough enclosure of bamboo-branches, with the leaves adhering to them, so as to give them sufficient shade both from the effects of evaporation and radiation. The enclosure is left open on the north side, and enclosed on the south, east, and west; the sun's declination being south during the dry weather. The ground will not be impoverished by the roots of other trees, and the whole of its nourishment is preserved for the Chinchona-plants. At the same time they will, by this treatment, be far more efficiently protected from evaporation and radiation than they would be by the use of living shade, whether caused by forest-trees or by the admixture of faster-growing plants. In addition to this shade of the branches of cut bamboos, the soil around the roots of some of the young Chinchona-plants was covered one or two inches in thickness with half-decayed leaves, and the plants thus treated show a very great luxuriance, which is not exceeded by any of the plants in our propagating-houses. To ascertain the cause of this luxuriance a few of the plants were recently examined, and although at the end of the dry season the soil about the roots was found to be perfectly moist; thousands of young rootlets of great strength were found to have been thrown into the covering of decayed leaves, so that it had become one matted mass of beautiful white roots, many of them nearly the thickness of a crow-quill. On the strength of these observations we have resolved to place out this season seventy-five acres of Chinchona-plants in cleared land, and exactly under the conditions and treatment last described; we also propose planting seventy-five acres under various degrees of living shade, in which every attempt will be made to mitigate as much as possible the injurious effects of this system already described. The cultivation of these plants being experimental, it is necessary that we should give every method of cultivation which appears reasonable a fair trial, and that only developed facts should influence us in giving preference to one method of cultivation over that of another. The distances at which we have prepared to place the plants are for the larger growing species from nine to ten feet apart, for the sorts of medium size eight feet, and for the shrubby sorts seven feet: these distances are of course too close to admit of the plants attaining a full size, but we believe that it will be advantageous to plant them close in the first instance, and thin them out afterwards. In order to illustrate the extreme growth of our plants, it is worthy of note that one or two of them, although not yet twelve months old, have attained a height of about five feet by three and a half feet in diameter through the branches; we may therefore conclude that the plants will in about two years fairly cover the ground if placed at the distances given above. When they begin to crowd and impede the growth of each other they will of course be thinned out and pruned; and it is anticipated that a good supply of bark may be obtained by these means in from eight to twelve years, or perhaps earlier. _Ootacamund, 19th March, 1862._ * * * * * P.S. On the 5th of April the seeds of _C. Condaminea_ were coming up plentifully, and 4193 seedlings had already been transplanted. 100 seedlings of _C. crispa_ had also come up. The seeds of _C. Condaminea_ were coming up at the rate of 500 a-day. At this date there were 25,000 Chinchona-plants on the Neilgherry hills, and all the species, except _C. lancifolia_, were increasing rapidly. It will be some time before Mr. McIvor will be able to propagate from the latter species, owing to the very unhealthy state in which the plants arrived from Java. In April 50 acres of ground were prepared for planting at the Dodabetta site, and 70 acres at Neddiwuttum. APPENDIX E. NOTE ON THE EXPORT TRADE IN PERUVIAN BARK FROM THE PORTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, AND ON THE IMPORT TRADE INTO ENGLAND. ARICA, the port for the "_Calisaya_" bark from Bolivia. In 1859 the export of bark amounted to 192,600 lbs., valued at 17,334_l._; and between January and November, 1860, to 388,800 lbs., valued at 35,000_l._ ISLAY, another port for the "_Calisaya_" bark from Bolivia. In 1859 the export of bark amounted to 146,000 lbs., valued at 13,460_l._ (of which 136,500 lbs. went to England, and 9500 lbs. to France); and between January and November, 1860, to 107,700 lbs., valued at 9770_l._ PAYTA, the port for the "_Crown_" barks from Loxa. The price of bark at this port for the last nine years has been twenty-four dollars the cwt.; but during the last year the price has risen to thirty dollars, where it is likely to remain for some time. The usual annual export amounts to 140,000 lbs., the actual quantity shipped in 1861, and it is valued at 8400_l._ GUAYAQUIL, the port for the "_Red_" bark and the "_West Coast Carthagena_" bark. The quantity exported varies very much in different years, the price being at present about twenty dollars the cwt. In 1857 the export of bark amounted to 516,600 lbs.; in 1858 to 533,300 lbs.; in 1859 to 201,700 lbs.; in 1860 to 91,500 lbs.; and in 1861 to 443,700 lbs.; valued in the last of these years at 17,748_l._ The "_Grey_" barks were exported, in former years, from CALLAO, and in small quantities from HUANCHACO and LAMBAYEQUE, but of late years none has been exported. The "_Carthagena_" barks from New Granada are exported from the ports of CARTHAGENA and SANTA MARTHA, and also from the little port of TUMACO on the Pacific coast. From 1849 to 1855 great quantities were exported, but in the latter year the supply began to fail. The existing civil war in New Granada has still further injured this trade. No reliable account of the export of bark from the above ports of New Granada has been received. From the four ports of ARICA, ISLAY, PAYTA, and GUAYAQUIL the average amount of bark annually exported may be taken at 912,900 lbs., valued at 59,076_l._ Small quantities may come from other ports, of which no authentic account has been obtained; so that the total amount annually exported from South America may be estimated at considerably over 2,000,000 lbs. There being no duty on the importation of Peruvian bark into England, the returns of the amount imported are much less carefully kept than was formerly the case. The returns, too, are in packages, and not in lbs. or cwts., and these packages vary in weight from 120 lbs. to 60 lbs. The number of packages of Peruvian bark imported into England in 1858 was 19,831; in 1859 the number was 10,651; in 1860 it was 10,456; and in 1861 it was 20,748. Taking the average of the weight of the packages at 80 lbs. each, the quantity imported into England during the last four years would be 4,934,880 lbs., and in the year 1861 about 1,659,840 lbs. The quantity of Peruvian bark imported into England during the three months ending on March 31st, 1861, was reported to be 306,300 lbs., and during the same period, in the present year, 310,700 lbs. At this rate the annual import would be a little over 1,200,000 lbs., which is probably more correct than the above estimate from the packages. THE END. LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS. [Illustration: MAP of PART OF PERU to illustrate M^R. C. MARKHAM'S JOURNEY TO THE CHINCHONA FORESTS OF CARAVAYA.] FOOTNOTES: [1] The only valid argument against this change is that it may cause confusion, but the alteration is too slight for this to be possible; and it is not uncommon, among botanists, to correct the usual spelling of genera or species of plants, when it is found to be erroneous. Among other examples of such changes may be enumerated those of _Plumeria_, now altered to _Plumieria_; _Bufonia_ to _Buffonia_; and _Gesneria_ to _Gesnera_. [2] _See page 490._ [3] In Quichua, when the name of a plant is reduplicated, it almost invariably implies that it possesses some medicinal quality. [4] La Condamine, Jussieu, and Ruiz all believed that the Indians were aware of the medicinal qualities of Peruvian bark, and that they imparted their knowledge to the Spaniards. Humboldt and Ulloa were of an opposite opinion. The stories of its virtues having been discovered by watching the pumas or South-American lions chewing the bark to cure their fevers, mentioned by Condamine; and of an Indian having found it out by drinking of the waters of a lake into which a chinchona-tree had fallen--told by Geoffroy--are of modern and European origin. [5] Jussieu says that it is certain that the first knowledge of the efficacy of this bark was derived from the Indians of Malacotas, some leagues south of Loxa.--Weddell, _Histoire Naturelle des Quinquinas_, p. 15. [6] Poëppig, _Reise_. [7] Mr. Spruce's _Report_, p. 25. [8] The first Marquis of Astorga married Leonora, daughter of Don Fadrique Henriquez, Admiral of Spain, and sister of the Queen of Aragon, who was mother of King Ferdinand the Catholic: so that Ana was sixth cousin to her contemporary King Philip IV [9] _Nobiliario genealogico de los Titulos de España, por Alonzo Lopez de Haro, Madrid, 1626._ [10] Alcedo. [11] _Creacion y Privilegios de los Titulos de Castilla, por Don José Berni._ The Counts of Chinchon were hereditary Alcaides of the Alcazar of Segovia. In 1623 the Count of Chinchon here received Charles I. of England, and gave him a supper of "certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." In 1764 the then Count of Chinchon ceded the Alcazar to the crown. [12] A large supply of seeds of this kind has been sent to India and Ceylon. [13] Howard's _Nueva Quinologia de Pavon_, No. 1. [14] Sebastian Badus asserts that bark was brought to Alcala de Henares as early as 1632.--Humboldt's _Aspects_, ii. p. 268. [15] I translated and edited Acuña's Voyage for the Hakluyt Society in 1859. [16] _Disertacion por Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue._ [17] Torti's work, _De Febribus_, was published at Venice in 1732. [18] _Traité Thérapeutique du Quinquina_, par P. Briquet. Paris, 1856. [19] _Voyage de Condamine_, p. 31. [20] 1738, p. 226. [21] _Noticias Secretas_, p. 572. [22] _Semanario de la Nueva Granada_, p. 283. [23] Endlicher separated the species whose capsules begin to open from the top, and formed them into a sub-genus, which he called _Cascarilla_. Klotzsch, combining these with other species characterised by a six-parted corolla, raised them to an independent genus called _Ladenbergia_. [24] _Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas_, p. 72. [25] Dr. Weddell's list is as follows:--