CHAPTER XXIX.

CHINCHONA CULTIVATION. Ceylon--Sikkim--Bhotan--Khassya hills--Pegu--Jamaica--Conclusion 509 APPENDIX A. General Miller and the Foreign Officers who served in the Patriot Armies of Chile and Peru, between 1817 and 1830 521 APPENDIX B. Botanical descriptions of the genus Chinchona, and of the species of Chinchonæ now growing in India and Ceylon 530 APPENDIX C. Notes on the principal plants employed in India on account of their real or supposed febrifuge virtues: by Alexander Smith, Esq. 546 APPENDIX D. Report, by Mr. McIvor, on the cultivation of Chinchona-plants in Southern India 566 APPENDIX E. Note on the export-trade in Peruvian bark from the South American ports, and on the import-trade into England 571 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Chinchona-plants at Ootacamund _Frontispiece_. Chinchona Micrantha _to face_ 32 Arequipa " 75 Arequipa Cathedral " 76 A Cholo of Arequipa 87 Balsa on Lake Titicaca 107 The Towers of Sillustani _to face_ 111 Genealogical Table of the Family of the Incas of Peru " 134 The Sondor-huasi, at Azangaro " 193 Chinchona Nitida Trees " 323 Chinchona Chahuarguera " 329 Canoe on the Beypoor river 520 Capsules and parts of the flower of Chinchona Chahuarguera--magnified and natural size 532 Capsule and parts of the flower of Chinchona Succirubra 534 Parts of the flower and fruit of Chinchona Micrantha 539 * * * * * Map to illustrate Mr. Spruce's journeys to the forests on the Western slopes of Chimborazo _to face_ 313 Map of part of Peru, to illustrate Mr. C. Markham's journey to the Chinchona forests of Caravaya _at the end._ POSTSCRIPT. OCT. 16, 1862. [Illustration] LATEST INTELLIGENCE OF THE CHINCHONA PLANTS, FROM THE NEILGHERRY HILLS. Number of Chinchona plants on the Neilgherry Hills on August 31st, 1862. Species. Number. _C. Succirubra_ 30,150 _C. Calisaya_ 1,050 _C. Condaminea_ (var. _Uritusinga_) 41 _C. Condaminea_ (var. _Chahuarguera_) 20,030 _C. Condaminea_ (var. _Crispa_) 236 _C. lancifolia_ 1 _C. nitida_ 8,500 _C. micrantha_ 7,400 _C. Peruviana_ 2,295 Species without name 2,440 _C. Pahudiana_ 425 ________ Total 72,568[2] The total number of plants permanently placed out in the plantations, on August 31st, 1862, was 13,700, and, although only recently transplanted, they are in a very promising condition. The number placed out, at the same date, in the nurseries in the open air, and in the hardening-off frames, was 18,076, all in the finest possible state of health. The number of small plants under glass, including those used for the production of wood for propagation, was 40,792. There are four plantations for Chinchona cultivation, either cleared and planted, or about to be cleared, at Neddiwuttum and Pycarrah; besides the loftier one at Dodabetta. At Neddiwuttum the "Denison Plantations" will contain about 210 acres of planted land, the "Markham Plantation" about 200 acres; and near Pycarrah about 250 acres are to be planted, of fine well-watered land, completely sheltered from the west winds, to be called the "Wood Plantation," after the Secretary of State for India: altogether about 660 acres, besides the Dodabetta site. Plants are to be disposed of to private individuals who may be desirous of undertaking the cultivation, and 22,000 had already been ordered in the beginning of September. * * * * * LATEST INTELLIGENCE FROM DARJEELING. Dr. Anderson, who is in charge of the Chinchona cultivation in Bengal, brought the plants to the Darjeeling Hills early in May 1862. He then had 84 plants of _C. succirubra_, 44 of _C. micrantha_, 48 of _C. nitida_, 2 of _C. Peruviana_, 5 of _C. Calisaya_, and 53 of _C. Pahudiana_. On July 26th these had been increased, by layers and cuttings, to 140 of _C. succirubra_, 53 of _C. nitida_, 43 of _C. micrantha_, 7 of _C. Calisaya_, and 3 of _C. Peruviana_. _See page 512._ * * * * * LATEST INTELLIGENCE FROM CEYLON. On July 29th, 1862, Mr. Thwaites had raised 960 young plants of _C. Condaminea_ from seeds. At the same date the plants of _C. succirubra_ were thriving admirably, several being planted out in the hill garden, and a few at Peradenia. The other species were doing well, and Mr. Thwaites was propagating as fast as possible from cuttings. _See page 509._ * * * * * C. PAHUDIANA.--THE DUTCH SPECIES. The _C. Pahudiana_, which forms the bulk of the Java plantations, is now generally acknowledged to be worthless. A tree of this species has been chemically analyzed by Professors G. F. Mülder and F. A. W. Miquel, and, in consequence of the joint report of these gentlemen, the Dutch Government have determined to put an entire stop to its cultivation. _See page 56. See letter from M. Hasskarl, dated May 23rd, 1862._ TRAVELS IN PERU.