Introduction, pp. xii. and xxxi.

[257] Aristotle, _Hist. Animal._, iii. xix.; Plato, _Timaeus_, 80 E. [258] Philotimus succeeded Diocles and Praxagoras, who were successive leaders of the Hippocratic school. _cf._ p. 51, note 1 (83). [259] Lit. _phenomena_. [260] _i.e._ living organisms; _cf._ p. 47, note 1 (75). [261] Erasistratus rejected the idea of innate heat; he held that the heat of the body was introduced from outside. [262] As a _bubo_ is a swelling in the groin, we must suppose that the wound referred to would be in the leg or lower abdomen. [263] _i.e._ fever as a _cause_ of disease. [264] As we should say, "circulatory" changes. [265] This is the "vital spirit" or pneuma which, according to Erasistratus and the Pneumatist school, was elaborated in the left ventricle, and thereafter carried by the arteries all over the body, there to subserve circulatory processes. It has some analogy with oxygen, but this is also the case with the "_natural_ spirit" or pneuma, whose seat was the liver and which was distributed by the _veins_ through the body; it presided over the more _vegetative_ processes. _cf._ p. 152, note 1 (215); Introduction, p. xxxiv. [266] Even leaving the pneuma out of account, Galen claims that he can still prove his thesis. [267] In other words: if _dyscrasia_ is a first principle in _pathology_, then _eucrasia_ must be a first principle in _physiology_. [268] The above is a good instance of Galen's "logical" method as applied to medical questions; an appeal to those who are capable of following "logical sequence." _cf._ p. 209, note 1 (288). [269] The aim of dietetics always being the production of moderate heat--_i.e._ blood. [270] Note contrasted methods of Rationalists and Empiricists. [271] Lit. _anaesthesia_. Linacre renders it _indocilitas_. [272] p. 15. [273] _Iatros_: lit. "healer." [274] Lit. "physicist" or "physiologist," the student of the _physis_. _cf._ p. 70, note 2 (114). [275] That is, a _blending_ of the four principles in their natural proportion; Lat. _temperies_. Dyscrasia = _intemperies_, "distemper." [276] This is the orthodox Hippocratic treatment, that of _opposites by opposites_. Contrast the _homoeopathic_ principle which is the basis of our modern methods of _immunisation_ (_similia similibus curentur_, Hahnemann). [277] Lit. _aseptic_. [278] Prodicus of Ceos, a Sophist, contemporary of Socrates. [279] Plato, _Timaeus_, 83-86, _passim_. [280] _cf._ the term _blennorrhoea_, which is still used. [281] _cf._ the Scotch term "colded" for "affected with a cold"; Germ. _erkältet_. [282] The word _theôria_ used here is not the same as our _theory_. It is rather a "contemplation," the process by which a theory is arrived at. _cf._ p. 226, note 2 (305). [283] Erasistratus on the uselessness of the spleen. _cf._ p. 143. [284] The Empirical school, _cf._ p. 193. [285] Enlargement and suppuration (?) of spleen associated with toxaemia or "cacochymy." [286] Lit. "melancholic." [287] _i.e._ the combination of sensible qualities which we call black bile. _cf._ p. 8, note 3 (17). [288] Thus Galen has demonstrated the functions of the spleen both deductively and inductively. For another example of the combined method _cf._ Book III., chaps, i. and ii.; _cf._ also Introd. p. xxxii. [289] _i.e._ its innate heat. [290] Lit. _lecithoid_. [291] Note that there can be "normal" black bile. [292] The term _food_ here means the food as introduced into the stomach; the term _nutriment_ (_trophé_) means the same food in the digested condition, as it is conveyed to the tissues. _cf._ pp. 41-43. Note idea of imperfectly oxidized material being absorbed by the spleen. _cf._ p. 214, note 1 (295). [293] Lit. _choledochous_, bile-receiving. [294] Thus _over-roasting_--shall we say excessive _oxidation_?--produces the abnormal forms of both black and yellow bile. [295] _cf._ p. 277, note 2 (353). [296] _Timaeus_, 82 C-D. [297] _cf._ p. 90, note 1 (137). The term "catarrh" refers to this "running down," which was supposed to take place through the pores of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid into the nose. [298] Now lost.