3. MISCELLANEOUS USES OF TERRACOTTA

It is impossible to enumerate all the purposes to which the Romans applied terracotta, but a few peculiar uses deserve special notice. The excavations at Pompeii have yielded several examples of its application to the decoration of a _puteal_, the circular structure which protected the mouth of a well; the core is of tufa or other hard material, and round this are laid curved slabs of terracotta decorated with reliefs.[2693] They are all of comparatively early date; one has triglyphs and bulls’ heads in relief, and is stuccoed over. Instances are also found at Pompeii of its use for table-legs, in the form of figures of kneeling Atlantes,[2694] like those supporting the entablature in the Thermae (p. 374), but sculptured in the round. Small altars, or stands for holding lamps or for burning incense, supposed to have formed part of the furniture of the domestic shrines, have also been found in this material.[2695] Varro tells us that the _dolia_ or large jars made by potters were used as cages for dormice which were being fattened for the palates of Roman epicures[2696]; and Columella gives instructions for the use of clay tiles in making beehives.[2697] Porphyry implies that it was customary to hive bees in kraters or amphorae of clay.[2698] Tickets (_tesserae_) for admission to the circus or amphitheatre were also occasionally made of clay, and on them were stamped letters or numbers referring to the position of the seat, or representations of the animals exhibited. Two from Catania in the British Museum[2699] have an elephant on the obverse and the letter A on the reverse, showing that they were for admission to a spectacle in which those beasts were shown. There are also possible instances of _tesserae frumentariae_, or tickets for the supply of cheap corn in time of necessity.[2700] Moulds of terracotta for making counters, with masks or figures of Fortune and Isis, have also been found; there is an example in the British Museum from Arezzo (E 46).[2701] Herr Graeven, in a very interesting article,[2702] has recently collected all the known examples (numbering some fifty) of money-boxes in terracotta used by the Romans. There is no mention of such objects in Latin literature, but it is probable that they were known as _loculi_, and were made in imitation of the metal Θησαυροί used for keeping money in temples. Of this there is a clear instance in a specimen recently found at Priene in Asia Minor,[2703] in the form of a small shrine with a slit in the top. Graeven states that there is evidence of their having been placed on a cornice which ran round the walls of the rooms in the houses. This box has an additional hole at the back for extracting the money, but the Roman specimens have only one opening. An example of a clay treasure-box from Western Europe is one in the form of a chest, 12½ inches high, with a bust of Apollo on the top, found at Vichy, and now in the Museum at Moulins.[2704] It may have been placed in a _sacellum_ or chapel for the offerings of those who visited the medicinal springs. Of the Roman money-boxes proper four main types may be distinguished. The first, of which examples have been found at Pompeii,[2705] is in the form of a small chest or coffer (_arca_), and may have been known by the name _arcula_. The second type is that of a money-box in the form of a vase.[2706] The custom of hoarding money in jars (_ollae_, p. 470) was universal in Roman times, as we know from the _Aulularia_ of Plautus, the plot of which turns on this practice,[2707] and from the numerous finds of coins in jars in our own day. None of these have any ornamentation; they have been found in Germany, and there is a small specimen in the British Museum from Lincoln,[2708] of spherical form with a knob at the top. Aubrey records the finding of a similar one in North Wiltshire.[2709] These appear to be of very late date. The next two types are of much greater interest, not only from their ornamentation, but from their form and the inscriptions which they bear. In the one the box takes a flat circular form, closely resembling the body of a lamp (the shape is that of Fig. 207), with a design similarly placed in a medallion. One actually has a figure of Victory with a shield, which reproduces the type of the New Year lamps described on page 413 (B.M. No. 309), and has a similar inscription.[2710] It may be supposed that these boxes were carried round on New Year’s Day to solicit contributions, just as is done (says Herr Graeven) by boys in Rome at the present time. Others have figures of Fortune and Hermes in a shrine,[2711] the latter deity being of course specially associated with money-making. These two examples have their respective makers’ names on the back, C IVN BIT and PALLADI, names which are also found on Roman lamps,[2712] another detail which shows the close connection between these two classes of objects. [Illustration: From _Jahrbuch_. FIG. 200. TERRACOTTA MONEY-BOX. ] The last type to be described is shaped like a bee-hive, or, as in Fig. 200, like a circular temple, forms which were found convenient for the then favourite design of a deity in a shrine. Among the examples quoted by Graeven[2713] is one of the latter shape with Fortune (Fig. 200), now in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Of the bee-hive form three may be mentioned as presenting interesting features. One with Hermes in a shrine has the maker’s name, PAS AVGV, which also occurs on lamps[2714]; another, found on the Aventine, and now at Gotha,[2715] has on the front the figure of a victorious charioteer, on the reverse a slit for the coins, and the maker’s name, AEL MAX. D’Agincourt suggested that this type of box was carried about by victors in the games to receive donations. Lastly, there is one recorded to have been found in the Baths of Titus in 1812, but now lost, which contained coins of Trajan, and was inscribed FISCI IVDAICI CALUMNIA SVBLATA. The evidence points to the dating of these two classes in the first century of the Empire, or slightly later. Terracotta moulds for false or debased coins of the Imperial period have frequently been discovered in different parts of the Empire.[2716] None, indeed, have come to light in Italy, but they occur in Egypt, Tunis, France, on the Rhine, in Switzerland, Lower Austria, and Britain. They were first noted by A. le Pois in 1579 at Fourvières, where moulds were found of coins of Septimius Severus and his successors. In 1697 and 1706 more of the same period, of local clay, were found at Lingwell Gate, near Wakefield,[2717] in 1704 at Lyons, and in 1764 at Augst, near Basle. In 1829 and 1830 further finds were made at Wakefield, and again in 1869 at Duston, Northants.[2718] Numbers have been noted from time to time in the museums of France and the Rhenish provinces, the most interesting find being that made in 1829-30 at Damery, near Épernay, in the Department of Marne. In 1859 a find of 130 moulds contained in a jug was made at Bernard; they appear to have been hastily placed there and left by forgers. At Bordeaux in 1884 finds were made in the ruins of a pottery, and others more recently at Autun and La Coulouche. In 1899 thirty-four moulds were found at Susa in Tunis. The British Museum has a collection of moulds of denarii from Egypt, mostly found at Crocodilopolis (Arsinoe) in the Fayûm; they are of a deep brick-red local clay, but a great number are burnt black. Nearly all these moulds fall between the reigns of Septimius Severus and Diocletian, but some of those at Bernard go back as far as Trajan, and there are isolated instances of coins of Domitian at one end, of Constantius II. and Julia Mamaea at the other. Caracalla and Elagabalus are frequently represented, and those in the British Museum include Albinus, Crispus, Constantine, Galerius, Licinius, and Macrinus. The Damery find included thirty-nine moulds, comprising types of the coins of Caracalla, the elder Philip, and Postumus; 2,000 pieces of base silver coin, chiefly of Postumus; 3,900 bronzes of Constans I. and Constantius, all evidently made together; chisels and remains of other tools, and groups of moulds still containing the metal, and also lumps of metal which had overflowed from the moulds. The way in which these moulds were used is as follows. The complete mould was composed of two shallow round boxes with hollow impressions respectively of the obverse and reverse, obtained by impressing the designs from genuine coins into the soft clay. The depth of the hollow was so calculated that when the two were placed together the space represented the required thickness. To cast the coins, a number of these moulds were placed one on the other, and luted with clay to prevent the liquid metal from escaping between the two pieces of each mould; down the side of the column formed by the pile of moulds a hollow cutting was made, at the base of which holes were pierced corresponding to the cavities where the metal was to enter. The metal was then poured into the hollow, and ran in through the holes as required.[2719] Sometimes the columns were joined in groups of three 25[29]image for which a single column served; of this there is an example at Damery, where each _rouleau_ contained a dozen moulds (thirteen discs). In the Cabinet des Médailles at Paris there is an example of one of these _rouleaux_ of moulds, found at Lyons in 1704 (Fig. 201),[2720] with the basin in which they were placed for the casting. At Susa the moulds were fitted slantwise into a bronze tube. [Illustration: FIG. 201. TERRACOTTA COIN-MOULD.] It is not absolutely certain whether these moulds were all used for fraudulent purposes by forgers; the find at Damery, for instance, was made on the site of Bibe, an important station on the road from Rheims to Beauvais, which would be too prominent a place for forgers to have selected. It is much more likely that in such a case they were used to make coins of inferior alloy, perhaps in some instances for the issues of usurpers who, being at a considerable distance from the capital, were unable to fill their military chests except with hastily cast coins. The distant parts of the Empire in which these moulds are found lend some colour to this theory. It will also be remembered that they mostly date from the time when a debased coinage was current throughout the Empire, beginning with the reign of Septimius Severus; this was put an end to by Diocletian in 297. We may therefore suppose that they represent, so to speak, officially recognised forgeries, emanating from a kind of local mint for producing coins hastily for provincial use. Hence the rapid spread of base money in the third century, which was not only forced upon the State, but was also readily taken advantage of by forgers. ----- Footnote 2395: Pliny, _H.N._ xxxi. 47; Columella, _Re Rust._ iii. 11, 9. Footnote 2396: _Etym._ xv. 8, 16: cf. xix. 10, 16. Footnote 2397: Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 170; Nonius, p. 445, 22. Footnote 2398: Columella, _Re Rust._ ix. 1, 2; Vitr. i. 5, 8; Varro, _Re Rust._ i. 14, 4. Footnote 2399: Vitr. ii. 8, 4; Varro, _Re Rust._ ii. 3, 6. Footnote 2400: Columella, _loc. cit._: _paries crudo latere ac luto constructus_. Cf. Caesar, _Bell. Civ._ ii. 9, of a floor, and ii. 15; also Vitr. ii. 1, 7; Pliny, _H.N._ xviii. 301. Footnote 2401: Vitr. ii. 3, 3. Footnote 2402: _H.N._ xxxv. 170 ff. Footnote 2403: Vitr. vii. 1, 7 and 4, 2; Pallad. _Agric._ i. 19, 1 and 40, 2; Wilmanns, _Exempla_, 2793-94; Marini, _Iscriz. ant. doliari_, 942-944. Footnote 2404: Cf. Wright, _Celt, Roman, and Saxon_^4, p. 188. Footnote 2405: Cf. Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. p. 59 (cut) = _Archaeologia_, li. pl. 1, fig. 5. Footnote 2406: Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, p. 618. Footnote 2407: Buckman and Newmarch, _Roman Art in Cirencester_, p. 64 ff. Footnote 2408: Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, p. 618; Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ ii. p. 91. Footnote 2409: _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. p. 12: see also _Archaeologia_, xlix. p. 427, where it is pointed out that measurements of bricks form no guide to their date. Footnote 2410: _Loc. cit._ Footnote 2411: _Jahreshefte_ (Beiblatt), i. p. 123. Footnote 2412: ii. 3, 1. Footnote 2413: This may be the origin of the foot-shaped stamp so common in Roman lamps and vases (see Blümner, _Technologie_, ii. p. 18). Footnote 2414: Cf. also Wright, _Celt, Roman, and Saxon_^4, p. 186. Footnote 2415: Vitr. ii. 3. This passage with Pallad. _Agric._ vi. 12 and Isid. _Etym._ xix. 10, 16 are the _loci classici_ on the subject. Footnote 2416: Blümner, ii. p. 20, points out that there are very few instances of this, and perhaps Vitruvius’ idea was not practical. Footnote 2417: Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. pp. 12, 62. Footnote 2418: See Roach-Smith, _Illustr. Rom. London_, p. 112. Footnote 2419: xxxix. 61 (ἐκ πλίνθων). Footnote 2420: _Apud_ Non., p. 48 (s.v. suffundatum). Footnote 2421: _De Div._ ii. 47, 99. Footnote 2422: Vitr. ii. 8, 18. Footnote 2423: _H.N._ xxxv. 173. Footnote 2424: Vitr. ii. 8, 17. Footnote 2425: _Ibid._ Footnote 2426: See Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. Aquaeductus; Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, ii. p. 323. Footnote 2427: Suet. _Aug._ 28. Footnote 2428: Borrmann, _Die Keramik in der Baukunst_ (Durm’s _Handbuch d. Architektur_), p. 51. Footnote 2429: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ iv. p. 11, pls. 5-6. Footnote 2430: Nissen, _Pompeian. Studien_, p. 26; Mau-Kelsey, _Pompeii_, p. 36. Footnote 2431: See Mau-Kelsey, _Pompeii_, p. 38. Footnote 2432: _Archaeologia_, lii. p. 664. Footnote 2433: Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. pp. 254, 301; _id._ in _Archaeologia_, xlix. p. 426. Footnote 2434: See Dressel in _C.I.L._ xv. p. 9. Footnote 2435: Mau-Kelsey, p. 38: but see Nissen, _Pompeian. Studien_, p. 59. Footnote 2436: See Blümner, _Technologie_, iii. p. 146, where a good illustration is given. Footnote 2437: _Archaeologia_, li. pl. 2, fig. 4; Middleton, _op. cit._ i. p. 55, fig. 6. Footnote 2438: v. 10, 2. Footnote 2439: See also on this subject Anderson and Spiers, _Architecture of Greece and Rome_, p. 137 ff.; Middleton, _op. cit._ i. p. 66, ii. p. 120, fig. 64. Footnote 2440: See Middleton, _op. cit._ i. p. 62; _Archaeologia_, li. pl. 2, fig. 5. Footnote 2441: Middleton, _op. cit._ i. pp. 12, 62. Footnote 2442: _Etym._ xv. 8, 15; xix. 10, 15. Footnote 2443: Henzen, _Inscr._ 6445, 7279-80. Footnote 2444: Orelli, _Inscr._ 4190. Footnote 2445: There are tiles in existence marked DOL · DELIC, _i.e._ (_opus_) _doliare deliciare_ (Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, p. 619). Footnote 2446: The arrangement is well illustrated on pl. 6 of Campana’s _Ant. opere in plastica_ (from Ostia). Footnote 2447: Vitr. v. 9, 7; viii. 7, 1. Footnote 2448: Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 374; Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, p. 620. Footnote 2449: See Vitr. vii. 4, 2; Nissen, _Pompeian. Studien_, p. 65 ff. Footnote 2450: Orelli, 1396: see _Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akad. Gesellsch._ 1901, pt. 2, p. 13. Footnote 2451: Caumont, _Cours_, ii. p. 182. Footnote 2452: _Ibid._ p. 184. Footnote 2453: Brongniart and Riocreux, _Mus. de Sèvres_, i. p. 18. Footnote 2454: _Bull. Arch. Nap._ 1853, pl. 14, p. 185. Footnote 2455: Campana, _Ant. opere in plastica_, pl. 6. Footnote 2456: For references to ornamental terracotta antefixes in Latin literature see below, p. 371; and cf. Livy, xxvi. 23, xxxiv. 4. Footnote 2457: See for an account of these Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, p. 5; also Mau-Kelsey, _Pompeii_, p. 251. Footnote 2458: Von Rohden, pl. 7, fig. 1, from the Casa dei Niobidi. Footnote 2459: _Ibid._, pls. 5, 2, and 6, 1. Footnote 2460: For examples of this type see _B.M. Terracottas_, D 66 (from Corneto), D 700 (from Cumae), and D 706 (from Capua). Footnote 2461: Mau-Kelsey, _Pompeii_, p. 36. Footnote 2462: Von Rohden, pls. 14-16; 18, fig. 1: cf. _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, D 699, from Pompeii. Footnote 2463: _Ibid._ pls. 11-13. Footnote 2464: Campana, _Ant. opere in plastica_, pl. 6. Footnote 2465: Campana, pl. 6: cf. for the story Livy, xxix. 14, and Preller-Jordan, _Röm. Mythol._ ii. p. 55. Footnote 2466: _Archaeologia_, xiv. pl. 13, p. 64: cf. Brongniart, _Traité_, i. p. 367. Footnote 2467: Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. p. 181, ii. p. 121 ff. Footnote 2468: vii. 4, 2. Footnote 2469: See Middleton in _Archaeologia_, lii. p. 663, for a general discussion of the subject; also Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ vi. p. 122. Footnote 2470: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ iii. pl. 26, p. 114; _Illustr. Rom. London_, p. 115. Footnote 2471: Marquardt, _Privatalterthümer_, vii. p. 620. Footnote 2472: _Ep._ 90, 25 (xiv. 2). Footnote 2473: _Ep._ ii. 17, 23. Footnote 2474: So also in the Roman villa at Woodchester (Wright, _Celt, Roman, and Saxon_^4, p. 198). Footnote 2475: Middleton, _op. cit._ ii. p. 113 ff.; _id._ in _Archaeologia_, li. pl. 3. Footnote 2476: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ ii. p. 21, pl. 8, figs. 1-2. Footnote 2477: _C.I.L._ vii. 1250; Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ p. 114, fig. 3. Footnote 2478: _C.I.L._ vii. 1238. Footnote 2479: _Archaeologia_, lii. pl. 20. Footnote 2480: vii. 4, 2. Footnote 2481: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ vi. p. 125. Cf. _Arch. Journ._ viii. p. 30 ff. for another example from Hadstock, Essex. Footnote 2482: _Archaeologia_, lii. p. 666. Footnote 2483: Cf. Vitr. _loc. cit._ Footnote 2484: Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, ii. p. 123. Footnote 2485: See Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._, and cf. Vitr. viii. 7, 1; Isid. _Etym._ xv. 8, 17; xix. 10, 29. Footnote 2486: _C.I.L._ x. 4842. Footnote 2487: viii. 7, 1. Footnote 2488: _H.N._ xxxi. 57. Footnote 2489: viii. 7, 10. Footnote 2490: _Mon. Antichi_, i. pl. 6, p. 326. Footnote 2491: See Lanciani in _Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, Ser. 3, iv. (1879-80), p. 399 ff. Footnote 2492: Avolio, _Fatture di argille in Sicilia_, p. 8. Footnote 2493: See generally Blümner, _Technologie_, iii. p. 161 ff.; Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. p. 80. Footnote 2494: _Archaeologia_, li. pl. 3. Footnote 2495: Buckman and Newmarch, _Roman Art in Cirencester_, p. 64. Footnote 2496: _H.N._ xxxv. 165; xxxvi. 188: cf. _Geoponica_, ii. 27, 5; Pallad. i. 9, 4; Cato, _Agric._ xviii. 7; Vitr. vii. 1, 4; Columella, i. 6, 13; viii. 15, 3, 17, 1; ix. 1, 2. Footnote 2497: Middleton, _op. cit_. ii. p. 121, fig. 65. Footnote 2498: Cf. Buckman and Newmarch, _Roman Art in Cirencester_, p. 49 ff. Footnote 2499: Vitr. vii. 1, 4; Pliny, _H.N._ xxxvi. 184; Stat. _Silv._ i. 3, 54. Footnote 2500: _Archaeologia_, xxvi. pl. 44, p. 370. Footnote 2501: Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ p. 113. Footnote 2502: _C.I.L._ vii. 1223-24. Footnote 2503: _Ibid._ 1222 (in B.M.); others from Brecon and Abergavenny. Footnote 2504: _C.I.L._ vii. 1225. Footnote 2505: The inscribed tiles found in Rome have been collected and published by Dressel in vol. xv. (part 1, Nos. 1-2155) of the _Corpus Inscr. Lat._ Others are published in the other volumes under the heading “Instrumentum Domesticum.” In the succeeding pages Dressel’s account has been mainly followed. Footnote 2506: See Hübner, _Exempla Script. Epigr. Lat._ p. lxviii. Footnote 2507: _C.I.L._ xv. 19-29; 209, 1145; 709; 1212; 398. Footnote 2508: _Cat. of Terracottas_, E 148-49. Footnote 2509: _Opus doliare_ is the invariable word for bricks or tiles in Roman inscriptions, _figlinum_ being confined to pottery of the finer kind (cf. p. 330). Footnote 2510: Cassiodorus, _Variar._ i. 25: cf. ii. 23. Footnote 2511: _C.I.L._ xv. 1668-70. Footnote 2512: Cf. _C.I.L._ xv. p. 204, Nos. 1616, 1627, etc. Footnote 2513: Middleton, _Remains of Ancient Rome_, i. p. 13. Footnote 2514: _C.I.L._ xiv. 4089, 7, from Ostia. Footnote 2515: _Ibid._ 4090, No. 14. Footnote 2516: _C.I.L._ xv. 478 ff.: cf. 683, and _Ann. dell’ Inst._ 1840, p. 240. Footnote 2517: _Ibid._ 677-82. Footnote 2518: _Ibid._ 389. Footnote 2519: B.M. _Cat. of Terracottas_, E 150. Footnote 2520: _E.g._ Wilmanns, _Exempla Inscr. Lat._ 2793_a_. Footnote 2521: See Blanchet, _Mélanges Gallo-romaines_, ii. (1902), p. 110. Footnote 2522: See Steiner, _Cod. Inscr. Rom. Danubii et Rheni_, i. p. 85, No. 190, ii. p. 187, No. 1231. Footnote 2523: _C.I.L._ vii. 1255, 1257. Footnote 2524: _Ibid._ 1242. Footnote 2525: Cf. _C.I.L._ xv. p. 274. Footnote 2526: _C.I.L._ xv. 1097-1101, and see p. 275. Footnote 2527: Marini, _Iscriz. ant. doliari_, 1418. Footnote 2528: _C.I.L._ xv. 1539. Footnote 2529: _Ibid._ 1540, 1542. Footnote 2530: _Ibid._ 1668-70. Footnote 2531: Steiner, _op. cit._ i. p. 252, No. 541 (from Mainz); also _Bonner Jahrbücher_, ii. p. 92. Footnote 2532: Steiner, i. p. 75, No. 171; ii. p. 248, No. 1373. Footnote 2533: _C.I.L._ iii. p. 962; _Wiener Sitzungsberichte_, xiv. (1855), p. 133. Footnote 2534: _C.I.L._ _ibid._ Footnote 2535: Steiner, ii. p. 254, No. 1391. Footnote 2536: Now in Pesth Museum (_C.I.L._ _ibid._). Footnote 2537: _C.I.L._ vii. 1260. Footnote 2538: _Ibid._ 1259; _Victoria County Hist. of Hants_, i. p. 282 (_q.v._ for other examples). Footnote 2539: _Cat._ p. 73, No. 56; _Ephem. Epigr._ vii. (1892), p. 344. Footnote 2540: _C.I.L._ ii. 4967, 31: cf. _Victoria County Hist. of Hants_, i. p. 275. Footnote 2541: _E.g._ B.M. E 149: see p. 354. Footnote 2542: See Dressel in _C.I.L._ xv. p. 10. Footnote 2543: Steiner, _Cod. Inscr. Rom. Danub. et Rheni_, ii. p. 253, No. 1389. Footnote 2544: _C.I.L._ xv. p. 5 ff. For epigraphical and grammatical peculiarities see _ibid._ p. 7. On p. 204 is given a list of emperors whose names are found on the tiles, from Trajan to Septimius Severus. Footnote 2545: See for these abbreviations and expressions _C.I.L._ xv. p. 387. Footnote 2546: B.M. E 152. Footnote 2547: _C.I.L._ xiv. 4089, 1. Footnote 2548: _C.I.L._ xv. 3, 4, xiv. 4089, 4. Footnote 2549: _Cat._ p. 73, Nos. 60-3. Footnote 2550: _C.I.L._ vii. 1235; Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ i. p. 143: see also _Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc._ xxxix. p. 389. Footnote 2551: Numerous examples of these legionary stamps will be found in Steiner’s _Codex Inscr. Rom. Danubii et Rheni_ (1851); they will presumably be republished in the forthcoming part of vol. xiii. of the Latin _Corpus_. Footnote 2552: _C.I.L._ xiv. 4090, 2. Footnote 2553: _C.I.L._ vii. 1225. Footnote 2554: See generally _C.I.L._ iii. Suppl. 1, for Dacia, Pannonia, and the East; for Germany, Steiner, _op. cit. passim_, and _Bonner Jahrbücher_, index to vols. 1-60. Footnote 2555: _C.I.L._ vii. 1228. Footnote 2556: _Ibid._ 1231: see Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, p. 116. Footnote 2557: Wilmanns, _Exempla_, 2804. Footnote 2558: _C.I.L._ iii. 3756. Footnote 2559: Steiner, ii. p. 250, No. 1379. Footnote 2560: Marini, _Iscriz. ant. doliari_, No. 1382; Wilmanns, _Exempla_, 2805 _b_. Footnote 2561: _C.I.L._ vii. 1226; Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. London_, p. 112; Blanchet, _Mélanges Gallo-romaines_, ii. p. 110. Footnote 2562: Vitr. iv. 6. Footnote 2563: Campana, _Ant. opere in plastica_, p. 31. Footnote 2564: _S.v._ Antefixa or Impluvium. Footnote 2565: _Ep. ad Att._ i. 10. Footnote 2566: B.M. D 543, 576, 594; _Röm. Mitth._ 1886, p. 173; _Notizie degli Scavi_, 1901, p. 188. Footnote 2567: _Cat._ 501-660. It has been stated, but on what authority is unknown, that they were found in a well near the Porta Latina, together with a series of statues discussed below (p. 373). Footnote 2568: A collective publication of these reliefs is being prepared by the German Archaeological Institute. Footnote 2569: See Helbig’s _Führer_^2, ii. pp. 272, 408 ff. Footnote 2570: Cf. Pliny, _H.N._ xxxvi. 189: Agrippa in thermis figulinum opus encausto pinxit: see also Vol. I. p. 119. Footnote 2571: See _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, p. xvii. Footnote 2572: Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, pl. 20: see also pls. 21, 23. Footnote 2573: D 626-27: cf. _Jahreshefte_, 1903, p. 25. Footnote 2574: _Ant. opere in plastica_, pl. 14. Footnote 2575: Hauser, _Neuattische Reliefs_, pp. 111, 128. Footnote 2576: B.M. D 520, 527; Campana, pls. 47-8. Footnote 2577: B.M. D 583-85; Campana, pls. 61, 62: cf. the Arretine krater, Fig. 219, p. 488. Footnote 2578: B.M. D 561; Campana, pls. 27, 41. Footnote 2579: B.M. D 501; Campana, pls. 1-2. Footnote 2580: Campana, pl. 3. Footnote 2581: B.M. D 505; Campana, pl. 18. Footnote 2582: B.M. D 507; Campana, pl. 19. Footnote 2583: B.M. D 508-9; Campana, pl. 10. Footnote 2584: B.M. D 510-24; Campana, pls. 9-10, 15, 53, 88, 102-3. Footnote 2585: Helbig 1459 = Overbeck, _Kunstmythol. Atlas_, pl. 16, 8. Footnote 2586: Campana, pls. 7-8, 13, 16-7. Footnote 2587: B.M. D 531: cf. Campana, pls. 29-30. Footnote 2588: B.M. D 525; Campana, pl. 50: see _J.H.S._ xxiii. p. 295. Footnote 2589: See for these B.M. D 526, 534-52. Footnote 2590: Campana, pls. 26, 31, 35-7, 43-6. Footnote 2591: B.M. D 553-60. Footnote 2592: B.M. D 569-79: cf. _J.H.S._ vii. p. 284. Footnote 2593: B.M. D 566-68; Campana, pls. 86 ff. Footnote 2594: Campana, pl. 55; Helbig, 1179. Footnote 2595: Campana, pls. 20-4; Helbig, 1180. Footnote 2596: B.M. D 592-605; Campana, pls. 56-58, 63-65, 68; Helbig, 1188. Footnote 2597: Otherwise interpreted, Helbig, _Führer_^2, ii. p. 418. Footnote 2598: B.M. D 606-609; Campana, pls. 66-67, 71-73; Helbig, 1190, 1456. Footnote 2599: B.M. D 611-617; Campana, pls. 74-81. Footnote 2600: B.M. D 624-632; Campana, pls. 89-96; Helbig, 1466; and see _Jahreshefte_, 1903, p. 16 ff. Footnote 2601: B.M. D 633-638; Campana, pls. 114, 115. Footnote 2602: Plutarch, _Vit. Num._ viii. 8. Footnote 2603: _Sat._ xi. 116. Footnote 2604: iv. (v.), 1, 5. Footnote 2605: _H.N._ xxxiv. 34; and see xxxv. 158. Footnote 2606: iii. 2 (3), 5. Footnote 2607: _De Div._ i. 10, 16. Footnote 2608: xxvi. 23. Footnote 2609: Ovid, _Fast._ i. 202; Seneca, _Cons. ad Helv._ 10, 7: cf. _Ep._ 31 (iv. 2, 11). Footnote 2610: Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 159; Plut. _Vit. Num._ 17. Footnote 2611: Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 154. Footnote 2612: _Ibid._ 155. Footnote 2613: _Ibid._ 156. Footnote 2614: Livy, xxxi. 4. Footnote 2615: Cf. Pliny, _H.N._ xxxv. 155. Footnote 2616: Helbig, _Führer_, ii. p. 272, No. 1177. Footnote 2617: _Cat._ D 439. Footnote 2618: Froehner’s _Cat._ No. 249. Footnote 2619: B.M. _Cat. of Terracottas_, D 431-437, and see _ibid._ p. xiii; also Smith, _Nollekens and his Times_, i. p. 10. Footnote 2620: Pottier, _Statuettes de Terre Cuit_, p. 233. Footnote 2621: Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, pl. 29, p. 18, 21; Pottier, _op. cit._ p. 230. Footnote 2622: Von Rohden, pl. 32. Footnote 2623: _Ibid._ pls. 34-35. Footnote 2624: _Ibid._ pl. 19, fig. 2. Footnote 2625: _Ibid._ pl. 25: cf. pl. 26. Footnote 2626: _Ibid._ pl. 24, 2. Footnote 2627: _H.N._ xxxv. 153. Footnote 2628: _Ibid._ 156. Footnote 2629: _Ibid._ 155: see also on this subject Wickhoff, _Roman Art_, English edn., p. 42; Blümner, _Technologie_, iii. p. 190; Gardner, _Handbook of Gk. Sculpture_, p. 33. Footnote 2630: Cf. Von Rohden, _op. cit._ p. 24. Footnote 2631: _Ibid._: cf. also pls. 35-36, 41, 47. For the subject of the feeding of the prisoner cf. _Classical Review_, 1901, p. 93. Footnote 2632: _Ibid._ pl. 42, pp. 25, 53. Footnote 2633: xiv. 178. Footnote 2634: _Ibid._ 176, 182. Footnote 2635: _Ibid._ 171. Footnote 2636: ii. 70: cf. Lactant, _Div. Inst._ ii. 4. Footnote 2637: iii. 15. Footnote 2638: Lampridius, _Vit._ 25. Footnote 2639: i. 10, 23 and 11, 46: cf. Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, p. 272. Footnote 2640: _De fer. rom._ 31 (Teubner edn. p. 105); but see Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, iii. p. 563. Footnote 2641: _Sat._ i. 10, 23. Footnote 2642: Cf. the ceremony of the Argei on the Ides of May (Preller-Jordan, _Röm. Mythol._ ii. p. 135). Footnote 2643: _Sat._ i. 11, 46-49: cf. Preller-Jordan, _loc. cit._ Footnote 2644: _Sat._ i. 11, 1. Footnote 2645: Cf. Seneca, _Ep._ 12 (i. 12, 3), and other references given by Blümner, _Technol._ ii. p. 125. Footnote 2646: Spartianus, _Vit. Hadriani_, 17. Footnote 2647: _Id. Vit. Carac._ 1. Footnote 2648: Orelli, _Inscr. Lat._ 4279, 4191. Footnote 2649: Suet. _Claud._ 16, _Nero_ 28; Gellius, ii. 3, 5, v. 4, 1. Footnote 2650: Dio Cass. lix. 6; Gell. ii. 3, 5. Footnote 2651: Tert. _Apol._ 12 and _ad Nat._ i. 12; the Greek word is κάναβος: see Vol. I. p. 111. Footnote 2652: iv. 15. Footnote 2653: Von Rohden, pls. 36-45. Footnote 2654: _Ibid._ p. 21, fig. 14. Footnote 2655: _Op. cit._ p. 22: see also Pottier, _Statuettes de Terre Cuite_, p. 235. Footnote 2656: Fernique, _Praeneste_, pp. 166, 211 ff. Footnote 2657: Paris, _Élatée_, p. 156. Footnote 2658: _Röm. Mitth._ 1886, p. 176: cf. _Archaeologia_, 1. pls. 8, 9. Footnote 2659: Wright, _Celt, Roman, and Saxon_^4, p. 281. Footnote 2660: _Victoria County Hist. of Norfolk_, p. 291. Footnote 2661: _Cat._ p. 71, Nos. 39, 46; p. 70, No. 30. Footnote 2662: _Handbook of British Pottery_, 1893, p. 77. Footnote 2663: _Figurines en Argile_ (1859): see for abstracts Roach-Smith in _Collect. Antiq._ vi. p. 48 ff., and Pottier, _Statuettes de Terre Cuite_, p. 236. Footnote 2664: _Rev. Arch._ xi. (1888), p. 145 ff. Footnote 2665: _Mémoires de la Soc. Nat. des Antiquaires de France_, li. (1891), p. 65 ff., with a supplement in vol. lx. (1901), p. 189 ff. Footnote 2666: _Op. cit._ lx. p. 197. Footnote 2667: _Cat. of Terracottas_, E 48-49: cf. Tudot, pl. 9, and Roach-Smith, _Ill. Rom. Lond._ p. 109. Footnote 2668: See the lists given by Tudot (p. 64) and Blanchet (p. 83). Footnote 2669: Pl. 3: other examples in pls. 4-14. Footnote 2670: See Chapter XXIII. and Pottier, _Statuettes de Terre Cuite_, p. 241. Footnote 2671: See the tables given by Blanchet, p. 115. Footnote 2672: Blanchet, p. 89. For AVOT see also p. 384. Footnote 2673: For a complete list of Gaulish sites on which statuettes were made, see Blanchet, _Mélanges Gallo-romaines_, ii. (1902), p. 90 ff. Footnote 2674: _Op. cit._ lx. p. 204. Footnote 2675: _Op. cit._ lx. pp. 206, 234. Footnote 2676: _Rev. Arch._ xv. (1890), p. 423 (from Dijon); for a list, see Blanchet, _op. cit._ li. p. 96. Footnote 2677: Orelli, _Inscr. Lat._ 2776. Footnote 2678: Blanchet, _op. cit._ plate, fig. 1; _Rev. Arch._ xi. (1888), p. 155, pl. 6. Footnote 2679: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ vi. p. 228 ff., pls. 46-47. Footnote 2680: _Guildhall Mus. Cat._ p. 71, No. 32. See also for Britain generally, _Cumbd. and Westmd. Ant. Soc. Trans._ xv. p. 505. Footnote 2681: Roach-Smith, _Collect. Antiq._ vii. p. 63; _Ill. Rom. Lond._ p 109. Footnote 2682: _Op. cit._ p. 106 ff. Footnote 2683: See Blanchet, p. 120 ff. Footnote 2684: _Bell. Gall._ vi. 17. Footnote 2685: Cf. Heuzey, _Figurines ant. du Louvre_, pls. 2-4. Footnote 2686: For a good example at Rouen see Blanchet, p. 167. Footnote 2687: Cf. _B.M. Cat. of Terracottas_, D 229 ff. Footnote 2688: See Roscher, _s.v._ Fecunditas. Footnote 2689: _Op. cit._ lx. p. 198. Footnote 2690: See p. 489. Footnote 2691: Cf. Lafaye, _Culte des divinités d’Alexandrie_, p. 162 ff. Footnote 2692: See Blanchet, _op. cit._ p. 143 ff. Footnote 2693: See Von Rohden, _Terracotten von Pompeii_, pl. 27, p. 5. Footnote 2694: _Ibid._ pl. 26. Footnote 2695: Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Lucerna, fig. 4607: see below, p. 396. Footnote 2696: _Re Rust._ iii. 15. Footnote 2697: ix. 6. Footnote 2698: _Antr. Nymph._ 3, 14 ff. (Teubner). Footnote 2699: _Cat. of Terracottas_, E 123-124. Footnote 2700: See _Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc._ xxxii. p. 65. Footnote 2701: See also Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Forma, fig. 3186. Footnote 2702: _Jahrbuch_, 1901, p. 161 ff.: see also Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Loculus. Footnote 2703: _Op. cit._ p. 167. Cf. also for the form the Θησαυροί at Olympia. Footnote 2704: _Op. cit._ p. 166; Tudot, _Figurines_, pl. 48; Daremberg and Saglio, _s.v._ Loculus, fig. 4512. Footnote 2705: _Jahrbuch_, 1901, p. 168. Footnote 2706: _Ibid._ p. 170. Footnote 2707: Cf. also Hor. _Sat._ ii. 6, 10. Footnote 2708: Jahrbuch, _loc. cit._ Footnote 2709: _Miscellanies_, p. 26. Footnote 2710: _Jahrbuch_, 1901, p. 178 = _C.I.L._ xv. 6068. Footnote 2711: _Jahrbuch_, 1901, p. 179; fig. 200. Footnote 2712: See below, p. 428, and _C.I.L._, xv. 6502, 6608; also B.M. Nos. 329, 554. Footnote 2713: _Op. cit._ p. 183 ff. Footnote 2714: B.M. 488, 490; _C.I.L._ xv. 6610. Footnote 2715: _Jahrbuch_, 1901, p. 185; _C.I.L._ xv. 6073: cf. for the signature on lamps, _ibid._ 6274, and B.M. 477. Footnote 2716: See on this subject throughout Babelon, _Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines_, i. p. 955 (with full bibliography). Footnote 2717: _Numism. Journal_, ii. pp. 58, 195. Footnote 2718: Hill, _Greek and Roman Coins_, p. 157; _Victoria County History, Northants_, i. p. 198. Footnote 2719: See Daremberg and Saglio, ii. _s.v._ Forma, for an account of the process. Footnote 2720: Daremberg and Saglio, _loc. cit._, fig. 3187.