44. Strabo describes the Marsyas and Mæander as rising, according to

report, in one lake above Celænæ, which produced reeds adapted for making the mouth-pieces of musical instruments, but he gives no name to the lake. Hamilton found near Denair or Apamea, a lake nearly two miles in circumference, full of reeds and rushes, which he looks upon as the lake on the mountain Aulocrene, described by Pliny in the 31st Chapter of the present Book. His account however is very confused, as he mentions on different occasions a _region_ of Aulocrene, a _valley_ of Aulocrene, and a _mountain_ of Aulocrene. [3959] People of “the Mother City,” said by Stephen of Byzantium to have received that name from Cybele, the _Mother_ of the Gods. [3960] Nothing is known of the site of Dionysopolis. It is mentioned in a letter of Cicero’s to his brother Quintus, in which he speaks of the people of this place as being very hostile to the latter. [3961] The site of Euphorbium is denoted, according to Leake, by the modern Sandukli. It lay between Synnas and Apamea, and not improbably, like Eucarpia, received its name from the fertility of its territory. [3962] The site of Acmona has been fixed at Ahatkoi, but it seems doubtful. [3963] The site of Pelta is by D’Anville called Ris-Chak or Hou-Chak. [3964] The people of Silbium or Silbia, near Metropolis. [3965] The Dorian settlements on the coast of Caria were so called. The Dorian Gulf was probably the Sinus Ceramicus mentioned below. [3966] Of these places nothing whatever seems to be known. [3967] Pitaium and Eutane seem to be unknown. [3968] A member of the Dorian Hexapolis, or League of the Six Cities. The site of this famous city is occupied by the modern Boodroum, and its ruins are very extensive. It was famous as being the birth-place of the two historians Herodotus and Dionysius. It was the largest and best fortified city of Caria. [3969] According to Parisot the site of this place is now called Angeli and Karabaglas. [3970] This place must not be confounded with Telmessus or Telmissus in Lycia, which has been previously mentioned. It was situate six miles from Halicarnassus. Of the other places here mentioned nothing seems to be known. [3971] Now the Gulf of Staneo, Kos, or Boodroum. It took its name from the port of Ceramus, now Keramo, according to D’Anville. [3972] Now the Gulf of Mandeliyeh. It took its name from the city of Iasus, the site of which is now called Askem or Asyn-Kalessi. [3973] Its ruins are to be seen at the port called Gumishlu. This was a Dorian colony on the coast of Caria, founded probably on the site of the old town of the Leleges. [3974] It has been suggested that this was only another name for the new town of Myndos, in contradistinction to Palæomyndos, or “old Myndos.” [3975] Scylax the geographer is supposed to have been a native of this place. The town is supposed to have been built partly on the mainland and partly on an island. Pastra Limani is supposed to have been the harbour of Caryanda. [3976] A Dorian city on the Promontory of Termerium. [3977] Situate near Iasus and Myndos. Leake conjectures that it may have been on the bay between Pastra Limâne and Asyn Kalesi. There was a statue here of Artemis Cindyas, under the bare sky, of which the incredible story was told that neither rain nor snow ever fell on it. [3978] See note [3972] on the last page. [3979] Its ruins are to be seen at the spot still called Melasso. It was a very flourishing city, eight miles from the coast of the Gulf of Iasus, and situate at the foot of a rock of fine white marble. It was partly destroyed in the Roman civil wars by Labienus. Its ruins are very extensive. [3980] Hamilton has fixed the site of this place between four and five miles south-east of Kuyuja, near the mouth of the valley of the Kara-Su. The surrounding district was famous for the excellence of its figs. The city was built by Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. [3981] Now called the Mendereh or Meinder. [3982] Pococke thinks that the present Jenjer is the Orsinus, while Mannert takes it to be the Hadchizik, a little winding river that falls into the Mæander. [3983] Now called Guzel-Hissar, according to Ansart. [3984] On the road from Dorylæum to Apamea. It is said to have received its name from Attalus II., who named the town after his brother and predecessor Eumenes II. Its site is known as Ishekle, and it is still marked by numerous ruins and sculptures. [3985] A tributary of the Mæander. Its modern name is not mentioned. [3986] Mannert takes the ruins to be seen at Jegni-Chehr to be those of ancient Orthosia. The town of Lysias does not appear to have been identified. [3987] The situation of this district is not known. See B. xvi. c. 16, where it appears that this region was famous for its boxwood. [3988] One of the numerous places of that name devoted to the worship of Bacchus. It was built on both sides of the ravine of the brook Eudon, which fell into the Mæander. Its ruins are to be seen at Sultan-Hissar, a little to the west of Hazeli. [3989] Its ruins are to be seen at Ghiuzel-Hissar, near Aidin. This was a flourishing commercial city, included sometimes in Ionia, sometimes in Caria. It stood on the banks of the Eudon, a tributary of the river Mæander. Under the Seleucidæ it was called Antiochia and Seleucia. [3990] From the beauty and fertility of the surrounding country. [3991] An Ionic town of Caria, on the north side of the Sinus Latmicus, fifty stadia from the mouth of the Mæander. [3992] Or Euromus, a town of Caria, at the foot of Mount Grion, which runs parallel with Latmos. Ruins of a temple to the north-west of Alabanda are considered to belong to Euromus. [3993] A town of uncertain site. It must not be confounded with the place of the same name, mentioned in c. 31 of the present Book. [3994] The ruins of its citadel and walls still exist on the east side of Mount Latmos, on the road from Bafi to Tchisme. [3995] Situate about twenty miles south of Tralles. The modern site is doubtful, but Arab Hissa, on a branch of the Mæander, now called the Tchina, is supposed to represent Alabanda. It was notorious for the luxuriousness of its inhabitants. A stone found in the vicinity was used for making glass and glazing vessels. See B. xxxvi. c. 13. [3996] Built by Antiochus I. Soter, and named, in honour of his wife, Stratonice. It stood south of Alabanda, near the river Marsyas. It is supposed that it stood on the site of a former city called Idrias, and still earlier, Chrysaoris. [3997] D’Anville identifies it with a place called Keramo, but no such place appears to be known. Strabo places it near the sea between Cnidus and Halicarnassus, and Ceramus comes next after Cnidus. Ptolemy seems to place it on the south side of the bay. Of Hynidos nothing appears to be known. [3998] Its situation is unknown; but there can be little doubt that it was founded by the Dorians who emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor from Argolis and Trœzene in the Peloponnesus. Phorontis appears to be unknown. [3999] Parisot observes that many of the towns here mentioned belonged to the northern part of Phrygia. [4000] The people of Alinda in Caria, which was surrendered to Alexander the Great by Alinda, queen of Caria. It was one of the strongest places in Caria. Its position has been fixed by Fellowes at Demmeergee-derasy, between Arab-Hissa and Karpuslee, on a steep rock. [4001] Of Xystis, as also of Hydissa, nothing appears to be known. [4002] Inhabitants of Apollonia in Caria, of which place nothing appears to be known. [4003] Pococke says that the modern site of Trapezopolis is called Karadche. [4004] The people of Aphrodisias, an ancient city of Caria, situate at the modern Ghera or Geyra, south of Antiochia on the Mæander. Aphrodite or Venus seems to have been principally worshipped at this place. Strabo places it in Phrygia. [4005] Or Coscinia, a place in Caria, which, as we may gather from Strabo, ranked below a town. Leake thinks that Tshina, where Pococke found considerable remains, is the site of this place. [4006] On the eastern bank of the Harpasus, a tributary of the Mæander. Its ruins are supposed to be those seen at a place called Harpas Kalessi. In B. ii. c. 98, Pliny speaks of a wonderful rock at this place. [4007] Now known as the Harpa. [4008] By this name alone it is known to Homer. [4009] Its ruins, now called Sart, are very extensive, though presenting nothing of importance. Its citadel, situated on a rock, was considered to be almost impregnable. [4010] Now called Kisilja Musa Dagh. It was famous for its wine, saffron, and gold. [4011] Now called the Sarabat. It was famous for its gold-producing sands. [4012] On the road between Thyatira and Sardes: near it was situate the necropolis of Sardes. [4013] Strabo says that some persons called the citadel only by that name. [4014] There was a city of Mysia or Phrygia of the name of Cadus or Cadi; but nothing is known of the place here alluded to, whose people would appear to have been a colony from Macedonia. [4015] The people of Philadelphia, now Ala-Cher, or the “Fine City,” twelve leagues south-east of Sardes, and nine leagues south of Attalia. [4016] So called from the Greek Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερὸν, “the temple of Apollo,” in the vicinity of which, south-east of Pergamus, their town was probably situate. Nothing is known of these localities. [4017] Dwellers in Mesotmolus, a town which, from its name, would appear to have been situate on the middle of Mount Tmolus. [4018] Now called the Gulf of Melasso. [4019] Now the Cape of Melasso. [4020] The remains of the Temple of Didymæan Apollo at Branchidæ are still visible to those sailing along the coast. It was in the Milesian territory, and above the harbour Panormus. The name of the site was probably Didyma or Didymi, but the place was also called Branchidæ, from that being the name of a body of priests who had the care of the temple. We learn from Herodotus that Crœsus, king of Lydia, consulted this oracle, and made rich presents to the temple. The temple, of which only two columns are left, was of white marble. [4021] The ruins of this important city are difficult to discover on account of the great changes made on the coast by the river Mæander. They are usually supposed to be those at the poor village of Palatia on the south bank of the Mendereh; but Forbiger has shown that these are more probably the remains of Myus, and that those of Miletus are buried in a lake formed by the Mendereh at the foot of Mount Latmus. [4022] See B. vii. c. 57. Josephus says that he lived very shortly before the Persian invasion of Greece. [4023] Now called the Monte di Palatia. [4024] Generally called “Heraclea upon Latmus,” from its situation at the western foot of Mount Latmus. Ruins of this town still exist at the foot of that mountain on the borders of Lake Baffi. [4025] Its ruins are now to be seen at Palatia. It was the smallest city of the Ionian Confederacy, and was situate at the mouth of the Mæander, thirty stadia from its mouth. [4026] Mannert says that its ruins are to be seen at a spot called by the Turks Sarasun-Kalesi. [4027] One of the twelve Ionian cities, situate at the foot of Mount Mycale. It stood originally on the shore, but the change in the coast by the alluvial deposits of the Mæander left it some distance from the land. It was celebrated as being the birth-place of the philosopher Bias. Its ruins are to be seen at the spot called Samsun. [4028] Now called Cape Santa Maria, or Samsun. [4029] He implies that it is derived from φυγὴ “flight.” [4030] Between Ephesus and Neapolis. It belonged to the Samians who exchanged with the Ephesians for Neapolis, which lay nearer to their island. The modern Scala Nova occupies the site of one of them, it is uncertain which. [4031] Its ruins are to be seen at the modern Inek-Bazar. It was situate on the river Lethæus, a tributary of the Mæander. It was famous for its temple of Artemis Leucophryene, the ruins of which still exist. [4032] See B. ii. c. 91. [4033] Now known as Ak-Hissar or the “White Castle.” Strabo informs us that it was founded by Seleucus Nicator. [4034] From the excellence of its horses. [4035] Its ruins are to be seen near the modern Ayazaluk. It was the chief of the twelve Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Minor, and devoted to the worship of Artemis, whose temple here was deemed one of the wonders of the world. Nothing, except some traces of its foundations, is now to be seen of this stupendous building. [4036] It was more generally said to have been founded by the Carians and the Leleges. [4037] Now called the Kara-Su, or Black River, or Kuchuk-Meinder, or Little Mæander. [4038] It has been observed that though Pliny seems to say that the Caÿster receives many streams, they must have had but a short course, and could only be so many channels by which the rivers descend from the mountain slopes that shut in the contracted basin of the river. [4039] This lake or marsh seems to be the morass situate on the road from Smyrna to Ephesus, into which the Phyrites flows, and out of which it comes a considerable stream. [4040] The Phyrites is a small river that is crossed on the road from Ephesus to Smyrna, and joins the Caÿster on the right bank ten or twelve miles above Ayazaluk, near the site of Ephesus. [4041] See B. ii. c. 91. for further mention of this island. [4042] Said to be derived from the Greek, meaning “The beautiful (stream) from Pion.” [4043] One of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia, founded by Andræmon. Notium was its port. There do not seem to be any remains of either of these places. [4044] Called also the Hales or Ales, and noted for the coolness of its waters. [4045] At Clarus, near Colophon. When Germanicus was on his way to the East, this oracle foretold to him his speedy death. Chandler is of opinion that he discovered the site of this place at Zillé, where he found a spring of water with marble steps to it, which he considers to have been the sacred fountain. Others again suggest that these ruins may be those of Notium. [4046] Its site was probably near the modern Ekklesia, but no traces of the city itself are to be found. [4047] Implying that in his time Notium was not in existence, whereas in reality Notium superseded Old Colophon, of which it was the port, and was sometimes known as New Colophon. [4048] Now known as Cape Curco. [4049] The site of this place is now known as Ritri, on the south side of a small peninsula, which projects into the bay of Erythræ. The ruins are considerable. [4050] On the south side of the bay of Smyrna. In Strabo’s time this city appears to have been removed from Chytrium, its original site. Chandler found traces of the city near Vourla, from which he came to the conclusion that the place was very small and inconsiderable. [4051] According to Nicander, this was a mountain of the territory of Clazomenæ, almost surrounded by sea. [4052] Or “the Horses,” originally four islands close to the mainland, off Clazomenæ. [4053] This was probably the same causeway that was observed by Chandler in the neighbourhood of Vourla, the site of ancient Clazomenæ. [4054] See B. ii. c. 91, where he speaks of this place as being swallowed up in the earth. [4055] From Clazomenæ. [4056] Now called Izmir by the Turks, Smyrna by the western nations of Europe; the only one of the great cities on the western coast of Asia Minor that has survived to the present day. This place stood at the head of the cities that claimed to be the birth-place of Homer; and the poet was worshipped here for a hero or demi-god in a magnificent building called the Homereum. There are but few remains of the ancient city: the modern one is the greatest commercial city of the Levant. [4057] Hardouin takes this to be the name of a town, but Ortelius and Pinetus seem to be more correct in thinking it to be the name of a mountain. [4058] It does not appear that all these mountains have been identified. Cadmus is the Baba Dagh of the Turks. [4059] Mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book. [4060] In the time of Strabo this tributary of the Hermus seems to have been known as the Phrygius. [4061] Its site is now called Menemen, according to D’Anville. The Cryus was so called from the Greek κρύος, “cold.” [4062] The present Gulf of Smyrna. [4063] Or the “Ants.” [4064] Probably so called from the whiteness of the promontory on which it was situate. It was built by Tachos, the Persian general, in B.C. 352, and remarkable as the scene of the battle between the Consul Licinius Crassus and Aristonicus in B.C. 131. The modern name of its site is Lefke. [4065] Its ruins are to be seen at Karaja-Fokia or Old Fokia, south-west of Fouges or New Fokia. It was said to have been founded by Phocian colonists under Philogenes and Damon. [4066] The people of Hyrcania, one of the twelve cities which were prostrated by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar; see B. ii. c. 86. [4067] The people of Magnesia “ad Sipylum,” or the city of Magnesia on the Sipylus. It was situate on the south bank of the Hermus, and is famous in history as the scene of the victory gained by the two Scipios over Antiochus the Great, which secured to the Romans the empire of the East, B.C. 190. This place also suffered from the great earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, but was still a place of importance in the fifth century. [4068] The people, it is supposed, of a place called Hierocæsarea. [4069] The people probably of Metropolis in Lydia, now Turbali, a city on the plain of the Caÿster, between Ephesus and Smyrna. Cilbis, perhaps the present Durgut, was their chief place. [4070] A people dwelling in the upper valley of Caÿster. [4071] Or Mysian Macedonians. [4072] The people of Mastaura in Lydia. Its site is still known as Mastaura-Kalesi. [4073] The people of Briula, the site of which is unknown. [4074] The people of Hypæpæ, a small town of Lydia, on the southern slope of Mount Tmolus, forty-two miles from Ephesus. Under the Persian supremacy, the worship of Fire was introduced at this place. Arachne, the spinner, and competitor with Minerva, is represented by Ovid as dwelling at this place; he calls it on two occasions “the _little_ Hypæpæ.” Leake is of opinion that the ruins seen at Bereki belong to this place. [4075] The people of Dios Hieron, or the “Temple of Jupiter.” This was a small place in Ionia between Lebedus and Colophon. It has been suggested that it was on the banks of the Caÿster, but its site is uncertain. [4076] Æolis, properly so called, extended as far north as the promontory of Lectum, at the northern entrance of the bay of Adramyttium. [4077] Near Cyme, a place of Pelasgian origin. It was called Egyptian Larissa, because Cyrus the Great settled here a body of his Egyptian soldiers. According to D’Anville its site is still known as Larusar. [4078] Said to have been so called from Cyme an Amazon. It was on the northern side of the Hermus: Herodotus gives it the surname of Phriconis. Its site is supposed to be at the modern Sanderli or Sandarlio. The father of the poet Hesiod was a native of this place. [4079] It was probably so called in honour of the Emperor Augustus. [4080] Situate at a short distance from the coast. We learn from Tacitus that it suffered from the great earthquake in the time of Tiberius. Its site is called Guzel-Hissar, according to D’Anville. [4081] Originally named Agroeira or Alloeira. There is a place still called _Adala_, on the river Hermus, but Hamilton found no remains of antiquity there. [4082] Or the “New Walls.” Strabo speaks of it as distant thirty stadia from Larissa. [4083] Its site is unknown; but it must not be confounded with the place of that name mentioned in the last Chapter, which stood on the sea-coast. It suffered from the great earthquake in the reign of Tiberius Cæsar. [4084] Or Grynium, forty stadia from Myrina, and seventy from Elæa. It contained a sanctuary of Apollo with an ancient oracle and a splendid temple of white marble. Parmenio, the general of Alexander, took the place by assault and sold the inhabitants as slaves. It is again mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxii. c. 21. [4085] This passage seems to be in a corrupt state, and it is difficult to arrive at Pliny’s exact meaning. [4086] The port of the Pergameni. Strabo places it south of the river Caïcus, twelve stadia from that river, and 120 from Pergamum. Its site is uncertain, but Leake fixes it at a place called Kliseli, on the road from the south to Pergamum. [4087] Its modern name is said to be Ak-Su or Bakir. [4088] On the coast of the Elaitic gulf. It was almost destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of the Emperor Titus. Its site is by some thought to have been at Sanderli. [4089] Supposed to have been situate near the modern Cape Coloni. It was here that in the war with Antiochus, B.C. 191-190, the Roman fleet was hauled up for the winter and protected by a ditch or rampart. [4090] So called from Lysimachus, the son of Agathocles. [4091] A strong place opposite to Lesbos. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caïcus. Its site is generally fixed at Dikeli Koi. [4092] Or Carine. The army of Xerxes, on its route to the Hellespont, marched through this place. Its site is unknown. [4093] It lay outside of the bay of Adramyttium and the promontory of Pyrrha. [4094] Mentioned in the Iliad with Chryse and Tenedos. [4095] A place called Kutchulan, or, as some write it, Cotschiolan-Kuni, is supposed to occupy its site. [4096] Or Thebes, in the vicinity of Troy. [4097] In the plain of Thebes between Antandros and Adramyttium. It had a temple of Artemis, of which the Antandrii had the superintendence. Its site does not appear to have been ascertained. [4098] Not improbably the Chryse, mentioned by Homer in the Iliad, B. i. ll. 37, 390, 431; but there were several places of this name. [4099] See the note [4105] to Scepsis in the present Chapter. [4100] Or Gergis, Gergithus, or Gergithes, a town in the Troad, north of Scamander. It was a place with an acropolis and strong walls. Attalus, king of Pergamus, transplanted the people of Gergis to another spot near the sources of the Caïcus, whence we afterwards find a place called Gergetha or Gergithion, in the vicinity of Larissa. The old town of Gergis was by some said to have been the birth-place of the Sibyl, and its coins have her image impressed on them. [4101] Also called Neandria, upon the Hellespont. [4102] South of Adramyttium; in its vicinity were copper-mines and celebrated vineyards. It was here that Thucydides is said to have died. [4103] In the district of Coryphantes, opposite to Lesbos, and north of Atarneus. Pliny speaks of the oysters of Coryphas, B. xxxii. c. 6. [4104] This Aphrodisias does not appear to have been identified. [4105] Again mentioned by Pliny in B. xi. c. 80. Scepsis was an ancient city in the interior of the Troad, south-east of Alexandria, in the mountains of Ida. Its inhabitants were removed by Antigonus to Alexandria; but being permitted by Lysimachus to return to their homes, they built a new city, and the remains of the old town were then called Palæscepsis. This place is famous in literary history for being the spot where certain MSS. of Aristotle and Theophrastus were buried to prevent their transfer to Pergamus. When dug up they were found nearly destroyed by mould, and in this condition were removed by Sylla to Athens. [4106] Sometimes called the Lycormas, now known as the Fidhari or Fidharo. [4107] Frequently mentioned by Homer. [4108] Still known as Ida or Kas-Dagh. [4109] More generally known as Adramyttium or Adramyteum, now Adramiti or Edremit. According to tradition it was founded by Adramys, the brother of Crœsus, king of Lydia. It is mentioned as a sea-port in the Acts, xxvii. 2. There are no traces of ancient remains on its site. [4110] One of the heights of Mount Ida in the Troad, now called Kaz-Dag. The territory in this vicinity, as we learn from Virgil and Seneca, was famous for its fertility. The modern village of Iné is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient town of Gargara. [4111] Now Antandro, at the head of the Gulf of Adramyttium. Aristotle also says that its former name was Edonis, and that it was inhabited by a Thracian tribe of Edoni. Herodotus as well as Aristotle also speak of the seizure of the place by the Cimmerii in their incursion into Asia. [4112] Now Cape Baba or Santa Maria, the south-west promontory of the Troad. [4113] Or Sminthian Apollo. This appears to have been situate at the Chrysa last mentioned by Pliny as no longer in existence. Strabo places Chrysa on a hill, and he mentions the temple of Smintheus and speaks of a symbol which recorded the etymon of that name, the mouse which lay at the foot of the wooden figure, the work of Scopas. According to an ancient tradition, Apollo had his name of Smintheus given him as being the mouse-destroyer, for, according to Apion, the meaning of Smintheus was a “mouse.” [4114] According to tradition this place was in early times the residence of Cycnus, a Thracian prince, who possessed the adjoining country, and the island of Tenedos, opposite to which Colone was situate on the mainland. Pliny however here places it in the interior. [4115] The site of this Apollonia is at Abullionte, on a lake of the same name, the Apolloniatis of Strabo. Its remains are very inconsiderable. [4116] Or Lycus, now known as the Edrenos. [4117] Of this people nothing whatever is known. [4118] D’Anville thinks that the modern Bali-Kesri occupies the site of Miletopolis. [4119] Stephanus Byzantinus mentions a place called Pœmaninum near Cyzicus. [4120] The inhabitants of Polichna, a town of the Troad. [4121] The people of Pionia, near Scepsis and Gargara. [4122] They occupied the greater part of Mysia Proper. They had a native divinity to which they paid peculiar honours, by the Greeks called Ζεὺς Ἀβρεττηνὸς. [4123] The same as the Olympeni or Olympieni, in the district of Olympene at the foot of Mount Olympus; next to whom, on the south and west, were the Abretteni. [4124] On the south-western coast of the Troad, fifty stadia south of Larissa. In the time of Strabo it had ceased to exist. No ruins of this place have been known to be discovered, but Prokesch is induced to think that the architectural remains to be seen near Cape Baba are those of Hamaxitus. [4125] Or Cebrene or Cebren. It was separated from the territory of Scepsis by the river Menander. Leake supposes it to have occupied the higher region of Ida on the west, and that its site may have been at a place called Kushunlu Tepe, not far from Baramitsh. [4126] Mentioned in Acts xvi. 8. It is now called Eski Stambul or Old Stambul. It was situate on the coast of Troas, opposite to the south-eastern point of the island of Tenedos, and north of Assus. It was founded by Antigonus, under the name of Antigonia Troas, and peopled with settlers from Scepsis and other neighbouring towns. The ruins of this city are very extensive. [4127] Or Nea, mentioned in B. ii. c. 97. [4128] Now called the Mendereh-Chai. [4129] On the north-west promontory of Troas. Here Homer places the Grecian fleet and camp during the Trojan war. The promontory is now called Yenisheri. [4130] Now called Jeni-Scher, according to Ansart. It was at this spot that the Greeks landed in their expedition against Troy. [4131] Usually identified with the Mendereh-Chai or Scamander. [4132] The modern Gumbrek. [4133] Or “ancient Scamander.” [4134] Now known as the Koja-Chai; memorable as the scene of the three great victories by which Alexander the Great overthrew the Persian empire, B.C. 334. Here also a victory was gained by Lucullus over Mithridates, B.C. 73. [4135] Or Sea of Marmora. [4136] It is not exactly known whether _New_ Ilium was built on the same site as the Ilium or Troy which had been destroyed by the Greeks; but it has been considered improbable that the exploits mentioned in the Iliad should have happened in so short a space as that lying between the later Ilium and the coast. The site of New Ilium is generally considered to be the spot covered with ruins, now called Kissarlik, between the villages called Kum-kioi, Kalli-fath, and Tchiblak. [4137] The Dictator Sylla showed especial favour to Ilium. [4138] Now called Cape Intepeh or Barbieri. [4139] The modern Paleo Castro probably occupies its site. [4140] More generally called Dardanus, or Dardanum, said to have been built by Dardanus. It was situate about a mile south of the promontory Dardanis or Dardanium. Its exact site does not appear to bo known: from it the modern Dardanelles are supposed to have derived their name. [4141] Situate between Percote and Abydus, and founded by Scamandrius and Ascanius the son of Æneas. The village of Moussa is supposed to occupy its site. The army of Alexander mustered here after crossing the Hellespont. [4142] Alexander the Great visited this place on his Asiatic expedition in B.C. 334, and placed chaplets on the tomb of Achilles. [4143] So called from Æas, the Greek name of Ajax. [4144] Teuthrania was in the south-western comer of Mysia, between Temnus and the borders of Lydia, where in very early times Teuthras was said to have founded a Mysian kingdom, which was early subdued by the kings of Lydia: this part was also called Pergamene. [4145] Called Pionitæ in the preceding Chapter. [4146] A town in the Troad, the site of which is unknown. [4147] A town on the Propontis, according to Stephanus. The sites of most of the places here mentioned are utterly unknown. [4148] Also called Pergama or Pergamus. Its ruins are to be seen at the modern Pergamo or Bergamo. It was the capital of the kingdom of Pergamus, and situate in the Teuthranian district of Mysia, on the northern bank of the river Caïcus. Under its kings, its library almost equalled that of Alexandria, and the formation of it gave rise to the invention of parchment, as a writing material, which was thence called _Charta Pergamena_. This city was an early seat of Christianity, and is one of the seven churches of Asia to whom the Apocalyptic Epistles are addressed. Its ruins are still to be seen. [4149] At the beginning of the preceding Chapter. [4150] The people of Thyatira, mentioned in B. v. c. 31. [4151] The people of Mygdonia, a district between Mount Olympus and the coast, in the east of Mysia and the west of Bithynia. [4152] “The people of the Holy Village.” Hierocome is mentioned by Livy as situate beyond the river Mæander. [4153] The people of Attalia, mentioned in C. 32. [4154] Previously mentioned in the present Chapter. [4155] Or “the Table.” Now known as Capo de Janisseri. [4156] Also called the Milyæ, probably of the Syro-Arabian race; they were said to have been the earliest inhabitants of Lycia. [4157] The Leleges are now considered to have been a branch of the great Indo-Germanic race, who gradually became incorporated with the Hellenic race, and thus ceased to exist as an independent people. [4158] A nation belonging probably more to mythology than history. Strabo supposes them to have been of Thracian origin, and that their first place of settlement was Mysia. [4159] By some supposed to have been a people of Phrygia. [4160] Mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book. [4161] From the Greek δαμάω, “to subdue.” Hardouin thinks that this appellation is intended to be given by Pliny to Asia in general, and not to the city of Apamea in particular, as imagined by Ortelius and others. [4162] It is so described by Homer. [4163] This was the light-house built upon it by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, whence the name of _pharus_ came to be applied to similar structures. It was here also that, according to the common story, the seventy Translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament, hence called the Septuagint, were confined while completing their work. [4164] The _narrow_ or _fortified_ channel. [4165] The _Neptunian_ channel. [4166] Mentioned also in C. 14 of the present Book. [4167] In C. 17 of the present Book. [4168] The boatmen of Ruad, the ancient Aradus, still draw fresh water from the spring Ain Ibrahim, in the sea, a few rods from the shore of the opposite coast. [4169] Now called Kibris. [4170] Strabo makes it 425. Hardouin remarks that Isidorus has not made allowance for the margin of the creeks and bays. [4171] The north-eastern extremity of Cyprus. It is now called Capo Sant Andreas. It is more generally known in the editions of Pliny by the name of Dinaretum. [4172] Now called Capo Sant Epifanio, or Pifano, after the celebrated metropolitan of Cyprus. It is the western extremity of the island. [4173] From the Greek κέρας, “a horn.” It was not improbably so called from the numerous _horns_ or promontories on its coast. [4174] From the Greek μακάριος, “blessed,” in compliment to its fertile soil and delightful temperature. [4175] Apparently from the Greek κρυπτὸς, “concealed.” Stephanus Byzantinus says that it was so called because it was frequently hidden beneath the surface of the sea. [4176] Or New Paphos. The spot is still called Bafa or Bafo. [4177] Or Old Paphos, now Kukala or Konuklia. Old Paphos was situate near the promontory Zephyrium on the river Bocarno, where it had a good harbour; while New Paphos lay more inland, in the midst of a fertile plain, sixty stadia from the former. Old Paphos was the chief seat of worship of Aphrodite or Venus, who was said to have landed at that place after her ascent from the sea. [4178] Situate on the most southerly point in the island; now Capo Gavatta or delle Gatte. [4179] A town situate on the south coast of Cyprus. Its ruins are to be seen between Larnika and the port now known as Salines; they are very extensive. In B. xxx. c. 9, Pliny speaks of the salt lakes near this place, which are worked at the present day. [4180] In the middle of the east coast. It was said to have been founded by Teucer the son of Telamon, who gave it the name of his native land from which he had been banished by his father. [4181] Now called Old Limasol, a town on the south coast, celebrated for its worship of Aphrodite or Venus. It was a Phœnician settlement, and Stephanus calls it the most ancient city in the island. It long preserved its oriental customs, and here the Tyrian Hercules was worshipped under his name of Melkart. [4182] Its site is now called Lapitho or Lapta. [4183] Probably the same as the Temese of Homer. It was situate in a fertile district in the middle of Cyprus, and in the neighbourhood of extensive copper mines. Near it was a celebrated plain, sacred to Venus, mentioned by Ovid. [4184] Now called Chytria, a town of Cyprus on the road from Cerinea to Salamis. [4185] In the east of Cyprus, near the Promontory of Acamas, formerly called Marion. Ptolemy Soter destroyed this town, and removed the inhabitants to Paphos. The modern name of its site is Polikrusoko or Crisophou, from the gold mines in the neighbourhood. There was more than one city of this name in Cyprus, which was probably bestowed on them during its subjection to the princes of the line of Lagus. Another Arsinoë is placed near Ammochostus to the north of the island, and a third of the same name appears in Strabo with a harbour, temple and grove, between Old and New Paphos. [4186] Or Carpasia, to the north-east of the island, facing the Promontory of Sarpedon on the Cilician coast. It was said to have been founded by Pygmalion, king of Tyre. Pococke speaks of remains at Carpas, the site of this place, especially a long wall and a pier. [4187] Or Golgos, famous for the worship of Aphrodite or Venus, which had existed here even before its introduction at Paphos by Agapenor. Its position is unknown. [4188] Or Idalia, adjoining to which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite. The poets, who connect this place with her worship, give us no indications whatever of its precise locality. Engel identifies it with the modern Dalin, situate to the south of Leucosia, at the foot of Mount Olympus. [4189] Now Cape Anamur. [4190] “Aulon Cilicium,” now the Sea of Caramania or Cyprus. [4191] The Cilician Sea, namely. [4192] There were several islands of this name. It is not improbable that Pliny alludes to the one lying off the coast of Caria between the isle of Rhodes and the mainland, and which seems to be the island marked Alessa in the maps. There was another of the same name close to the shore of Cilicia, afterwards known by the name of Sebaste. [4193] Or Cleides, meaning the “Keys.” This was a group of small islands lying to the north-east of Cyprus. The name of the islands was afterwards transferred by some geographer to the Cape which Pliny above calls Dinæ, and others Dinaretum. [4194] Cape Acamas, now Pifano. [4195] Or the “Sacred Garden.” The names of this and the Salaminiæ do not appear to be known to the modern geographers. [4196] This is identified by Beaufort with the islet called Bœshat, which is separated by a narrow channel from the Lycian shore. The others do not seem to have been identified. Attelebussa is supposed to take its name from a kind of destructive grasshopper without wings, called by the Greeks ἀττέλεβος. [4197] Situate off the commencement of the sea-coast of Pamphylia, on the borders of Lycia. Beaufort speaks of them as five in number; he did not meet with any of the dangers of the navigation here mentioned by Pliny. The Greeks still call them Chelidoniæ, and the Italian sailors Celidoni, which the Turks have corrupted into Shelidan. [4198] Hardouin supposes these four islands to be the names of the group forming the Pactyæ. The names given appear to signify, the “Wild” or “Rough Islands,” the “Isle of the Nymphs,” the “Long Island,” and the “Greatest Island.” They were off the coast of Lycia, and seem to have belonged to the Rhodians. The modern name of Megista is Kastelorizo, according to Ansart. [4199] Or Doliche, the “Long Island,” in the Lycian Sea, west of the ruins of Myra. Its modern name is Kakava. It is now uninhabited. [4200] Still known as Grambousa, a small island off the east coast of Lycia. There seems to have been another of the same name off the Lycian coast. [4201] An island off the coast of Lycia. [4202] Hardouin thinks that they were opposite to the city of Dædala on the coast of Caria. [4203] Off the city of Crya, probably, in Caria. [4204] On the coast of Lycia. [4205] In Lycia. See C. 29 of the present Book. [4206] Probably so called from the number of hares found there. [4207] On the coast of Caria. [4208] Still known as Lindo and Camiro, according to D’Anville. [4209] One of the three ancient Doric cities of Rhodes. It lay three-quarters of a mile to the south-west of the city of Rhodes, with which Pliny seems here to confound it. Its site is occupied by a village which still bears the name of Ialiso, and where a few ancient remains are to be found. [4210] From its productiveness of serpents. [4211] Either from Asterius, its former king, or from its being a “constellation” of the sea. [4212] Probably because of the clearness and serenity of its atmosphere. See B. ii. c. 62. [4213] From its three-cornered shape. [4214] Perhaps so called from its fruitfulness in ivy, in Greek κορυμβήθρα, or else from κόρυμβος, “a summit,” from its elevated position. [4215] From its verdant and grassy soil. [4216] Either from King Atabyrius, or the mountain Atabyrion; or else from the temple of Jupiter Tabyrius, which Appian speaks of as situate in this island. [4217] The “fortunate,” or “blessed” island. [4218] “Venomous,” or “deadly.” This name it most probably had in early times (and not more recently, as Pliny says), when it was covered with dense forests, the retreats of serpents and noxious reptiles. [4219] Now known as Skarpanto. [4220] Mentioned by Homer, Il. ii. 676. See also B. iv. c. 23 of the present work. It is described by Ross as a single ridge of mountains, of considerable height. [4221] Signifying “sea-foam.” [4222] Still known as Nicero. [4223] From its production of the ‘murex,’ or ‘purple.’ [4224] Now called Symi, a small island off the south-west coast of Caria, at the mouth of the Gulf of Doris, to the west of the Promontory of Cynossema. [4225] Now called the Island of St. Catherine, according to Ansart. [4226] Stephanus Byzantinus mentions these islands as lying in the vicinity at Syme. Perhaps they are the group lying to the south of it, now called Siskle. [4227] Distant about fifty miles from Carpathus, or Skarpanto. It was probably subject to Rhodes, in the vicinity of which it was situate. Its present name is Chalki. [4228] An island, according to Hardouin, not far from Halicarnassus, on the coast of Ionia. [4229] So called from its productiveness of the νάρθηξ, or ferula. [4230] More probably Calydnæ, because there were several islands forming the group, of which Calymna was the chief. See B. iv. c. 23, where Pliny mentions only one town, that of Coös. There are some remains of the ancient towns still to be seen. [4231] A small island of Caria, south of Halicarnassus. It is now called Orak-Ada. [4232] Probably so called from the almost continual rains there. [4233] Now called Stanko, or Stanchio, a corruption of ἐς τὰν Κῶ. [4234] Which has been previously mentioned in this Chapter. [4235] In C. 29, Pliny has mentioned a Caryanda on the mainland. It is probable that there was a town on the mainland and another in the island of the same name. Leake says, that there can be little doubt that the large peninsula, towards the west end of which is the fine harbour called by the Turks Pasha Limani, is the ancient island of Caryanda, now joined to the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus. [4236] The island of Hyali, near the harbour of Meffi, on the coast of Caria, according to Dupinet. [4237] Probably so called from the worship of the god Priapus there. [4238] Few, if any, of these islets can now be recognized. Sepiussa was probably so called from the abundance of the sepia, or cuttle-fish, there. [4239] Over against the isle of Samos. [4240] B. iv. c. 23. [4241] Near the city of Miletus. [4242] So called from their resemblance to camels. [4243] Lying before the Promontory of Trogilium, mentioned in C. 31. [4244] Augustus gave their liberty to the Samians. The island is still called by the Greeks Samo, and by the Turks Susam Adassi. [4245] The “Virgin’s Island,” if so called after Juno, as some say; but according to Strabo, it received its name from the river Parthenius. [4246] From its numerous oaks. [4247] From the abundance of its flowers. [4248] “Of dark,” or “black foliage;” in allusion probably to its cypresses. [4249] “Cypress-bearing.” [4250] This is not improbably a compound, formed by a mistake of the copyists, of the two names, Parthenia and Aryusa, mentioned by Heraclides. [4251] “The Crown.” This island was the birth-place of Pythagoras. [4252] Now known as Khio, Scio, Saka Adassi, or Saksadasi. Chios was declared free by the Dictator Sulla. [4253] Χιὼν, gen. Χιόνος. [4254] Macris, from its length, and Pityusa, from its pine-trees. [4255] Dalechamps says 112 is the correct measurement. [4256] Mentioned in C. 31 of the present Book. [4257] Meaning “green and flourishing.” [4258] “Productive of laurels.” None of these islets appear to have been recognized by their modern names. [4259] By Strabo called Pordoselene. He says that the islands in its vicinity were forty in number; of which Pliny here gives the names of two-and-twenty. [4260] South of Proconnesus; now called Aloni. [4261] Near the city of Clazomenæ. It is now called Vourla, according to Ansart. [4262] Now Koutali, according to Ansart. [4263] We learn from Strabo and other writers, that this city was on a peninsula, and that it stood on the southern side of the isthmus, connecting Mount Mimas with the mainland of Lydia. It was the birth-place of Anacreon and Hecatæus. [4264] Or the “Dove Islands;” probably from the multitude of those birds found on those islands. [4265] Now called Antigona, according to Ansart. [4266] Now Mitylene, or Metelin. [4267] We find it also stated by Herodotus, that this island was destroyed by the Methymnæans. The cities of Mitylene, Methymna, Eresus, Pyrrha, Antissa, and Arisbe, originally formed the Æolian Hexapolis, or Confederation of Six Cities. [4268] The ruins found by Pococke at Calas Limneonas, north-east of Cape Sigri, may be those of Antissa. This place was the birth-place of Terpander, the inventor of the seven-stringed lyre. [4269] Or Eressus, according to Strabo. It stood on a hill, reaching down to the sea. Its ruins are said to be near a place still called Eresso. It was the birth-place of the philosopher Theophrastus, the disciple of Aristotle. [4270] Still called Mitylene, or Metelin. [4271] Strabo makes it about only 137 miles. [4272] Or the White Islands. [4273] So called from its fruitfulness in quinces, or “_Mala Cydonia_.” [4274] These were three small islands, near the mainland of Æolis. It was off these islands that the ten generals of the Athenians gained a victory over the Spartans, B.C. 406. The modern name of these islands is said to be Janot. [4275] One of the Leucæ, previously mentioned. [4276] So called from the φελλὸς, or “cork,” which it produced. [4277] Still known as Tenedos, near the mouth of the Hellespont. Here the Greeks were said to have concealed their fleet, to induce the Trojans to think that they had departed, and then introduce the wooden horse within their walls. [4278] “Having white eye-brows;” probably from the whiteness of its cliffs. [4279] In C. 33 of the present Book. [4280] Opposite to Sestos, made famous by the loves of Hero and Leander. Aidos, or Avido, a village on the Hellespont, is thought to occupy its site. [4281] Now called Bergase, according to D’Anville. [4282] Its ruins are still known as Lapsaki. This important city was celebrated for its wine, and was the chief seat of the worship of the god Priapus. [4283] Its site is now called Camanar, according to D’Anville. [4284] According to Ansart, the modern Caraboa marks its site. [4285] Now called the Satal-dere, according to Ansart. [4286] Its locality was not far from the modern Biga, according to Ansart. [4287] Now the Sea of Marmora. [4288] Mentioned in C. 33 of the present Book. [4289] Now called Artaki, or Erdek, a town of Mysia, and a Milesian colony. A poor town now occupies its site. [4290] Its ruins are called by the Turks Bal Kiz, probably meaning “Old Cyzicus.” There are many subterraneous passages, and the ruins are of considerable extent. Its temples and storehouses appear to have been built on a scale of great magnificence. See Pliny, B. xxxvi. c. 15. [4291] The “Island of the Bears,” which animals frequented the mountain in its vicinity. [4292] Called Dindymum by Herodotus; probably the modern Morad Dagh, in which the river Hermus rises. [4293] Now called Saki, according to Ansart. [4294] Now called the Lartacho, according to Ansart. [4295] Previously mentioned in C. 32 of the present Book. [4296] In its limited sense; considered as a portion only of Asia Minor. [4297] On the west it bordered on Mysia, and on the south on Phrygia and Galatia, while the eastern boundary seems to have been less definite. [4298] Ephorus, as quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, says, that the Halizones inhabited the district lying between Caria, Mysia, and Lydia. Hesychius incorrectly places them in Paphlagonia. [4299] Meaning the “Village of Gordius,” one of its ancient kings. It was also called Gordium. After falling to decay, it was rebuilt by Augustus, and called Juliopolis. It is celebrated in history as the place where Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot; the scene of the adventure being the Acropolis of the town, the former palace of King Gordius. [4300] There were several Asiatic cities of the similar name of Dascylium. The site of the one here mentioned does not appear to have been ascertained. [4301] More generally read “Gebes.” [4302] The “Bull’s Bed,” or “Den.” It probably took its second name from the Roman general Germanicus. [4303] Now called Medania, or Mutania. It received its name of Apamea from Prusias, king of Bithynia, in compliment to his wife. In the time of the first Cæsars, it was made a Roman colony. [4304] The Bay of Cios. The river runs into a lake, formerly known as Lake Ascanius; probably that mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxi. c. 10. [4305] Stephanus Byzantinus says that it was the same as the town of Cios, or Cius, here mentioned as near to it. It was on the shores of the Propontis. [4306] Cape Baba, or Santa Maria; the south-western promontory of the Troad. [4307] In Phrygia Epictetus, or “Conquered Phrygia,” so called from its conquest by certain of the kings of Bithynia. Strabo calls this place a “small city, or hill-fortress, towards Lydia.” It was probably situate near the source of the Macestus, now the Susugherli Su, or the Simaul Su, as it is called in its upper course. [4308] The place from which the citizens were removed to Apamea, as mentioned in C. 29 of the present Book. Hamilton (Researches, &c., p. 499) supposes its acropolis to have been situate about half a mile from the sources of the river Marsyas. [4309] First mentioned by Herodotus, and situate on the Lycus, a branch of the Mæander. It had greatly declined in Strabo’s time, and in the middle ages there rose near it a town of the name of Chonæ, and Colossæ disappeared. Hamilton found extensive ruins of an ancient city about three miles north of the modern Khonos. It was one of the early Christian churches of Asia, and the Apostle Paul addressed one of his Epistles to the people of this place. It does not appear from it that he had ever visited the place; indeed, from Chap. ii. 1 we may conclude that he had not. [4310] This does not appear to be the same as the Carine mentioned in C. 32 of this Book, as having gone to decay. Its site is unknown. [4311] Or Cotiæum, or Cotyæum. It was on the Roman road from Dorylæum to Philadelphia, and in Phrygia Epictetus, according to Strabo. The modern Kutahiyah is supposed to denote its site; but there are no remains of antiquity. [4312] It was bounded on the west, south, and south-east by those countries; and on the north-east, north, and north-west by Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithynia. [4313] Mentioned in C. 40, under the name of Gordiucome. [4314] Who invaded and settled in Asia Minor, at various periods during the third century B.C. [4315] Near a small stream, which seems to enter the Sangarius. It originally belonged to Phrygia, and its mythical founder was Midas, the son of Gordius, who was said to have found an anchor on the spot, and accordingly given the name to the town; which story would, however, as it has been observed, imply that the name for anchor (ἄγκυρα) was the same in the Greek and the Phrygian languages. The Tectosages, who settled here about B.C. 277, are supposed to have been from the neighbourhood of Toulouse. It is now called Angora, or Engareh; and the fine hair of the Angora goat may have formed one of the staple commodities of the place, which had a very considerable trade. The chief monument of antiquity here is the marble temple of the Emperor Augustus, built in his honour during his lifetime. In the inside is the Latin inscription known as the _monumentum_, or _marmor Ancyranum_, containing a record of the memorable actions of Augustus. The ruins here are otherwise interesting in a high degree. [4316] Now Tchoroum, according to Ansart. [4317] Its ruins are called Bala-Hisar, in the south-west of Galatia, on the southern slope of Mount Didymus. This place was celebrated as a chief seat of the worship of the goddess Cybele, under the surname of Agdistis, whose temple, filled with riches, stood on a hill outside of the city. [4318] Hardouin suggests that these are the Chomenses, the people of the city of Choma, in the interior of Lycia, mentioned in C. 28 of the present Book. [4319] The people of Lystra, a city of Lycaonia, on the confines of Isauria, celebrated as one of the chief scenes of the preaching of Paul and Barnabas. See Acts xiv. [4320] The people of Seleucia, in Pisidia. [4321] The people of Sebaste, a town of the Tectosages. [4322] The people of Timonium, a town of Paphlagonia, according to Stephanus Byzantinus. [4323] Thebasa, a town of Lycaonia, has been mentioned in C. 25 of the present Book. [4324] See C. 25 of the present Book. [4325] The town of Oroanda, giving name to this district, is mentioned at the end of C. 24 of the present Book. [4326] The Caÿster, the Rhyndacus, and the Cios. [4327] Now called the Sakariyeh, the largest river of Asia Minor after the ancient Halys. [4328] Now called the Lefke, which discharges itself into the Tangarius, or Sakariyeh. [4329] Called “Galli.” They were said to become mad from drinking of the waters of this river, and to mutilate themselves when in a frantic state. See Ovid’s Fasti, B. iv. l. 364 _et seq._ [4330] Now called Brusa. It stood on the north side of Mount Olympus, fifteen Roman miles from Cius. According to most accounts, it was built by Prusias, king of Bithynia. It is most probable that Hannibal superintended the works, while staying as a refugee at the court of Prusias. [4331] Now Lake Iznik. [4332] Its ruins are to be seen at Iznik, on the east side of the lake of that name. Its site is supposed to have been originally occupied by the town of Attæa, and afterwards by a settlement of the Bottiæans, called Ancore, or Helicore, which was destroyed by the Mysians. On this spot, shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, Antigonus built a city which he named after himself, Antigonæa; but Lysimachus soon afterwards changed the name into Nicæa, in honour of his wife. Under the kings of Bithynia, it was often the royal residence, and it long disputed with Nicomedia the rank of capital of Bithynia. The modern Iznik is only a poor village, with about 100 houses. Considerable ruins of the ancient city are still in existence. Littré seems to think that there are two Nicæas meant in these passages; but it would seem that the same place is alluded to in both lines. The only thing that seems to give countenance to Littré’s supposition (in which he is supported by Hardouin) is, the expression “Et Prusa _item_ altera.” [4333] It has been suggested, that this is only another name for the town of Cios, previously mentioned; but it is most probable that they were distinct places, and that this was originally called Cierus, and belonged to the territory of Heraclea, but was conquered by King Prusias, who named it after himself. It stood to the north-west of the other Prusa. [4334] Or the “Golden Stream.” [4335] Suggested by Parisot to be the modern Cape Fagma. [4336] From the Greek κράσπεδον, a “skirt.” [4337] Or Astacus, a colony originally from Megara and Athens. From Scylax it would appear that this city was also called Olbia. Its site is placed by some of the modern geographers at a spot called Ovaschik, and also Bashkele. [4338] Called Gebiseh, according to Busbequis,—at least in his day. The modern Hereket, on the coast, has been suggested. [4339] Its ruins now bear the name of Izmid, or Iznikmid, at the north-eastern corner of the Sinus Astacenus, or Gulf of Izmid. It was the chief residence of the kings of Bithynia, and one of the most splendid cities in the world. Under the Romans it was made a colony, and was a favourite residence of Diocletian and Constantine the Great. Arrian the historian was born here. [4340] Now Akrita. It is also called Akritas by Ptolemy. [4341] The Straits, or Channel of Constantinople. [4342] Its site is supposed to have been about two miles south of the modern Scutari, and it is said that the modern Greeks call it Chalkedon, and the Turks Kadi-Kioi. Its destruction was completed by the Turks, who used its materials for the construction of the mosques and other buildings of Constantinople. [4343] So called, Hardouin thinks, from its being opposite to the Golden Horn, or promontory on which Byzantium was built. [4344] Or Myrlea, mentioned above in C. 40. See p. 490. [4345] Or Bithynium, lying above Tius. Its vicinity was a good feeding country for cattle, and noted for the excellence of its cheese, as mentioned by Pliny, B. xi. c. 42. Antinoüs, the favourite of the Emperor Adrian, was born here, as Pausanias informs us. Its site does not appear to be known. [4346] These rivers do not appear to have been identified by the modern geographers. [4347] The modern Scutari occupies its site. Dionysius of Byzantium states, that it was called Chrysopolis, either because the Persians made it the place of deposit for the gold which they levied from the cities, or else from Chryses, a son of Agamemnon and Chryseis. [4348] A king of the Bebrycians. For some further particulars relative to this place, see B. xvi. c. 89 of the present Book. [4349] Situate on a promontory, which is represented by the modern Algiro, according to Hardouin and Parisot. [4350] Other writers say that it was erected in honour of the Twelve Greater Divinities. [4351] Called Phinopolis in most of the editions. It is very doubtful whether this passage ought not to be translated, “At a distance thence of eight miles and three-quarters is the first entrance to this strait, at the spot,” &c. We have, however, adopted the rendering of Holland, Ajasson, and Littré. [4352] Mentioned in C. 28 of the present Book. [4353] In B. iv. c. 24. [4354] Or “Deer Island.” [4355] Now Afzia, according to D’Anville. [4356] There is still an island in the Sea of Marmora known by the name Alon, which is separated from the north-western extremity of the Peninsula of Cyzicus by a narrow channel. [4357] Hesychius says, that there were two islands near Byzantium called by the common name of Demonnesi, but severally having the names of Chalcitis and Pityusa. Pliny, on the other hand, places Demonnesus opposite to Nicomedia, and at the same time mentions Chalcitis and Pityodes (probably the same as Pityusa) as distinct places. D’Anville calls Demonnesus “The Isle of Princes.” [4358] The position assigned to this island by Pliny and Strabo corresponds with that of Kalolimno, a small island ten miles north of the mouth of the Rhyndacus. [4359] Now called Prota, according to Parisot. [4360] So called from its copper-mines; now called Khalki, or Karki. [4361] Now called Prinkipo, east of Khalki. [4362] See end of B. iii. [4363] A celebrated Roman general, who was successively governor of Numidia and Britain, where he defeated Queen Boadicea. He was a supporter of the Emperor Otho, but afterwards obtained a pardon from Vitellius on the plea that he had betrayed Otho at the battle of Bedriacum, and so contributed to his defeat; which, however, was not the case. [4364] See end of B. ii. [4365] See end of B. iii. [4366] See end of B. ii. [4367] See end of B. iii. [4368] See end of B. iii. [4369] See end of B. iii. [4370] Brother of Cæsonia, the wife of Caligula, and father of Domitia Longina, the wife of Domitian. He was the greatest general of his day, and conquered Tiridates, the powerful king of Parthia. He slew himself at Cenchreæ, A.D. 67, upon hearing that Nero had given orders for his execution. [4371] See end of B. ii. [4372] The Roman emperor, grandson of Livia, the wife of Augustus. As an author, the character in which he is here referred to, he occupied himself chiefly with history, and was encouraged in the pursuit by Livy the historian. At an early age he began to write a history from the death of the Dictator Cæsar, a plan which he afterwards abandoned, and began his work with the restoration of peace, after the battle of Actium. Of the earlier period he had written only four books, but the latter work he extended to forty-four. He also wrote memoirs of his own life, which Suetonius describes as written with more silliness than inelegance. A fourth work was a defence of Cicero against the attacks of Asinius Pollio. He also wrote histories of Carthage and of Etruria in Greek. All of his literary works have perished. [4373] See end of B. iii. [4374] Nothing whatever is known of this son of T. Livius, the great Roman historian. It is not improbable that the transcribers have committed an error in inserting the word _filio_, and that the historian himself is the person meant. [4375] See end of B. ii. [4376] “Acta Triumphorum” probably mean the registers kept in the Capitol, in which were inscribed the names of those who were honoured with triumphs, and the decrees of the senate or the people in their favour. This register must not be confounded with the “Tabulæ Consulares.” [4377] Juba II., king of Mauritania. After the defeat of his father at Thapsus, he was carried a prisoner to Rome, though quite a child, and compelled to grace the conqueror’s triumph. Augustus Cæsar afterwards restored to him his kingdom, and gave him in marriage Cleopatra, or Selene, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. To his literary pursuits he is chiefly indebted for his reputation. His works are continually quoted by Pliny, who regards his authority with the utmost deference. Among his numerous works he seems to have written a History of Africa, Assyria, Arabia, and Rome; as also Treatises on the Stage, Music, Grammar, and Painting. [4378] Of Miletus. See end of B. iv. [4379] See end of B. iv. [4380] See end of B. iv. [4381] See end of B. ii. [4382] He was employed by Alexander the Great in measuring distances in his marches. He wrote a work upon this subject, entitled, “Distances of the Marches of Alexander.” [4383] See end of B. iv. [4384] See end of B. iv. [4385] See end of B. iv. [4386] See end of B. iv. [4387] See end of B. iv. [4388] See end of B. ii. [4389] See end of B. iv. [4390] Of Chalcis. See end of B. iv. [4391] See end of B. iv. [4392] See end of B. ii. [4393] See end of B. ii. [4394] Of Rhodes, the friend of P. Scipio Æmilianus and Lælius. He was the head of the Stoic School at Athens, where he died. His principal work was a Treatise on Moral Duties, which served as a model for Cicero in the composition of his work, “De Officiis.” He also wrote a work on the philosophical sects. [4395] See end of B. ii. [4396] See end of B. iv. [4397] See end of B. iv. [4398] See end of B. iv. [4399] See end of B. ii. [4400] See end of B. ii. [4401] See end of B. iv. [4402] See end of B. iii. [4403] See end of B. iii. [4404] See end of B. ii. [4405] There are four literary persons mentioned of this name. 1. An Athenian comic poet of the middle comedy. 2. A native of Maronæa, in Thrace, or else of Crete, who wrote lascivious and abusive verses, and was at last put to death by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was the inventor of the Sotadean verse, or Ionic a Majore, Tetrameter Brachycatalectic. 3. An Athenian philosopher, who wrote a book on mysteries. 4. A Byzantine philosopher, of whom nothing whatever is known. [4406] There were two writers of this name, before the time of Pliny.