102. There is considerable difficulty in determining their position,

but they are supposed to have commenced at the place now called the Camp of Marius, and to have terminated at the eastern mouth of the Rhone near the present Arles. [1089] Pliny is the first who mentions the name of this lake, though previous writers had indicated its existence. Strabo informs us that above the mouth of the Rhone there is a large lake that communicates with the sea, and abounds in fish and oysters. Brotier and D’Anville identify it with the present lake of Martigues or of Berre. [1090] D’Anville takes this place to be the present town of Martigues; Brotier thinks that it was situate on the spot now called Le Cap d’Œil, near the town of Saint-Chamas; and Bouche, the historian of the Province, places it at Marignane, on the east side of the lake already mentioned. [1091] “Campi Lapidei,” called by the natives at the present day “La Crau;” probably from the same Celtic root as our word “Crags;” though Bochart derives it from the Hebrew. Æschylus and Hyginus speak of this combat of Hercules, and Mela relates that being engaged in a mortal struggle with Albion and Geryon, the sons of Neptune, he invoked the aid of Jupiter, on which a shower of stones fell from the heavens and destroyed his antagonists. Those on this plain are said to be the remains of the stony shower. It is supposed by the scientific that many of these stones are aërolites, and that tradition has ingeniously adapted this story to their real origin. The vicinity of Tunbridge Wells presents a somewhat similar appearance. [1092] The people probably of the site of the present isle of Camargue. [1093] They probably inhabited the district south of the Durance, between it and the Rhone. [1094] They inhabited the country in which the present Avignon, Orange, Cavaillon, and perhaps Carpentras are situate. [1095] They are thought by Hardouin to have dwelt in the vicinity of the present town of Talard in the department of the Hautes Alpes. [1096] They inhabited the eastern part of the departments of the Drôme and the Vaucluse. [1097] Their territory comprehended the southern part of the department of the Ain, the department of the Isère, the canton of Geneva, and part of Savoy. [1098] It was said to have been colonized from Phocæa, a town of Ionia in Asia Minor. Lucan in his Third Book more than once falls into the error of supposing that it was colonized from Phocis in Greece. [1099] We learn from Justin, B. xliii., that this privilege, as well as others, and a seat at the public shows, were granted to the Massilians by the Roman Senate, in return for their sympathy and assistance after the city had been taken and plundered by the Gauls. [1100] According to D’Anville the present Cap de l’Aigre, though Mannert takes it to be the Cap de la Croisette. [1101] D’Anville takes this to be the same as the present Port de la Ciotat. [1102] Probably occupying the south-east of the department of the Var. It is supposed by Hardouin that the village of Ramatuelle, near the coast, south of the Gulf of Grimaud, represents the ancient name; and D’Anville and other writers are of the same opinion. [1103] Probably the country around the modern Brignole and Draguignan was inhabited by them. [1104] They inhabited Verignon and Barjols in the southern part of the department of the Var. [1105] D’Anville takes this to be the place called Agaï, between Frejus and La Napoule: but in so doing he disregards the order in which they are given by Pliny. [1106] “The Forum of Julius.” Now Frejus. As its name implies, it was a colony of the Eighth Legion. It was probably called ‘Pacensis,’ on some occasion when peace had happily been made with the original inhabitants, and ‘Classica’ from the fleet being stationed there by Augustus. [1107] Still known as the Argens, from the silvery appearance of the water. It has choked up the harbour with sand, in which probably the ships of Augustus rode at anchor. [1108] They inhabited the coast, in the vicinity of the modern Cannes. [1109] They are supposed to have inhabited the country of Grasse, in the south-east of the department of the Var. [1110] According to Ptolemy they had for their capital the town of Salinæ; which some take to be the modern Saluces, others Castellane, and others again Seillans, according to Holstein and D’Anville. [1111] D’Anville thinks that they lived in the valley of Queyras, in the department of the Hautes Alpes, having a town of the same name. [1112] The Adunicates are supposed by Hardouin to have inhabited the department of the Basses Alpes, between the towns of Senez and Digne. [1113] The modern Antibes. Mount Cema is the present Monte-Cemelione. [1114] “Arelate of the Sixth Legion,” a military colony; now the city of Arles. It is first mentioned by Cæsar, who had some ships built there for the siege of Massilia or Marseilles. It was made a military colony in the time of Augustus. [1115] “Beterræ of the Seventh Legion.” The modern town of Beziers. [1116] “Arausio of the Second Legion,” now Orange, a town in the department of Vaucluse. [1117] Now Valence, in the department of the Drôme. [1118] Now Vienne, in the department of the Isère. [1119] Aix, in the department of the Bouches du Rhône. [1120] Avignon, in the Vaucluse. [1121] Apt, in the department of Vaucluse. [1122] Riez, in the department of the Basses Alpes. [1123] The modern Alps, near Viviers, is probably built on the site of this town. The text shows that it was different from Augusta, probably the Alba Augusta mentioned by Ptolemy, though D’Anville supposes them to have been the same place. [1124] Some writers take this place to be the present Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, in the department of the Drôme. [1125] Probably so called from its lofty position, and supposed by D’Anville to have been situate on the modern Mont Ventoux, or “Windy Mountain.” Other writers place it at La Croix Haute, near the city of Avignon. [1126] There is a village in the department of the Var, six leagues from Toulon, called Bormes, not improbably from these people. [1127] The modern Cavaillon, in the department of the Vaucluse. [1128] Now Carcassone, in the department of the Aude. [1129] Probably Saint Tibéry, on the river Hérault. [1130] Now Carpentras. Ptolemy also makes mention of the Memini. [1131] Probably situate on the river Cœnus of Ptolemy, between the eastern mouth of the Rhone and Massilia. Probably the name in Pliny should be “Cœnienses.” [1132] Walckenaer places this people in the vicinity of Cambo, in the arrondissement of Bayonne, in the department of the Basses Pyrenees. [1133] In names similar to this, as Festus remarks, “Forum” has the meaning of “Market;” much as that word is used as a compound in our names, such as Market Drayton, &c. Bouche thinks that by this place is meant the modern Le Canet: but D’Anville takes it to be Gonfaron, a corruption, he thinks, of Voconfaron from the Latin name. [1134] The site of Glanum was about a mile to the south of the village of Saint Remi, between Cavaillon and Arles. On the spot there are the remains of a Roman mausoleum and a triumphal arch. [1135] The people of Luteva, now Lodève, in the department of the Hérault. [1136] “The people of Forum Neronis,” which place has been supposed by some to have been the same with Carpentoracte: D’Anville supposes Forcalquier to have been Forum Neronis, while Walckenaer takes Momas to have been that place. From the text it would appear to have been identical with Luteva. [1137] The modern Nismes, which in its ruins contains abundant marks of its ancient splendour. The family of the Antonines came from this place. The remains of its aqueduct still survive, containing three rows of arches, one above the other, and 180 feet in height. [1138] The people of the present Pézenas, in the department of the Hérault. [1139] Their chief town is supposed to have been Albiga, now Albi, in the department of Tarn. [1140] The inhabitants of the present Senez in the Basses Alpes. De la Saussaye says that their coins read ‘Samnagenses,’ and not ‘Sanagenses,’ and that they inhabited Senas, a town in the vicinity of Aix. [1141] Their chief town was Tolosa, now Toulouse, in the department of the Haute-Garonne. [1142] They probably lived in the vicinity of the present Montauban, in the department of the Tarn et Garonne. [1143] Probably the inhabitants of the site of the modern town of Tarascon. There is, however, considerable doubt as to these two names. [1144] Poinsinet thinks that they occupied Vabres, a place situate in the south of the department of Aveyron. [1145] Now Vaison, in the department of Vaucluse. [1146] “The Grove of Augustus.” This town appears to have been overflowed by the river Druma, which formed a lake on its site. Its remains were still to be seen in the lake in modern times, and from it the town on the margin of the lake takes its name of Le Luc. [1147] Under the name “formula” Pliny perhaps alludes to the official list of the Roman government, which he had consulted for the purposes of accuracy. [1148] Bouche places the site of this people at the village of Avançon, between Chorges and Gap, in the department of the Hautes Alpes. [1149] The present town of Digne, in the department of the Basses Alpes. [1150] It is not known from what points these measurements of our author are taken. [1151] The modern names of these localities will form the subject of consideration when we proceed, in c. 7, to a more minute description of Italy. [1152] This passage is somewhat confused, and may possibly be in a corrupt state. He here speaks of the Apennine Alps. By the “lunata juga” he means the two promontories or capes, which extend east and west respectively. [1153] This seems to be the meaning of “alumna,” and not “nurse” or “foster-mother,” as Ajasson’s translation has it. Pliny probably implies by this antithesis that Rome has been “twice blessed,” in receiving the bounties of all nations of the world, and in being able to bestow a commensurate return. Compared with this idea, “at once the nurse and mother of the world” would be tame indeed! [1154] By adding its deified emperors to the number of its divinities. After what Pliny has said in his Second Book, this looks very much like pure adulation. [1155] Or “Great Greece.” This is a poor and frivolous argument used by Pliny in support of his laudations of Italy, seeing that in all probability it was not the people of Greece who gave this name to certain cities founded by Greek colonists on the Tarentine Gulf, in the south of Italy; but either the Italian tribes, who in their simplicity admired their splendour and magnificence, or else the colonists themselves, who, in using the name, showed that they clung with fondness to the remembrance of their mother-country; while at the same time the epithet betrayed some vanity and ostentation in wishing thus to show their superiority to the people of their mother-country. [1156] The comparison of its shape to an oak leaf seems rather fanciful; more common-place observers have compared it to a boot: by the top (cacumen) he seems to mean the southern part of Calabria about Brundisium and Tarentum; which, to a person facing the south, would incline to the coast of Epirus on the left hand. [1157] The ‘Parma’ or shield here alluded to, would be one shaped like a crescent, with the exception that the inner or concave side would be formed of two crescents, the extremities of which join at the central projection. He says that Cocinthos (now Capo di Stilo) would in such case form the central projection, while Lacinium (now Capo delle Colonne) would form the horn at the extreme right, and Leucopetra (now Capo dell’ Armi) the horn on the extreme left. [1158] The Tuscan or Etrurian sea, and the Adriatic. [1159] The Varus, as already mentioned, was in Gallia Narbonensis, while the Arsia, now the Arsa, is a small river of Istria, which became the boundary between Italy and Illyricum, when Istria was annexed by order of Augustus to the former country. It flows into the Flanaticus Sinus, now Golfo di Quarnero, on the eastern coast of Istria, beyond the town of Castel Nuovo, formerly Nesactium. [1160] Now the Pescara. [1161] Now Palo, a city on the coast of Etruria, eighteen miles from Portus Augusti, at the mouth of the Tiber. [1162] This distance is overstated: the circuit is in reality about 2500 miles. [1163] For instance, from Pola to Ravenna, and from Iadera to Ancona. [1164] Sardinia is in no part nearer to Italy than 140 miles. [1165] Issa, now Lissa, is an island of the Adriatic, off the coast of Liburnia; it is not less than eighty miles distant from the nearest part of the coast of Italy. [1166] That is to say, the south, which was so called by the Romans: the meaning being that Italy extends in a south-easterly direction. [1167] Italy was divided by Augustus into eleven districts; the ninth of which nearly corresponded to the former republic of Genoa. [1168] The modern Nizza of the Italians, or Nice of the French. [1169] Now the Paglione. [1170] Livy mentions four of these tribes, the Celelates, the Cerdiciates, the Apuani, and the Friniates. [1171] Or “Long-haired.” Lucan, B. i. l. 442, 3, refers to this characteristic of the Alpine Ligurians: Et nunc tonse Ligur, quondam per colla decora Crinibus effusis toti prælate Comatæ. [1172] It is probably the ruins of this place that are to be seen at the present day at Cimiez in the vicinity of Nice. [1173] The modern Monaco. [1174] These tribes have been already mentioned in c. 5, as belonging to the province of Gallia Narbonensis. [1175] It is supposed that they dwelt near the present Vinadio in Piedmont. [1176] It is supposed that they inhabited the vicinity of the present town of Chorges, between Embrun and Gap. [1177] They probably dwelt near the modern town of Montserrat. [1178] They probably dwelt near the modern Biela, eight leagues from Verceil in Piedmont. [1179] Some writers place them near the modern city of Casale. [1180] Their locality is supposed by some writers to be near the present Cortemiglia, five leagues from the town of Alba. [1181] Now the Roya, flowing between very high banks.—Lucan, B. ii. l. 422, speaks of the Rutuba as “Cavus,” “flowing in deep cavities.” [1182] Probably the present Vintimiglia. [1183] The modern Arozia. [1184] The present town of Albenga.—Livy, B. xxix. c. 5, calls the inhabitants Albingauni. [1185] Now called Vaï or Ve, and Savona. [1186] The modern Bisagna, which waters Genua, the modern Genoa. [1187] Now the Lavagna, which also washes Genoa. [1188] “The Port of the Dolphin;” now Porto Fino. [1189] Probably the ruins called those of Tregesa or Trigoso are those of Tigullia. [1190] Now Sestri di Levante. [1191] The modern Magra. [1192] Of which they were considered as a chain, and called the Apennine Alps. [1193] Now the Po. [1194] According to D’Anville, now Castel Arqua. [1195] Now Tortona. It was a city of importance, and there are considerable ruins still in existence. [1196] The modern Voghera, upon the river Staffora. [1197] Probably the present Verrua. [1198] Called by the Ligurians Bodincomagus, by the Romans Industria. Its remains are to be found at Monteù di Po, a few miles below Chevasso, on the right bank of the river. [1199] The modern Pollenza, a small town on the river Tenaro near Alba. [1200] Its site has been placed at Chieri near Turin, and at Carrù on the Tanaro, a few miles south of Bene, which is perhaps the most probable. [1201] The modern Valenza. [1202] Placed by D’Anville at Vico near Mondovi, and by other writers at Carmagnole and Saluzzo: but Durandi has shown that the ruins still to be seen near Bene in Piedmont are those of Augusta Vagiennorum. Bene is supposed to be a corruption of Bagienna, the name of the town in the middle ages. The name of the Vagienni also probably survives in that of Viozenna, an obscure place in that vicinity. [1203] Still called Alba; a town near the northern foot of the Apennines. It probably had its appellation from Cn. Pompeius Strabo, the father of Pompey the Great, who conferred many privileges on the Cisalpine Gauls. It was the birth-place of the Emperor Helvius Pertinax. [1204] The modern Aste. [1205] The modern Acqui, so called from its mineral springs. It is again mentioned by Pliny in B. XXXI. Numerous remains of the ancient town have been discovered. [1206] Ansart observes that this measurement is nearly correct. [1207] For an account of this see Herodotus, B. i. c. 94, Tacitus, Ann. B. iv. c. 55, and Velleius Paterculus, B. i. c. 1. These writers all agree as to the fact of the migration of a colony of Lydians under the conduct of Tyrrhenus to the part of Italy afterwards called Etruria. This subject however, as well as the migrations of the Pelasgi, is involved in the greatest obscurity. [1208] From the Greek verb θύειν “to sacrifice,” he implies:—from their custom of frequently sacrificing, says Servius, on the Xth Book of the Æneid. Dionysius of Halicarnassus says that they were from their frequent sacrifices called θυόσκοοι. These are probably fanciful derivations; but there is no doubt that the people of Etruria were for several centuries the instructors of the Romans in the arts of sacrifice, augury, and divination. [1209] The ruins of Luna, which was destroyed by the Normans in the middle ages, are still visible on the banks of the Magra. The modern name of the port is Golfo della Spezzia. [1210] The modern city of Lucca has its site and name.—Livy, B. xli. c. 13, informs us that this colony was founded in the year of the city 576, during the Consulship of Claudius Pulcher and Sempronius Gracchus. [1211] The modern city of Pisa. See Virgil, B. x. l. 179, as to the origin of this place. [1212] The modern Serchio. [1213] Now the Arno. [1214] The people of Pisa or Pisæ, a city of Elis in the Peloponnesus. [1215] Now Vadi, a small village on the sea-shore. [1216] Still called the Cecina. It entered the Tyrrhenian sea, near the port of Vada Volaterrana just mentioned. [1217] The present Piombino is supposed to have arisen from the ruins of this place. [1218] Now the Bruno. [1219] The modern Ombrone. [1220] Now known as Telamone Vecchio. [1221] There are ruins near lake Orbitello, which bear the name of Cosa; Ansedonia was said to have risen from its ruins, and in its turn fallen to decay. [1222] Two localities have been mentioned as the site of Graviscæ, at both of which there are ancient remains: one on the right bank of the Marta, about a mile from its mouth, and the other on the sea-coast at a spot called Santo Clementino or Le Saline, a mile south of the mouth of the Marta. Probably the latter are the remains of Graviscæ, although Dennis (Etruria, i. pp. 387-395) inclines to be in favour of the former. [1223] The modern Torre Chiaruccia, five miles south of Civita Vecchia. [1224] The modern Torre di Santa Severa. [1225] Now the Vaccina. [1226] The remains of this once powerful city are marked by the village of Cervetri or Old Cære. According to Strabo it received its name from the Greek word χαῖρε “hail!” with which the inhabitants saluted the Tyrrhenian or Lydian invaders. It was to this place that the Romans sent their most precious sacred relics when their city was taken by the Gauls. Its most interesting remains are the sepulchres, of which an account is given in Dennis’s Etruria. [1227] Its remains are to be seen in the vicinity of the modern village of Palo. [1228] Its site is supposed to have been at the spot now called the Torre di Maccarese, midway between Palo and Porto, and at the mouth of the river Arone. Its situation was marshy and unhealthy. [1229] This exceeds the real distance, which is about 230 miles. [1230] The site of the Etruscan Falerii or Falisci is probably occupied by the present Civita Castellana; while that of the Roman city of the same name, at a distance of four miles, is marked by a single house and the ruins of a church, called Santa Maria di Falleri. The ancient city was captured by the Romans under Camillus. [1231] In his book of “Origines,” which is now lost. [1232] “The Grove of Feronia.” The town was so called from the grove of that Sabine goddess there situate. In the early times of Rome there was a great resort to this spot not only for religious purposes, but for those of trade as well. Its traces are still to be seen at the village of Saint Orestes, near the south-east extremity of the hill there, which is still called Felonica. This is in southern Etruria, but Ptolemy mentions another place of the same name in the north-west extremity of Etruria, between the Arnus and the Macra. [1233] The people of the spot now called Siena, in Tuscany. [1234] Now Sutri, on the river Pozollo. [1235] The people of Arretium, one of the most powerful cities of Etruria. The three tribes or peoples here mentioned probably did not occupy distinct towns, but constituted separate communities or municipal bodies, being distinct colonies or bodies of settlers. The Julienses were the colonists settled there by Augustus. The Fidentes had probably settled at an earlier period. The modern Arezzo has risen on the remains of the Roman city, while the remains of the Etruscan city are pointed out on an elevated spot called Poggio di San Cornellio, two or three miles south-east of Arezzo. Many valuable relics of antiquity have been discovered here. The family of Mæcenas sprang from this place. [1236] The people of Aquæ Tauri, a watering-place of Etruria, situate about three miles north of the present Civita Vecchia, and now called Bagni di Ferrata. The baths are described by Rutilius in his Itinerary, who calls them Tauri Thermæ (the Bull’s Baths), and ascribes their name to the fact of their having been accidentally discovered by a bull. [1237] The people of Blera, on the site of the modern village of Bieda, about twelve miles south of Viterbo. Numerous remains of Etruscan antiquity have been found here.—See Dennis’s Etruria, vol. i. pp. 260-272. [1238] The people of Cortona, a powerful city of Etruria, which is still known by the same name. It was probably in the number of the cities of Etruria that were ravaged by Sylla, and then recolonized by him. Numerous remains of Etruscan antiquity have been discovered there. [1239] The people of Capena, an ancient and important city of Etruria, which, after long opposing the inroads of the Romans, was reduced to submission shortly after the fall of Veii, B.C. 393. It existed and held municipal rank till the time of the Emperor Aurelian, after which all traces of its name or existence were lost, till 1750, when Galetti fixed its site with great accuracy at Civitucola or San Martino, about 24 miles from Rome. It was situate on the banks of a small river now called the Grammiccia, and in its territory was the celebrated ‘Lucus Feroniæ’ previously mentioned. [1240] The new and old colonists of the city of Clusium, who probably enjoyed distinct municipal rights. The modern Chiusi stands on its site. [1241] The modern Fiorenze or Florence occupies the site of their city. [1242] The village of Fiesole stands on its site. Extensive remains of the ancient city are still to be found. [1243] The site of Ferentinum is now uninhabited, but is still known by the name of Ferento. The rivers of the ancient city are very considerable; it was finally destroyed by the people of Viterbo in the 12th century. [1244] An ancient town of Etruria near Falisci. Cluver thinks that it was situate at Gallese, a village nine miles north of Civita Castellana; but Dennis considers its site to have been between Borghetto on the Tiber and Corchiano, where there are considerable remains of an Etruscan city. The spot is named San Silvestro, from a ruined church there. [1245] Or Horta; the spot now called Orte, where numerous Etruscan remains are found; it probably derived its name from the Etruscan goddess Horta. Hortanum, the name given to it by Pliny, is perhaps an adjective form of the name, “oppidum” being understood. [1246] Possibly the same as ‘Urbs Vetus,’ on the side of which the present Orvieto stands. [1247] Now Nepi, near the river Pozzolo. [1248] According to Hardouin the site of the Novem Pagi, or nine Boroughs, is occupied by the modern Il Mignone, near Civita Vecchia. [1249] Its site is generally supposed to have been at Oriuolo, about five miles north of Bracciano; but Dennis informs us that there are no ancient remains at that place. Being a præfecture it may have consisted of only a number of little villages, united in one jurisdiction. [1250] The modern Pistoia stands on its site. [1251] Now Perugia. [1252] Supposed by Hardouin to have inhabited the site of the modern Sovretto. [1253] Probably situate in the modern duchy of Castro. [1254] The people of Tarquinii near Rome, the head of the Etruscan confederation. It was here that Demaratus the Corinthian, the father of Tarquinius Priscus, settled. It was deserted by its inhabitants in the eighth or ninth century, who founded the town of Corneto on a hill opposite to it. The ruins are known as Turchina, a corruption of the ancient name. [1255] The site of their town is probably marked by the modern Toscanella. [1256] The ruins of their town still retain somewhat of their ancient name in that of “Vetulia.” [1257] The people of the powerful city of Veii, subdued by Camillus. Its ruins have been discovered in the vicinity of the village of Isola Farnese. [1258] Their town stood on the site of the present Bisontia. [1259] The people of Volaterræ, the present Volterra, one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan Confederation. It was for a time the residence of the kings of Lombardy. The modern town covers only a small portion of the area of the ancient city, of which there are some interesting remains. [1260] The people of Volci or Vulci, of which the ruins bear the same name. Its sepulchres have produced vast treasures of ancient art. [1261] The people of Volsinii or Vulsinii, now called Bolsena. This was one of the most ancient and powerful of the twelve cities of the Etruscan confederation. On their subjugation by the Romans the Etruscan city was destroyed, and its inhabitants were compelled to settle on a less defensible site. The new city was the birth-place of Sejanus, the worthless favourite of Tiberius. Of the ancient city there are scarcely any remains. [1262] Called also Crustumeria, Crustumium, and Crustuminium. It was a city of Latium on the borders of the Sabine country, and was subdued by Romulus, though it afterwards appears as independent in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. The territory was noted for its fertility. The exact site of the city is unknown; a place called Marcigliana Vecchia, about nine miles from Rome, seems the most probable. [1263] The site of Caletra is quite unknown. It was situate at some point in the present valley of the Albegna. [1264] The First Region extended from the Tiber to the Gulf of Salernum, being bounded in the interior by the Apennines. It consisted of ancient Latium and Campania, comprising the modern Campagna di Roma, and the provinces of the kingdom of Naples. [1265] Livy, B. i. c. 3, and Ovid, Fasti, B. iii. l. 389, inform us that the name of Albula was changed into Tiberis in consequence of king Tiberinus being accidentally drowned in it. [1266] Still known by that name. The Glanis is called la Chiana. [1267] According to D’Anville, now known as Citta di Castello. [1268] A municipal town of Umbria, situate near the confluence of the rivers Nar and Tiber, and on the Flaminian Way. There are the ruins of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and some temples, now the modern Otricoli. [1269] The territory of Umbria extended from the left bank of the Tiber, near its rise, to the Adriatic. [1270] The Sabines occupied the left bank of the Tiber from the Umbri to the Anio. The Crustumini and the Fidenates probably occupied the southern part of the district about the river Alba. [1271] The Nera and the Teverone. The exact situation of the district of Vaticanum has not been ascertained with exactness. [1272] As not so much causing mischief by its inundations, as giving warning thereby of the wrath of the gods and of impending dangers; which might be arrested by sacrifices and expiatory rites.—See Horace, Odes, B. i. 2. 29. [1273] The frontier of ancient Latium was at Circeii, but that of modern Latium extended to Sinuessa. [1274] A town of Latium, situate at the foot of the Mons Circeius, now Monte Circello. It was used as a place of retirement, and Tiberius and Domitian had villas there. The Triumvir Lepidus was banished thither by Octavius after his deposition. It was also famous for its oysters, which were of the finest quality. Considerable remains of it are still to be seen on the hill called Monte di Citadella, about two miles from the sea. [1275] Now the Garigliano, the same river which he previously calls the Glanis. It was the boundary between Latium and Campania. [1276] Founded by Ancus Martius, as we learn from Livy. It was abandoned under the Emperor Claudius, who built the Portus Romanus or Portus Augusti in its vicinity; and it only continued famous for its salt-works, which had been established there by Ancus Martius. Its ruins, still called Ostia, are nearly three miles from the coast, in consequence of the receding of the sea. [1277] Now San Lorenzo. It was between Ostia and Antium. [1278] By some, Æneas was supposed to have been worshiped by that name. [1279] Now the river Numico. [1280] The ruins of this once great city may still be seen near the present village of the same name. Its situation was peculiarly unhealthy. Another tradition, besides the one mentioned by Pliny, was, that it was founded by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was twenty-four miles distant from Rome. [1281] A temple of Venus, of which the ruins are still to be seen. [1282] Its few ruins are still known as Anzio Rovinato. It was famous for its temple of Fortune, addressed by Horace, Odes, i. 35. Near the site is the modern village of Porto d’Anzo. [1283] This island was occupied by villas of the Roman nobility, and was the resort of Cicero, Augustus and Tiberius. There is still a fortified town called the Torre di Astura. [1284] The modern Ninfa. [1285] “The Roman Bulwarks.” They were thrown up to protect the frontier of the ancient kingdom of Rome from the inroads of the Volscians. [1286] To our previous note we may add that this spot was supposed to have been once inhabited by the enchantress Circe, the daughter of the Sun, and from her to have taken its name. [1287] This has been also translated “dedicated to Nicodorus, the Archon of Athens,” but nothing appears to be known of such a fact as the dedication to Nicodorus of any of his works. [1288] Now called the “Palude Pontine.” They are again mentioned in B. xxvi. c. 9. [1289] Now called Il Portatore. [1290] It was situate fifty-eight miles from Rome; the modern town of Terracina stands on its site. The remains of the ancient citadel are visible on the slope of Montecchio. [1291] The exact site of this place is unknown. Servius, in his Commentary on B. x. of the Æneid, l. 564, tells the same story of the serpents. [1292] This was near Amyclæ. A villa was situate there called “Speluncæ,” from the cavities in the rock, in one of which the Emperor Tiberius nearly lost his life by the falling in of the roof. The modern village of Sperlonga, eight miles west of Gaëta, marks its site. [1293] Now Lago di Fondi. [1294] Now Gaëta, said to have received its name from being the burial-place of Caieta, the nurse of Æneas. The shore was studded with numerous villas of the Roman nobility. It is now a city of great opulence; in its vicinity extensive ruins are to be seen. [1295] On the spot now called Mola di Gaëta. Many of the wealthy Romans, and among them Cicero, had villas here: and at this place he was put to death. It was destroyed by the Saracens in the year 856. The remains of antiquity to be seen on this spot are very extensive. [1296] Homer places these Cannibals on the coast of Sicily, but the Romans in general transplanted them to the vicinity of Circeii, and suppose Formiæ to have been built by Lamus, one of their kings. It is more probable however that it was founded by the Laconians, from whom it may have received its name of Hormiæ (from the Greek ὅρμος), as being a good roadstead for shipping. [1297] Its site is occupied by the present Trajetta. In its marshes, formed by the overflow of the Liris, Caius Marius was taken prisoner, concealed in the sedge. [1298] The town of Minturnæ stood on both banks of the river. [1299] Its ruins are probably those to be seen in the vicinity of Rocca di Mondragone. It was a place of considerable commercial importance. On its site Livy says there formerly stood the Greek city of Sinope. [1300] “Felix illa Campania.” [1301] Now Sezza. [1302] A marshy district of Latium, extending about eight miles along the coast from Terracina to Speluncæ, famous in the time of Horace for the first-rate qualities of its wines. [1303] A district famous for its wines, extending from the Massican Hills to the north bank of the Volturnus. [1304] According to Hardouin, the town of Calenum was on the site of the present Calvi near Capua. [1305] Now called Monte Marsico, and as famous for its wine (called Muscatella) as it was in the Roman times. [1306] Now Monte Barbaro. The wines of most of these places will be found fully described by Pliny in B. xiv. [1307] More fully mentioned, B. xviii. c. 29, where the ‘alicæ’ or fermenty made from the spelt grown here is again referred to. [1308] Of Baiæ, Puteoli, and Stabiæ, for instance. [1309] The modern Saove. [1310] Now called the Volturno, with a small place on its banks called Castel Volturno. [1311] The present village of Torre di Patria is supposed to occupy its site. [1312] Strabo describes Cumæ as a joint colony of the Chalcidians of Eubœa and the Cymæans of Æolis. Its sea-shore was covered with villas of the Roman aristocracy, and here Sylla spent the last years of his life. Its site is now utterly desolate and its existing remains inconsiderable. [1313] Now Capo or Punta di Miseno; a town built on a promontory of Campania, by Æneas, it was said, in honour of his trumpeter, Misenus, who was drowned there. It was made by Augustus the principal station of the Roman fleet. Here was the villa of Marius, which afterwards belonged to Lucullus and the Emperor Tiberius, who died here. [1314] Famous for its warm springs, and the luxurious resort of the Roman patricians. Marius, Lucullus, Pompey, and Cæsar had villas here. In later times it became the seat of every kind of pleasure and dissipation. It is now rendered unwholesome by the Malaria, and the modern Castello di Baja, with numerous ruins, alone marks its site. [1315] The modern village of Baolo stands near its site. It was here that Hortensius had his fish-ponds, mentioned by Pliny in B. ix. c.