166. This island was formerly called Ophiussa[4210], Asteria[4211],

Æthria[4212], Trinacrie[4213], Corymbia[4214], Pœeëssa[4215], Atabyria[4216], from the name of one of its kings; and, in later times, Macaria[4217] and Oloessa[4218]. The islands of the Rhodians are Carpathus[4219], which has given its name to the surrounding sea; Casos[4220], formerly known as Achne[4221]; Nisyros[4222], twelve miles distant from Cnidos, and formerly called Porphyris[4223]; and, in the same vicinity, midway between Rhodes and Cnidos, Syme[4224]. This island is thirty-seven miles and a half in circumference, and welcomes us with eight fine harbours. Besides these islands, there are, in the vicinity of Rhodes, those of Cyclopis, Teganon, Cordylussa[4225], the four islands called Diabetæ[4226], Hymos, Chalce[4227], with its city of that name, Seutlussa[4228], Narthecussa[4229], Dimastos, Progne; and, off Cnidos, Cisserussa, Therionarce, and Calydne[4230], with the three towns of Notium, Nisyros, and Mendeterus. In Arconnesus[4231] there is the town of Ceramus. Off the coast of Caria, there are the islands known as the Argiæ, twenty in number; also Hyetussa[4232], Lepsia, and Leros. The most noted island, however, in this gulf is that of Cos[4233], fifteen miles distant from Halicarnassus, and 100 in circumference, according to the opinion of many writers. It was formerly called Merope; according to Staphylus, Cea; Meropis, as Dionysius tells us; and, after that, Nymphæa. In this island there is Mount Prion. Nisyros[4234], formerly called Porphyris, is supposed to have been severed from the island of Cos. We next come to the island of Caryanda[4235], with a city of that name, and that of Pidosus[4236], not far from Halicarnassus. In the Gulf of Ceramicus we also find Priaponnesos[4237], Hipponnesos, Psyra, Mya, Lampsa, Æmyndus, Passala, Crusa, Pinnicussa, Sepiussa[4238], and Melano. At a short distance from the mainland is an island which bears the name of Cinædopolis, from the circumstance that King Alexander left behind there certain persons of a most disgraceful character. CHAP. 37.—SAMOS. The coast of Ionia has the islands of Trageæ, Corseæ[4239], and Icaros, which has been previously[4240] mentioned; Lade[4241], formerly called Late; and, among others of no note, the two Camelidæ[4242], in the vicinity of Miletus; and the three Trogiliæ[4243], near Mycale, consisting of Philion, Argennon, and Sandalion. There is Samos also, a free[4244] island, eighty-seven miles in circumference, or, according to Isidorus, 100. Aristotle tells us, that it was at first called Parthenia[4245], after that Dryussa[4246], and then Anthemussa[4247]. To these names Aristocritus has added Melamphyllus[4248] and Cyparissia[4249]: other writers, again, call it Parthenoarussa[4250] and Stephane[4251]. The rivers of this island are the Imbrasus, the Chesius, and the Ibettes. There are also the fountains of Gigartho and Leucothea; and Mount Cercetius. In the vicinity of Samos are the islands of Rhypara, Nymphæa, and Achillea. CHAP. 38.—CHIOS. At a distance of ninety-four miles from Samos is the free island of Chios[4252], its equal in fame, with a town of the same name. Ephorus says, that the ancient name of this island was Æthalia; Metrodorus and Cleobulus tell us, that it had the name of Chia from the nymph Chione; others again say, that it was so called from the word signifying snow[4253]; it was also called Macris and Pityusa[4254]. It has a mountain called Pelennæus; and the Chian marble is well known. It is 125[4255] miles in circumference, according to the ancient writers; Isidorus however makes it nine more. It is situate between Samos and Lesbos, and, for the most part, lies opposite to Erythræ[4256]. The adjacent islands, are Thallusa[4257], by some writers called Daphnusa[4258], Œnussa, Elaphitis, Euryanassa, and Arginusa, with a town of that name. All these islands are in the vicinity of Ephesus, as also those called the Islands of Pisistratus, Anthinæ, Myonnesos, Diarreusa,—in both of these last there were cities, now no longer in existence,—Poroselene[4259], with a city of that name, Cerciæ, Halone[4260], Commone, Illetia, Lepria and Rhesperia, Procusæ, Bolbulæ, Phanæ, Priapos, Syce, Melane, Ænare, Sidusa, Pele, Drymusa[4261], Anhydros, Scopelos[4262], Sycussa, Marathussa, Psile, Perirreusa, and many others of no note. In the main sea lies the celebrated island of Teos, with a city[4263] of that name, seventy-one miles and a half distant from Chios, and the same from the Erythræ. In the vicinity of Smyrna are the Peristerides[4264], Carteria, Alopece, Elæussa, Bachina, Pystira, Crommyonnesos, and Megale[4265]. Facing Troas there are the Ascaniæ, and the three islands called Plateæ. We find also the Lamiæ, the two islands called Plitaniæ, Plate, Scopelos, Getone, Arthedon, Cœlæ, Lagussæ, and Didymæ. CHAP. 39.—LESBOS. But Lesbos[4266], distant from Chios sixty-five miles, is the most celebrated of them all. It was formerly called Himerte, Lasia, Pelasgia, Ægira, Æthiope, and Macaria, and is famous for its nine cities. Of these, however, that of Pyrrha has been swallowed up by the sea, Arisbe[4267] has perished by an earthquake, and Methymna is now united to Antissa[4268]; these lie in the vicinity of nine cities of Asia, along a coast of thirty-seven miles. The towns of Agamede and Hiera have also perished. Eresos[4269], Pyrrha, and the free city of Mitylene[4270], still survive, the last of which was a powerful city for a space of 1500 years. The circumference of the whole island is, according to Isidorus, 168 miles[4271], but the older writers say 195. Its mountains are, Lepethymnus, Ordymnus, Macistus, Creon, and Olympus. It is distant seven miles and a half from the nearest point of the mainland. The islands in its vicinity are, Sandaleon, and the five called Leucæ[4272]; Cydonea[4273], which is one of them, contains a warm spring. The Arginussæ[4274] are four miles distant from Æge[4275]; after them come Phellusa[4276] and Pedna. Beyond the Hellespont, and opposite the shore of Sigeum, lies Tenedos[4277], also known by the names of Leucophrys[4278], Phœnice, and Lyrnesos. It is distant from Lesbos fifty-six miles, and twelve and a half from Sigeum. CHAP. 40. (32.)—THE HELLESPONT AND MYSIA. The tide of the Hellespont now begins to run with greater violence, and the sea beats against the shore, undermining with its eddies the barriers that stand in its way, until it has succeeded in separating Asia from Europe. At this spot is the promontory which we have already mentioned as Trapeza[4279]; ten miles distant from which is the city of Abydos[4280], where the straits are only seven stadia wide; then the town of Percote[4281]; Lampsacus[4282], at first called Pityusa; the colony of Parium[4283], which Homer calls by the name of Adrastia; the town of Priapos[4284]; the river Æsepus[4285]; Zelia[4286]; and then the Propontis[4287], that being the name given to the tract of sea where it enlarges. We then come to the river Granicus[4288], and the harbour of Artace[4289], where a town formerly stood. Beyond this is an island which Alexander joined to the continent, and upon which is Cyzicus[4290], a city of the Milesians, which was formerly called Arctonnesos[4291], Dolionis, and Dindymis; above it are the heights of Mount Dindymus[4292]. We then come to the towns of Placia, Ariace[4293], and Scylace; in the rear of which places is Mount Olympus, known as the “Mysian Olympus,” and the city of Olympena. There are also the rivers Horisius[4294] and Rhyndacus[4295], formerly called the Lycus; this last river rises in Lake Artynias, near Miletopolis, and receives the Macestos, and many other streams, dividing in its course Asia[4296] from Bithynia[4297]. This country was at first called by the name of Cronia, after that, Thessalis, and then Malianda and Strymonis. The people of it are by Homer called Halizones[4298], from the fact that it was a nation begirt by the sea. There was formerly a vast city here, Attussa by name; at present there are twelve cities in existence; among which is Gordiucome[4299], otherwise Juliopolis; and, on the coast, Dascylos[4300]. We then come to the river Gelbes[4301]; and, in the interior, the town of Helgas, or Germanicopolis, which has also the other name of Booscœte[4302]; Apamea[4303], now more generally known as Myrlea of the Colophonians: the river Etheleus also, the ancient boundary of Troas, and the commencement of Mysia. Next to this comes the gulf[4304] into which the river Ascanius flows, the town of Bryllion[4305], and the rivers Hylas and Cios, with a town of the same name as the last-mentioned river; it was founded by the Milesians at a place which was called Ascania of Phrygia, as an entrepôt for the trade of the Phrygians who dwelt in the vicinity. We may therefore look upon this as a not ineligible opportunity for making further mention of Phrygia. CHAP. 41.—PHRYGIA. Phrygia lies above Troas, and the peoples already mentioned as extending from the Promontory of Lectum[4306] to the river Etheleus. On its northern side it borders upon Galatia, on the south it joins Lycaonia, Pisidia, and Mygdonia, and, on the east, it touches upon Cappadocia. The more celebrated towns there, besides those already mentioned, are Ancyra[4307], Andria, Celænæ[4308], Colossæ[4309], Carina[4310], Cotyaion[4311], Ceraine, Conium, and Midaium. There are authors who say that the Mœsi, the Brygi, and the Thyni crossed over from Europe, and that from them are descended the peoples called the Mysi, Phryges, and Bithyni. CHAP. 42.—GALATIA AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS. On this occasion also it seems that we ought to speak of Galatia[4312], which lies above Phrygia, and includes the greater part of the territory taken from that province, as also its former capital, Gordium[4313]. The Gauls[4314] who have settled in these parts, are called the Tolistobogi, the Voturi, and the Ambitouti; those who dwell in Mæonia and Paphlagonia are called the Trocmi. Cappadocia stretches along to the north-east of Galatia, its most fertile parts being possessed by the Tectosages and the Teutobodiaci. These are the nations by which those parts are occupied; and they are divided into peoples and tetrarchies, 195 in number. Its towns are, among the Tectosages, Ancyra[4315]; among the Trocmi, Tavium[4316]; and, among the Tolistobogi, Pessinus[4317]. Besides the above, the best known among the peoples of this region are the Actalenses, the Arasenses, the Comenses[4318], the Didienses, the Hierorenses, the Lystreni[4319], the Neapolitani, the Œandenses, the Seleucenses[4320], the Sebasteni[4321], the Timoniacenses[4322], and the Thebaseni[4323]. Galatia also touches upon Carbalia in Pamphylia, and the Milyæ[4324], about Baris; also upon Cyllanticum and Oroandicum[4325], a district of Pisidia, and Obizene, a part of Lycaonia. Besides those already mentioned[4326], its rivers are the Sangarius[4327] and the Gallus[4328], from which last the priests[4329] of the Mother of the gods have taken their name. CHAP. 43.—BITHYNIA. And now as to the remaining places on this coast. On the road from Cios into the interior is Prusa[4330], in Bithynia, founded by Hannibal at the foot of Olympus, at a distance of twenty-five miles from Nicæa, Lake Ascanius[4331] lying between them. We then come to Nicæa[4332], formerly called Olbia, and situate at the bottom of the Ascanian Gulf; as also a second place called Prusa[4333], at the foot of Mount Hypius. Pythopolis, Parthenopolis, and Coryphanta are no longer in existence. Along the coast we find the rivers Æsius, Bryazon, Plataneus, Areus, Æsyros, Geodos, also called Chrysorroas[4334], and the promontory[4335] upon which once stood the town of Megarice. The gulf that here runs inland received the name of Craspedites from the circumstance of that town lying, as it were, upon its skirt[4336]. Astacum[4337], also, formerly stood here, from which the same gulf has received the name of the ‘Astacenian’: the town of Libyssa[4338] formerly stood at the spot where we now see nothing but the tomb of Hannibal. At the bottom of the gulf lies Nicomedia[4339], a famous city of Bithynia; then comes the Promontory of Leucatas[4340], by which the Astacenian Gulf is bounded, and thirty-seven miles distant from Nicomedia; and then, the land again approaching the other side, the straits[4341] which extend as far as the Thracian Bosporus. Upon these are situate Chalcedon[4342], a free town, sixty-two miles from Nicomedia, formerly called Procerastis[4343], then Colpusa, and after that the “City of the Blind,” from the circumstance that its founders did not know where to build their city, Byzantium being only seven stadia distant, a site which is preferable in every respect. In the interior of Bithynia are the colony of Apamea[4344], the Agrippenses, the Juliopolitæ, and Bithynion[4345]; the rivers Syrium, Laphias, Pharnacias, Alces, Serinis, Lilæus, Scopius, and Hieras[4346], which separates Bithynia from Galatia. Beyond Chalcedon formerly stood Chrysopolis[4347], and then Nicopolis, of which the gulf, upon which stands the Port of Amycus[4348], still retains the name; then the Promontory of Naulochum, and Estiæ[4349], a temple of Neptune[4350]. We then come to the Bosporus, which again separates Asia from Europe, the distance across being half a mile; it is distant twelve miles and a half from Chalcedon. The first entrance of this strait is eight miles and three-quarters wide, at the place where the town of Spiropolis[4351] formerly stood. The Thyni occupy the whole of the coast, the Bithyni the interior. This is the termination of Asia, and of the 282 peoples, that are to be found between the Gulf of Lycia[4352] and this spot. We have already[4353] mentioned the length of the Hellespont and Propontis to the Thracian Bosporus as being 239 miles; from Chalcedon to Sigeum, Isidorus makes the distance 322-1/2. CHAP. 44.—THE ISLANDS OF THE PROPONTIS. The islands of the Propontis are, before Cyzicus, Elaphonnesus[4354], from whence comes the Cyzican marble; it is also known by the names of Neuris and Proconnesus. Next come Ophiussa[4355], Acanthus, Phœbe, Scopelos, Porphyrione, Halone[4356], with a city of that name, Delphacia, Polydora, and Artaceon, with its city. There is also, opposite to Nicomedia, Demonnesos[4357]; and, beyond Heraclea, and opposite to Bithynia, the island of Thynias, by the barbarians called Bithynia; the island of Antiochia: and, at the mouth of the Rhyndacus, Besbicos[4358], eighteen miles in circumference; the islands also of Elæa, the two called Rhodussæ, and those of Erebinthus[4359], Megale, Chalcitis[4360], and Pityodes[4361]. SUMMARY.—Towns and nations spoken of ****. Noted rivers ****. Famous mountains ****. Islands, 118 in number. People or towns no longer in existence ****. Remarkable events, narratives, and observations ****. ROMAN AUTHORS QUOTED.—Agrippa[4362], Suetonius Paulinus[4363], M. Varro[4364], Varro Atacinus[4365], Cornelius Nepos[4366], Hyginus[4367], L. Vetus[4368], Mela[4369], Domitius Corbulo[4370], Licinius Mucianus[4371], Claudius Cæsar[4372], Arruntius[4373], Livius the Son[4374], Sebosus[4375], the Register of the Triumphs[4376]. * * * * * FOREIGN AUTHORS QUOTED.—King Juba[4377], Hecatæus[4378], Hellanicus[4379], Damastes[4380], Dicæarchus[4381], Bæton[4382], Timosthenes[4383], Philonides[4384], Zenagoras[4385], Astynomus[4386], Staphylus[4387], Aristoteles[4388], Aristocritus[4389], Dionysius[4390], Ephorus[4391], Eratosthenes[4392], Hipparchus[4393], Panætius[4394], Serapion[4395] of Antioch, Callimachus[4396], Agathocles[4397], Polybius[4398], Timæus[4399] the mathematician, Herodotus[4400], Myrsilus[4401], Alexander Polyhistor[4402], Metrodorus[4403], Posidonius[4404], who wrote the Periplus and the Periegesis, Sotades[4405], Periander[4406], Aristarchus[4407] of Sicyon, Eudoxus[4408], Antigenes[4409], Callicrates[4410], Xenophon[4411] of Lampsacus, Diodorus[4412] of Syracuse, Hanno[4413], Himilco[4414], Nymphodorus[4415], Calliphanes[4416], Artemidorus[4417], Megasthenes[4418], Isidorus[4419], Cleobulus[4420], and Aristocreon[4421]. END OF VOL. I. APPENDIX OF CORRECTIONS. Page 1, line 9, The allusion, otherwise obscure, is to the fact that some friends of Catullus had filched a set of table-napkins, which had been given to him by Veranius and Fabius, and substituted others in their place. „ 13, „ 2, _for_ Roman figures, _read_ other figures. „ 20, „ 7, _for_ the God of nature; he also tends, _down to_ and most excellent, _read_ the God of nature. He supplies light to the universe, and dispels all darkness; He both conceals and reveals the other stars. It is He that regulates the seasons, and, in the course of nature, governs the year as it ever springs anew into birth; it is He that dispels the gloom of the heavens, and sheds his light upon the clouds of the human mind. He, too, lends his brightness to the other stars. He is most brilliant and most excellent. „ 21, „ 13, _for_ elected, _read_ erected. „ 21, „ 13, _for_ good fortune, _read_ evil fortune. „ 23, „ 18, _for_ our scepticism concerning God is still increased, _read_ our conjectures concerning God become more vague still. „ 23, „ 31, _for_ and the existence of God becomes doubtful, _read_ whereby the very existence of a God is shewn to be uncertain. „ 33, „ 4, _for_ as she receives, _read_ as receives. „ 54, „ 15, _for_ the seventh of the circumference, _read_ the seventh of the third of the circumference. „ 59, „ 36, _for_ transeuntia, _read_ transcurrentia. „ 67, „ 26, _for_ circumstances, _read_ influences. „ 78, „ 9, _for_ higher winds, _read_ higher waves. „ 78, „ 17, _for_ the male winds are therefore regulated by the odd numbers, _read_ hence it is that the odd numbers are generally looked upon as males. „ 79, „ 15, _for_ of the cloud, _read_ of the icy cloud. „ 79, „ 21, _for_ sprinkling it with vinegar, _read_ throwing vinegar against it. „ 79, „ 22, _for_ this substance, _read_ that liquid. „ 80, „ 13, _for_ but not until, _read_ and not after. „ 80, „ 14, _for_ the former is diffused, _down to_ impulse, _read_ the latter is diffused in the blast, the former is condensed by the violent impulse. „ 80, „ 17, _for_ dash, _read_ crash. „ 81, „ 21, _for_ thunder-storms, _read_ thunder-bolts. „ 81, „ 27, _for_ their operation, _read_ its operation. „ 82, „ 8, _for_ thunder-storms, _read_ thunder-bolts. „ 85, „ 2, _for_ blown up, _read_ blasted. „ 88, „ 15, _for_ the east, _read_ the west. „ 89, „ 11, _for_ even a stone, _read_ ever a stone. „ 92, „ 9, _for_ how many things do we compel her to produce spontaneously, _read_ how many things do we compel her to produce! How many things does she pour forth spontaneously! „ 92, „ 10, _for_ odours and flowers, _read_ odours and flavours. „ 93, „ 16, _for_ luxuries, _read_ caprices. FOOTNOTES: [1] The weight of testimony inclines to the latter. The mere titles of the works which have been written on the subject would fill a volume. [2] At a wedding feast, as mentioned by him in B. ix. c. 58. She was then the wife of Caligula. [3] Related in B. ix. c. 5. [4] Here at Tusdrita, he saw L. Coisicius, who it was said had been changed from a woman into a man. See B. vii. c. 3. Phlegon Trallianus and Ausonius also refer to the story. [5] See B. xvi. c. 2, and B. xxxi. c. 19. [6] Plinii Ep. B. vi. Ep. 16. [7] Twenty-fourth August. [8] “Fortes fortuna juvat.” [9] B. iii. Ep. 5. [10] Nero Claudius Drusus, the son of Livia, afterwards the wife of Augustus. He was the father of the Emperor Claudius, and died in Germany of the effects of an accident. [11] “Studiosus.” This work has perished. [12] “De Dubia Sermone.” A few scattered fragments of it still survive. [13] 23rd of August. [14] For astrological presages. [15] At midwinter, this hour would answer at Rome to our midnight. [16] At midwinter, this would be between six and seven in the evening. [17] “Electorum Commentarii.” [18] B. viii. c. 34. His acrimony may however, in this instance, have outstripped his discretion. Though indebted to them for by far the largest amount of his information on almost every subject, he seems to have had a strong aversion to the Greeks, and repeatedly charges them with lying, viciousness, boasting, and vanity. See B. ii. c. 112; B. iii. c. 6; B. v. c. 1; B. xv. c. 5; B. xix. c. 26; B. xxviii. c. 29; B. xxxvii. c. 74. [19] Of Vespasian and Titus for certain; and probably of Nero, who appointed him “procurator Cæsaris” in Spain. [20] Even on that point he contradicts himself in the next Book. See B. viii. c. 19, and 64, in reference to the lion and the horse. [21] See B. vii. c. 51. [22] “Summa vitæ felicitas.” B. vii. c. 54. [23] B. vii. c. 53. [24] He loses no opportunity of inveighing against luxury and sensuality. [25] The question as to a future existence he calls “Manium ambages,” “quiddities about the Manes.” B. vii. c. 56. [26] See B. vii. c. 53. [27] We have already seen that in his earlier years he was warned in a vision by Drusus to write the history of the wars in Germany; but there is a vast difference between paying attention to the suggestions of a dream, and believing in the immortality of the soul, or the existence of disembodied spirits. [28] B. vii. c. 53. [29] B. vii. c. 58, 59, 60. [30] Mankind must surely have agreed before this in making the instruments employed in shaving. [31] “Discours Premier sur l’Histoire Naturelle.” [32] Biographie Universelle. Vol. 35. Art. _Pline_. [33] This, however, is not the fault of Pliny, but the result of imperfect tradition. To have described _every_ object _minutely_ that he has named, and of which he has given the peculiar properties, would have swollen his book to a most enormous size, almost indeed beyond conception. [34] Lemaire informs us, in his title-page, that the two first books of the Natural History are edited by M. Alexandre, in his edition. [35] “Jucundissime;” it is not easy to find an epithet in our language which will correctly express the meaning of the original, affectionate and familiar, at the same time that it is sufficiently dignified and respectful. [36] Lamb’s trans.; Carm. i. 4. of the original. [37] “Conterraneus;” we have no word in English which expresses the idea intended by the original, and which is, at the same time, a military term. There is indeed some reason to doubt, whether the word now inserted in the text was the one employed by the author: see the remarks of M. Alexandre, in Lem. i. 3; also an observation in Cigalino’s dissertation on the native country of Pliny; Valpy, 8. [38] “Permutatis prioribus sætabis;” Carm. xii. 14; xxv. 7; see the notes in Lamb’s trans. pp. 135 & 149. [39] These names in the original are Varaniolus and Fabullus, which are supposed to have been changed from Veranius and Fabius, as terms of familiarity and endearment; see Poinsinet, i. 24, and Lemaire, i. 4. [40] The narrative of Suetonius may serve to illustrate the observation of Pliny: “Triumphavit (Titus) cum patre, censuramque gessit una. Eidem collega et in tribunicia potestate, et in septem consulatibus fuit. Receptaque ad se prope omnium officiorum cura, cum patris nomine et epistolas ipse dictaret, et edicta conscriberet, orationesque in Senatu recitaret etiam quæstoris vice, præfecturam quoque prætorii suscepit, nunquam ad id tempus, nisi ab Equite Romano, administratum.” (viii. 5.) [41] “Perfricui faciem.” This appears to have been a proverbial expression among the Romans; Cicero, Tusc. Quæs. iii. 41, employs “os perfricuisti,” and Martial, xi. 27. 7, “perfricuit frontem,” in the same sense. [42] Suetonius speaks of Domitian’s taste for poetry, as a part of his habitual dissimulation, viii. 2; see also the notes of Poinsinet, i. 26, and of Alexandre, in Lemaire, i. 351. [43] “Non eras in hoc albo;” see the note of Alexandre, in Lemaire, i. 8. A passage in Quintilian, xii. 4, may serve to illustrate this use of the term ‘album’; “... quorum alii se ad album ac rubricas transtulerunt....” [44] It appears that the passage in which Cicero makes this quotation from Lucilius, is not in the part of his treatise De Republica which was lately discovered by Angelus Maius; Alexandre in Lemaire, i. 9. Cicero refers to this remark of Lucilius in two of his other works, although with a variation in the expression and in the individuals specified; De Orat. ii. 6, and De Fin. i. 3. [45] “Qui primus condidit styli nasum.” [46] “Sed hæc ego mihi nunc patrocinia ademi nuncupatione.” [47] “Pecunias deponerent.” Ajasson, i. 11, remarks on these words, “Qui videri volebant ambitu alienissimi, pecuniam apud sanctum aliquem virum deponebant, qua scilicet multarentur, si unquam hujus criminis manifesti fierent.” [48] This expression is not found in any of the works of Cicero which are now extant, nor, indeed, is it certain that it was anything more than a remark made in conversation. [49] “Provocatio,” calling forth. [50] Horace, Epist. ii. 1. 143; Ovid, Fast. iv. 746 and v. 121, and Tibullus, i. 1. 26 and ii. 5. 37, refer to the offerings of milk made by the country people to their rural deities. [51] “... id est, artium et doctrinarum omnium circulus;” Alexandre in Lem. i. 14. [52] These words are not found in any of the books of Livy now extant; we may conclude that they were introduced into the latter part of his work. [53] “Quem nunc primum historiæ Plinianæ librum vocamus, hic non numeratur, quod sit operis index.” Hardouin in Lem. i. 16. [54] Nothing is known of Domitius Piso, either as an author or an individual. [55] The names of these authors will be found, arranged by Hardouin alphabetically, with a brief account of them and their works, in Lem. i. 157 _et seq._; we have nearly the same list in Valpy, p. 4903. [56] “Musinamur.” We learn from Hardouin, Lem. i. 17, that there is some doubt as to the word employed by our author, whether it was _musinamur_ or _muginamur_; I should be disposed to adopt the former, as being, according to the remark of Turnebus, “verbum a Musis deductum.” [57] “A fine Aufidii Bassi;” as Alexandre remarks, “Finis autem Aufidii Bassi intelligendus est non mors ejus, sed tempus ad quod suas ipse perduxerat historias. Quodnam illud ignoramus.” Lem. i. 18. For an account of Aufidius Bassus we are referred to the catalogue of Hardouin, but his name does not appear there. Quintilian (x. 1) informs us, that he wrote an account of the Germanic war. [58] “Jam pridem peracta sancitur.” [59] This sentiment is not found in that portion of the treatise which has been lately published by Angelus Maius. Alexandre in Lemaire, i. 19. [60] The following is probably the passage in the Offices to which Pliny refers: “Panæcius igitur, qui sine controversia de officiis accuratissime disputavit, quemque nos, correctione quadam exhibita, potissimum secuti sumus....” (iii. 2.) [61] “Cum præsertim sors fiat ex usura.” The commentators and translators have differed respecting the interpretation of this passage; I have given what appears to me the obvious meaning of the words. [62] “Lac gallinaceum;” “Proverbium de re singulari et admodum rara,” according to Hardouin, who quotes a parallel passage from Petronius; Lemaire, i. 21. [63] The titles in the original are given in Greek; I have inserted in the text the words which most nearly resemble them, and which have been employed by modern authors. [64] “Lucubratio.” [65] The pun in the original cannot be preserved in the translation; the English reader may conceive the name Bibaculus to correspond to our surname Jolly. [66] “Sesculysses” and “Flextabula;” literally, Ulysses and a Half, and Bend-table. [67] Βιβλιοθήκη. [68] “Cymbalum mundi” and “publicæ famæ tympanum.” [69] “Pendenti titulo;” as Hardouin explains it, “qui nondum absolutum opus significaret, verum adhuc pendere, velut imperfectum.” Lemaire, i. 26. [70] “Homeromastigæ.” [71] “Dialectici.” By this term our author probably meant to designate those critics who were disposed to dwell upon minute verbal distinctions; “dialecticarum captionum amantes,” according to Hardouin; Lem. i. 28. [72] “Quod argutiarum amantissimi, et quod æmulatio inter illos acerbissima.” Alexandre in Lemaire, i. 28. [73] Pliny the younger, in one of his letters (iii. 5), where he enumerates all his uncle’s publications, informs us, that he wrote “a piece of criticism in eight books, concerning ambiguity of expression.” Melmoth’s Pliny, i. 136. [74] The ancients had very exaggerated notions respecting the period of the elephant’s pregnancy; our author, in a subsequent part of his work (viii. 10), says, “Decem annis gestare vulgus existimat; Aristoteles biennio.” [75] His real name was Tyrtamus, but in consequence of the beauty of his style, he acquired the appellation by which he is generally known from the word θεῖος φράσις. Cicero on various occasions refers to him; Brutus, 121; Orator, 17, _et alibi_. [76] “Suspendio jam quærere mortem oportere homines vitæque renunciare, cum tantum licentiæ, vel feminæ, vel imperiti homines sumant, ut in doctissimos scribant;” Hardouin in Lemaire, i. 29. We learn from Cicero, De Nat. Deor. i. 33, that the name of this female was Leontium; “... sed meretricula etiam Leontium contra Theophrastum scribere ausa sit.” [77] A. Gellius (vii. 4) refers to this work and gives an extract from it. [78] The hostility which Cato bore to Scipio Africanus is mentioned by Livy, xxxviii. 54, and by Corn. Nepos, Cato, i. [79] Lucius Munatius Plancus took a conspicuous part in the political intrigues of the times and was especially noted for his follies and extravagance. [80] Asinius Pollio is a name which stands high in Roman literature; according to the remark of Alexandre, “Vir magnus fuit, prono tamen ad obtrectandum ingenio, quod arguunt ejus cum Cicerone simultates,” Lemaire, i. 30. This hostile feeling towards Cicero is supposed to have proceeded from envy and mortification, because he was unable to attain the same eminence in the art of oratory with his illustrious rival. See Hardouin’s Index Auctorum, in Lemaire, i. 168. [81] “Vitiligatores.” [82] The table of contents, which occupies no less than 124 pages in Lemaire’s edition, I have omitted, in consequence of its length; the object which the author proposed to effect by the table of contents will be gained more completely by an alphabetical index. [83] “Ἐποπτίδων.” For an account of Valerius Soranus see Hardouin’s Index Auctorum, in Lemaire, i. 217. [84] To the end of each book of the Natural History is appended, in the original, a copious list of references to the sources from which the author derived his information. These are very numerous; in the second book they amount to 45, in the third to 35, in the 4th to 53, in the fifth to 60, in the sixth to 54, and they are in the same proportion in the remaining books. [85] “Spartum;” this plant was used to make bands for the vines and cables for ships. [86] “Mundus.” In translating from one language into another, it is proper, as a general principle, always to render the same word in the original by the same word in the translation. But to this rule there are two exceptions; where the languages do not possess words which precisely correspond, and where the original author does not always use the same word in the same sense. Both these circumstances, I apprehend, apply to the case in question. The term _Mundus_ is used by Pliny, sometimes to mean _the earth_ and its immediate appendages, the visible solar system; and at other times _the universe_; while I think we may venture to assert, that in some instances it is used in rather a vague manner, without any distinct reference to either one or other of the above designations. I have, in almost all cases, translated it by the term _world_, as approaching nearest to the sense of the original. The word _mundus_ is frequently employed by Lucretius, especially in his fifth book, and seems to be almost always used in the more extended sense of _universe_. There are, indeed, a few passages where either meaning would be equally appropriate, and in one line it would appear to be equivalent to _firmament_ or _heavens_; “et mundi speciem violare serenam,” iv. 138. Cicero, in his treatise De Natura Deorum, generally uses the term _mundus_ in the sense of _universe_, as in ii. 22, 37, 58 and 154; while in one passage, ii. 132, it would appear to be employed in the more limited sense of _the earth_. It occasionally occurs in the Fasti of Ovid, but it is not easy to ascertain its precise import; as in the line “Post chaos, ut primum data sunt tria corpora mundo,” v. 41, where from the connexion it may be taken either in the more confined or in the more general sense. Manilius employs the word very frequently, and his commentators remark, that he uses it in two distinct senses, _the visible firmament_ and the _universe_; and I am induced to think that he attaches still more meaning to the term. It occurs three times in the first eleven lines of his poem. In the third line, “deducere mundo aggredior,” _mundus_ may be considered as equivalent to the celestial regions as opposed to the earth. In the ninth line, “concessumque patri mundo,” we may consider it as signifying the celestial regions generally; and in the eleventh, “Jamque favet mundus,” the whole of the earth, or rather its inhabitants. We meet with it again in the sixty-eighth line, “lumina mundi,” where it seems more properly to signify the visible firmament; again in the 139th, “Et mundi struxere globum,” it seems to refer especially to the earth, synonymous with the general sense of the English term _world_; while in the 153rd line, “per inania mundi,” it must be supposed to mean the universe. Hyginus, in his Poeticon Astronomicon, lib. i. p. 55, defines the term as follows: “Mundus appellatur is qui constat in sole et luna et terra et omnibus stellis;” and again, p. 57, “Terra mundi media regione collocata.” We may observe the different designations of the term _mundus_ in Seneca; among other passages I may refer to his Nat. Quæst. vii. 27 & iii. 30; to his treatise De Consol. § 18 and De Benef. iv. 23, where I conceive the precise meanings are, respectively, the universe, the terrestrial globe, the firmament, and the heavenly bodies. The Greek term κόσμος, which corresponds to the Latin word _mundus_, was likewise employed to signify, either the visible firmament or the universe. In illustration of this, it will be sufficient to refer to the treatise of Aristotle Περὶ Κόσμου, cap. 2. p. 601. See also Stephens’s Thesaurus, _in loco_. In Apuleius’s treatise De Mundo, which is a free translation of Aristotle’s Περὶ Κόσμου, the term may be considered as synonymous with universe. It is used in the same sense in various parts of Apuleius’s writings: see Metam. ii. 23; De Deo Socratis, 665, 667; De Dogmate Platonis, 574, 575, _et alibi_. [87] Cicero, in his Timæus, uses the same phraseology; “Omne igitur cœlum, sive mundus, sive quovis alio vocabulo gaudet, hoc a nobis nuncupatum est,” § 2. Pomponius Mela’s work commences with a similar expression; “Omne igitur hoc, quidquid est, cui mundi cœlique nomen indideris, unum id est.” They were probably taken from a passage in Plato’s Timæus, “Universum igitur hoc, Cœlum, sive Mundum, sive quo alio vocabulo gaudet, cognominemus,” according to the translation of Ficinus; Platonis Op. ix. p. 302. The word _cœlum_, which is employed in the original, in its ordinary acceptation, signifies _the heavens_, the visible firmament; as in Ovid, Met. i. 5, “quod tegit omnia, cœlum.” It is, in most cases, employed in this sense by Lucretius and by Manilius, as in i. 2. of the former and in i. 14. of the latter. Occasionally, however, it is employed by both of these writers in the more general sense of _celestial regions_, in opposition to the earth, as by Lucretius, i. 65, and by Manilius, i. 352. In the line quoted by Cicero from Pacuvius, it would seem to mean the place in which the planets are situated; De Nat. Deor. ii. 91. The Greek word οὐρανὸς may be regarded as exactly corresponding to the Latin word _cœlum_, and employed with the same modifications; see Aristotle, De Mundo and De Cœlo, and Ptolemy, Mag. Const. lib. i. _passim_; see also Stephens’s Thesaurus, _in loco_. Aratus generally uses it to designate the visible firmament, as in l. 10, while in l. 32 it means the heavenly regions. Gesner defines _cœlum_, “Mundus exclusa terra,” and _mundus_, “Cœlum et quidquid cœli ambitu continetur.” In the passage from Plato, referred to above, the words which are translated by Ficinus _cœlum_ and _mundus_, are in the original οὐρανὸς and κόσμος; Ficinus, however, in various parts of the Timæus, translates οὐρανὸς by the word _mundus_: see t. ix. p. 306, 311, _et alibi_. [88] The following passage from Cicero may serve to illustrate the doctrine of Pliny: “Novem tibi orbibus, vel potius globis, connexa sunt omnia: quorum unus est cœlestis, extimus, qui reliquos omnes complectitur, summus ipse Deus, arcens et continens cœlum;” Som. Scip. § 4. I may remark, however, that the term here employed by our author is not _Deus_ but _Numen_. [89] We have an interesting account of the opinions of Aristotle on this subject, in a note in M. Ajasson’s translation, ii. 234 _et seq._, which, as well as the greater part of the notes attached to the second book of the Natural History, were written by himself in conjunction with M. Marcus. [90] The philosophers of antiquity were divided in their opinions respecting the great question, whether the active properties of material bodies, which produce the phænomena of nature, are inherent in them, and necessarily attached to them, or whether they are bestowed upon them by some superior power or being. The Academics and Peripatetics generally adopted the latter opinion, the Stoics the former: Pliny adopts the doctrine of the Stoics; see Enfield’s Hist. of Phil. i. 229, 283, 331. [91] I may remark, that the astronomy of our author is, for the most part, derived from Aristotle; the few points in which they differ will be stated in the appropriate places. [92] This doctrine was maintained by Plato in his Timæus, p. 310, and adopted by Aristotle, De Cœlo, lib. ii. cap. 14, and by Cicero, De Nat. Deor. ii. 47. The spherical form of the world, οὐρανὸς, and its circular motion are insisted upon by Ptolemy, in the commencement of his astronomical treatise Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, Magna Constructio, frequently referred to by its Arabic title Almagestum, cap. 2. He is supposed to have made his observations at Alexandria, between the years 125 and 140 A.D. His great astronomical work was translated into Arabic in the year 827; the original Greek text was first printed in 1538 by Grynæus, with a commentary by Theon. George of Trebisond published a Latin version of it in 1541, and a second was published by Camerarius in 1551, along with Ptolemy’s other works. John Muller, usually called Regiomontanus, and Purback published an abridgement of the Almagest in