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A History of Epidemics in Britain, Volume 1 (of 2) by Charles Creighton

4585. (_Hist. MSS. Commission_, V. 444.)

1145 words  |  Chapter 93

[278] The author of the _Eulogium_, who wrote not later than 1367, and is for his own period an authority like Knighton, gives the following prices: wheat, 12 pence a quarter, barley 9 pence, beans 8 pence; a good horse 16 shillings (used to be 40 sh.), a large ox 40 pence, a good cow 2 sh. or 18 pence. Of the scarcity of servants he says: “Pro quorum defectu mulieres et parvuli invise missi sunt ad carucas et ad plaustra fuganda.” [279] “The English Manor;” two articles in the _Saturday Review_, 9th and 16th Jan. 1886, p. 82 [by Professor Sir Frederick Pollock], the sources of information being as yet unpublished. He says: “The prospect of better terms brought in new tenants.” [280] Stubbs, _Constitutional History of England_, 1875, II. 434. Höniger, dealing with the German evidence of the Black Death, concludes that the great mortality was almost without significance for the political course of affairs; that the great loss of life was unable to check the revival of trade and industry which had already begun or to retard the splendid development of the German free towns; that the low state of morals belonged to the period and was no worse after the epidemic than before; that no new impulse was given or point of view brought out, unless, perhaps, the idea of sanitary regulation; and that the scarcity of labour was merely an incident to be taken advantage of in the struggle against the existing order which was already going on. (_Der schwarze Tod in Deutschland._ Berlin, 1882, p. 133.) [281] Richter, _Geschichte der Medicin in Russland_, I. 215. [282] _Histoire des Huns_, V. 223-4. [283] _Ib._ p. 226, note. [284] _Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert_, Berlin, 1832. Engl. Transl. by Babington, Lond. 1833. This well-known work presents the more picturesque aspects of the Black Death in various countries, without thoroughness for any. England has a large space in the book; but the author has not gone for his information farther than the chapter on the Black Death in Barnes’s _Life of Edward III._ [285] Printed in Häser’s _Archiv für die gesammte Medicin_, 1842, II. pp. 26-59; and reprinted in his _Geschichte der Med. u. epid. Krankheiten_, III. 157, 3d ed., Jena, 1882. [286] _Geschichte der Medicin_, Bd. III. “Epidemische Krankheiten.” Jena, 1882, p. 139. He gives point to this phrase by an account of the local plagues of recent times in Gujerat and Kumaon. [287] His essay is one of the Escurial MSS., and has been printed, with a German translation, by M. H. Müller, in the _Sitzungsberichte der Münchener Akad. der Wissensch_. 1863. [288] _Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah_ in 4 vols., for the Société Asiatique, Paris, 1853, I. 227-9, and IV. 309. [289] See Sir Henry Yule’s _Cathay and the Way Thither_ (2 vols. Hakluyt Society) and his edition of _The Book of Marco Polo_, for numerous particulars of the overland trade to China by the northern parallels, in the 14th century. [290] The stages, distances, expenses, &c. from Tana to Peking are given in Pegolotti’s mercantile handbook (written about 1340), in Yule’s _Cathay and the Way Thither_, vol. II. [291] C. A. Gordon, M.D. in _Reports of Med. Officers to the Imperial Maritime Customs of China_, London, 1884. [292] Gaubil, _Histoire de Gentchiscan_, Paris, 1739. [293] _The Famine in China_, London, 1878--a translation of a Chinese appeal for charity, with illustrations. [294] Parliamentary Papers, 1878, China, No. 4. [295] In Yule’s _Cathay and the Way Thither_ (Hakluyt Society), I. 156. [296] Etienne Pariset, _Causes de la Peste_. Paris, 1837. [297] Volney, _Voyages en Syrie et en Egypte_. Paris, 1792. [298] Cornelius de Pauw, _Philosophical Reflections on the Egyptians and Chinese_, Engl. Transl. Lond. 1795, 2 vols. [299] It is noteworthy that Herodotus represents the question of disposal of the dead as having been raised by the Egyptians: they decided in favour of embalming and rock entombment, as against cremation or burial, the reason given for the preference being that fire was “a savage beast,” in the one case, while in the other case, the devouring beast was the worm. Bk. III. § 16. [300] Curiously enough it was among the Christians of Egypt that the controversy as to the _corruptibles_ and the _incorruptibles_ raged most furiously. See Gibbon. [301] Clot Bey, _Peste en Egypte_. Paris, 1840. [302] Benoit de Maillet, _Description de l’Egypte_. Paris, 1735, p. 281. See also Wilkinson, _Ancient Egyptians_, III. 456, 465. [303] Justus Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_, 2 vols. New York, 1867, I. 33, 198, 213. [304] T. T. Cooper, _Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce_, Lond. 1871, p. 23, 33. [305] This is one of the remarks in Dr Gilbert Skene’s treatise on the Plague, Edinburgh, 1568 (reprinted for the Bannatyne Club, 1840):--Among the causes are “deid cariounis unbureit, in speciale of mankynd, quhilkis be similitude of nature is maist nocent to man, as everie brutall is maist infectand and pestilentiall to thair awin kynd,” p. 6. [306] A. von Kremer, “Ueber die grossen Seuchen des Orients nach arabischen Quellen.” _Sitzungsber. der Wien. Akad._, Philos.-histor. Classe, Bd. 96 (1880), p. 69. [307] Ch. M. Doughty, _Travels in Arabia Deserta_, 2 vols. Cambridge, 1888. [308] Communicated to Herr von Kremer (_l. c._) by Nury Effendi, who visited Assir, and wrote a report preserved in MS. in the Archives at Constantinople. [309] “Report regarding Mahamurree in Kumaon and Garhwal in 1851-52.” By F. Pearson and Mookerjee. Agra, 1852 (Extracts in _Ind. Annals of Med. Sc._, I. 358). Also extracts (_Ib._) from Renny’s Report, 1851. [310] Planck, _Ninth Report of the Sanitary Commissioner, N. W. Prov._ Allahabad, 1877, pp. 40-95. (Extracts, p. 39, of _Papers relating to the Plague, Parl. Papers_, 1879.) [311] Baber, in _Parliamentary Papers_, 1878, “China.” No. 6. Rocher (_Province Chinoise de Yun-nan_) quoted, without the reference, in _Med. Reports of Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs_, No. 15, 1878, Shanghai, p. 25. [312] J. H. Lowry, _Med. Rep. Chinese Mar. Customs_, No. 24, 1882, p. 27. [313] D. J. Macgowan, _Ib._ 1882. Report for Wenchow. [314] Thomas Whyte, “Report on the Disease which prevailed in Kattywar, etc. in 1819-20.” _Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Bombay_, I. 155. Bombay, 1838. [315] I have curtailed the evidence from Gujerat; it will be found at large in the following writers: Gilder, _Bombay Med. Trans._ I. 193; McAdam, _ib._ 183; F. Forbes, _ib._ II. |I, and Thesis on Plague, Edin. 1840; Glen, _Quart. Journ. Cal. Med. Soc._ I. 433; Ranken, _Report on Pali Plague_, Calcutta, 1838; and Whyte, as above. [316] L. Arnaud, _Peste de Benghazi_, Constantinople, 1875; _Essai sur la Peste_, Paris, 1888; _Une Mission pour la Peste_, Paris, 1888. [317] T. Farquhar, M.D., “Typhus Fever in the Eusofzai,” _Ind. Annals of Med. Sc._ II. 504; R. Lyell, M.D., “Fever of the Yusufzai Valley,” _Ib._ II. p. 16. [318] Surgeon-General J. Murray, M.D., at Epidemiological Society, 11 May,
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Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. CHAPTER I. 3. CHAPTER II. 4. CHAPTER III. 5. CHAPTER IV. 6. CHAPTER V. 7. CHAPTER VI. 8. CHAPTER VII. 9. CHAPTER VIII. 10. CHAPTER IX. 11. CHAPTER X. 12. CHAPTER XI. 13. CHAPTER XII. 14. CHAPTER I. 15. introduction of a miracle, and is otherwise more circumstantial. While the 16. episode of the seventh century, to which he devotes thirty-eight lines of 17. CHAPTER II. 18. 1307. Future research may perhaps discover where Gilbert taught or was 19. introduction of maize into Lombardy at an interval of two or three 20. CHAPTER III. 21. 3939. The population of the same three parishes in 1558, or shortly after 22. 3639. It may be assumed to have lost more than half its people; but it 23. 1741. The Institution Book of the diocese of Norwich, he says (with a 24. CHAPTER IV. 25. 1349. The pestilence had lasted some fourteen months, from its first 26. CHAPTER V. 27. 1528. If there were any better regimen in the later epidemics than in the 28. 1551. Sweating sickness of the original sort was never again the _signum 29. CHAPTER VI. 30. 1563. 12 June 17 31. 1564. 7 January 45 32. 1518. In April of that year, the Court being in Berkshire or Oxfordshire, 33. 1. First a ’tre from the Mayor of London to every alderman of each 34. 2. To cause all infected houses to bee shutt up and noe person to come 35. 3. That some honest discreete person be appoynted to attend each such 36. 4. For the poorer houses infected that the Alderman or his deputy doe 37. 5. That such as shall refuse to pay what they are assest shall be 38. 6. That all bedding and cloathes and other thinges apt to take 39. 7. Lastly that a bill with ‘Lord have mercy upon us’ in greate ’tres 40. 1. That they should follow the good example of the orders devised and 41. 2. That the officers aforesayde with the curate of euery parish and 42. 3. To discharge all inmates out of all houses that there be noe more 43. 4. To cause the streetes lanes and passages and all the shewers sinkes 44. 1. That speciall noatis be taken of such houses infected as sell 45. 2. That euery counstable within his precinct haue at all tymes in 46. 3. That noe person dwelling in a house infected bee suffered to goe 47. 4. That they suffer not any deade corps dying of the plague to be 48. 5. To appoynt two honest and discreete matrons within euery parish who 49. 6. That order be taken for killing of dogs that run from house to 50. 2. The restraining of the building of small tenements and turning 51. 4. The increase of buildings about the Charterhouse, Mile End Fields; 52. 5. The pestering of exempt places with strangers and foreign 53. 8. The killing of cattle within or near the city. 54. 1588. In 1585 houses were shut up[685]; in 1586 a case at Southwell was 55. 1. First to command that no stinking doonghills be suffered neere the 56. 2. Every evening and morning in the hot weather to cause colde water 57. 3. And whereas the infection is entred, there to cause fires to be 58. 4. Suffer not any dogs, cattes, or pigs to run about the streets, for 59. 5. Command that the excrements and filthy things which are voided from 60. 6. That no Chirurgions, or barbers, which use to let blood, do cast 61. 7. That no vautes or previes be then emptied, for it is a most 62. 8. That all Inholders do every day make clean their stables, and cause 63. 9. To command that no hemp or flax be kept in water neere the Cittie 64. 10. To have a speciall care that good and wholesome victuals and corne 65. 11. To command that all those which do visit and attend the sick, as 66. 1597. In August there were 23 deaths, and in September 42 deaths. The 67. 1588. It was said to have been brought to Wester Wemyss, in Fife, by a 68. CHAPTER VII. 69. 1494. Typhus-fever, or war-fever with famine-fever, now begins to be a 70. CHAPTER VIII. 71. CHAPTER IX. 72. introduction of a third term, _punctilli_, which Gruner, however, takes to 73. 1538. They may be farther helped to a conclusion by the following curious 74. CHAPTER X. 75. 10. In the second place, no deaths are included from the out-parishes 76. 1624. The letters of the time enable us to see what it was that disturbed 77. CHAPTER XI. 78. 12. On December 7, Mr Yorke, captain of the ‘Hope,’ died of sickness, on 79. 1614. In 1617 he published his ‘Surgion’s Mate,’ “chiefly for the benefit 80. 4. The comforting and corroborating the parts late diseased. 81. CHAPTER XII. 82. 1625. His account of the burials by the cart-load in plague-pits is also 83. 1636. An importation from abroad had been alleged as early as the great 84. 1665. Its two great predecessors (not reckoning the smaller plague of 85. 1662. These fractions have been added in the table, so as to make 1603 86. 1666. There was also a sharp epidemic in Cambridge and in the country 87. introduction of inferior bread, 224 _note_ 88. Introduction, p. lxxvi. 89. 110. Aelred, the chief collector of the miraculous cures by Edward the 90. 220. The late Rev. S. S. Lewis, fellow and librarian of the College, who 91. 449. He says also: “The school doors were shut, colleges and halls 92. Introduction, p. 11. 93. 4585. (_Hist. MSS. Commission_, V. 444.) 94. 1878. _Med. Times and Gaz._ I. 1878, p. 597. 95. 1873. (Transact. Camb. Antiq. Soc. 8vo. series, vol. XIV.) 96. 1589. New ed. 1596, p. 272. 97. 1580. Brassavolus, writing _de morbo Gallico_, and illustrating the fact 98. 29. Stow puts the mortality under the year 1513. 99. Chapter VIII. London, 1578). 100. 198. Mr Rendle, in one place, seems to imply disapproval of this mode of 101. 1525. The same kind of misdating occurs among the printed letters of 102. 260. Brusselle, 1712. 103. 171. Buried in the parish of Stepney from the 25th of March to the 20th of 104. Book II. p. 36.

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