1666. There was also a sharp epidemic in Cambridge and in the country

around, of which we get a glimpse in a letter of October 19, 1665, written from Clare Hall to one of the fellows of Clare[1224]: “Alderman Mynell the brewer and one of his children died of the plague this last Monday; he hath had four children in all dead of it. Clayton, the barber in Petty Cury, and one of his children, died last Saturday of the sickness. It is newly broken out sadly by Christ’s (though they have all fled from the Colledge upon Mr Bunchly, their manciple, dying of the plague)--where Nicholson the smith, his wife and two children are dead within three days, his other children being deadly sick in the house. But it most rageth in St Clement’s parish, where seldom a day passeth without one dead of the sickness.... Poor Mr Brown, the old man that is one of the University musicians, and Mr Saunders that sings the deep bass, are shut up in Mr Saunders’ house in Green Street, whose child died last week suspected. Two houses at Barton are infected by two of Alderman Mynell’s children, that are dead there. Ditton is broke out just by the butcher, from whom we had our meat, which made us hastily remove to Grantchester. H. Glenton, the carrier, fled from this town to Shelford, where he died within two or three days, suspected.... Royston is sadly in two or three places, the last of which is just in the middle of the town. The infection, they say, was brought thither by a Cambridge man, whom they caught, and shut him up; but he hath since made his escape.” The Epidemic of Plague at Eyam, 1665-6. Another of the English towns visited by plague in 1665 was Derby; whether the cases were many or few, they caused great alarm, the town being forsaken, the streets grass-grown, and the market set up on a new stance, to which the farmers and traders came primed with a plug of tobacco in their mouths as a preservative. But the epidemic in Derby itself was totally eclipsed in interest by an extraordinary outbreak of plague in the small village of Eyam, at the opposite end of the county, in the North Peak, some twelve miles to the west of Sheffield. The plague of Eyam is, indeed, the most famous of all English plagues; the story of it has been told many times in prose and verse, its traditional incidents being well suited to minor poets and moral writers, and the whole action of the drama conveniently centered within a circuit of half a mile in a cup of the heathy hills[1225]. Eyam was a village of some three hundred and fifty inhabitants, standing among meadows around which the hills towered. It had no resident doctor, but it had two ministers. The one was the rector, the Rev. William Mompesson, a young man of twenty-seven, with a wife and two children, who had been settled in Eyam only a year and did not like it; the other was the former rector, the Rev. Thomas Stanley, who had been ejected for nonconformity in 1662, and had remained to carry on his ministrations as a Dissenter among such of his old flock as adhered to him. The wealthier householders resided at the western and higher end of the village, on the other side of a brook which crossed under the road; as we shall see, they escaped the infection almost if not altogether. The annual village wake had been held in August, 1665, with more than the usual concourse of people from villages near. On the 2nd or 3rd September a box arrived from London to the village tailor, who lived in a small house at the western end of the churchyard; it contained old clothes which someone in London is supposed to have bought for him cheap, and some tailors’ patterns of cloth. This box is assumed to have been opened by one George Vicars, a servant, who was certainly the first victim of plague. He found the contents to be damp and hung them up at the fire to dry. He was quickly seized with violent sickness, became delirious, developed buboes in his neck and groin, a plague-token on his breast the third day, and died in a wretched state on September 6. His body, which is said to have become soon putrid, was buried in the churchyard on the 7th. Nearly a fortnight passed before another case occurred, that of a youth supposed to have been the tailor’s son, who was buried on the 22nd September. Before the 30th four more had died, and in the course of October twenty-two more were buried of the plague. The deaths in November declined to seven, and in December they were nine. There was now snow on the ground, with hard frost, and at the beginning of January, 1666, the plague was confined to two houses. Four died in January, eight in February, six in March, nine in April, and only three in May. On June 2, another burial occurred, and then there was another pause. But in a week or more the epidemic broke out with renewed power, three having been buried on the 12th of June, three on the 15th, one on the 16th, three on the 17th, and so on until the total for June reached nineteen. The wealthier villagers at the west end had taken the alarm before and had mostly fled in the spring; those who stayed kept within their houses or at least did not cross the stream. Now that the infection was revived in the hot weather of June, the rector’s wife also proposed flight, but on her husband’s refusal, she resolved to remain with him, and to send her two children to a relative in Yorkshire. At the same time the villagers in general were instinctively moved to escape from the tainted spot; but Mompesson used his authority to prevent them, and a boundary line was drawn round the village, about half a mile in circuit and marked by various familiar objects, beyond which no one was to go. Mompesson’s motive appears to have been to prevent the spread of the infection to the country around, and his parishioners submitted passively. After the end of June the villagers would have found it difficult to escape, owing to the terror which the very name of their village caused in all the country round. Some of them quitted their cottages and took up their abode in shelters built along the side of a rocky glen within the cordon. The earl of Devonshire, then at Chatsworth, promised Mompesson that the village should not be left without supplies; and people from the villages near brought their market produce to certain stated points on the boundary, where the Eyam people came to fetch it, the money paid being dropped into water. Thus shut up in their narrow valley, the villagers perished helplessly like a stricken flock of sheep. By the end of June ceremonial burials came to an end, the church and the churchyard were closed, the dead were carried out wrapped in sheets by one of the villagers noted for his herculean strength, and laid in shallow graves in the meadows or on the hill-sides. In July the deaths mounted up to five or six on some days, and the total for the month to fifty-seven. In August the dead numbered seventy-eight, among them the rector’s wife on the 25th, after a walk with her husband through the meadows, during which she is said to have made the ominous remark that the air smelled sweet[1226]. September added twenty-four to the total, and there were now only about forty-five left alive in the place. Of these, fifteen died to the 11th October, when the mortality ceased. Some of the survivors had passed through an attack of the plague, among them the rector’s man, whose buboes suppurated. Mompesson himself, who had an issue open in his leg all the time, escaped the infection, as well as his maid-servant. A young woman of Eyam, married in the village of Corbor, two miles off, came one day to see her mother, whom she found sick of the plague; on her return home she took the sickness and died, but no one else in Corbor had it. A man was also at large in the neighbourhood suspected of plague, to whom the earl of Devonshire sent a doctor. The doctor and patient met by appointment on the opposite banks of a stream, and the diagnosis made across the water acquitted the man of plague; even in these unconventional circumstances the consultation did not end without a prescription (still extant) for a bottle of “stuff.” Seventy-six households in Eyam were infected, and out of these two hundred and fifty-nine persons were buried of the plague. During the time that the infection lasted eight more died from other causes. When the sickness had ceased Mompesson set about burning the infected articles in the empty cottages. Three years after, in 1669, he was presented to the better living of Eakring, in Notts; but on arriving to enter on his duties he was refused admission by the villagers, and had to take up his residence in a temporary hut in Rufford Park, until such time as the prejudices of his new parishioners had been overcome. He married another wife, and for thirty-nine years held the living of Eakring, where he died on March 7, 1708. Stanley, his Dissenting colleague at Eyam, died there a few years after the plague. Several things combined to magnify the disaster at Eyam. The story of the box of clothes from London is entirely credible, and can be matched by many other instances in the history of plague and of cholera[1227]. Nothing intensifies the virus of such diseases so much as fermentation without air in the textures of clothes or linen; a whiff from the opened box or bundle suffices soon to prostrate the person who breathes it. The poison at Eyam was a powerful one from the first, and it is credible that the body of the earliest victim did become quickly putrid. The heavy mortality, with few recoveries, which followed after a fortnight’s interval, and continued all through the winter, also shows a virus raised to no ordinary potency. But, for the revival of the infection in June, 1666, we must seek other causes. Eyam was one of those basins which, on a large scale or on a small, have often been observed to keep infection in their soil. The virus must have passed into the pores of the ground after the first sixty or more burials in the churchyard down to the lull of the epidemic in winter; with the rise of the ground-water in spring, it would be comparatively inactive; but in June, when the water was again sinking in the soil and the great heat was raising emanations from the dry ground, it broke forth with an intensity which poisoned the whole air of the valley. The burials, after the end of June, without coffins and in shallow graves in the meadows or on the hill-side, were so much ferment added to a soil already permeated by it. Flight from such a place was the only safety, and the rector, with the best motives, counselled the people to remain. Mompesson’s conduct has always been held up as a pattern of heroism, as if the circumstances had been desperate like those of the Trojans when the Greeks were in their streets and houses: Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem. No word of detraction should be spoken of anyone who does manfully what he conceives to be his duty to his neighbours; but the villagers of Eyam were sacrificed, all the same, to an idea, and to an idea which we may now say was not scientifically sound. When the impulse came upon them to flee, they might have left their tainted soil without much risk to the country around so long as they did not collect in one spot or carry with them bedding or the like susceptible articles: those who did flee from the houses at the upper end of the village are not known to have carried the infection to other places, and the young woman who brought it to Corbor gave it to no one else. But the wisdom of flight may be regarded by some as still disputable; while it will be admitted by all that Mompesson acted for the best according to his lights. The plague in 1666 raged severely in a number of towns, while it lingered on in London. The information from Winchester is vague; it is said that the dead were carried out in carts and buried on the downs to the eastward[1228]; the epidemic was over by the 1st of December, so that the College resumed[1229]. Pepys enters in his Diary (April 4, 1667): “One at the table [the duke of Albemarle’s] told an odd passage in the late plague, that at Petersfield (I think he said), one side of the street had every house almost infected through the town, and the other not one shut up.” There may have been other such centres of plague, and equally interesting observations made on them; but it appears to be the merest chance whether anything is recorded of them at all, or whether one has the luck to come across the record. The great centres of plague in 1666 had some connexion with the fleet, and were mostly in Kent and Essex. Deptford and Greenwich had more plague that year than the year before, the total deaths at the former having been 715 (of plague 522) and at the latter 423. Eltham and Lewisham were also visited in proportion. The other intense centre of infection in Kent was Deal. On the 26th August, seven died of the plague, and twenty in the whole week. At that date there were said to be only 16 houses which had not had plague in them. On December 9, all the houses were clear, although the crews of ships still avoided the town. Next to Deal, Sandwich, Dover, Canterbury and Maidstone had considerable outbreaks in the autumn. At Portsmouth also there was a sharp outbreak in the summer of 1666, twenty-one having died of plague in a week at the beginning of July. In the Eastern Counties, plague revived to a considerable extent in 1666 at Norwich, Ipswich, Harwich and Woodbridge, the Yarmouth outbreak, which had been the great one in that quarter the year before, having come to an end in the spring. But it was at Colchester that the epidemic engrossed attention in 1666. Colchester had, indeed, two successive seasons of plague, or rather a continuous prevalence of it from the summer of 1665 to December, 1666. The plague at Colchester in 1665-66 was the greatest of all provincial plagues since the Black Death, unless, indeed, we credit the numbers (11,000 or 12,000) given for a plague at York in 1390. It reproduced the mortality of the Great Plague of London on a scale more than proportionate to its size, and it doubtless called forth the same class of incidents--flight of the wealthier classes, and almost total extermination of the poor. No documents remain, however, of this plague except the oaths administered to searchers and bearers of the dead (printed below) and the weekly totals of deaths from plague and from other causes[1230]. The weekly bills are, indeed, as eloquent a testimony as any detailed description could have been; and as they are the most complete of the kind for a provincial town, I have transcribed them from the manuscript record in full. The small number of deaths from ordinary causes points to the emptiness of the better quarters of the town; the total deaths in seventeen months, 5345, including 4817 plague-deaths and 528 from other causes, must have meant an enormous clearance of the poorer classes. Colchester was then a place of considerable wealth, with a thriving Dutch trade and a considerable Dutch colony. Perhaps the connexion with Holland, where plague had been rife in the years just before, may explain the origin of the outbreak; but local conditions of soil, overcrowding, and the like must be looked to for the cause of its extraordinary persistence and fatality. _Weekly mortalities in Colchester, August 14, 1665, to December 14, 1666, from plague and other diseases._ 1665 Week Plague Other ending Aug. 21 26 2 28 62 2 Sept. 8 122 4 15 153 22 22 159 25 29 100 25 Oct. 6 161 27 13 122 23 20 106 15 27 60 41 Nov. 3 104 13 10 88 22 17 88 18 24 62 8 Dec. 1 38 10 8 39 6 15 67 4 22 53 7 29 21 3 1666 Jan. 5 23 6 12 46 8 19 36 13 26 26 10 Feb. 2 34 9 9 25 3 16 23 7 23 33 6 Mar. 2 53 2 9 26 11 16 37 5 23 48 4 30 66 1 Apr. 6 73 2 13 90 2 20 68 4 27 90 4 May 4 169 8 11 167 7 18 150 11 25 98 12 June 1 89 10 8 110 10 15 139 3 22 195 6 29 176 4 July 6 167 8 13 160 9 20 175 3 27 109 4 Aug. 3 109 2 10 85 4 17 70 1 24 51 1 31 53 4 Sept. 7 31 6 14 22 2 21 16 2 28 10 2 Oct. 5 7 2 12 7 0 19 7 2 26 4 2 Nov. 2 4 2 9 4 2 16 2 6 23 1 4 30 1 8 Dec. 7 1 7 14 0 0 ---- --- 4817 528 To relieve the poverty caused by this great disaster a tax was levied on various other parts of the county of Essex, and contributions were made by private individuals, the London churches collecting £1311. 10_s._ in the breathing-time between the plague and the fire. Colchester had so far recovered in the end of 1666 as to be able to contribute in turn about a hundred pounds for the relief of London after the fire[1231]. The Last of Plague in England. The history of plague in England must be made to end with a solitary epidemic at Nottingham in 1667, but not without some misgivings as to the correctness of the date. Dr Deering, the historian of the town in 1751, paid little heed to epidemics, although medicine was his business; but he mentions one of smallpox in 1736, which had probably come within his own experience, and proceeds: “I question much whether there has been the like since the plague which visited the town in 1667, and made a cruel desolation in the higher part of Nottingham, for very few died in the lower; especially in a street called Narrow Marsh, it was observed that the infection had no power, and that during the whole time the plague raged, not one who lived in that street died of it, which induced many of the richer sort of people to crowd thither and hire lodgings at any price; the preservation of the people was attributed to the effluvia of the tanners’ ouze (for there were then 47 tanners’ yards in that place), besides which they caused a smoak to be made by burning moist tanners’ knobs[1232].” If there had been any reference to the parish registers or to the corporation minutes, we should have had no reason to doubt that this epidemic had been correctly assigned to 1667. The last Winchester epidemic had been given under the year 1668, first by one local historian, and then by another who copied him; but when a third went to the manuscript records, he found that the year was 1666, as indeed an incidental reference to the re-opening of Winchester School on 1st December, 1666, “the sickness being in all appearance extinguished,” might have warranted one in concluding. It is a singular experience to have brought the history of plague down through several centuries, not without particulars of times and numbers, and to be obliged to end it in the latter half of the 17th century with an unauthenticated date. The Nottingham epidemic may have been an exception to the generality that all England was finally delivered from the plague in 1666; it is due, at least, to the local historian, in the absence of evidence against, to record his date of 1667. The difficulty of confirming so simple a fact at so late a period may dispose the readers of this work to be tolerant of any lack of certainty and precision that they may discover in its history of more remote times. INDEX. Aarhus, bishop of, his book on plague, 209, his identity, 210 _note_ Abbotsley, scene in church, 39 Aberdeen, leper-spital, 99, plague at, 361, 362, long free from plague, 370, plague at, in 1647, 564, syphilis arrives at, 417, 419, 361 Aelred, his story of queen Matilda and the lepers, 82-3 =Agriculture=, state of in Domesday, 22, neglect of under heavy taxation by Wm, Rufus, 30, effects of Black Death on, 191-2, thriving in the 15th cent., 222, gives place to sheep-farming in Tudor period, 387-392 =Agues=, original meaning of 409; pestilential ague, 214, “hot ague”, 291, 400, 401, 404, 406, Irish ague, 410; Jones on, 410, specialists for, 411, 426, ambiguous meaning of, 505, 536, 540 Allington, Richard, case of smallpox, 459 Amwell, Great, plague, 493 André, Bernard, on sweat of 1508, 244, on French pox, 420 =Anglo-Saxon Leechdoms=, 24, 452 Annan, story of a plague at, 11 Appleby, plague, 360 Arabia, burials in, 165, plague, 166, origin of smallpox in 441 =Armada, Spanish=, sickness in, 350, 591 =Arsenic=, plague-cakes, 487 Ashburton, plague, 524 Ashwell, inscription at, 139, 217 Assir, plague, 166 =Assizes, Black=, at Cambridge, 375, at Oxford, 376, at Exeter, 383 Astruc, on origin of syphilis, 430 Aubrey, Dr, on sickness in slave-ships, 627-8 Avignon, Black Death at, 133, _pestis secunda_, 203 Axholme, the sweat at, 252 Ayr, plague, 503 Baber, Consul, plague in Yun-nan, 168 Bacon, Francis, “remedy” of the sweat, 242, gaol-fever, 382, sweet odours in plague, 685 _note_ Bamford, James, plague of 1603 in St Olave’s parish, 478, on contagion of plague, 490 Banbury, plague, 303 _note_, 501, war-fever and plague, 556-7 Banister, John, on syphilis, 427, his plague-medicines, 516 =Bankside stews=, 420 Barbados, occupied by English, 619, yellow fever in, 620, 630-633 Barcelona, syphilis at, 434 Barking, plague in monastery, 6, plague, 492, 520, 680 =Bartholomew fair=, in plague-time, 300, 481 =Bartholomew’s, St, Hospital=, filled with cases of pox, 424 Basingstoke, hospital at, 95 Batavia, epidemic in 1625, 608 Baxter, Richard, on the weather before the Great Plague, 653, on Dissenters in the plague-time, 655 Becon, on rural depopulation, 391 Beda, on pestilence in, 664-685, 5-7 =Beggars=, pretending leprosy, 103, beadle of, 104, after Black Death, 183, statutes for, 392 Bellay, Du, letters on the sweat, 250-252 Belper, plague, 500 Benghazi, plague and typhus in Arab tents, 170 =Beri-beri=, supposed in 1593, 593 Beverley, the sweat at, 252 Birch, Dr T., errors of, on Oxford Black Assizes, 381 _note_, collects letters of the Stuart period, 504 _note_ =Black Death, the=, chroniclers of in England, 114, arrival and progress, 116-118, in Ireland, 119, in Scotland, 119, 233, symptoms of, 120, mortality from, 123-139, direct effects of, 139, 180, antecedents of, 142-156, 173-4, favouring conditions for diffusion of, 175. Its effects on Edward III.’s wars, 178, on removal of men and treasure, 180, on price of labour, 181, on capitalists, 186, on morals, 186-190, on area of cultivation, 191, on system of farming, 192, on trade and industry, 193, on town industries, 197, on village manufactures, 198, on governing class in towns, 199, on population, 199. Infection of, remains in England, 204, 233 Bodmin, Black Death at, 116, 125 Boghurst, W., spotted fever in Somerset, 543, his MS. on the Great Plague, 647 _et seq._ Boleyn, Anne, in the sweat of 1528, 251, 252, 255 Borde, Andrew, 286 Borgia, Alexander, pope, 416 _note_ Boston, plague at, 349 Bosworth, battle of, 265 =Botch=, =boche= or =boiche=, early name of plague, 206, 208, 362 Bradwardine, archbp, dies of Black Death, 129 Bradwell, Stephen, his plague-book, 516 Brant, Sebastian, on origin of French pox, 431 Brasbridge, on plague in dog’s skin, 316 Brewer, T., his poem on plague of 1625, 512, 517 Bridewell made a hospital, 394, 395 Bridgetown, yellow fever at in 1647, 620, 630-33 Bridport, Black Death at, 116, plague at in 1626, 524 Brimington, plague, 498 Bristol, leper-house, 98, Black Death, 116, 121, 123, effects of ditto on trade at, 182 _note_, plague in 1535, 300, in 1575, 340, in 1645, 557 Bucklersbury, drug-shops in, 484 Bugden, deaths from sweat at, 261 Bullein, on plague of 1563, 306, on London graveyards, 334, on the French pox, 422 Burdwan, number of lepers in, 107 =Burial=, interdict of, 11; neglect of, 12, 13 _note_, in Chinese famines, 154, in Islam, 163. Christian burial in Egypt, 159. Chinese mode of, 161. In Arabia, 165, in Kumaon 167, neglect of in Yun-nan, 168, at Merdje, 171; by the friars, 332, in St Paul’s churchyard, 334, without coffins, 335, Latimer on intramural, 336, relation to plague, 336, in the great London plagues, 126, 337, 482, 515, 668-9, hours of in plague-time 303, 482 Burton Lazars, 89 Bury St Edmunds, burials at in 1257, 44, hospitals, 92, 96, plague in 1578, 347 Butts, Dr, in the sweat of 1528, 254 Caffa, Black Death at siege of, 144, 147 Caius, Dr, on the sweat of 1551, 259, 261, 263, edits Galen, 439 Calais, sweat at 248, 253, 255, plague in 1509, 288, “new sickness” in 1558, 403, plague brought to, 546 =Calendar=, the English and the Continental, 256 _note_ =Calenture=, 387, 610 Cambridge, epidemic of “frenzy” at, 62, effects of Black Death, 196, prophecy of pestilence, 229, sweat of 1517, 248, of 1528, 252, of 1551, 262, plague, 285, 289, 338, 340, 347, 497, 527, 682, gaol fever, 375, agues, 505 Canterbury, death of monks in 870, 9, leper-hospitals, 87, 91, style of living in 14th cent., 50, Black Death at, 132, causes of death of monks, 226, plague in 1544, 303, in 1564, 309, in 1593, 357, in 1603-4, 498, in 1614-15, 501, in 1625, 524, in 1636, 528, in 1665, 681, in 1666, 688 Cape de Verde islands (St Jago), infection taken from, 586, 589 Carlisle, plague, 359, 562 Carshalton, mortality in 1626, 520 Cartier, Jacques, scurvy in his expedition, 581 Castle Combe, records of its manor court, 135, 136, 139, priests poaching, 189, village industries, 198, nuisances removed, 198 _note_, 328 Catharine of Arragon, arrives in England in plague-time, 288, anxious for Henry VIII. on account of plague in 1518, 290 =Cats= in plague-time, 316 Cavendish, Thomas, sickness in his voyages, 592-3 =Cemeteries=, see BURIAL Champneys, Sir John, mayor, procures plague-bill in 1535, 298 =Chancery=, inquisition on a leper, 105, business of after Black Death, 188 Charles VIII., his invasion of Italy, 430, 433, 435, his sickness at Asti, 436-7 =Charnel-house= of St Paul’s, 334, 659 Charterhouse, inscription of burials in Black Death, 127, death of monks in 1528, 252 Chatham, leper-hospital, 95, plague in 1665, 681 Chauliac, Guy de, symptoms of _pestis secunda_, 203, on Gaddesden’s _Rosa Anglica_, 446 Chester, the sweat, 245, 249, plague, 304, 339, 498, 500, 501, 564, smallpox, 465 _note_, fever in villages near, 567 Chesterfield, plague, 349, 500 Chesterton depopulated, 199 _note_ China, Black Death said to have come from, 143, 145-147, overland trade to Europe, 148-9, no record of Black Death in, 149; great series of floods, famines, &c., 150-152, followed by a period of plagues, 153; unburied dead after famines and floods, 154, Odoric’s valley of corpses, 155, careful mode of burial in, 161. Plague in modern times, 168-9 =Churchyards=, see BURIAL Clapham, Henoch, 490 =Clarendon, Council of=, 374 Clot, Dr, Bey, on plague in Egypt, 160 Clowes, William, on the pox in London, 423-5, on quacks, 426, his translation of _variola_, 459 Clun, plague, 545 Clyn, Friar, the Black Death in Ireland, 115, 119, symptoms of ditto, 121 Cogan, Th., on prophesied return of the sweat, 264, on fever at Oxford Assizes, 378, on lasks, 412 Colchester, wills proved after Black Death, 186, plague, 348, 498, 525, plague in 1665-6, 688, directions to bearers and watchers at, 688 _note_ Comines, Philip de, commons of England untouched by Wars of Roses, 38, 224, 387, on Charles VIII.’s sickness, 435 Congleton, plague, 498, 545 Constantinus Africanus applies “variola” to smallpox, 453 Cork, leper-hospitals, 100, alleged sweating sickness, 252, plague, 371, 502 Cornard Parva, Black Death in, 137 Coventry, leper-hospital at, 92, growth of after the Black Death, 194, 195, plague, 501, 526 _note_ Crail, plague, 370 Cranborne, plague, 499 Cranbrooke, plague, 348 Crimea, outbreak of Black Death in, 142, 144 Cromwell, O., his death from fever, 574, colonizes Jamaica, 634, 639 Cromwell, T., orders bill of mortality, 297-8 =Cross, the blue=, or =red=, 306, 313, 314, 514 Croxton, abbey, Black Death in, 131, ditto in the manor, 138 Croydon, plague, 492, 520, 679 Croyland abbey, sudden mortality in, 9, the sweat in, 239, 266 Cumanus, Marcellus, the French pox at siege of Novara, 431 Cumberland, plague in 1420, 221, state of in the Civil Wars, 562 Dalry, “grantgore” at, 418 =Danes=, camp sickness among, 13 Darlington, plague, 359, 557 Dartmouth, plague, 351, 524 Davison, F., ‘Poetical Rapsodie’, 463 Deal, plague in 1666, 688 Defoe, sources of his _Journal of the Plague-Year_, 649, illustrations of the Great Plague from, 657 _et seq._ Dekker, T., on London at accession of James I., 471, 480, on plague of 1603, 481-4, theatres closed in plague-time, 494 Deptford, plague in 1666, 680, 687 Derby, plague at, 309, 349, 357, 559, plague in 1665, 682 Derry, the, plague at in 1566-7, 372 =Dogs= in plague-time, 314, 316, 515; alleged death of in the Leeds plague, 558, at Batavia from licking pestilent blood, 608 =Domesday Survey=, size of towns in, 23, state of agriculture inferred from, 22 Doncaster, plague in 1536, 301 Donne, Rev. Dr, his dread of smallpox, 463, on flight of citizens in 1625, 519 Doughty, C., on burials in Arabia, 165 Drake, Sir Bernard, at the Exeter Black Assizes, 384, 385 Drake, Sir Francis, sickness in his voyage round the world, 585, great epidemic in his fleet in 1585-6, 585-589, his death from flux, 591 Drogheda, monastery of, Black Death in, 119, 132 Dublin, leper-hospitals, 100, Black Death in, 119, 131, 132, plague in 1520, 371, in 1575, 372, in 1650, 566 Dumfries, plague, 235, 369 Dunbar, W., “spanyie pockis”, 418 Dundee, plague, 234, 368, 503 Duns, plague, 369 Durham, a medieval siege of, 28, leper-hospital near, 94, 113, plague, 350, 359, 499, 501, 681, famine, 358 Dysart, plague, 366, 368 =Dysentery=, or flux, summary of epidemics, 411-13, in 1624, 505, in voyages, 589, 591, 600, 602, 603, in Virginia, 611, in slave-ships, 628, among black troops, 629, in St Domingo and Jamaica, 635-640 East Indies, Portuguese voyages to, 584, English voyages to, 599-609 =East India Company=, provides against scurvy, 602-3 Edenhall, plague, 360 Edinburgh, leper-hospital, 99, _pestilentia volatilis_, 234, plague, 235, 303, 362, 365-6, 367, 368, 369, 370, 502, 503, 504, 563, French pox, 417, mortality of children in 1600, 370 _note_ Edward the Confessor and the leper, 81 Edward III., his activity after the Black Death, 178-9 Edward IV., his illness from “pockys” in 1463, 455 Edward VI., on the sweat of 1551, 260 Egypt, theory of plague in, 156, 659, sanitary wisdom of ancient, 158, embalming in, 159, 160-1, compared with China, 161-2 Elizabeth, Queen, at Windsor in the plague of 1563, 317, rebukes the uncleanly state of Ipswich, 327, attempts to stamp out plague in London, 330-331, her proclamation in 1580 on growth of London, 346, her trains at Norwich in 1578 carry plague, 348, her hardness to the sick seamen in the Armada-year, 350, her precaution against smallpox in 1591, 461 Elizabeth of York, in 1502, pays for cure of John Pertriche, 419 Elphege, St, stops pestilence in 1011, 13 Ely, bishop of, alienates Stourbridge leper-hospital, 93 Ely monastery, Black Death in, 132 Elyot, Sir Thomas, lay writer on medicine, 402, mentions smallpox, 457 =Emigrants=, mortality of English to Virginia, 610, to New England &c., 612-13, to Barbados, 619, of French to St Christopher, 618, to Guadeloupe, 621 Ensham, manor of, after Black Death, 139, 141 Erasmus, still ill from “sweat” in 1511, 245, 399, ref. to influenza (?) in 1518, 249, ref. to plague in letters, 288-9, on English houses, 328, on the French pox, 420-21 =Ergotism=, causes and signs of, 53-55, two forms, 55, cases of in England, 57, possible instances of, 59-63, reasons of English immunity from, 64, 68 Essex, Lord General, typhus in his army, 548-9, occupies Tiverton, 552-3 Ethredge, Dr G., the sweat of 1551 at Oxford, 260, 380, the gaol-fever at Oxford, 381 Eton, plague, 348, 520, boys compelled to smoke in plague-time, 674 Evesham, monastery, fugitives at after wasting of Yorkshire, 27 _note_, drives out its leprous prior, 101 Evesham, town, plague and bad scavenging, 501 Exeter, the scavengers of, 327, plague, 288, famine and plague, 300, plague, 498, 523, Black Assizes, 383-6 Eyam, plague at in 1665-6, 682-7 Eydon, plague, 498 Fabyan, on the first sweat, 239, on plague in London, 1478-9, 234, and 1500, 287, uses the name “pockys”, 420 =Famines=, chronology of, to 1322, 15, in 1370, 215, about 1383, 219, in 1391, 220, in 1438-9, 223, 228, 235, in 1528, 251, 277, in 1535, 300, in 1551, 278, in 1557, 401, in 1596-7, 358 =Fever=, epidemics of from famine, 15-17 (table), in 1086-7, 29, in 1196, 36, in 1258, 44-45, in 1315, 48, in 1438-9, 223, 228, 234-5, in 1596-7 358, 411; epidemics of in war, 547, 552; spotted, 504, 540, 542, 543, 551; “strange,” see INFLUENZA, Yellow, see YELLOW FEVER, in gaols, see GAOL-FEVER; in ships, 350, 538 Finchley, dysentery at, 1596-7, 411 Findhorn, plague, 370 Finsbury, laystalls at, 334 Fish, Simon, ‘Supplication of Beggars’, 421 =Fleet Ditch=, unwholesome, 352 Forrestier, Dr Thomas, his MS. on the sweat of 1485, 238, fixes time and place of first outbreak, 238, his account of the symptoms and treatment, 241, on extent of first sweat, 243, on causes of ditto, 266-7 =Foul Death=, name used by Scots for plague in 1349, 78, and in 1379, 218 Fracastori, on smallpox, 467, on typhus, 585 Francis, St, of Assisi, and the lepers, 85 Freind, Dr J., on a strange chorea, 61, on diffusion of smallpox, 445, on Gaddesden, 448 =Friars=, their original mission, 41, their care of lepers, 85, 107, side with the rich after the Black Death, 188, bury rather than christen, 332 Froude, Mr, on plague at the Derry, 372 _note_, on “yellow fever” in Drake’s fleet, 589 _note_ “FRUIT OF TIMES,” records “pokkes” for 1366, 453 Fryer, Dr John, 307 Gaddesden, John of, fails to describe fever of, 1315 51, on leprosy, 76, on smallpox, 446-8, on morbilli and “mesles”, 449-51 Gale, Thomas, on “the morbus”, 422 Galway, “sweating sickness” at, 400 _note_ =Gaols=, first built, 374 =Gaol Fever=, in Newgate, 374, 395 _note_, at Cambridge, 375, at Oxford, 376-382, at Exeter, 383-386, referred to in Act, 388, in the Queen’s Bench, Southwark, 395, 539, Bacon on, 332 =Garter, Order of the=, 178 Gascoigne T., cases of syphilis, 74, Henry IV.’s “leprosy”, 77 _note_, “legists” after Black Death, 189 Gaubil, abbé, on the Chinese annals, 154 Geynes, Dr, 307 Gibbon, on the Justinian plague, 2, on a remark by Procopius, 675 _note_ Gibbons, Orlando, 465, 524 Gilbertus Anglicus, on leprosy, 70-72, morphaea, 76, diet to keep off leprosy, 113, on smallpox, 446, 447 Glasgow, leper-house, 99, keeps out plague, 366, 369, plague, 370, 563, syphilis, 418 Gloucester, Black Death, 116, 117, plague in 1580, 348, in 1638, 545, a quack at, 426, relief of siege, 549 Goddard, Dr, his excuse for leaving London in the plague, 667 Gordonio, Bernard, on leprosy, 70, case at Montpellier, 72, on morphaea, 76, on smallpox, 447 =Grandgore=, in Scotland, 417-18, derivation of, 418 Grantham, plague near, 500, sickness at, 502 Graunt, John, syphilis in London, 428, London mortality, 532 Gravesend, plague, 287, 293, 531 Greaves, Sir E., fever at Oxford, 547, 551 Greenwich, sweat at, 244, 251, plague at, 293, plague in 1666, 687 Gregory, W. ref. to “pokkes,” 454 Gruner, on the sweat, 258, collections on medieval smallpox, 446 _note_ Grünbeck, Jos. on syphilis, 432 Guignes, Des, on origin of Black Death, 143, 152 Guinea, voyages to in 16th cent., 581-3, slave trade from, 583, 625-9 Guy, Dr W., on “parish infection”, 396 _note_ Hackney, leper-hospital, 97, 98 _note_, plague in 1535, 301, in 1603, 492, in 1625, 511 Haddington, _pestilentia volatilis_, 234, plague during siege, 303 Hall, his Chronicle on the sweat of 1517, 250, on the mercenaries of Henry VII., 274, on the Cambridge Black Assizes, 375 Hampshire, parish in, statistics of, 411, 541 Harrison, W. English houses, 330 _note_, fever of 1557-8, 401 Hartlepool, plague, 349 Harwich, plague at in 1665-6 Havre de Grace (or “Newhaven”), plague during siege, 307 Hawkins, Sir John, in the slave trade, 583 Hawkins, Sir Richard, on health of Cape de Verde islands, 589 _note_, scurvy in his voyage of 1593, 594-6 Hecker, antecedents of Black Death, 143-4, on fecundity after Black Death, 200, sweating sickness, 240, 244 _note_, 258, 263, 265, 271 _note_, 277 _note_ Hendon, sends help in 1625 plague, 518 Henry I., taxation under, 31 Henry II., charities of, 33-34 Henry III., famine under, 43 Henry IV., “leprosy” of, 77 Henry V., vigorous sanitation under, 325 Henry VII., his expedition of 1485, 237, 240, 265, 270, 275, in the sweat of 1508, 244, reception of Catharine of Arragon, 288, sanitation under, 325-6 Henry VIII., in the sweat of 1517, 247-8, in plague of 1517-18, 290, in sweat of 1528, 250-53, in plague of 1535, 297, 300, measures to check plague, 291, 312, 313-14, repression of vagrancy &c., 390, his illness in 1514, 456 Henry of Huntingdon, poem by, 18 Hensler, his history of syphilis, 416 _note_ Hensley, plague, 309 Hereford, plague, 348 Hereford, bishop of, case of morphaea, 76 Herefordshire, plague, 500 Hertford, sweat at, 254, law courts at, 331, plague, 339, 347, 356 Hertfordshire, after the Black Death, 191, plague in, 493 Hirsch, Dr August, on endemics of syphilis, 438 Hispaniola, great pox and smallpox, 430, 469, flux among English troops, 635-6 Hoddesdon, plague, 347 Hodges, Dr, his _Loimologia_, 648, 654, 675 Holinshed, erroneous entry of “small pocks”, 454 Holland, Abraham, poem on plague of 1625, 512 Holme Pierrepont, plague, 499 Höniger, effects of Black Death, 141 _note_ Howard, John, Oxford gaol, 377, gaol-fever, 382 _note_ Hugh, St, bp. of Lincoln, his care for burials, 13 _note_, for lepers, 84 Hull, plague at, in 1472-8, 231, in 1576, 340, in 1635-38, 527 Hunstanton, Black Death, 137 Hütten, Ulrich von, cure of syphilis, 416 Ibn Batuta, his report that Black Death came from China, 146 Ibn-ul-Khatib, origin of Black Death, 146 Ilchester, decayed, 195, 221 Ilford, leper-hospital, 95 Inchcolm, quarantine island, 363, 369 Inchkeith, quarantine for plague, 235, 360, for syphilis, 417 =Influenza=, meaning of, 397, early epidemics, 398, in 1510, 399, in 1540, 400, in 1557-8, 401-5, in 1580, 406, in 1657-9, 568-574, many other epidemics might be so called, 408-9, 411, 536, 541, 543-4, 567, 577 =Interdict of burial= &c., 11 Ipswich, scavengers of, 327, plague at, in 1603, 498, in 1665-6, 688 Ireland, plague in A.D. 664, 4-5, condition in 12th cent., 21, flux among troops, 33, leper-houses, 100, Black Death, 115, 118-19, 132, succeeding plagues, 236, alleged sweating sickness, 252 _note_, 400 _note_, influenza, 398 _note_, plague in Tudor period, 371-3, in Cromwellian war, 365 Isle of Wight, depopulation of, 387, influenza or sweat in 1558, 403 Jamaica, English occupation of, 636-642 James I., authority for “a pockie priest”, 415, his accession followed by a great plague, 480, his fatal illness, 512 Jarrow, plague in monastery of, 7 Jersey, plague in, 308 Jessopp, Augustus, on mortalities in the Black Death, 132, 134, 137, on lawlessness after do., 140, on panic from do., 181 _note_ John of Bridlington, 14th cent. pestilences, 204, 207 John of Burgoyne, 14th cent. writer on plague, 208 Jones, Dr John, on plague in London in 1563, 306, on effects of the poor-rate, 394, on influenza of 1558, 403, his use of “ague”, 410 =Justinian, plague in reign of=, 2, theory of it, 156, 159, 161 Kattiwar, plague in, 165, 169 Kellwaye, Simon, on the plague of 1593, 355, on smallpox and measles, 461 Kendal, plague in 1598, 359 Kensington, plague in 1603, 492, in 1625, 520 Kheybar, burials in, 165 Kilkenny, Black Death, 115, 119, 121, 132, plague in 1649, 565 Kirkcaldy, plague in 1574, 366 Kirkoswald, plague in 1598, 360 Kremer, A. von, Mohammedan plagues, 163 Kumaon, plague in, 166 Kutch, plague in, 169 =Labourers, Statute of=, 66, 181-2 Lamesley, plague in 1610, 501 Lancashire, ergotism? in 1702, 59, wills after Black Death, 138, fever in 1651, 567 Lancaster, Sir James, scurvy in his ships, 599, treats scurvy by lime juice, 601 Langland, see ‘Piers the Ploughman’ =Lask=, old name of flux, 400, 412 Latimer, on intramural burial, 336, on stews closed, 420 =Law=, business of increased after Black Death, 188-9 =Lazar=, derivation of, 79 _note_ Lazarus, St, 79, 94 =Lazarus, St, Knights of the Order of=, 89 Leake, plague in 1587-8, 349 Leeds, fever in 1644, 558, plague in 1645, 558 Leicester, Black Death, 124 _pestis secunda_, 203, plague in 1563-4, 309, in 1593, 357, in 1607-11, 125, 501, in 1626, 526 Leicestershire, strange epidemic in 1340, 59, plague, 526 Leith, plague, 235 _note_, 361, 363, 366, 369, 503 Leominster, plague or fever in 1578, 349, in 1597, 358 _note_ =Leper-houses=, in England, 86-99, their mixed inmates, 93, vogue soon past, 91-95, the later non-monastic, 97, in Scotland, 99, in Ireland, 100 =Leprosy=, generic meaning of in medieval books, 70-79, Biblical associations of, 79-81, religious view of, 81-86, prejudice against, 100-105, laws against, 103-6, estimated amount of, 107, a disease akin to pellagra, 108, 110, Gilbert White on causes of, 110, dietetic cause of in, Hutchinson on cause of, 111 _note_, constitutional, 112, diet for in Scotland, 113 Lescarbot, on scurvy, 597-8 =Leviticus=, use of “leprosy” in, 80 Lichfield, plague, 309, 357, 559 Lieu-chow, bubonic disease, 169 Linacre, 286, 439 Lincoln, leper-hospital at, 92, decay of, 195, plague at, 357 Lindsey, statute of labourers ineffective in, 182 Linlithgow, lepers at, 99, French pox at, 418 Lithgow, W., on plague in Tyneside, 557 =Lock, the, hospital=, 97, 98 _note_ Lodge, Dr T., on rats and moles in plague-time, 173, on plague in 1603, 485, on compulsory removal of the sick, 488 London: fever in 962, 26, in 1258, 44-45, according to the bills, 504, 532, 576 Fitzstephen’s account of, 34 French pox in, 424, 428, 432 _note_ lepers expelled, 103, stopped at the Gates, 104 leper-hospitals of 88, 97-8 nuisances in, 323-6 overcrowding of, in 1580, 346, in 1602 et seq., 539-540 Parish Clerks of, 320-322 plagues in: the Black Death, 117, mortality of ditto, 126-9, the plague of 1361, 203, of 1368-9, 215-16, of 1407, 220, of 1426, 227, of 1434, 227-8, of 1437, 228, of 1454, 229, of 1466, 230, of 1474, 231, of 1478-9, 231-2, of 1487, 287, of 1499-1500, 287, of 1504, 288, of 1511-12, 288, of 1513, 288-9, of 1514-16, 289-90, of 1517-18, 290, 292, of 1521, 292, of 1529-31, 292-3, of 1532, 293-6, of 1535, 297-300, of 1536, 301-2, of 1543, 302, of 1547-8, 303, of 1563, 304-7, of 1568-9, 338, of 1573-4, 339, of 1577-83, 341-5, 347, of 1592-93, 351-4, 356, of 1594, 356, of 1603, 474-92, of 1604-1610, 493-4, of 1625, 507-520, of 1630, 527 of 1636 529-32, of 1637-48, 532, 546 (table 533), of 1665, 644-679 plague-orders, 312-322, 355, 481, 488 population, end of 12th cent., 34, in 1258, 44, in 1349, 128-9, in 1377, 201, in 1535, 299, in 1580, 345, in 1593, 354, in 1603 and before and after, 471-4, in 1665, 660 Richard of Devizes, on wickedness of, 34 sanitary ordinances in 1369 and 1371, 216, 324, in 1388, 324, in 1415, 325, in 1488-9, 325, in 1543, 314, 315, in 1568, 319, in 1582, 330 theatres closed in plague-time, 494-6 Loughborough, sweating sickness at, 259, plague at, 304, 404, 500, 560 Louth, plague in 1587, 349 (_Notitiae Ludae_), in 1631, 527 Lowe, Peter, on “Spanish Sickness”, 427 Lowry, Dr J. H., on Pakhoi plague, 169 Lyndsay, Sir D., “grandgore”, 418 Lynn, a physician of, 51, leper-houses at, 93, 98, plague at, in 1635-6, 528, in 1665, 681 Macclesfield, plague, 498 Macgowan, Dr D. J., on rats poisoned by the soil, 169 Magellan, scurvy in his ship, 579 Mahé, on cadaveric theory of plague, 173 _note_ Maidenhead, scene at, 578 Maillet, De, on preservation of corpses in Egypt, 161 Malpas, plague in 1625, 526 _note_ Manardus, origin of syphilis, 434 Manchester, plague in 1608, 499, in 1631, 527 Mansfeld, his English troops, 522 Margate, sick sailors at after Armada, 350 Marshall, John, on “parish infection”, 396 _note_ Martin, on the illness of Charles VIII., 437 Matilda, Queen, and the lepers 82; her hospital, 88 Mayerne, Sir Th., on the fevers of 1624, 540 =Measles=, Gaddesden on, 448, derivation of name, 451, joined with smallpox, 458-9, 462, 465-6 _Measure for Measure_, reference to “the sweat”, 413 _note_, the stews suppressed, 420, doctrine of “obstruction” in, 605 _note_ Meaux, abbey of, Black Death in, 118, 131 Meddus, Rev. Dr, in London during plague of 1625, 514 =Medicine, profession of=, little in evidence, 51, 258, 402 Melcombe, Black Death lands at, 116 Merdjé, modern plague at, 170 Merston Trussell, plague, 498 Milton, John, at Chalfont, in 1665, 665 _note_ =Moles= in plague-time, 173, 364 Molineux on universal fevers and universal colds, 409 =Monasteries=, pestilence in, 5-7, 9-10, Stubbs on, 50, found hospitals, 95, Black Death in, 131 Monkleigh, plague, 499 Monmouthshire, fever and plague in 1638, 541 Montgomeryshire, plague in 1638, 542 Montpellier, case of _lepra_ at, 72, practice in the plague at, 210 Moorfields, common latrine in, 325 More, Sir Thomas, on relapses, 248, his plague-orders at Oxford, 291, as “a parish clerk”, 321, describes London as the capital of Utopia, 329, on pauperism and vagrancy, 389 =Morphaea=, a case of, 76 Morton, Richard, on the fever of 1658, 574 “=Mure=,” old name of influenza, 389. (“Tussis et le Murra.” Canterbury MS. in _Hist. MSS. Com._ IX., pt. I. p. 127). =Murrains=, 46 _note_ Mussis, De, on origin of Black Death at Caffa, 144 Namasse, modern plague, 166 Nanking, death of rats at, 169 Nantwich, plague, 498 =Naples sickness of= 419, 430 “=New Acquaintance=”, 260 “=New Disease=”, 401, 403, 404, 534, 536, 541, 543-4, 570, 577 Newark, plague after siege, 560 Newcastle, plague in 1420, 222 _note_, in 1478, 232, in 1544, 303, in 1589, 350, in 1597, 358, in 1603, 498, in 1609, 500, in 1625, 526, in 1636, 529, in 1642 and 1645, 557, in 1666, 681 New England, voyages to, 612, epidemics in, 613 Niebuhr, on demoralisation after pestilence, 186 Nöldeke, Th., on legend of smallpox, 442 Normandy, Henry VII.’s troops raised in, 271, 275, endemic sweat of, 271, 273 Northampton, old hospital at, 90, plague, 304, fever and plague in 1638, 542 Northwych, plague, 340, 498 Norwich, hospitals at, 93, 95, leper-houses at the gates, 98, the Black Death in, 129, decline of after ditto, 193-5, fever in 1382, 218, plague in 1465, 230 _note_, in 1479, 232, in 1578, 348, in 1603, 498, in 1609, 500, in 1625, 525, in 1630-31, 527, in 1636 fever or plague, 542, plague in 1665-6, 681, 688 Nottingham, deaths at in 1518, 291, plague at in 1593, 357, in 1604, 499, in 1667, 691 =Nuisances=, at Castle Combe, 198, 328, in London, 216, 323-6, at Stratford-on-Avon, 327, at Ipswich, 327, alleged by Erasmus, 329, in London suburbs, 337, at Evesham, 501, at Kilkenny, 502 Odoric, friar, his vision of unburied dead in China, 155 Okehampton, plague at, in 1626, 524 Osiander, on Christian duty in the plague, 310 Ottery St Mary, camp sickness at in 1645, 555, 561 Oundle, plague in 1665, 681 Oxford, leper-hospital, 93, Black Death at, 125, law students at after ditto, 189, sweat of 1485, 243, sweat (?) of 1508, 245, sweat of 1517, 247, 248, sweat of 1551, 260, plague in the 15th cent., 282-3, in the 16th cent., 283-4, houses shut up at in 1518, 291, plague in 1571, 338, in 1575, 340, in 1603-5, 496-7, in 1625, 525, in 1645, 559, gaol-fever in 1577, 376-382, war-typhus in 1643, 549-51, fellow expelled for French pox, 421, unwholesomeness of in 15th cent., 285 _note_, proposal to remove the university from, 283 Pakhoi, modern plague, 168 Paré, Ambroise, holds cadaveric theory of plague, 156, 162, 658, on likeness of smallpox to great pox, 468 Paris, “lepers” banished from in 1488, 104, 437 Pariset, Etienne, his theory of plague, 156-161 =Parish Clerks=, company of, 320-322 “=Parish infection=,” a myth, 396 _note_ =Pauperism=, 39, 41, 387-395 Pauw, De, Cornelius, on plague in Egypt, 157, on sanitary practice in ditto, 158 Paynel, translates book on French pox, 416 Peebles, plague at in 1499, 361 =Pellagra=, akin to leprosy, 108, 110, causes of, 109 Penrith, plague at in 1598, 359-60 Perth, plague at in 1548, 363, in 1580, 367, in 1584-5, 368, in 1608-9, 503-4, in 1645, 563 _Pestilentia volatilis_ in Scotland, 398 Peterborough, burials at in 1175, 35, plague in 1574, 339, in 1606, 449, in 1665, 681 Petrarch, on effects of Black Death, 177 Phaer, Th., or Phayre, or Thayre, writer on plague, 210, 489, on smallpox and measles, 458 =Picardy Sweat=, 271-3 ‘Piers the Ploughman,’ quoted on surfeit and want, 65-67, on moral effects of Black Death, 187-190, on continuance of pestilence, 205-207, on London famine of 1371, 215, on burials by friars, 332, use of “meseles”, 450, of “pokkes”, 452-3 Pinctor, Peter, relates cases of French pox in the Vatican, 416 =Plague=, symptoms or characters of, in the Black Death, 120-122, in medieval manuscripts, 208, 212-214, in Skene’s treatise, 364-5, in the plague of 1665 (Boghurst), 674; cadaveric theory of, 156 _et seq._, relation of to typhus, 170. General epidemics of: Black Death, 116-141, _pestis secunda_ (1361), 203, _tertia_ (1368-9), 215, _quarta_ (1375), 217, _quinta_ (1382), 218, of 1390-91, 219, of 1407, 220, of 1438-9, 225, 228, of 1465, 230, of 1471, 230. Epidemics of in the Northern Marches, in 1379, 218, in 1399, 220, in 1421, 221. See also under London and other places Planck, Dr, on causes of plague in Kumaon, 167 Plot, Dr, on Oxford Black Assizes, 382, on mildness of smallpox, 467 Plymouth, plague in 1579, 348, in 1590-91, 351, sickness in the fleet in 1625, 521-2, plague in 1626, 523 =Poll-tax= of 1377, population reckoned from, 200 =Poor-laws=, origin of, 362-3, Jones on, 394 =Population= of towns in Domesday, 23-24, kept small by death of infants, 25, after the Black Death, 200-204. See also “London,” “Norwich.” Portsmouth, plague in Venetian galley 1546, 303, plague 1625, 524, 1666, 688 =Posting sweat=, 260, posting fever, 378 =Pox, the French=, in Scotland, 417, in England, 419, Erasmus on, 421, meagre writings on, 415, 422, Clowes on, 423, Read on, 425, Banister on, 427, Graunt on, 428, origin of epidemic, 429-438 Presteign, the sweat of 1551, 259, plague in 1638, 542 Preston, wills proved after Black Death, 138 _note_, plague at in 1631, 527 Procopius, on a plague-immunity, 675 _note_ =Quarantine=, (forty days) for the Court in 1516, 290, 312, in 1518, 313, of persons in 1543, 313, houses in 1563, 317, in 1568, 318, proposed for shipping at Gravesend in 1568, 337, at Inchkeith in 1475, 235, 360, details of at Inchcolm in 1564, 363, case of at ditto, 367, 18th cent. law of, 672 Radnorshire, plague in 1638, 542 =Rats=, death of in plague-time, in Kumaon, 167, in Yun-nan, 168, in China, 169, in Gujerat, 170, ref. to by Lodge (1603), 173 Read, John, of Gloucester, on pox grown milder, 425, describes mountebank, 426 Renfrewshire, plague in in 1601, 370 Renny, on plague in Garhwal, 167 Rhazes, “the pills of”, 254, source of medieval teaching on smallpox, 440 _Richard II._, “infection and the hand of war”, 547 Richard of Devizes, on London in 12th cent., 34, on dislike of the Franks to soapboilers and scavengers, 329 Richmond, Yorks, reduced by Black Death, 191, plague in 1597-8, 359 Ripon, corn at in famine, 40, leper-hospital at, 93 Robert of Brunne, describes effects of famine, 48 Rocher, M., on plague in Yun-nan, 168 Rochester, late leper foundation at, 97, plague at in 1665, 681 Roger of Wendover, stories of avarice, 39, 40, on the friars, 41 Rogers, Thorold, on prices of corn 13th century, 37, 43, on rye in England, 64, on villenage, 184 _note_, wages after the Black Death, 185, on new system of farming after ditto, 192, paralysis of wool-trade after ditto, 193, on good diet of the English in 15th cent., 222,