Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity

3553 words  |  Chapter 203

between these heads and that of the _Lansdowne Herakles_ (Pl. 30 and fig. 71), which we ascribe to Lysippos in Ch. VI, pp. 298, 311, is easily apparent. [1271] Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and II, Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146; p. 342, fig. 147 (head, two views); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 and p. 577, fig. 110. [1272] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr., d. Glypt._,^2 no. 245 (the so-called Lenbach head); Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. 335-6. See Furtw.-Wolters, for replicas in the Louvre, etc. [1273] B. B., 338; Helbig, _Guide_, 69 (= boxer). [1274] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 f. and fig. 95; _Mw._, pp. 428 f. and fig. 65. Both Furtwaengler (_l. c._) and B. Graef (_R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 215 and 202) have shown the Polykleitan origin of the type. The former believes that it may have been copied from a statue of Herakles by the master, which is mentioned by Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 56) as at Rome. For other replicas of the type, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 234, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 429, n. 1. [1275] _A. A._, 1889, pp. 57-8 (Treu, who referred it to Polykleitos); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 92 and fig. 40; _Mw._, p. 124 and Pl. VI (he called it Pheidian). [1276] _Museo Torlonia_, Pl. 26, no. 104. [1277] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 272; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 832 and 833 (text by Flasch). [1278] _Chabrias_, 3: _Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus victoriam essent adepti_; _cf._ Diod., XV, 33, 4 (who speaks of “statues”). This statue was erected in Athens after his campaign to aid Thebes against Agesilaos in 378 B. C.: Xen., _Hell._, V, 4.38 f. (though here Chabrias is not mentioned by name); Diod., XV, 32-33; Demosth., _Contra Lept._, 75-76 (p. 479); _cf._ Aristotle, _Rhet._, III, 10.7. Chabrias seems to have been the first to order his troops to assume a kneeling posture when receiving the charge of the enemy. These tactics when used against Agesilaos were so favorably regarded by the Athenians that his statues were represented in the attitude of kneeling. [1279] _E. g._, Reisch, p. 43. [1280] See Joubin, p. 46. It probably took place under the restored democracy of Kleisthenes. The assassination of Hipparchos took place in 514 B. C. Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 17, says that the group was set up in the year in which the kings were expelled from Rome (= 509 B. C.). [1281] P., I, 8.5; _cf._ _Marmor Parium_, l. 70 (= _C. I. G._, II, 2374; _F. H. G._, I, pp. 533 f., etc.), and Lucian, _Philopseudes_, 18. [1282] Arrian, _Anab._, III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1; by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5. [1283] B. B., nos. 326 (_Aristogeiton_), 327 (_Harmodios_), and 328 (head of _Harmodios_, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both statues) and 59 (_Aristogeiton_); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs. 189 (group) and 190 (head of _Harmodios_); relief from Athens showing the group, _ibid._, p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27; Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444-5, figs. 36, 37 (restored by Michaelis); _R. M._, XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121-4; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 530, 3 (_Harmodios_), and 5 (_Aristogeiton_); _cf._ II, 2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of _Harmodios_, _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters (Bulle). [1284] _A. M._, XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152 f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum), see _Ant. Denkm._, I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters); Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; _Les Musées d’Athènes_, I, Pl. VI; _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II. [1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group: _e. g._, Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen_, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393-8; Collignon; Lechat, _op. cit._, and _cf._ _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, pp. 485-9. [1286] _Rhet. praecept._, 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101-5; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49. [1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a, b. [1288] _Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts_, III, 27; _R. M._, XIX, 1904, p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser). [1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to _Aristogeiton_, but his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, Pl. XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the _Tyrannicides_, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f. [1290] _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst_, 1899, p. xi; _cf._ Richardson, p. 120, n. 2. [1291] _Cf._ Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler). [1292] Furtwaengler, _Sammlung Somzée_, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias at Olympia whose base has been found: _Bildw. v. Ol._ 146; Hyde, 50; see _infra_, in the section on _Pancratiasts_, p. 251. For the _Pelops_, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head). [1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39. [1294] P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137. [1295] Ols. 72 to 76 (= 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42. [1296] _Cf._ Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225. [1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p. 158); especially, J. Langbehn, _Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, _Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch. einer antiken Idealgestalt_, 1898; E. Curtius, _Die knieenden Figuren d. alt. griech. Kunst_ (_29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1869); Eadweard Muybridge, _Human Figure in Motion_, 1907; _cf._ also J. Lange, _op. cit._ [1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10. [1299] _Cf._ the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running, in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin, dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. _Cf._ also scenes from the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in Leyden: _ibid._, Pl. 9; etc. [1300] _B. C. H._, III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades); von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson, p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300-1, figs. 122-3 and Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis, p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called an _Artemis_ by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called Oriental winged _Artemis_ on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach, text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a _Nike_ since its first ascription by Furtwaengler (_A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.), and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain, the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century B. C.; B. Sauer (_A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have disputed the connection. [1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach, 20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about 600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach). [1302] Bulle, pp. 157-8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter high (Bulle). _Cf._ similar bronzes _ibid._, nos. 799-814, and also a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159-160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; _cf._ also the very similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a winged _Nike_ represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble torso of another in Athens: _id._, text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the bronze winged _Gorgon_ from Olympia (0.12 meter high): _Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, _cf._ Roscher, _Lex._, art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.). [1303] _Nike of Archermos_, 1891. [1304] Salzmann, _Nécropole de Camiros_, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161-2, fig. 35; _cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 142. Its diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle). [1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, _Bronzen aus Dodona in den koenigl. Museen zu Berlin_, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. I and pp. 23-27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle, 83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a hoplitodrome. [1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905; _cf._ _S. Q._, §§ 489-507. [1307] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. [1308] VI, 4.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203. [1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200. [1310] VI, 6.4 f.; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207. [1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189. [1312] VI, 13.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176-7; 181-2; 187-8; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 145. [1313] VI, 13.7; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184. [1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a. [1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen. [1316] VIII, 47; _S. Q._, 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from Samos; also Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59-60. [1317] _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; _cf._ his _Essays on the Art of Pheidias_, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue has no footmarks: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144. Waldstein is followed in his ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, _Arch. Analekt._, 1885, p. 9. [1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. _Mp._, p. 171, fig. 70; _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann). [1319] _Mp._, pp. 171-2; _Mw._, pp. 345-6. [1320] _Mon. d. I_., X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L. Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, p. 62, doubts if the head belongs to the torso. [1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); _Mon. d. I._, VIII, 1864-68, Pl. XLVI, 6-8, and _Annali_, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f. (Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96-98; _cf._ _A. Z._, XXVII, 1869, pp. 106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, _Tyrannicides_ on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke, group of two statues); Reinach, _Rép._ II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke (_A. Z._, _l. c._) and Furtwaengler (_Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, VIII, 1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete. [1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer. [1323] _E. g._, P. Hermann, _op. cit._, pp. 332-3; Arndt, text to B. B., no. 542. [1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; Duetschke, II, 163; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); _Mw._, pp. 339 f. and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed this head a prototype of the _Diomedes_ of Kresilas known to us from copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); _Mw._, pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII; _Mp._, pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B., 128; Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner, _Notice_, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See _supra_ p. 169. [1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; _Mp._, p. 172, fig. 71; _Mw._, p. 347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the first to class it as Myronian: _Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes_, p. 12, 1 (quoted by F. W., _l. c._). Graef curiously found it Pheidian: _Aus d. Anomia_, p. 69, 63. [1326] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58; _cf._ _Mp._, p. 173. [1327] _La Glypt._ _Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other, unpublished, is mentioned _ibid._ He also adds the cast of a lost original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series: _ibid._, pp. 60-61, and figs. 30 (head), 31-32 (body). If the head and body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group. [1328] Kieseritzky, _Kat. d. Ermitage_, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 177, fig. 74; _Mw._, p. 353 fig. 46 (two views). [1329] _Mp._, p. 176, fig. 73; _Mw._, Pl. XX (two views). [1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pl. XXXVI, p. 60. [1331] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460. [1332] _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in Athen). [1333] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. [1334] Brunn, pp. 133-4, connected _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and believed that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895, p. 57, makes two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting _et_ between _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and replacing _tabellam_ of the MSS. with _flagellum_. The boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler (_Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol._, 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by _puerum_ instead of _filium_. [1335] P. 44. [1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder_, I, pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX. [1337] In his _Chrestomathia Pliniana_, 1857, p. 320. [1338] _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f. [1339] Antigonos of Karystos, _apud_ Zen., V, 82 (passage given by Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2). [1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue. Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (_de Situ orbis_, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q., 838-9), and Zenobios (_l. c._), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny (_H. N._, XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum in 1820: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203-14; Frazer, II, p. 457, fig. 40. [1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in _Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in Goerlitz_, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329-336), p. 334. [1342] _Archaeolog. Analekten_, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, _Anachar._, 9, says that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known to us as a Pythian victor. In _Chrest. Plin._, p. 320, L. von Urlichs had identified the _nudus_ as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples with which he had beaten Atalanta; see _S. Q._, § 499, note a. [1343] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur_. Gronovius, following Lessing, _Laokoön_, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes: see Bluemner, _Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön_, pp. 508 f.; the words _cuius ... videntur_ seem to have been derived from _A. Pl._, IV, 112, 1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): _cf._ Brunn, p. 134 and Jex-Blake, _ad loc._ [1344] _Cf._ Benndorf, _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, p. 92; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 139. [1345] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208. [1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist, probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his authority; see L. von Urlichs, _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, p. 261. [1347] P. 44. [1348] L. von Sybel, _Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner Museums_, 1879. [1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; _cf._ Plato, _Phil._, 67 A; Aristotle, _Eth. Nicom._, 1, 7.5-6 (= 1097 b); etc. [1350] Marble copy of the _Marsyas_ was found in 1823 on the Esquiline and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1179; Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p. 1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately faithful to the original. _Cf._ another copy of the head of Parian marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, _Têtes_, pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C. bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: _B. M. Bronzes_, 269; _Gaz. Arch._, 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, _32stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views). [1351] Walter Pater, in his _Greek Studies_ (in the essay on The Age of Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the _Diskobolos_ a work of _genre_. However, the _Diskobolos_ can hardly be called a decorative statue, _i. e._, “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the _Doryphoros_ as an “academic” work. [1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence is often called the Massimi _Diskobolos_: B. B., no. 567, _cf._ 256 (head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098. [1353] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 168 f., _Mw._, pp. 341 f., lists three other copies of the head: one in Basel (_cf._ Kalkmann, Proport. des. Gesichts., _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 73-74); one at Catajo (_Mp._, fig. 68; _Mw._, fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54-55); and one in Berlin (_Mp._, fig. 69). [1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: _(Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset._ [1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1363; _Boll. d’Arte_, I, 1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; _cf._ _Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, 1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle). [1356] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 326; _Guide_, 333; von Mach, 62; Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 5. [1357] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XXIX; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. XLIV; _Marbles and Bronzes of the British Museum_, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 5; Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith). [1358] H. Stuart Jones, _Museo Capitolino Cat._, 1912, no. 50, p. 123, and Pl. 21; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 788; _Guide_, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A,

Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. Chapter V relates chiefly to the monuments of hippodrome victors, those 3. Chapter VI gives a stylistic analysis of what are conceived to be 4. CHAPTER I. 5. CHAPTER II. 6. CHAPTER III. 7. CHAPTER IV. 8. CHAPTER V. 9. CHAPTER VI. 10. CHAPTER VII. 11. CHAPTER VIII. 12. 1. Bull-grappling Scene. Wall-painting, from Knossos. Museum 13. 2. Marble Statue of a Girl Runner. Vatican Museum, Rome. After 14. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor. Glyptothek, Munich. After 15. 4. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, from Pompeii, after Polykleitos. 16. 5. Statue of _Hermes_, from Andros. National Museum, Athens. 17. 6. Statue of the _Standing Diskobolos_, after Naukydes (?). 18. 9. Statue of an Athlete, by Stephanos. Villa Albani, Rome. 19. 10. Bronze statue of the _Praying Boy_. Museum of Berlin. After 20. 11. Statue of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Glyptothek, Munich. After 21. 12. Statue of an _Apoxyomenos_. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. After 22. 13. Statue of an Athlete, after Polykleitos. Farnsworth Museum, 23. 14. Bronze Statue known as the _Idolino_. Museo Archeologico, 24. 15. Marble Head of an Athlete, after Kresilas (?). Metropolitan 25. 16. Bronze Statue of the _Seated Boxer_. Museo delle Terme, 26. 17. Statue known as the _Farnese Diadoumenos_. British Museum, 27. 18. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Delos. After Polykleitos. 28. 19. Statue known as the _Westmacott Athlete_. British Museum, 29. 20. Head of an Athlete, School of Praxiteles. Metropolitan Museum, 30. 21. Statue of _Diomedes with the Palladion_. Glyptothek, Munich. 31. 22. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, from Castel Porziano, after 32. 23. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. A bronzed Cast from 33. 24. Statue of a Kneeling Youth, from Subiaco. Museo delle Terme, 34. 25. Marble Group of Pancratiasts. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. 35. 26. Racing Chariot and Horses. From an archaic b.-f. Hydria. 36. 27. Statue of a Charioteer (?). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 37. 28. Statue of the Pancratiast Agias, from Delphi. Museum 38. 29. Statue of the _Apoxyomenos_. After Lysippos or his School. 39. 30. Statue of _Herakles_. Lansdowne House, London. After Gardner, 40. 1. So-called _Boxer Vase_, from Hagia Triada. From a Cast 41. 2. Bronze Statuette of a Victor, from Olympia. Museum of Olympia. 42. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Beneventum. Louvre, 43. 4. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Herculaneum. Museum 44. 5. Bronze Portrait-statue of a Hellenistic Prince. Museo delle 45. 6. Bronze Statuette of _Hermes-Diskobolos_, found in the Sea 46. 7. Bronze Statue of a Youth, found in the Sea off Antikythera. 47. 8. Statue of the so-called _Jason_ (_Sandal-binder_). Louvre, 48. 9. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Thera_. National Museum, 49. 10. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Orchomenos_. National Museum, 50. 11. Statue of so-called _Apollo_, from Mount Ptoion, Bœotia. 51. 12. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Melos_. National Museum, 52. 13. Statues of so-called _Apollos_, from Mount Ptoion. National 53. 14. Statue known as the _Strangford Apollo_. British Museum, 54. 15. Bronze Statuette of a Palæstra Victor, from the Akropolis. 55. 16. Bronze Statuette, from Ligourió. Museum of Berlin. After 56. 17. Statue of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 57. 18. Head of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 58. 19. Bronze Statuette of Apollo, found in the Sea off Piombino. 59. 20. Figure, from the East Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 60. 21. Two Figures, from the West Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 61. 22. Archaic Marble Head of a Youth. Jacobsen Collection, 62. 23. Head of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 63. 24. Bronze Statuette of an Athlete. Louvre, Paris. After 64. 25. Bronze Head of an Athlete, from Herculaneum. Museum of Naples. 65. 26. Marble Statue of an Athlete (?). National Museum, Athens. 66. 27. Head from Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16). Museo delle 67. 28. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Vaison, after Polykleitos. 68. 29. Head of the _Diadoumenos_, after Polykleitos. Albertinum, 69. 30. Marble Heads of two Hoplitodromoi, from Olympia. Museum of 70. 31. Head of Herakles, from Genzano. British Museum, London. After 71. 33. Head of an Athlete, from Perinthos. Albertinum, Dresden. 72. 34. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. Vatican Museum, 73. 35. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. British Museum, 74. 36. A and B. Athletic Scenes from a Bacchic Amphora in Rome. 75. 37. Athletic Scenes from a Sixth-century B. C. Panathenaic 76. 38. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 77. 39. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 78. 40. Statue of the so-called _Thorn-puller_ (the _Spinario_). 79. 41. Hoplitodromes. Scenes from a r.-f. Kylix. Museum of Berlin. 80. 42. Bronze Statuette of a Hoplitodrome (?). University Museum, 81. 43. Statue of the so-called _Borghese Warrior_. Louvre, Paris. 82. 44. Pentathletes. Scene from a Panathenaic Amphora in the 83. 45. Statue of a Boy Victor (the _Dresden Boy_). Albertinum, 84. 46. Bronze Statuette of a _Diskobolos_. Metropolitan Museum, 85. 47. Bust of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos, by Apollonios. 86. 48. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos. Vatican 87. 49. Wrestling Scenes. From Obverse of an Amphora, by Andokides. 88. 50. Wrestling and Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. University 89. 51. Bronze Statues of Wrestlers. Museum of Naples. After B. B., 90. 52. Bronze Arm of Statue of a Boxer, found in the Sea off 91. 53. Forearm with Glove. From the Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ 92. 54. Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix by Douris. British Museum, 93. 55. Boxing and Pankration Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. British 94. 56. Boxing Scene. From a b.-f. Panathenaic Panel-amphora. 95. 57. Statue of a Boxer, from Sorrento. By Koblanos of Aphrodisias. 96. 58. Statue known as _Pollux_. Louvre, Paris. After Photograph 97. 59. Pankration Scene. From a Panathenaic Amphora by Kittos. 98. 60. Bronze Statuette of a Pancratiast (?), from Autun, France. 99. 61. Bronze Head of a Boxer(?), from Olympia. A (Profile); 100. 62. Bronze Foot of a Victor Statue, from Olympia. Museum 101. 63. Charioteer Mounting a Chariot. Bas-relief from the Akropolis. 102. 64. _Apobates_ and Chariot. Relief from the North Frieze of 103. 65. Charioteer. Relief from the small Frieze of the Mausoleion, 104. 66. Bronze Statue of the Delphi _Charioteer_. Museum of Delphi. 105. 67. Horse-racer. From a Sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic 106. 68. Head from the Statue of Agias (Pl. 28). Museum of Delphi. 107. 69. Marble Head, from Olympia. Three-quarters Front View 108. 70. Profile Drawings of the Heads of the _Agias_ and the 109. 71. Head of the Statue of Herakles (Pl. 30). Lansdowne House, 110. 72. Marble Head of a Boy, found near the Akropolis, Sparta. In 111. 73. So-called Head of Herakles from Tegea, by Skopas. National 112. 74. Attic Grave-relief, found in the Bed of the Ilissos, Athens. 113. 75. Statue of the so-called _Meleager_. Vatican Museum, Rome. 114. 76. Head of the so-called _Meleager_. Villa Medici, Rome. After 115. 77. Torso of the so-called _Meleager_. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, 116. 78. Small Marble Torso of a Boy Victor, from Olympia. Museum 117. 79. Stone Statue of the Olympic Victor, Arrhachion, from 118. 80. Statues of Ra-nefer and Tepemankh, from Sakkarah. Museum 119. 1868. Revised edition, entitled Die Gipsabguesse antiker Bildwerke, 120. CHAPTER I. 121. Chapter VIII. 122. CHAPTER II. 123. CHAPTER III. 124. CHAPTER IV. 125. Chapter II, in connection with the subject of assimilation. 126. introduction of this race at Olympia. However, the absence of the 127. 1583. The right arm of the uppermost athlete seems to have been wrongly 128. CHAPTER V. 129. episode there described.[1816] But the first trace of such a contest 130. CHAPTER VI. 131. CHAPTER VII. 132. CHAPTER VIII. 133. 6. 1-7.1) stood in this neighborhood. Now the statues of the family of 134. Book V, Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house 135. 1. The twenty-eight oldest statues—exclusive of the five already 136. 2. After this space was mostly filled, the next statues, those dating 137. 3. From near the date of the battle of Aigospotamoi, down to about the 138. 4. After Alexander’s time, in consequence of the recent building of 139. 1. Chionis, of Sparta.[2443] Besides his statue by Myron and the tablet 140. 2. Kylon, of Athens.[2444] Pausanias records that a bronze statue of 141. 3. Hipposthenes, of Sparta.[2451] Pausanias records that a temple was 142. 4. Hetoimokles, son of Hipposthenes of Sparta.[2453] Pausanias mentions 143. 5. Arrhachion, of Phigalia.[2454] Pausanias records the stone statue 144. 6. Kimon, the son of Stesagoras, of Athens.[2455] Aelian mentions αἱ 145. 7. Philippos, son of Boutakides, of Kroton.[2461] The people of Egesta 146. 8. Astylos, or Astyalos, of Kroton.[2463] Besides mentioning his statue 147. 9. Euthymos, son of Astykles, of Lokroi Epizephyrioi in South 148. 10. Theagenes, son of Timosthenes, of Thasos, one of the most famous 149. 11. Ladas, of Sparta.[2475] Two fourth-century epigrams celebrate the 150. 12. Kallias, son of Didymias of Athens.[2478] Apart from his statue at 151. 13. Diagoras, son of Damagetos, of Rhodes, the most famous of Greek 152. 14. Agias, of Pharsalos.[2483] We have already, in Ch. VI, discussed 153. 15. Cheimon, of Argos.[2485] In mentioning the statue of Cheimon at 154. 16. Leon, son of Antikleidas (or Antalkidas), of Sparta.[2487] A 155. 17. Eubotas (Eubatas or Eubatos), of Kyrene.[2489] Besides his statue 156. 18. Promachos, son of Dryon, of Pellene in Achaia.[2491] Pausanias not 157. 19. An unknown victor, of Argos or (?) Tegea.[2492] Aristotle mentions 158. 20. Kyniska, daughter of Archidamos I, of Sparta.[2496] Pausanias, 159. 21. Euryleonis, a victress of Sparta.[2497] Pausanias says that she 160. 22. Archias, son of Eukles, of Hybla.[2499] An epigram in the _Greek 161. 23. [Phil]okrates, son of Antiphon, of Athens (deme of Krioa).[2501] 162. 24. An unknown victor. An inscribed base, found near the Portico of 163. 25. Phorystas, son of Thriax (or Triax), of (?) Tanagra.[2504] 164. 26. Aristophon, son of Lysinos, of Athens.[2507] Besides his statue 165. 27. Attalos, father of King Attalos I,[2509] of Pergamon.[2510] The 166. 28. Xenodamos, of Antikyra in Phokis.[2512] Pausanias mentions a bronze 167. 29. Titos Phlabios Metrobios, son of Demetrios, of Iasos, Karia.[2523] 168. 30. Sarapion, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2525] Pausanias mentions two 169. 31. Markos Aurelios Demetrios, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2527] His son, 170. 32. Unknown victor, from Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia.[2529] His 171. 33. Kranaos or Granianos, of Sikyon.[2531] Pausanias mentions a bronze 172. 34. Titos Ailios Aurelios Apollonios, of Tarsos.[2532] A statue of 173. 35. Mnasiboulos, of Elateia in Phokis.[2534] His fellow citizens 174. 36. Aurelios Toalios, of (?) Oinoanda, Lykia.[2535] The inscribed base 175. 37. Aurelios Metrodoros, of Kyzikos.[2537] The inscribed base of his 176. 38. Valerios Eklektos, of Sinope.[2539] Besides his monument at 177. 39. Klaudios Rhouphos, also called Apollonios the Pisan, son of 178. 40. Philoumenos, of Philadelphia, in Lydia.[2544] The closing verse 179. 41. Ainetos, of (?) Amyklai.[2546] Pausanias mentions the portrait 180. 42. Nikokles, of Akriai in Lakonia.[2547] Pausanias mentions a monument 181. 43. Aigistratos, son of Polykreon, of Lindos in Rhodes.[2548] A statue 182. 44. An unknown victor, of (?) Delphi.[2550] The inscribed base of his 183. 1. Epicharinos. Pausanias mentions the statue Ἐπιχαρίνου ὁπλιτοδρομεῖν 184. 2. Hermolykos, son of Euthoinos or Euthynos. Pausanias mentions the 185. 3. Isokrates, son of Theodoros, of Athens. The pseudo-Plutarch mentions 186. 192. Rodenwaldt interprets them as female: _l. c._ 187. 26. For the scholiast, see Boeckh, p. 158; and _F. H. G._, II, p. 183 188. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. 189. 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century 190. 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, 191. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; 192. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, 193. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan 194. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor. 195. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” 196. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible 197. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the 198. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer 199. 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a 200. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle). 201. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection. 202. 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were 203. 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity 204. 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand 205. 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle). 206. 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._,

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