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Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

3. Isokrates, son of Theodoros, of Athens. The pseudo-Plutarch mentions

1174 words  |  Chapter 185

a bronze statue of Isokrates, in the form of a παῖς κελητίζων, on the Athenian Akropolis.[2563] As the orator was born in 436 B. C., his youthful victory among the horse-racers must have occurred about 420 B. C. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. We have found, then, from the literary sources examined, that there are at least 44 Olympic victors, to whom a total of 47 monuments were erected outside Olympia.[2564] These monuments were of various kinds—1 inscribed tablet, 1 Pindaric ode engrossed on a temple wall, 3 temples or shrines, 37 statues (one of them apparently iconic), bronze horses (? quadriga), and 4 dedications which are not further described. Thus the bulk of these monuments, as of those at Olympia, consisted of statues. Of the 29 monuments erected to 27 victors in the pre-Christian centuries, 3 were dedicated in the seventh,[2565] 4 in the sixth, 13 (to 11 victors) in the fifth, 1 in the fifth or fourth, 6 in the fourth,[2566] 1 in the fourth or third, and 1 in the third. There is no record of such a dedication in the second and first centuries B. C. Of the 14 monuments erected to 13 victors known to belong to the post-Christian centuries, 4 (to 3 victors) belong to the first, 5 to the second, 3 to the third and 2 to the fourth; 4 others were set up to 4 victors whose dates can not be determined. Of other monuments mentioned (though not included in our figures) 3 may or may not have been erected to Olympic victors. We find that the greatest number of dedications was made in the fifth century B. C., just as we found was the case in regard to those at Olympia.[2567] Of these victors, 10 also had monuments at Olympia. The total number of Olympic victor monuments, therefore, at Olympia and elsewhere of which we have record, amounts to 302.[2568] STATISTICS OF OLYMPIC VICTOR STATUARIES. In conclusion, we shall briefly summarize the number and dates of the sculptors of Olympic victor monuments who are known to us from all sources.[2569] Pausanias names 52 such sculptors, who made 102 of the 192 monuments listed by him. Of the 42 “honor” statues erected in the Altis to 35 men, Pausanias mentions only two sculptors, Lysippos, who also appears among the victor statuaries, and Mikon of Syracuse, who does not.[2570] Pliny names 24, or nearly one-half of the athlete sculptors mentioned by Pausanias.[2571] No new name of an artist appears either on the inscribed bases found at Olympia and referred to the monuments recorded by Pausanias, or on the 63 bases discovered there, which can not be so referred. Of the 52 sculptors known to us from Pausanias and inscriptions, the dates can be assigned definitely or approximately thus: of the seventh century B. C., none; of the sixth century B. C., second half, 2; end, 2; of the end of the sixth and beginning of the fifth centuries B. C., 1; of the fifth century B. C., first half, 9; middle, 4; second half, 3; end, 2; of the fourth century B. C., first half, 11; middle, 1; second half, 2; end, 3; of the end of the fourth and beginning of the third centuries B. C., 3; of the third century B. C., first half, 1; second half, 1; end, 2; of the end of the third and beginning of the second centuries B. C., 1; of the second century B. C., first half, 2. No sculptor is named who lived certainly later than the second century B. C. In addition to these results, 1 sculptor can be assigned only roughly to the period subsequent to Alexander the Great, and the epoch of still another can not be determined. Of the 37 statues listed above as erected to Olympic victors outside Olympia—_i. e.>/i>, the major portion of the whole number of 47 monuments of various sorts set up in honor of 44 victors—the names of only four artists are known. Three of these—Myron, Pythagoras of Rhegion, and Lysippos—also worked at Olympia. The name, therefore, of only one new sculptor, Kaphisias of Bœotia, who lived in the fourth century B. C., can be added from this source, which makes the grand total of victor statuaries known to us 53. [Illustration: PLAN A THE ALTIS AT OLYMPIA IN THE GREEK PERIOD (THIRD CENTURY B. C.) Adapted from Doerpfeld ] [Illustration: PLAN B THE ALTIS AT OLYMPIA IN THE ROMAN PERIOD (SECOND CENTURY A. D.) Adapted from Doerpfeld ] FOOTNOTES: [1] _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 8-9. [2] See _infra_, p. 228 and n. 2. [3] _B. S. A._, XI, 1904-5, fig. 7 and pp. 12-14. The horse also appears on clay documents from Knossos with royal chariots and also on tombstones and fragmentary frescoes of Mycenæ; for the latter, see _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. XI. On the Libyan origin of the first horses introduced into Greece, see W. Ridgeway, _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_, 1905, p. 480. [4] See the bull depicted on a seal from Praisos, to be mentioned below: Angelo Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 218, fig. 98. The Italian Mission found at Hagia Triada the bones of a gigantic bull, and Mosso (_cf._ p. 216, n. 1) found the remains of one at Phaistos. [5] _B. S. A._, VII, 1900-1, pp. 94 f. and VIII, 1901-2, p. 74; Mosso, _op. cit._, pp. 216-218; H. R. Hall, _Anc. History of the Near East_, 1913, Pl. IV., 2; Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet, _Days in Attica_, 1914, Pl. II; Richter, _Hbk. of the Classical Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art_, 1917, p. 23, fig. 13. As Dr. Evans’ _Atlas_ has not yet appeared, the plate in the text is taken from a watercolor by Gilliéron, in the museum of Liverpool. [6] It has often been pictured and described: _e. g._, Schliemann, _Tiryns_, 1885, Pl. XIII; Schuchhardt, _Schliemann’s Excavations_, 1891, pp. 119 f. and fig. 111; Tsountas-Manatt, _The Mycenæan Age_, 1897, p. 51, fig. 12; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, p. 887, fig. 439; Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 220, fig. 100; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. LIX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 113, fig. 242; _Tiryns, Die Ergebn. d. Ausgrab. d deutsch. Instituts in Athen_, II, 1912, Pl. XVIII. [7] On analogy with the Knossos fresco this figure, because of its white skin, should be that of a woman and not of a man, as the usual color of the latter is red. However, the charioteers painted white on frescoes discovered at Tiryns in 1910, which represent a boar hunt (see Rodenwaldt, _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 198 f. and fig. 2, p. 201, restored; see also _Tiryns_, II, Pl. XII, in color) are regarded by Hall as youths and not women. He remarks that in Egypt young princes, who led the “sheltered life,” were often represented on monuments as pale, though red was the more usual color: see Hall, _op. cit._, p. 58 and n. 1; _id._, _Aegean Archæology_, 1914, p. 190 and fig. 74 on p.
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Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. Chapter V relates chiefly to the monuments of hippodrome victors, those 3. Chapter VI gives a stylistic analysis of what are conceived to be 4. CHAPTER I. 5. CHAPTER II. 6. CHAPTER III. 7. CHAPTER IV. 8. CHAPTER V. 9. CHAPTER VI. 10. CHAPTER VII. 11. CHAPTER VIII. 12. 1. Bull-grappling Scene. Wall-painting, from Knossos. Museum 13. 2. Marble Statue of a Girl Runner. Vatican Museum, Rome. After 14. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor. Glyptothek, Munich. After 15. 4. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, from Pompeii, after Polykleitos. 16. 5. Statue of _Hermes_, from Andros. National Museum, Athens. 17. 6. Statue of the _Standing Diskobolos_, after Naukydes (?). 18. 9. Statue of an Athlete, by Stephanos. Villa Albani, Rome. 19. 10. Bronze statue of the _Praying Boy_. Museum of Berlin. After 20. 11. Statue of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Glyptothek, Munich. After 21. 12. Statue of an _Apoxyomenos_. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. After 22. 13. Statue of an Athlete, after Polykleitos. Farnsworth Museum, 23. 14. Bronze Statue known as the _Idolino_. Museo Archeologico, 24. 15. Marble Head of an Athlete, after Kresilas (?). Metropolitan 25. 16. Bronze Statue of the _Seated Boxer_. Museo delle Terme, 26. 17. Statue known as the _Farnese Diadoumenos_. British Museum, 27. 18. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Delos. After Polykleitos. 28. 19. Statue known as the _Westmacott Athlete_. British Museum, 29. 20. Head of an Athlete, School of Praxiteles. Metropolitan Museum, 30. 21. Statue of _Diomedes with the Palladion_. Glyptothek, Munich. 31. 22. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, from Castel Porziano, after 32. 23. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. A bronzed Cast from 33. 24. Statue of a Kneeling Youth, from Subiaco. Museo delle Terme, 34. 25. Marble Group of Pancratiasts. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. 35. 26. Racing Chariot and Horses. From an archaic b.-f. Hydria. 36. 27. Statue of a Charioteer (?). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 37. 28. Statue of the Pancratiast Agias, from Delphi. Museum 38. 29. Statue of the _Apoxyomenos_. After Lysippos or his School. 39. 30. Statue of _Herakles_. Lansdowne House, London. After Gardner, 40. 1. So-called _Boxer Vase_, from Hagia Triada. From a Cast 41. 2. Bronze Statuette of a Victor, from Olympia. Museum of Olympia. 42. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Beneventum. Louvre, 43. 4. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Herculaneum. Museum 44. 5. Bronze Portrait-statue of a Hellenistic Prince. Museo delle 45. 6. Bronze Statuette of _Hermes-Diskobolos_, found in the Sea 46. 7. Bronze Statue of a Youth, found in the Sea off Antikythera. 47. 8. Statue of the so-called _Jason_ (_Sandal-binder_). Louvre, 48. 9. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Thera_. National Museum, 49. 10. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Orchomenos_. National Museum, 50. 11. Statue of so-called _Apollo_, from Mount Ptoion, Bœotia. 51. 12. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Melos_. National Museum, 52. 13. Statues of so-called _Apollos_, from Mount Ptoion. National 53. 14. Statue known as the _Strangford Apollo_. British Museum, 54. 15. Bronze Statuette of a Palæstra Victor, from the Akropolis. 55. 16. Bronze Statuette, from Ligourió. Museum of Berlin. After 56. 17. Statue of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 57. 18. Head of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 58. 19. Bronze Statuette of Apollo, found in the Sea off Piombino. 59. 20. Figure, from the East Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 60. 21. Two Figures, from the West Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 61. 22. Archaic Marble Head of a Youth. Jacobsen Collection, 62. 23. Head of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 63. 24. Bronze Statuette of an Athlete. Louvre, Paris. After 64. 25. Bronze Head of an Athlete, from Herculaneum. Museum of Naples. 65. 26. Marble Statue of an Athlete (?). National Museum, Athens. 66. 27. Head from Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16). Museo delle 67. 28. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Vaison, after Polykleitos. 68. 29. Head of the _Diadoumenos_, after Polykleitos. Albertinum, 69. 30. Marble Heads of two Hoplitodromoi, from Olympia. Museum of 70. 31. Head of Herakles, from Genzano. British Museum, London. After 71. 33. Head of an Athlete, from Perinthos. Albertinum, Dresden. 72. 34. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. Vatican Museum, 73. 35. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. British Museum, 74. 36. A and B. Athletic Scenes from a Bacchic Amphora in Rome. 75. 37. Athletic Scenes from a Sixth-century B. C. Panathenaic 76. 38. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 77. 39. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 78. 40. Statue of the so-called _Thorn-puller_ (the _Spinario_). 79. 41. Hoplitodromes. Scenes from a r.-f. Kylix. Museum of Berlin. 80. 42. Bronze Statuette of a Hoplitodrome (?). University Museum, 81. 43. Statue of the so-called _Borghese Warrior_. Louvre, Paris. 82. 44. Pentathletes. Scene from a Panathenaic Amphora in the 83. 45. Statue of a Boy Victor (the _Dresden Boy_). Albertinum, 84. 46. Bronze Statuette of a _Diskobolos_. Metropolitan Museum, 85. 47. Bust of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos, by Apollonios. 86. 48. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos. Vatican 87. 49. Wrestling Scenes. From Obverse of an Amphora, by Andokides. 88. 50. Wrestling and Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. University 89. 51. Bronze Statues of Wrestlers. Museum of Naples. After B. B., 90. 52. Bronze Arm of Statue of a Boxer, found in the Sea off 91. 53. Forearm with Glove. From the Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ 92. 54. Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix by Douris. British Museum, 93. 55. Boxing and Pankration Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. British 94. 56. Boxing Scene. From a b.-f. Panathenaic Panel-amphora. 95. 57. Statue of a Boxer, from Sorrento. By Koblanos of Aphrodisias. 96. 58. Statue known as _Pollux_. Louvre, Paris. After Photograph 97. 59. Pankration Scene. From a Panathenaic Amphora by Kittos. 98. 60. Bronze Statuette of a Pancratiast (?), from Autun, France. 99. 61. Bronze Head of a Boxer(?), from Olympia. A (Profile); 100. 62. Bronze Foot of a Victor Statue, from Olympia. Museum 101. 63. Charioteer Mounting a Chariot. Bas-relief from the Akropolis. 102. 64. _Apobates_ and Chariot. Relief from the North Frieze of 103. 65. Charioteer. Relief from the small Frieze of the Mausoleion, 104. 66. Bronze Statue of the Delphi _Charioteer_. Museum of Delphi. 105. 67. Horse-racer. From a Sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic 106. 68. Head from the Statue of Agias (Pl. 28). Museum of Delphi. 107. 69. Marble Head, from Olympia. Three-quarters Front View 108. 70. Profile Drawings of the Heads of the _Agias_ and the 109. 71. Head of the Statue of Herakles (Pl. 30). Lansdowne House, 110. 72. Marble Head of a Boy, found near the Akropolis, Sparta. In 111. 73. So-called Head of Herakles from Tegea, by Skopas. National 112. 74. Attic Grave-relief, found in the Bed of the Ilissos, Athens. 113. 75. Statue of the so-called _Meleager_. Vatican Museum, Rome. 114. 76. Head of the so-called _Meleager_. Villa Medici, Rome. After 115. 77. Torso of the so-called _Meleager_. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, 116. 78. Small Marble Torso of a Boy Victor, from Olympia. Museum 117. 79. Stone Statue of the Olympic Victor, Arrhachion, from 118. 80. Statues of Ra-nefer and Tepemankh, from Sakkarah. Museum 119. 1868. Revised edition, entitled Die Gipsabguesse antiker Bildwerke, 120. CHAPTER I. 121. Chapter VIII. 122. CHAPTER II. 123. CHAPTER III. 124. CHAPTER IV. 125. Chapter II, in connection with the subject of assimilation. 126. introduction of this race at Olympia. However, the absence of the 127. 1583. The right arm of the uppermost athlete seems to have been wrongly 128. CHAPTER V. 129. episode there described.[1816] But the first trace of such a contest 130. CHAPTER VI. 131. CHAPTER VII. 132. CHAPTER VIII. 133. 6. 1-7.1) stood in this neighborhood. Now the statues of the family of 134. Book V, Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house 135. 1. The twenty-eight oldest statues—exclusive of the five already 136. 2. After this space was mostly filled, the next statues, those dating 137. 3. From near the date of the battle of Aigospotamoi, down to about the 138. 4. After Alexander’s time, in consequence of the recent building of 139. 1. Chionis, of Sparta.[2443] Besides his statue by Myron and the tablet 140. 2. Kylon, of Athens.[2444] Pausanias records that a bronze statue of 141. 3. Hipposthenes, of Sparta.[2451] Pausanias records that a temple was 142. 4. Hetoimokles, son of Hipposthenes of Sparta.[2453] Pausanias mentions 143. 5. Arrhachion, of Phigalia.[2454] Pausanias records the stone statue 144. 6. Kimon, the son of Stesagoras, of Athens.[2455] Aelian mentions αἱ 145. 7. Philippos, son of Boutakides, of Kroton.[2461] The people of Egesta 146. 8. Astylos, or Astyalos, of Kroton.[2463] Besides mentioning his statue 147. 9. Euthymos, son of Astykles, of Lokroi Epizephyrioi in South 148. 10. Theagenes, son of Timosthenes, of Thasos, one of the most famous 149. 11. Ladas, of Sparta.[2475] Two fourth-century epigrams celebrate the 150. 12. Kallias, son of Didymias of Athens.[2478] Apart from his statue at 151. 13. Diagoras, son of Damagetos, of Rhodes, the most famous of Greek 152. 14. Agias, of Pharsalos.[2483] We have already, in Ch. VI, discussed 153. 15. Cheimon, of Argos.[2485] In mentioning the statue of Cheimon at 154. 16. Leon, son of Antikleidas (or Antalkidas), of Sparta.[2487] A 155. 17. Eubotas (Eubatas or Eubatos), of Kyrene.[2489] Besides his statue 156. 18. Promachos, son of Dryon, of Pellene in Achaia.[2491] Pausanias not 157. 19. An unknown victor, of Argos or (?) Tegea.[2492] Aristotle mentions 158. 20. Kyniska, daughter of Archidamos I, of Sparta.[2496] Pausanias, 159. 21. Euryleonis, a victress of Sparta.[2497] Pausanias says that she 160. 22. Archias, son of Eukles, of Hybla.[2499] An epigram in the _Greek 161. 23. [Phil]okrates, son of Antiphon, of Athens (deme of Krioa).[2501] 162. 24. An unknown victor. An inscribed base, found near the Portico of 163. 25. Phorystas, son of Thriax (or Triax), of (?) Tanagra.[2504] 164. 26. Aristophon, son of Lysinos, of Athens.[2507] Besides his statue 165. 27. Attalos, father of King Attalos I,[2509] of Pergamon.[2510] The 166. 28. Xenodamos, of Antikyra in Phokis.[2512] Pausanias mentions a bronze 167. 29. Titos Phlabios Metrobios, son of Demetrios, of Iasos, Karia.[2523] 168. 30. Sarapion, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2525] Pausanias mentions two 169. 31. Markos Aurelios Demetrios, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2527] His son, 170. 32. Unknown victor, from Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia.[2529] His 171. 33. Kranaos or Granianos, of Sikyon.[2531] Pausanias mentions a bronze 172. 34. Titos Ailios Aurelios Apollonios, of Tarsos.[2532] A statue of 173. 35. Mnasiboulos, of Elateia in Phokis.[2534] His fellow citizens 174. 36. Aurelios Toalios, of (?) Oinoanda, Lykia.[2535] The inscribed base 175. 37. Aurelios Metrodoros, of Kyzikos.[2537] The inscribed base of his 176. 38. Valerios Eklektos, of Sinope.[2539] Besides his monument at 177. 39. Klaudios Rhouphos, also called Apollonios the Pisan, son of 178. 40. Philoumenos, of Philadelphia, in Lydia.[2544] The closing verse 179. 41. Ainetos, of (?) Amyklai.[2546] Pausanias mentions the portrait 180. 42. Nikokles, of Akriai in Lakonia.[2547] Pausanias mentions a monument 181. 43. Aigistratos, son of Polykreon, of Lindos in Rhodes.[2548] A statue 182. 44. An unknown victor, of (?) Delphi.[2550] The inscribed base of his 183. 1. Epicharinos. Pausanias mentions the statue Ἐπιχαρίνου ὁπλιτοδρομεῖν 184. 2. Hermolykos, son of Euthoinos or Euthynos. Pausanias mentions the 185. 3. Isokrates, son of Theodoros, of Athens. The pseudo-Plutarch mentions 186. 192. Rodenwaldt interprets them as female: _l. c._ 187. 26. For the scholiast, see Boeckh, p. 158; and _F. H. G._, II, p. 183 188. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. 189. 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century 190. 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, 191. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; 192. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, 193. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan 194. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor. 195. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” 196. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible 197. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the 198. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer 199. 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a 200. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle). 201. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection. 202. 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were 203. 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity 204. 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand 205. 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle). 206. 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._,

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