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Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt,

1004 words  |  Chapter 190

_Proportionsschluessel_, 1849, and of C. Carus, _Die Proportionslehre der menschlichen Gestalt_, 1874. See also P. Richer, _Canon des proportions du corps humain_, 1893; E. Duhousset, Proportions artistiques et anthropométrie scientifique, _Gaz. B-A._, III, Pér. 3, 1 90, pp. 59 f.; E. Guillaume, art. Canon, _Dict. de l’Acad. des B-A._; E. Gebhard, in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 891-892; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 490 f. [594] F. W. G. Foat, _op. cit._, offers a scheme or typical design, based on wide data, which will serve as a universal basis for securing facts about any statue under examination. [595] On the influence of such canons of proportion on contemporary artists, see Balcarres, _Evolution of Italian Sculpture_, p. 128. [596] _Cf._ Vitruvius, quoted above. The scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158, speaks of πηχῶν τεσσάρων δακτύλων πέντε as the height of the statue of Diagoras at Olympia, etc. [597] Vitruvius, _de Arch._, VII, Praef., 14, lists writers who _praecepta symmetriarum conscripserunt_. See V. Mortet, _Rev. Arch._, Sér. IV, XIII, 1909, pp. 46 f, and figs. 1 and 2. In this discussion of ancient canons he shows that the chief ratio was that of the head to the height of the body; the proportion of 8 heads to the body was that adopted by da Vinci and J. Cousin: 7 to 8 is found in the figures of the Parthenon frieze; a little under 7 in the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos. [598] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 49-52. As examples, he gives the statue of Apollo from the Tiber now in the Museo delle Terme: _Mp._, pp. 50-51, figs. 8 and 9; _cf._ _R. M._, 1891, pp. 302, 377 and Pls. X-XII; the Mantuan _Apollo_: _cf._ _50stes Berliner Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61 (for replicas); etc. [599] For Polykleitos’ canon, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; _S. Q._, 953 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 249. [600] So Pliny, _op. cit._, XXXV, 128; _cf._ J. Six, _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 7 f. [601] _H. N._, XXXIV, 61; see Jex-Blake, p. XLVIII. [602] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65. [603] However, other fourth-century artists, notably Praxiteles, used impressionism in the treatment of the hair: see Bulle, pp. 444 f. [604] In XXXIV, 80, he mentions Menaichmos, who wrote on the toreutic art probably in the fourth century B. C.; in XXXIV, 83 (_cf._ XXXV, 68), he mentions Xenokrates, of the school of Lysippos, who wrote books on art; he is probably identical with an artist of the same name known to us from inscriptions from Oropos and Elateia: _I. G. B._, 135, a, b (Oropos), c (Elateia); _Arch. Eph._, 1892, 52 (Oropos); the identity is doubted by Jex-Blake, p. xx, n. 2. In XXXIV, 84 (_cf._ XXXV, 68) he speaks of Antigonos, who wrote on painting and who was employed by Attalos I of Pergamon to work on the trophies of his victory over the Gauls. For Antigonos as a writer on the criticism of art, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), Ch. I, pp. 7 f. [605] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. According to the exact words of Pliny, the _Canon_ and the _Doryphoros_ were distinct works. It is probable, however, that Pliny’s words conceal the same statue under two names, his commentary on each coming from a different source: see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 229 and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 422 and n. 2; _cf._ Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, p. 530, n. 1. [606] Cicero, _Brut._, 86, 296. On the fame of the _Doryphoros_, see _id._, _Orator_, 2. [607] _Instit. Orat._, V, 12.21. In Philon’s treatise περὶ βελοποιϊκῶν, IV, 2, we read: τὸ γὰρ εὖ παρὰ μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν ἔφη γίνεσθαι, sc. Πολύκλειτος, (“Beauty,” he said, “was produced from a small unit through a long chain of numbers”), a description which rightly characterizes the _Doryphoros_. The system given by Vitruv., III, 1, hardly agrees with Polykleitan statues and so has been connected by Kalkmann, though on insufficient grounds, with the canon of Euphranor: see _50stes Berlin Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 43 f.; _cf._ H. Stuart Jones, _op. cit._, p. 129. [608] _Guida Museo Napoli_, no. 146; Collignon, I, Pl. XII, opp. p. 488; Bulle, 47 and analysis on pp. 97-102. [609] Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 53, gives the height as 1.98-1.99 m.; Bulle, p. 97 to no. 47, as 1.99 m. [610] In Rayet, I, Text to Pl. 29; reproduced in _Études d’art antique et moderne_, 1888, pp. 399 f.; _cf._ also Collignon, I, pp. 492 f. and P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, pp. 21 f. [611] _De plac. Hipp. et Plat._, 5. [612] B. B., 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; F. W., 215; to be discussed _infra_, pp. 201-2. [613] _Orat._, XXXI, 89 f. (614 R). [614] In the present discussion we shall confine ourselves to the assimilation of mortal types to those of athletic gods and heroes, omitting the larger question of assimilation to divine types in general. A good example of the latter is afforded by P. VIII, 9.7-8. Here, in noting that the Mantineans worshipped Antinoos as a god by the erection of a temple and the celebration of mysteries and games, he says that images and paintings of the hero were in the Gymnasion there, the latter Διονύσῳ μάλιστα εἰκασμέναι. [615] Kabbadias, no. 218; _Rev. Arch._, III (1er Sér.), 1846, Pl. 53, fig. 2; Ph. Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_ (ed. Reinach), Pl. CXVIII, p. 107; B. B., 18; von Mach, 191; F. W., 1220; Reinach., _Rép._, II, i, 149, 10. [616] _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 49. [617] Kabbadias, no. 219. [618] Formerly known as the _Antinous_: M. W., II, Pl. 28, 307; Clarac, IV, Pl. 665, 1514; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367,2 (with restored arms); von Mach, no. 192; Amelung, _Vat._, II, no. 53 (pp. 132 f.) and Pl. 12; F. W., no. 1218; Baum., I, pp. 675 f. and fig. 737. [619] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1599 and Pl. IV; Clarac, IV, Pl. 664, 1539; Reinach, _Rép._, II, i, 149, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 317, fig.
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Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. Chapter V relates chiefly to the monuments of hippodrome victors, those 3. Chapter VI gives a stylistic analysis of what are conceived to be 4. CHAPTER I. 5. CHAPTER II. 6. CHAPTER III. 7. CHAPTER IV. 8. CHAPTER V. 9. CHAPTER VI. 10. CHAPTER VII. 11. CHAPTER VIII. 12. 1. Bull-grappling Scene. Wall-painting, from Knossos. Museum 13. 2. Marble Statue of a Girl Runner. Vatican Museum, Rome. After 14. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor. Glyptothek, Munich. After 15. 4. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, from Pompeii, after Polykleitos. 16. 5. Statue of _Hermes_, from Andros. National Museum, Athens. 17. 6. Statue of the _Standing Diskobolos_, after Naukydes (?). 18. 9. Statue of an Athlete, by Stephanos. Villa Albani, Rome. 19. 10. Bronze statue of the _Praying Boy_. Museum of Berlin. After 20. 11. Statue of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Glyptothek, Munich. After 21. 12. Statue of an _Apoxyomenos_. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. After 22. 13. Statue of an Athlete, after Polykleitos. Farnsworth Museum, 23. 14. Bronze Statue known as the _Idolino_. Museo Archeologico, 24. 15. Marble Head of an Athlete, after Kresilas (?). Metropolitan 25. 16. Bronze Statue of the _Seated Boxer_. Museo delle Terme, 26. 17. Statue known as the _Farnese Diadoumenos_. British Museum, 27. 18. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Delos. After Polykleitos. 28. 19. Statue known as the _Westmacott Athlete_. British Museum, 29. 20. Head of an Athlete, School of Praxiteles. Metropolitan Museum, 30. 21. Statue of _Diomedes with the Palladion_. Glyptothek, Munich. 31. 22. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, from Castel Porziano, after 32. 23. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. A bronzed Cast from 33. 24. Statue of a Kneeling Youth, from Subiaco. Museo delle Terme, 34. 25. Marble Group of Pancratiasts. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. 35. 26. Racing Chariot and Horses. From an archaic b.-f. Hydria. 36. 27. Statue of a Charioteer (?). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 37. 28. Statue of the Pancratiast Agias, from Delphi. Museum 38. 29. Statue of the _Apoxyomenos_. After Lysippos or his School. 39. 30. Statue of _Herakles_. Lansdowne House, London. After Gardner, 40. 1. So-called _Boxer Vase_, from Hagia Triada. From a Cast 41. 2. Bronze Statuette of a Victor, from Olympia. Museum of Olympia. 42. 3. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Beneventum. Louvre, 43. 4. Bronze Head of an Olympic Victor, from Herculaneum. Museum 44. 5. Bronze Portrait-statue of a Hellenistic Prince. Museo delle 45. 6. Bronze Statuette of _Hermes-Diskobolos_, found in the Sea 46. 7. Bronze Statue of a Youth, found in the Sea off Antikythera. 47. 8. Statue of the so-called _Jason_ (_Sandal-binder_). Louvre, 48. 9. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Thera_. National Museum, 49. 10. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Orchomenos_. National Museum, 50. 11. Statue of so-called _Apollo_, from Mount Ptoion, Bœotia. 51. 12. Statue of so-called _Apollo of Melos_. National Museum, 52. 13. Statues of so-called _Apollos_, from Mount Ptoion. National 53. 14. Statue known as the _Strangford Apollo_. British Museum, 54. 15. Bronze Statuette of a Palæstra Victor, from the Akropolis. 55. 16. Bronze Statuette, from Ligourió. Museum of Berlin. After 56. 17. Statue of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 57. 18. Head of an Ephebe, from the Akropolis. Akropolis Museum, 58. 19. Bronze Statuette of Apollo, found in the Sea off Piombino. 59. 20. Figure, from the East Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 60. 21. Two Figures, from the West Pediment of the Temple on Aegina. 61. 22. Archaic Marble Head of a Youth. Jacobsen Collection, 62. 23. Head of so-called _Oil-pourer_. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 63. 24. Bronze Statuette of an Athlete. Louvre, Paris. After 64. 25. Bronze Head of an Athlete, from Herculaneum. Museum of Naples. 65. 26. Marble Statue of an Athlete (?). National Museum, Athens. 66. 27. Head from Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16). Museo delle 67. 28. Statue of the _Diadoumenos_, from Vaison, after Polykleitos. 68. 29. Head of the _Diadoumenos_, after Polykleitos. Albertinum, 69. 30. Marble Heads of two Hoplitodromoi, from Olympia. Museum of 70. 31. Head of Herakles, from Genzano. British Museum, London. After 71. 33. Head of an Athlete, from Perinthos. Albertinum, Dresden. 72. 34. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. Vatican Museum, 73. 35. Statue of the _Diskobolos_, after Myron. British Museum, 74. 36. A and B. Athletic Scenes from a Bacchic Amphora in Rome. 75. 37. Athletic Scenes from a Sixth-century B. C. Panathenaic 76. 38. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 77. 39. Statue of a Runner. Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. After 78. 40. Statue of the so-called _Thorn-puller_ (the _Spinario_). 79. 41. Hoplitodromes. Scenes from a r.-f. Kylix. Museum of Berlin. 80. 42. Bronze Statuette of a Hoplitodrome (?). University Museum, 81. 43. Statue of the so-called _Borghese Warrior_. Louvre, Paris. 82. 44. Pentathletes. Scene from a Panathenaic Amphora in the 83. 45. Statue of a Boy Victor (the _Dresden Boy_). Albertinum, 84. 46. Bronze Statuette of a _Diskobolos_. Metropolitan Museum, 85. 47. Bust of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos, by Apollonios. 86. 48. Statue of the _Doryphoros_, after Polykleitos. Vatican 87. 49. Wrestling Scenes. From Obverse of an Amphora, by Andokides. 88. 50. Wrestling and Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. University 89. 51. Bronze Statues of Wrestlers. Museum of Naples. After B. B., 90. 52. Bronze Arm of Statue of a Boxer, found in the Sea off 91. 53. Forearm with Glove. From the Statue of the _Seated Boxer_ 92. 54. Boxing Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix by Douris. British Museum, 93. 55. Boxing and Pankration Scenes. From a r.-f. Kylix. British 94. 56. Boxing Scene. From a b.-f. Panathenaic Panel-amphora. 95. 57. Statue of a Boxer, from Sorrento. By Koblanos of Aphrodisias. 96. 58. Statue known as _Pollux_. Louvre, Paris. After Photograph 97. 59. Pankration Scene. From a Panathenaic Amphora by Kittos. 98. 60. Bronze Statuette of a Pancratiast (?), from Autun, France. 99. 61. Bronze Head of a Boxer(?), from Olympia. A (Profile); 100. 62. Bronze Foot of a Victor Statue, from Olympia. Museum 101. 63. Charioteer Mounting a Chariot. Bas-relief from the Akropolis. 102. 64. _Apobates_ and Chariot. Relief from the North Frieze of 103. 65. Charioteer. Relief from the small Frieze of the Mausoleion, 104. 66. Bronze Statue of the Delphi _Charioteer_. Museum of Delphi. 105. 67. Horse-racer. From a Sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic 106. 68. Head from the Statue of Agias (Pl. 28). Museum of Delphi. 107. 69. Marble Head, from Olympia. Three-quarters Front View 108. 70. Profile Drawings of the Heads of the _Agias_ and the 109. 71. Head of the Statue of Herakles (Pl. 30). Lansdowne House, 110. 72. Marble Head of a Boy, found near the Akropolis, Sparta. In 111. 73. So-called Head of Herakles from Tegea, by Skopas. National 112. 74. Attic Grave-relief, found in the Bed of the Ilissos, Athens. 113. 75. Statue of the so-called _Meleager_. Vatican Museum, Rome. 114. 76. Head of the so-called _Meleager_. Villa Medici, Rome. After 115. 77. Torso of the so-called _Meleager_. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, 116. 78. Small Marble Torso of a Boy Victor, from Olympia. Museum 117. 79. Stone Statue of the Olympic Victor, Arrhachion, from 118. 80. Statues of Ra-nefer and Tepemankh, from Sakkarah. Museum 119. 1868. Revised edition, entitled Die Gipsabguesse antiker Bildwerke, 120. CHAPTER I. 121. Chapter VIII. 122. CHAPTER II. 123. CHAPTER III. 124. CHAPTER IV. 125. Chapter II, in connection with the subject of assimilation. 126. introduction of this race at Olympia. However, the absence of the 127. 1583. The right arm of the uppermost athlete seems to have been wrongly 128. CHAPTER V. 129. episode there described.[1816] But the first trace of such a contest 130. CHAPTER VI. 131. CHAPTER VII. 132. CHAPTER VIII. 133. 6. 1-7.1) stood in this neighborhood. Now the statues of the family of 134. Book V, Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house 135. 1. The twenty-eight oldest statues—exclusive of the five already 136. 2. After this space was mostly filled, the next statues, those dating 137. 3. From near the date of the battle of Aigospotamoi, down to about the 138. 4. After Alexander’s time, in consequence of the recent building of 139. 1. Chionis, of Sparta.[2443] Besides his statue by Myron and the tablet 140. 2. Kylon, of Athens.[2444] Pausanias records that a bronze statue of 141. 3. Hipposthenes, of Sparta.[2451] Pausanias records that a temple was 142. 4. Hetoimokles, son of Hipposthenes of Sparta.[2453] Pausanias mentions 143. 5. Arrhachion, of Phigalia.[2454] Pausanias records the stone statue 144. 6. Kimon, the son of Stesagoras, of Athens.[2455] Aelian mentions αἱ 145. 7. Philippos, son of Boutakides, of Kroton.[2461] The people of Egesta 146. 8. Astylos, or Astyalos, of Kroton.[2463] Besides mentioning his statue 147. 9. Euthymos, son of Astykles, of Lokroi Epizephyrioi in South 148. 10. Theagenes, son of Timosthenes, of Thasos, one of the most famous 149. 11. Ladas, of Sparta.[2475] Two fourth-century epigrams celebrate the 150. 12. Kallias, son of Didymias of Athens.[2478] Apart from his statue at 151. 13. Diagoras, son of Damagetos, of Rhodes, the most famous of Greek 152. 14. Agias, of Pharsalos.[2483] We have already, in Ch. VI, discussed 153. 15. Cheimon, of Argos.[2485] In mentioning the statue of Cheimon at 154. 16. Leon, son of Antikleidas (or Antalkidas), of Sparta.[2487] A 155. 17. Eubotas (Eubatas or Eubatos), of Kyrene.[2489] Besides his statue 156. 18. Promachos, son of Dryon, of Pellene in Achaia.[2491] Pausanias not 157. 19. An unknown victor, of Argos or (?) Tegea.[2492] Aristotle mentions 158. 20. Kyniska, daughter of Archidamos I, of Sparta.[2496] Pausanias, 159. 21. Euryleonis, a victress of Sparta.[2497] Pausanias says that she 160. 22. Archias, son of Eukles, of Hybla.[2499] An epigram in the _Greek 161. 23. [Phil]okrates, son of Antiphon, of Athens (deme of Krioa).[2501] 162. 24. An unknown victor. An inscribed base, found near the Portico of 163. 25. Phorystas, son of Thriax (or Triax), of (?) Tanagra.[2504] 164. 26. Aristophon, son of Lysinos, of Athens.[2507] Besides his statue 165. 27. Attalos, father of King Attalos I,[2509] of Pergamon.[2510] The 166. 28. Xenodamos, of Antikyra in Phokis.[2512] Pausanias mentions a bronze 167. 29. Titos Phlabios Metrobios, son of Demetrios, of Iasos, Karia.[2523] 168. 30. Sarapion, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2525] Pausanias mentions two 169. 31. Markos Aurelios Demetrios, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2527] His son, 170. 32. Unknown victor, from Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia.[2529] His 171. 33. Kranaos or Granianos, of Sikyon.[2531] Pausanias mentions a bronze 172. 34. Titos Ailios Aurelios Apollonios, of Tarsos.[2532] A statue of 173. 35. Mnasiboulos, of Elateia in Phokis.[2534] His fellow citizens 174. 36. Aurelios Toalios, of (?) Oinoanda, Lykia.[2535] The inscribed base 175. 37. Aurelios Metrodoros, of Kyzikos.[2537] The inscribed base of his 176. 38. Valerios Eklektos, of Sinope.[2539] Besides his monument at 177. 39. Klaudios Rhouphos, also called Apollonios the Pisan, son of 178. 40. Philoumenos, of Philadelphia, in Lydia.[2544] The closing verse 179. 41. Ainetos, of (?) Amyklai.[2546] Pausanias mentions the portrait 180. 42. Nikokles, of Akriai in Lakonia.[2547] Pausanias mentions a monument 181. 43. Aigistratos, son of Polykreon, of Lindos in Rhodes.[2548] A statue 182. 44. An unknown victor, of (?) Delphi.[2550] The inscribed base of his 183. 1. Epicharinos. Pausanias mentions the statue Ἐπιχαρίνου ὁπλιτοδρομεῖν 184. 2. Hermolykos, son of Euthoinos or Euthynos. Pausanias mentions the 185. 3. Isokrates, son of Theodoros, of Athens. The pseudo-Plutarch mentions 186. 192. Rodenwaldt interprets them as female: _l. c._ 187. 26. For the scholiast, see Boeckh, p. 158; and _F. H. G._, II, p. 183 188. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. 189. 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century 190. 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, 191. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; 192. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, 193. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan 194. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor. 195. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” 196. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible 197. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the 198. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer 199. 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a 200. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle). 201. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection. 202. 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were 203. 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity 204. 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand 205. 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle). 206. 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._,

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