3. AMANITA PHALLOIDES (BROWN 7 6. GYROMITRA ESCULENTA, 546

VAR.), In woods. Uncommon. August to October. Fetid, poisonous. _Stevenson._ =Spores= spheroid or subspheroid, 10–16µ, _K._; 8µ _W.P._; sub-globose, 8–10µ _Massee_. POISONOUS. I think it a variety of A. phalloides. =A. phalloi´des Fr.= _Gr._—phallus-like. (Plate VI, figs. 2, 3, p. 6.) =Pileus= 3–4 in. broad, commonly shining white or lemon-yellow, fleshy, oval bell-shaped, then expanded, _obtuse_, covered over with a pellicle which is _viscid_ (not glutinous) in wet weather, naked, rarely sprinkled with one or two fragments of the volva, the _regular margin even_. =Stem= 3–5 in. long, ½ in. and more thick, solid downward, bulbous, hollow and attenuated upward, _rather smooth_, white. =Ring= _superior_, reflexed, slightly striate, swollen, commonly entire, white. =Volva= more or less buried in the soil, bulbous, _semifree_, bursting open in a torn manner at the apex, with a lax border. =Gills= free, ventricose, 4 lines broad, shining white. _Fries._ =Pileus= very variable in color, commonly white or yellow (A. citrina Pers.), becoming green (A. viridis Pers.), olivaceous and occasionally variegated with tiger spots; in late autumn with the disk almost black but whitish round the margin. Odor somewhat fetid, but little remarkable as compared with that of A. virosa. In woods. Frequent. August to November. A very POISONOUS and dangerous species. _Stevenson._ =Spores= 8–9µ _W.G.S._; 8–10µ _B._; 7–9µ diam. _Massee_; globose, 7.6×6µ _Peck_. =Pileus= at first ovate or subcampanulate, then expanded, slightly viscid when young and moist, smooth or rarely adorned by a few fragments of the volva, _even on the margin_, white, yellowish-brown or blackish-brown. =Lamellæ= rather broad, rounded behind, free, white. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, smooth or slightly floccose, ringed, _bulbous_, the ruptured volva either appressed loose or merely forming a narrow margin to the bulb. =Plant= 4–8 in. high. =Pileus= 2–5 in. broad. =Stem= 3–6 lines thick. This species is common and variable. It occurs everywhere in woods and assumes such different colors that the inexperienced mycologist is apt to mistake its different forms for distinct species. With us the prevailing colors of the pileus are white, yellowish-white, grayish-brown and blackish-brown. It is remarkable that the form with a greenish pileus, which seems to be common enough in Europe, does not occur here. Fries also mentions a form having a white pileus with a black disk. A somewhat similar form occurs here, in which the pileus is grayish-brown with a black disk. Some of the variously colored forms were formerly taken to be distinct species, in consequence of which several synonyms have arisen, of which A. virescens Fl. Dan., Amanita viridis Pers., and Amanita citrina Pers., are examples. A. verna Bull. is a variety having a white pileus, a rather thick annulus and an appressed volva. It sometimes occurs early in the season; hence the specific name. It also occurs late in the season and runs into the typical form so that it is not easy to keep it distinct. The flesh and the lamellæ are white, the stem is white, pallid or brownish, and the annulus is either white or brownish. The bulb is generally very broad and abrupt or depressed, though it sometimes is small and approaches an ovate form. The large bulbs are sometimes split externally in two or three places and are, therefore, two- or three-lobed. In such cases the volva is less persistent than usual and its free portion then furnishes merely an acute edge or narrow margin to the bulb. Specimens sometimes occur in which the margin of the pileus is narrowly adorned with a slight woolly hairiness, but usually it is perfectly smooth and even. By this character, taken in connection with the membranous volva and bulbous base of the stem, the species is readily distinguished. Sometimes a strong odor is emitted by it, but usually the odor is slight. Authors generally pronounce this a poisonous and very dangerous species. Its appearance is attractive, but its use as food is to be avoided. _Peck_, 33d Rep. N.Y. State Bot. Common in woods and recently cleared woodlands. Frequent over the United States. June to frost. An exceedingly _poisonous, dangerous_, seductive species, responsible for most of the deaths from toadstool eating; because in its white form it is mistaken for the common mushroom—Agaricus campester. The real fault is with the collector, who should never eat any fungus found in the woods, believing it to be the mushroom. The mushroom does not grow in the woods. Neither has it _white gills_, nor _white spores_, nor a _volva_ at the base of the stem as have Amanitæ. The caps of A. phalloides vary in color—white, oyster-color, smoky brown. The color of the commonest form is from white to a light hue of greenish yellow. The center of the cap, whatever may be the prevailing color, is usually several shades darker. In shape, the cap changes from a knob in youth, through the shapes of expansion, until it becomes fully spread, when it is umbrella-shaped, or almost flat. Some forms have a slightly raised portion or umbo in the center of the cap. The gills are white, of good width, rounded next to the stem and free from it. The stem conforms in color to the cap, but in lighter shades. White-capped varieties have white stems. The stem has a sudden broad, distinct bulb at the base. On the upper side of the bulb there is usually a margin or rim. The stem tapers more or less toward the cap, from which it is easily separable. The cup, wrapper or volva is torn or split or irregular at the upper part, and is not pressed to the stem as in some forms. Professor Peck, in his 48th Report, gives the following excellent synopsis of differences between the poisonous Amanita and edible fungi, for which it could only by great stupidity be mistaken: _Poison amanita._ =Gills= persistently white. =Stem= equal to or longer than the diameter of the cap, with a broad, distinct bulb at the base. _Common mushroom._ =Gills= pink, becoming blackish-brown. =Stem= shorter than the diameter of the cap, with no bulb at the base. From all forms of the edible Sheathed amanitopsis the Poison amanita differs in its distinctly bulbous stem, in having a collar on the stem and in the absence of striations on the margin of the cap. From the edible Reddish amanita, it is easily separated by the entire absence of any reddish hues or stains and of warts upon its cap. From the Smooth lepiota its distinct, abrupt and marginal bulb at once distinguishes it. =A. ver´na= Bull.—_vernus_, of spring. A variety of A. phalloides. POISONOUS. White. =Pileus= ovate then expanded, somewhat depressed, viscid, margin orbicular, even. =Stem= stuffed then hollow, equal, floccose, closely sheathed with the free border of the volva. =Ring= reflexed, swollen. =Gills= free. =Pileus= glabrous, even on the margin, white, viscid when moist. =Gills= white. =Stem= ringed, white, floccose, stuffed or hollow, closely sheathed at the base by the remains of the membranous volva, bulbous. =Spores= globose, 8µ broad. In woods. Spring and summer. The Vernal Amanita scarcely differs from white forms of the A. phalloides except in the more persistent and more closely sheathing remains of the wrapper at the base of the stem. It is probably only a variety of that species, as most mycologists now regard it, and it should be considered quite as dangerous. I have not found it earlier than in July, although in Europe it is said to appear in spring, as its name implies. _Peck_, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot. Common over the United States. West Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, May to November. It appeared at Mt. Gretna, Pa., on May 28, 1899. _McIlvaine._ The absence of a ring separates white forms of A. volvata and A. vaginata. The virulence of its poison is the same as that of A. phalloides. =A. magnivela´ris= Pk.—_magnus_, large; _velum_, veil. =Pileus= convex or nearly plane, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, even on the margin, white or yellowish-white. =Gills= close, free, white. =Stem= long, nearly equal, glabrous, white, furnished with a large membranous white annulus, sheathed at the base by the appressed remains of the membranous volva, the bulbous base tapering downward and radicating. =Spores= broadly elliptical, 10×6–8µ. =Pileus= 3–5 in. broad. =Stem= 5–7 in. long, 4–6 lines thick. Solitary in woods. Port Jefferson, Suffolk county. July. The species resembles Amanita verna, from which it is separated by its large persistent annulus, the elongated downwardly tapering bulb of its stem, and especially by its elliptical spores. _Peck_, 50th Rep. N.Y. State Bot. I have not seen this species. Its resemblance to A. verna is enough to place the ban upon it until it has been tested. =A. map´pa= Fr.—_mappa_, a napkin. From the volva. =Pileus= 2–3 in. broad, commonly white or becoming yellow, slightly fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse or depressed, orbicular, _dry_, margin for the most part even. =Stem= 2–3 in. long, 3–5 lines thick, stuffed then hollow, almost equal above the bulb, rather smooth, white. =Ring= superior, soft, lax, here and there torn. =Volva= regularly _circularly split_, somewhat obliterated; the globoso-bulbous base united with the stem, with an acute and distant margin; the portion covering the pileus divided into broad, irregular, somewhat separating scales. =Gills= annexed, crowded, narrow, shining, white. _Fries._ =Odor= stinking. The color is that of A. phalloides, with which A. virosa exactly agrees, more rarely straw color, lemon-yellow, becoming green. In mixed woods. Frequent. _Stevenson._ =Spores= spheroid, 7–10µ _K._; 8–9×6–8µ _B._; subglobose, 7–9µ diameter _Massee_. New York woods and fields, common, September to October, _Peck_, 22d Rep.; North Carolina, _Curtis_; New England, _Frost_; Minnesota, _Johnson_; Ohio, _Morgan_; District Columbia, _Miss Taylor_. POISONOUS. Probably but a variety of A. phalloides. =A. spre´ta= Pk.—_spreta_, hated. (Plate VI, fig. 1, p. 6.) =Pileus= subovate, then convex or expanded, smooth or adorned with a few fragments of the volva, substriate on the margin, whitish or pale-brown. =Gills= close, reaching the stem, white. =Stem= equal, smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, whitish, finely striate at the top from the decurrent lines of the lamellæ, not bulbous at the base, but the volva rather large, loose, subochreate. =Spores= elliptical, generally with a single large nucleus, 10–13×6–8µ. =Plant= 4–6 in. high. =Pileus= 3–5 in. broad. =Stem= 4–6 lines thick. Ground in open places. Sandlake and Gansevoort. August. _Peck_, 32d Rep. N.Y. State Bot. This is a dangerous species, because containing a deadly poison and resembling the most common forms of Amanitopsis, therefore likely to be mistaken for them. Specimens sent by me to Professor Peck were identified as his species. I add my own description. =Pileus= oval, broadly umbonate, date-brown toward and on umbo, soft, dry, smooth, more or less sulcate on edge. =Flesh= white, thin, except at center. =Stem= tapers rapidly above ring and at base, white-reddish-brown toward middle, narrows toward volva from which it is almost free at the base, hollow, furfuraceous above ring. =Gills= white, crowded, free. =Ring= white, thin, persistent, but at times hard to distinguish because clinging to stem. =Volva= free, fitting close, upper margin thin, lower part quite thick, making stem appear bulbous, which it is not. White forms occur. Not as virulent as A. phalloides, but like it in its POISONOUS effects. It differs from Amanitopsis in having a ring. Grows in woods and on wood-margins. Angora woods, West Philadelphia. On ground in mixed woods, open and grassy places in wood and wood-margins. August to September. _McIlvaine._ =A. recuti´ta= Fr.—having a fresh or new skin. =Pileus= convex then plane, _dry_, smooth, frequently bearing fragments of the volva, margin nearly even. =Stem= stuffed then hollow, attenuated, _silky_, volva circumscissile, becoming obliterated, margin closely pressed to stem; ring distant, white. =Gills= striate-decurrent. In pine woods. Common. No report upon quality. =A. Cæsa´rea= Scop.—king-like. (Called by the Greeks _Cibus Deorum_, food of the gods.) CAUTION. =Pileus= 3–8 in. across, hemispherical, then expanded, free from warts, distinctly striate on the margin, red or orange becoming yellow. =Gills= free, yellow. =Stem= 4–6 in. long, up to ¾ in. thick at base, slightly tapering upward, yellowish, flocculose, stuffed with white fibrils or hollow, with a conspicuous yellowish ring or veil. =Volva= white, large, distinct and membranous. =Spores= elliptical, 8–10µ _Peck_. Open woods, under pines on lawns. July to October. Reported from North Carolina, South Carolina, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio, Alabama, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York. _Peck_, Rep. 23, 32, 33, 48. This emperor of fungi is the most showy of its race. It grows to 10 in. in height. The cap reaches 8 in. in diameter and the stem over 1½ in. in thickness. In very much smaller specimens about the same proportions occur. The cap is at first ovate, then hemispherical, then expanded. It has no warts or scales upon it. The margin is distinctly striate. The flesh is white, yellow or reddish under the skin; next to the gills it is usually yellow. The stem tapers upward from the socket at its base. It is yellowish and covered with loose fibrils of darker hue. The ring is white, but frequently tinged with yellow. In taste and smell it is mild. Open woods is its favorite habitat, yet it is found growing luxuriantly under pines, maples, elms, on lawns. It is not often found, but when it is, it is solitary, or in groups or rings. In the latitude of Philadelphia it is found from July until October 1st. Further south its stay conforms to temperature, and it is more frequent. There is no doubt of its rare edibility abroad, and of its being eaten in America. A specimen believed to be it should never be eaten until carefully distinguished from A. muscaria and A. Frostiana, which have warts or scales on the cap (which sometimes are not discernible after rain), white gills, and a volva which soon breaks up into fragments or scabs. Appearing like a small form of A. muscaria, to which it was formerly referred, is A. Frostiana Pk. (Frost’s Agaric). It closely resembles small A. Cæsarea, especially in the yellow tinge of stem, ring and gills. The volva and ring (persistent in A. Cæsarea) soon disappear, but are traceable by fluffy fragments, or yellow stains. It is extremely poisonous. The differences, concisely, are these: A. Cæsarea (Orange Amanita). =Cap= smooth, though occasionally with a few fragments of the volva as patches upon it. =Gills= yellow. =Stem= yellow. =Volva= usually persistent, sometimes breaking up into soft, fluffy masses. _A. muscaria_ (Fly Amanita). Poisonous. =Cap= covered with remains of the volva as scales or wart-like patches. =Gills= white. =Stem= white or light-yellow. =Volva= not persistent, breaking up into fluffy fragments or scales. _A. Frostiana._ Poisonous. Smaller and more delicate than the two preceding. =Cap= smooth or with yellow scales or wart-like patches. =Gills= yellow or tinged on edge with yellow. =Stem= white or yellow, the ring evanescent, but always leaving a yellow mark on stem. =Volva= yellow, breaking up into yellow fluffy fragments. Far better for the amateur to let the A. Cæsarea, and anything resembling it, respectfully alone. New York, _Gansvoort_. Circle forty feet in diameter. _Peck_, 32d Rep.; Maryland. There is not a doubt that this fungus can be eaten with impunity, _Banning_; Alabama, abundant. Edible. Alabama Bull. No. 80. Rogues and Cordier, French writers, regard it as the finest and most delicate of fungi, the perfume and taste being exquisite. The writer has not had opportunity to eat A. Cæsarea. If such should occur he would go about it very cautiously. No suspicion attaches to it abroad, but evidence is accumulating in the hands of the writer (not yet convincing) that either locality may render it poisonous or that A. muscaria varies so much in appearance as to deceive even the expert into mistaking it for A. Cæsarea. It is possible that A. muscaria is, at times, in certain localities, harmless; but no such exception as this is noted in the entire fungoid realm. It is not so common that collectors should mourn its waste. It is better, far, to let it alone. ** _Volva splitting regularly all around; pileus bearing thick warts, etc._ =A. musca´ria= Linn.—_musca_, a fly. (Plate VI, fig. 4, p. 6. Plate IX.) POISONOUS. =Pileus= 4 in. and more broad, normally at first blood-red, soon orange and becoming pale, whitening when old, globose, then convex and at length flattened, covered with a _pellicle_ which is _at first thick_, and in wet weather _glutinous_, but which gradually disappears, and sprinkled with thick, angular, separating fragments of the volva; _margin_ when full-grown _slightly striate_. =Flesh= not compact, white, _yellow under the pellicle_. =Stem= as much as a span long, shining white, firm, torn into scales, at first stuffed with lax, spider-web fibrils, soon _hollow_; the _adnate base of the volva_ forms an ovate bulb, which is _marginate with concentric scales_. =Ring= very soft, torn, even, inserted at the apex of the stem, which is often dilated. =Gills= free, but reaching the stem, decurrent in the form of lines, crowded, broader in front, white, rarely becoming yellow. Var. _rega´lis_, twice as large. =Stem= stuffed, _solid when young_, as much as 1–2 in. thick, becoming light-yellow within; the volva terminates in 8–10 concentric squamoso-reflexed rows of scales. =Pileus= very glutinous, bay-brown or the color of cooked liver. =Gills= yellowish. Var. _formo´sa_, soft, fragile. =Pileus= at first _lemon-yellow_, with mealy, lax, yellowish, easily-separating warts, often naked. =Gills= often becoming yellow. A. formosa, with the warts rubbed off. Var. _umbri´na_, thinner and _more slender_. =Stem= hollow, often twisted, bulb narrowed. =Pileus= at first _umber_, then livid, with the exception of the disk, which is dingy-brown. =Gills= at length remote. _Stev._ [Illustration: Photographed by Dr. J.R. Weist. PLATE IX. AMANITA MUSCARIA. ] =Pileus= at first ovate or hemispherical, then broadly convex or nearly plane, slightly viscid when young and moist, _rough with numerous_ _whitish or yellowish warts_, rarely smooth, narrowly and _slightly striate on the margin_, white, yellow or orange-red. =Gills= white. =Stem= equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed with webby fibrils or hollow, bearing a white ring above, _ovate-bulbous_ at the base, white or yellowish; the volva usually breaking up into scales and adhering to the upper part of the bulb and the base of the stem. =Spores= _elliptical_, 8–10x6–8µ. =Plant= 5–8 in. high. =Pileus= 3–6 in. broad. _Peck_, 33d Rep. N.Y. State Bot. A white variety, with the pileus thickly studded with sharp warts, occurs in Albany Rural Cemetery. July. _Peck_, 24th Rep. Var. _al´ba_ Pk. It also occurs on Long Island in two forms, the normal one and a smaller one, in which the warts of the pileus are evanescent or wanting. Not unfrequently it makes a close approach to white forms of A. pantherina, in having the upper part of the bulb uniformly margined by the remains of the definitely circumscissile volva, but this margin is more acute than in that species. _Peck_, 46th Rep. N.Y. State Bot. =Spores= spheroid-ellipsoid, 10–12x8–9µ _K._; 6x9µ, _W.G.S._; elliptical, 8–10x6–8µ _Peck_. “At Cincinnati, yellow A. muscaria are all we find.” _Lloyd._ Reported from most of the states. At Mt. Gretna I found it in great quantity, and frequently three or four tightly crowded together. Many pounds of it were sent to Professor Chittenden, Sheffield Laboratory, Yale University. Near Haddonfield, N.J., large patches annually grow under pines, gorgeous in their rich orange-red caps, usually scaly, with at times lemon-yellow in the same clusters, smooth as A. Cæsarea. It grows from July until after hard frosts. It is undoubtedly _poisonous_ to a high degree. Its juices in minute quantity, carefully and scientifically injected into the circulation of etherized cats, kill in less than a minute. A raw piece of the cap, the size of a hazel nut, affects me sensibly if taken on an empty stomach. Dizziness, nausea, exaggeration of vision and pallor result from it. The pulse quickens and is full, and a dreaded pressure affects the breathing. I have not noticed change in the pupil of the eye. Nicotine from smoking a pipe with me abates the symptoms, which entirely disappear in two hours, leaving as reminiscence a torturing, dull, skull-pervading headache. If, as is asserted on good authority, the Siberians use it as an intoxicant, they certainly suffer the accustomed penalty. It is possible that persons may, in a degree, become immune to its poison, as they do to arsenic, strychnia, opium, nicotine, or it may be that a portion of the poison is extracted by boiling. It is, however, extremely dangerous to rely upon extracting by any means the poison of the Amanita, and to eat the residue. Acetic acid or vinegar does _not_ destroy the poison; it dissolves it to an extent and extracts it, and becomes as poisonous as the plant itself. There is no means of telling how much of the poison remains in the plant after such treatment. The safe plan is to eat, only, of toadstools which do not contain any poison to extract. One redeeming virtue, alone, rests with A. muscaria—it kills flies. =A. Frost´iana= Pk.—in honor of Charles C. Frost. POISONOUS. (Plate VI, fig. 5, p. 6.) =Pileus= convex or expanded, bright-orange or yellow, warty, sometimes nearly or quite smooth, striate on the margin. =Gills= free, white or slightly tinged with yellow. =Stem= white or yellow, stuffed, bearing a slight, sometimes evanescent ring, bulbous at the base, the bulb _slightly margined_ by the volva. =Spores= _globose_, 8–10µ in diameter. =Plant= 2–3 in. high. =Pileus= 1–2 in. broad. =Stem= about 2 lines thick. June to October. This appears like a very small form of the Fly Agaric, to which, as var. minor, it was formerly referred. The only decided characters for distinguishing it are its small size and globose spores. Our plant sometimes grows in company with A. muscaria, but it seems to prefer more dense woods, especially mixed or hemlock woods. It is generally very regular and beautiful and has the stem quite often of a yellow color, and the bulb margined above with a collar-like ring. _Peck_, 33d Rep. N.Y. State Bot. West Virginia, New Jersey, North Carolina, _McIlvaine_. A. Frostiana is found well over the land. It is frequent in shady woods and seems to favor ground under the prevailing tree—oak, chestnut, pine, hemlock, whichever it may be. From the many hundreds I have seen, I think it more likely to be mistaken by the novice for A. Cæsarea than A. muscaria, because of its often yellow gills and stem. It is much smaller and thinner than either. In the states I have found it, it is darker than described, being a rich reddish-orange or scarlet. The partial veil or ring is very evanescent but often found upon the stem as a yellow, floccose remnant. The stain of the ring is always noticeable. The volva is seldom found entire. It, too, is evanescent, but, like the veil, is found yellow and fluffy, adhering to the fingers when touched. It is probable that its highly colored cap has caused it to be gathered by the careless collector of bright-capped Russulæ, and that thus R. emetica got its bad name. Examine carefully any toadstool resembling it. The Russulæ have neither ring nor volva. =A. excel´sa= Fr.—_excelsus_, tall. POISONOUS. =Pileus= 4–5 in. broad, _brownish-gray_, darker in the center, _fleshy_, soft, globose, then plane, _pellicle thin_, but viscous, and in reality separable in wet weather, then the surface is often _wrinkled-papillose_, or in a peculiar manner hollowed and pitted, sprinkled with angular, unequal, whitish-gray, easily separating warts, the remains of the friable volva; margin at first even, but when properly developed manifestly striate, even furrowed. =Flesh= soft, white throughout, unchangeable. =Stem= 4–6 in. long, 1 in. thick, at first stuffed, almost solid, but at length hollow, globose-depressed at the base, attenuated upward from the bulb, covered, sometimes as far as the ring, sometimes only on the lower part with _dense, squarrose, concentric scales_ (from the epidermis of the stem being torn), striate at the apex. =Ring= superior, large, separating-free or at length torn. =Gills= quite _free, rounded_ (not decurrent on the stem in the form of lines), very ventricose, ½ in. and more broad, shining white. The _bulb when young_ is _somewhat marginate_, but by no means separable, the margin proper, like that of A. muscaria, is marked with scales, buried in the soil, somewhat rooting, beneath the margin marked here and there with a concentric furrow. The shorter gills intermixed are more numerous than is usual among Amanitæ. There is a smaller variety, with the margin more frequently striate and the stem stuffed, then hollow. _Fries._ Solitary, in woods, chiefly under beech. _Stevenson._ =Spores= 6x9µ _W.G.S._; 8–9×5–6µ _Massee_. North Carolina, _Schweinitz_, _Curtis_; South Carolina, _Ravenel_; California, _Harkness and Moore_; Massachusetts, _Frost_, _Andrews_; Minnesota, _Johnson_; Rhode Island, _Olney_. =A. pantheri´na= De C.—spotted like a panther. Doubtful. =Pileus= commonly olivaceous-umber when young, fleshy, convex then flattened or somewhat depressed, with a _sticky pellicle_, which is at first thick and olivaceous dingy-brown, then thinned out, almost disappearing and livid, the disk only becoming brownish; _margin evidently striate_; the fragments of the volva divided into small, equal, white, regularly arranged, moderately persistent warts. =Flesh= _wholly white_, never yellow beneath the pellicle. =Stem= 3–4 in. long, ½ in. thick, at first stuffed then hollow with spider-web fibrils within, equal or attenuated upward, slightly firm and sometimes scaly downward, _greaved_ at the base by the separable _volva which has an entire and obtuse margin_. =Ring= more or less distant, adhering obliquely, white, rarely superior. =Gills= free, reaching the stem, broader in front, 3–4 lines broad, shining white. It is readily distinguished from A. muscaria, var. umbrina, by the white flesh never becoming yellow beneath the pellicle. Variable in size and color, which, however, is never red or yellow, and in the position of the ring. In woods and pastures. _Stevenson._ =Spores= 7–8×4–5µ _K._; 6–10µ _B._; 8×4µ _W.G.S._; 7.6×4.8µ _Morgan_. Not poisonous, _W.G.S._; not edible, _Roze_; poisonous, _Leuba_. North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, New York. _Peck._ =A. Ravenel´ii= B. and C.—in honor of Henry W. Ravenel. =Pileus= 4 in. across, convex, broken up into distinct areas, each of which is raised into an acute, rigid, pyramidal wart. =Stem= 3 in. high, bulbous. =Volva= thick, warty, somewhat lobed. =Ring= deflexed. South Carolina, June, _H.W. Ravenel_; a very fine species allied to A. strobiliformis, Vitt. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1859; Alabama, _Atkinson_ (Ll. Volvæ). Properties not stated. =A. russuloi´des= Pk.—resembling a Russula. =Pileus= at first ovate, then expanded or convex, rough with a few superficial warts, or entirely smooth, viscid when moist, widely striate-tuberculate on the margin, pale-yellow or straw color. =Gills= close, free, narrowed toward the stem, white. =Stem= firm, smooth, stuffed, annulate, equal or slightly tapering upward, bulbous; annulus thin, soon vanishing. =Volva= fragile, subappressed. =Spores= broadly elliptical, 10×8µ. =Plant= 2–3 in. high. =Pileus= 1.5–2 in. broad. =Stem= 3–5 lines thick. Grassy ground in open woods. Greenbush. June. This species is remarkable for the thin striate-tuberculate margin of the pileus, which causes it to resemble some species of Russula. _Peck_, 25th Rep. N.Y. State Bot. Qualities not stated. Massachusetts, _Francis_. [Illustration: Grouped by F.D. Briscoe—Studies by C. McIlvaine. PLATE VIII.] FIG. PAGE.