Toadstools, mushrooms, fungi, edible and poisonous; one thousand American fungi

2. echinatum 568

696 words | Chapter 34

CLVIII. Phallus impudicus. Half-tone 572 CLIX. Mutinus caninus 575 CLX. Geaster hygrometricus 580 CLXI. Tylostoma Myenianum 582 CLXII. Calvatia cyathiformis. Half-tone 584 Lycoperdon cyathiforme. CLXIII. Calvatia craniiformis 586 CLXIV. Calvatia elata 588 CLXV. Lycoperdon constellatum 592 CLXVI. Lycoperdon glabellum 595 CLXVII. Lycoperdon rimulatum 597 CLXVIII. Lycoperdon Wrightii, var. separans 604 CLXIX. Lycoperdon pedicellatum 600 CLXX. Lycoperdon eximium 601 CLXX_a_. Lycoperdon Curtisii 601 CLXX_b_. Lycoperdon Turneri 602 CLXXI. Lycoperdon pyriforme. Half-tone 602 CLXXII. Lycoperdon subincarnatum 604 CLXXIII. Lycoperdon pusillum 606 CLXXIV. Lycoperdon cepæsforme 606 CLXXV. Lycoperdon coloratum 607 CLXXVI. Lycoperdon acuminatum 607 CLXXVI_a_. Bovistella Ohiensis (section) 608 CLXXVII. Bovistella Ohiensis 608 CLXXVIII. Catastoma circumscissum 609 CLXXIX. Bovista minor 610 CLXXX. Scleroderma vulgare 615 CLXXXI. Polysaccum pisocarpium 618 CLXXXII. Mycenastrum spinulosum 613 PREFACE A score of years ago (1880–1885) I was living in the mountains of West Virginia. While riding on horseback through the dense forests of that great unfenced state, I saw on every side luxuriant growths of fungi, so inviting in color, cleanliness and flesh that it occurred to me they ought to be eaten. I remembered having read a short time before this inspiration seized me a very interesting article in the Popular Science Monthly for May, 1877, written by Mr. Julius A. Palmer, Jr., entitled “Toadstool Eating.” Hunting it up I studied it carefully, and soon found myself interested in a delightful study which was not without immediate reward. Up to this time I had been living, literally, on the fat of the land—bacon; but my studies enabled me to supplement this, the staple dish of the state, with a vegetable luxury that centuries ago graced the dinners of the Cæsars. So absorbing did the study become from gastronomic, culinary and scientific points of view, that I have continued it ever since, with thorough intellectual enjoyment and much gratification of appetite as my reward. I hope to interest students in the study as I am myself interested. For twenty years my little friends—the toadstools—have been my constant companions. They have interested me, delighted me, fed me, and I have found much pleasure in making the public acquainted with their habits, structure, lusciousness and food value. My researches have been confined to the species large enough to appease the appetite of a hungry naturalist if found in reasonable quantity; and my work has been devoted to segregating the edible and innocuous from the tough, undesirable and poisonous kinds. To accomplish this, because of the persistent inaccuracy of the books upon the subject, it was necessary to personally test the edible qualities of hundreds of species about which mycologists have either written nothing or have followed one another in giving erroneous information. While often wishing I had not undertaken the work because of the unpleasant results from personally testing fungi which proved to be poisonous, my reward has been generous in the discovery of many delicacies among the more than seven hundred edible varieties I have found. For ten years I have planned to publish in book form what I know about toadstools; each effort to compile my information has shown me how much more I ought to know before going into print. Even now my work is still unfinished. I am urged by my many toadstool friends (as I lovingly call those who, from all over the land, send me specimens for identification, and grow interested with me in the work), to publish what I already know upon the subject, that they, and others, may have a helpful book to guide them to a goodly portion of the edible species, and away from those that are inedible or poisonous. In this book I comply with these requests. I have selected over seven hundred of the most plentiful and best varieties for the table, from my toadstool bill of fare; and I describe and caution against several species, some of which are deadly in their effects, if eaten; others of which induce ill-effects more or less serious. One thousand species and varieties are named and described. Birds, flowers, insects, stones delight the observant. Why not toadstools? A tramp after them is absorbing, study of them interesting, and eating of them health-giving and supremely satisfying. CHARLES MCILVAINE.

Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. Introduction xv 3. 6. Gyromitra esculenta 546 4. 3. strobiliformis 19 5. 7. prolifera (section) 126 6. 4. Amanita rubescens 21 7. 3. Lentinus lepideus 230 8. 6. humile 81 9. 11. infundibuliformis 100 10. 2. multiceps, var. 94 11. 4. fusipes 116 12. 7. niveus 153 13. 4. volemus 180 14. 7. puellaris 208 15. 5. brevipes 219 16. 2. cervinus var. 245 17. 5. prunulus (section) 255 18. 4. subsquarrosa 275 19. 5. armillatus 323 20. 5. campester 332 21. 5. rhodoxanthus (section) 394 22. 4. solidipes (section) 385 23. 3. castaneus 472 24. 5. crassipes 452 25. 4. pallidus 429 26. 4. scaber areolatus 461, 27. 5. edulis 445 28. 1. Boletus indecisus 468 29. 2. Polyporus sulphureus 485 30. 7. Trametes gibbosa 31. 9. Cantharellus lutescens 218 32. 3. Clavaria pistillaris (dark var.) 524 33. 3. formosa 520 34. 2. echinatum 568 35. INTRODUCTION 36. 8. GILLS EMARGINATE, ALSO ADNATE AND HAVING DECURRENT TOOTH. 37. 15. GILLS DECURRENT; CAP UMBILICATE. 38. 5. RING FIBRILLOSE. 39. 10. VOLVA FRIABLE, DISAPPEARING. 40. 2. AMANITA PHALLOIDES (WHITE 7 5. AMANITA FROSTIANA, 16 41. 3. AMANITA PHALLOIDES (BROWN 7 6. GYROMITRA ESCULENTA, 546 42. 2. AMANITA RUBESCENS AND 21 43. 3. AMANITA STROBILIFORMIS, 19 44. 18. Plate XII, fig. 4, p. 32.) =Pileus= about 4 in. broad, 45. 2. AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA, 29 6. MYCENA PROLIFERA, 126 46. 3. AMANITOPSIS NIVALIS, 29 7. MYCENA PROLIFERA 126 47. 4. AMANITOPSIS STRANGULATA, 30 48. 2. LEPIOTA NAUCINOIDES, 45 4. AMANITA RUBESCENS, 21 49. 1. Armillaria mellea, 55 3–4. Lentinus 230 50. 2. Armillaria mellea var. 56 51. 4. TRICHOLOMA TERREUM, 71 52. 4. CLITOCYBE 108 9. CLITOCYBE ODORA, 90 53. 6. CLITOCYBE MAXIMA 99 11. CLITOCYBE 100 54. 7. CLITOCYBE NEBULARIS, 85 55. 1. CLITOCYBE MULTICEPS, 95 2. CLITOCYBE MULTICEPS, 95 56. 2. COLLYBIA PLATYPHYLLA 114 4. COLLYBIA FUSIPES, 116 57. 1. HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS (WHITE 5. HYGROPHORUS 58. 2. HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS (COLORED 6. HYGROPHORUS VIRGINEUS, 59. 3. HYGROPHORUS PRATENSIS (AFTER 7. HYGROPHORUS NIVEUS, 60. 4. HYGROPHORUS MINIATUS, 159 61. 146. Plate XXXVIII, p. 147.) =Pileus= 1–2 in. and more broad, somewhat 62. 2. LACTARIUS INDIGO, 171 4. LACTARIUS VOLEMUS, 180 63. 4. RUSSULA SORDIDA, 190 64. 3. CRATERELLUS 508 65. 1. PLUTEUS CERVINUS, 243 2. PLUTEUS CERVINUS, 245 66. 2. CLITOPILUS ABORTIVUS 256 5. CLITOPILUS PRUNULUS 255 67. 3. CLITOPILUS ABORTIVUS 258 68. 7. Stem longer than the width of the zoneless C. albogriseus 69. 7. Stem shorter than the width of the commonly C. micropus 70. 11. Stems not cespitose, hollow C. Seymourianus 71. 1. _Pileus not hygrophanous._ 72. 2. _Pileus hygrophanous._ 73. 1. Spores angulated. C. depluens 74. 2. Pileus striatulate when C. Greigensis 75. 2. Pileus not striatulate C. byssisedus 76. 2. PHOLIOTA CAPERATA, 270 4. PHOLIOTA SUBSQUARROSA, 275 77. 1. CORTINARIUS 318 4. CORTINARIUS TURMALIS, 309 78. 2. CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS, 314 5. CORTINARIUS 323 79. 3. CORTINARIUS OCHRACEUS, 319 80. 1892. In woods. September to frost. _McIlvaine._ 81. 2. AGARICUS SILVICOLA, 343 5. AGARICUS CAMPESTER 332 82. 3. AGARICUS PLACOMYCES, 345 83. 2. HYPHOLOMA PERPLEXUM, 354 4. GOMPHIDIUS RHODOXANTHUS, 394 84. 1. Stem solid or stuffed, flesh whitish, gills sublateritium 85. 2. Cap yellow or tinged with tawny, stem yellow, fasciculare 86. 2. Cap brick-red, stem ferruginous, gills green, elæodes 87. 3. Cap red or brick-red, with a yellow margin; gills perplexum 88. 4. Gills yellow, becoming gray, neither green nor epixanthum 89. 2. COPRINUS MICACEUS, 378 4. PANAEOLUS SOLIDIPES 385 90. 3. Pileus soon red-squamose B. pictus 91. 1. Tubes yellowish with reddish, or 92. 2. Stem lacunose-reticulated and 93. 4. Tubes free, or if adnate then 94. 4. Tubes adnate, not stuffed when 95. 6. Tubes free or nearly so, 96. 7. Stem spongy within, soon cavernous 97. 11. Tubes yellowish or stuffed when 98. 11. Tubes whitish, not stuffed. (p. 459.) Versipelles 99. 1. Stem dotted both above and below the 100. 13. Pileus adorned with tufts of hairs or 101. 14. Stem whitish or yellowish-white 102. 17. Pileus some other color B. collinitus 103. 22. Taste acrid or peppery B. piperatus 104. 2. BOLETUS SUBAUREUS, 414 105. 3. BOLETUS FULVUS, 465 106. 1. Tubes free, with red mouths B. auriflammeus 107. 2. Stem pallid, with a circumscribing red B. glabellus 108. 2. Stem yellow, sometimes with red stains B. 109. 6. Pileus reticulated with subcutaneous brown B. dictyocephalus 110. 8. Stem yellowish, streaked with brown B. innixus 111. 3. BOLETUS RUBROPUNCTUS, 429 112. 1. Flesh or tubes changing to blue where 2 113. 6. Tube mouths minute B. spadiceus 114. 3. BOLETUS ILLUDENS, 439 115. 1. Stem red in the depressions, tubes tinged with B. Morgani 116. 1. Stem pale-yellow, tubes not greenish B. Betula 117. 9. Pileus gray or grayish-black, stem straight B. griseus 118. 3. Tubes tinged with green or becoming green where 6 119. 8. Stem even, brownish-red B. decorus 120. 1898. _McIlvaine._ 121. 7. Pileus reddish-tawny or brown B. Sullivantii 122. 2. Margin of the pileus B. versipellis 123. 3. Stem scabrous or B. scaber 124. 4. Pileus dark-brown B. sordidus 125. 1. Stem slender, generally less than four B. 126. 3. Tubes round, white B. 127. 4. Taste mild B. 128. 4. Taste bitter B. felleus 129. 1898. The stem of some specimens spreads at the top. The pileus is often 130. 1. BOLETUS INDECISUS, 468 2–3–4. BOLETUS FELLEUS, 460 131. 1. Pileus granulated B. Murray 132. 1. FISTULINA HEPATICA, 477 2. POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS, 485 133. 2. POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR. } About natural 134. 4. POLYPORUS PERENNIS AND } 135. 7. TRAMETES GIBBOSA. } 136. 1897. =Cap= and =stem= dark brown. =Spines= darker. =Stem= swelling 137. 2. PEZIZA COCCINEA, 559 7. CRATERELLUS SINUOSUS, 510 138. 3. PEZIZA AURANTIA, 557 8. CRATERELLUS 509 139. 5. HYPOMYCES LACTIFLUORUM, 562 140. 2. CLAVARIA AUREA, 520 141. 1. CLAVARIA FUSIFORMIS, 523 3. CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS 524 142. 2. CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS 524 143. 1894. The mass was 2 in. in diameter. Separating them was taking the 144. 1. PHALLUS. Page 571. 145. 2. MUTINUS. Page 575. 146. 3. CLATHRUS. 147. 4. SIMBLUM. 148. 5. LATERNEA. 149. 1. POLYPLOCIUM. 150. 2. BATARREA. 151. 3. MYRIOSTOMA. 152. 4. GEASTER. Page 580. 153. 5. ASTRÆUS. 154. 6. MITREMYCES. 155. 7. TYLOSTOMA. Page 582. 156. 8. CALVATIA. Page 582. 157. 9. LYCOPERDON. Page 589. 158. 10. BOVISTELLA. Page 608. 159. 11. CATASTOMA. Page 609. 160. 12. BOVISTA. Page 610. 161. 13. MYCENASTRUM. Page 613. 162. 1. Having washed and cleansed them from the earth which is apt to 163. 2. MORELLES A L'ITALIENNE.—Having washed and dried, divide them across, 164. Introduction, xv

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