849. The Irish papers in the second period are by T. W. Grimshaw, _Dub.

Journ. Med. Sc._ LXI. 520, and LVII. 375; E. H. Bennett, _ibid._ LIX.; Brabazon, _Brit. Med. Journ._ 1876, I. 509). An epidemic of cerebro-spinal fever, resembling typhoid, was described for a Shropshire village in May, 1891 (Monk, _Brit. Med. Journ._ 1892, II. 278). A case which came under my notice on 19 March, 1894, in an eastern parish of London, has led me to doubt whether the half-dozen or so of deaths annually certified in London as from cerebro-spinal fever (contrasting with as many hundreds in New York), are of the slightest statistical value. A young woman, aged 16, an artificial flower maker, became ill with pains in the limbs and was taken as an out-patient to a hospital. Thereafter she became light-headed. A private practitioner (M.R.C.S.) was called in, who found her with a temperature of 103°, excited, and inclined to clutch spasmodically at his arms; her coarse black hair was full of pediculi and nits. She died next day, having had sent her by the practitioner a draught of chlorodyne on account of her extreme restlessness. An inquest was appointed, and the practitioner ordered to make a post-mortem examination. He attended the inquest and gave evidence that death was due to “congestion of the brain.” The jury were dissatisfied, and the coroner adjourned the inquest for a second examination by a skilled pathologist. After spending two hours looking for the cause of death (there was no congestion of the brain), I discovered that the base of the brain had been left in the skull intact, the hemispheres having been sliced off by a horizontal section in the plane of the saw-draught round the cranium. On raising the frontal lobes I saw green flaky lymph lying on the orbital plates and on the corresponding surfaces of the arachnoid; the same was found on the optic commissure, the surface of the pons, the medulla and over a small area of the under convexities of the lateral lobes of the cerebellum, where it amounted to little more than whitish opacity. The lymph was purely basal, solely on the arachnoid, not in the fissures or sulci. The examination having already lasted over two hours, it was found impracticable to expose the spinal cord. The facts previously found were: an extensive blood-shot state of the left conjunctiva with oedema of the upper lid (there was no obvious intra-orbital disease); round dusky-red spots on the outer sides of the thighs and on the shoulders; both lungs in a state of solid purple congestion at the bases, crepitant at the apices, the costal pleura dark red or livid; the tongue large and flabby, congested around the broad papillae; the stomach at the cardiac end, exactly corresponding to the pressure of a mass of hard undigested food, dotted with numerous small round ecchymoses under the serosa; six inches of the lower end of the jejunum, corresponding to a mass of hard impacted faeces, dotted with the same subserous ecchymoses; a narrow belt of deep congestion round the broad ends of the kidney pyramids; the mucosa of the fundus uteri haemorrhagic. There was no herpetic eruption. At the adjourned inquest the cause of death was found to be cerebro-spinal fever, and was so certified by the coroner to the Registrar-General. The practitioner who attended the deceased was unable to say whether the most distinctive of all the symptoms, the violent retraction of the occiput upon the shoulders, was present or absent. It is improbable that this was a solitary case of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis in the East End of London in the spring of 1894, (the early spring being the distinctive season of the infection). Even if it were the only case, it narrowly missed being returned as a death from “congestion of the brain,” and that, too, after post-mortem inquisition. The practitioner’s statutory fees were three guineas. There has lately been collected much evidence upon certificates of death, and upon diagnosis under the Notification Act, which makes it doubtful whether our mortality statistics are as correct in substance as they are methodical and exhaustive in form. INDEX. Aberdeen, famine of 1622, 30, relapsing fever of 1818, 175, typhus of 1838-40, 189, 192, relapsing of 1843, 204, ratio of enteric in 1864, 210, influenza of 1831, 379 _note_, smallpox in 1610, 434, measles of 1808, 651-2, putrid sore-throat in 1790, 718, dysentery near, 784, cholera in 1832, 815 Aberystruth, cholera in 1849, 845 Ackworth bill of mortality, 528 _note_ Acland, Sir H. W., cholera at Oxford in 1854, 851 _note_ Adams, Joseph, cowpox, 559, liberty for inoculators, 609 =Adynamic= fever, 182 =Ague=, etymology of, 225, 301, name of typhus in Ireland, 301 =Agues=, epidemic, joined with influenzas, 300, summary of in 16th and 17th cent., 306-14, of 1678-80, 329, in Scotland after the union, 341, of 1727-29, 341, of 1780-85, 366, table of, at Kelso Dispensary, 370, of 1826-28, 378, of 1827 in Ireland, 273, in 1846-47, 391, in a Somerset village, 393, no record of, during the influenzas of 1890-94, 397 Aikin, John, Warrington smallpox, 553 Akenside, Mark, dysentery in London 1762, 778, theory of dysentery and rheumatic fever, 782 Alderson, John, contagion of typhus, 153 Alison, William P., no enteric cases in 1827, 187 Althaus, Julius, nervous sequelae of influenza, 397 _note_ Amyand, sergeant-surgeon, inoculations by, 469-70 Andrew, John, formal inoculation, 497 Anstruther, enteric fever 1835-39, 199 Arbuthnot, John, malignant fever in London, 67, pestilent air of cities, 84, influenza of 1733, 347, theory of influenza, 402-5 Armagh, smallpox burials at in 1818, 572, cholera in a hamlet near, 818 Arnot, Hugh, inoculation a complete remedy, 516 Arrott, James, fever at Dundee, 192-3 Astruc, Jean, history of whooping-cough, 666 =Asylums=, cholera in, 809, 831, dysentery in, 787, 791 Aubrey, T., miasmata of Guinea Coast the cause of dengue, 424 Aylesbury, gaol typhus, 153 Aynho, statistics of smallpox in 1723, 520 Ayr, dysentery, 787, cholera of 1832, 814 Ayrshire, cholera at iron-works, 837 Baillou, G. de, first to mention whooping-cough, 666 Baker, Sir George, history of cinchona bark, 320 _note_, merits of Talbor, 322, epidemic agues of 1780-85, 366-7, failure of bark in ditto, 368, merits of Jurin, 479, Sutton’s inoculation, 498, cowpox, 558, dysentery of 1762, 778 Ballard, Edward, occupation of mothers as a cause of infantile diarrhoea, 766 _note_, “healthy” infants have due share of same, 768, slight fatality of diarrhoea in adults, 769 Banff, inoculation not general, 510 Bangor, enteric fever in 1882, 220 Barbone, Nicholas, builder in London after the Fire, 86 Barcelona, sickness at among the troops in 1705, 106 Bard, Samuel, throat-disease in New York, 690 =Bark, cinchona=, use and abuse of in fevers, 318-25, failure of in epidemic agues, 368 Barker, John, of Sarum, epidemic typhus of 1741, 79, 80, 83; Sydenham as phlebotomist, 450 Barker, John, of Coleshill, type of fever in 1794, 157, agues in 1781, 367, influenzas of 1788 and fol. years, 370, smallpox a bugbear, 517 Bartholin, Thomas, transplantation of disease, 474 Bateman, Thomas, decline of fever 1804-16, 163, epidemic fever of 1816-19, 168, cause of differences of type, 169, ratio of relapsing cases, 172, fatal smallpox in Shoe Lane, 547, 568, measles of 1807, 650, dysentery rare, 785 Bath, rumour of plague &c. in 1675, 34, 458, influenza of 1782, 364 _note_, of 1788, 372, of 1803, 375, smallpox of 1837, 604, age-incidence of same, 624 Beddoes, Thomas, influenza of 1803, 375 Belfast, mortality in military hospital 1689-90, 234, fatality of fever and dysentery 1846, 294, recent enteric fever, 299, cholera in 1832, 818, in 1849, 839, in 1853-4, 856 Bent, Thomas, crystalline smallpox at Derby in 1818, 577 Berkeley, Bishop, queries on Irish economics, 239, dysentery and fever at Cloyne, &c. 1740-41, 241-2, tar water in smallpox, 546 Berkeley, relapsing fever in 1794-5, 156 Berkhamstead, general inoculation at, 509 Bernoulli, saving of life by inoculation, 629 =Bilge-water= a cause of ship-fever, 105, 106 _note_ Bideford, incidence of influenza in 1803, 376, cholera in 1854, 851 _note_ Bilston, cholera in 1832, 824, in 1849, 845 Birmingham, scarlatina in 1778, 710 Black, William, safety of inoculation, 608 =Black Assizes= at Taunton in 1730, 92, alleged at Launceston in 1742, 93, at the Old Bailey in 1750, 93, at Dublin in 1776, 98 “=Black Death=,” Irish name of cerebro-spinal fever, 863 =Black Fever=, Irish name of relapsing fever, 289 Blackmore, Sir Richard, hysteric or little fever, 68, against inoculation, 479 Blagden, Charles, materies of influenza, 406 Blakiston, Peyton, influenza of 1837, 387 Blandford, effects of inoculation on smallpox at, 513 =Bloodletting= in fevers, Sydenham’s practice in, 3, attack on in 1741, 83, in ship-fevers, 104, from the jugular by Freind, 107, of doubtful use in low fever, 122, revival of in 1817, 170, 172, in relapsing fever, 174, 175 _note_, 176, unsuitable in the fevers of 1830-40, 189, unsuitable in the relapsing fever of 1842, 203, in case of Charles II., 325, in influenza of 1743, 350, failure of in influenza of 1833, 381, Whitmore opposed to in influenza of 1658, 381 _note_, history of in smallpox, 445-50, in whooping-cough, 667, 668, injurious in epidemic angina, 701, in the cholera of 1832, 833 Boate, Gerard, fluxes and fevers of Ireland, 226 Boerhaave, Hermann, antidotes to smallpox, 494 Bolton, dysentery in 1832, 789 Boringdon, Lord, Vaccination Bills in 1813 and 1814, 609 Borlase, Edmund, dysentery of Ireland, 228 Boston, U. S., inoculation, 483, 485, smallpox epidemic of 1721, 485, tar-water in smallpox, 546, adult cases in the smallpox of 1721 and 1752, 626, throat-distemper of 1735-6, 688 Boston, Eng., agues in 1780, 367, 368, statistics of smallpox 18th cent., 525, 540, 557 Boufflers, Madame de, smallpox after inoculation, 495, 500 =Bowel-hive=, meaning of, 758 _note_ Boyle, Robert, influenza not due to the weather, 399, hypothesis of subterraneous miasmata, 400-2, 408, agues rare in Scotland, 341 Boylston, Zabdiel, inoculations at Boston, 483, 485 Brest, malignant typhus in 1757, 113 Bridgenorth, epidemic agues in 1784, 368 Bright, Richard, enteric fever in London in 1825-6, 186 Bristol, fever in 1696 46, types of the fever of 1817-19, 173, fever-cases in general wards, 179, type of fever in 1834, 201, cholera of 1832, 828, of 1849, 846 _note_ Bromfeild, William, against Sutton’s inoculations, 499, abandons inoculation, 515 Bromley, malignant sore-throat in 1746, 696 Brown, Andrew, fevers of the seven ill years in Scotland, 48 Browne, Sir Thomas, urn-burial and Norwich churchyards, 38 Brownrigg, William, nature of Leyden fever of 1669, 19 _note_, contagion of fever in ships of war, 114 Buchanan, Andrew, state of the poor in Glasgow 1830, 598, Edinburgh New Town epidemic of 1828, 788 _note_ Buchanan, Sir G., desires definition of “influenza proper,” 397 _note_ Buckie, cholera of 1832, 815 Budd, William, epidemic fever of 1839 at North Tawton, 196 =Burial= in relation to plague, 36-39 Burke, Edmund, dearth of 1795, 158 _note_ Burns, Robert, distress and fever of 1783, 154 _note_ Bury St Edmunds, smallpox in 1824, 593 Butter, William, infantile remittent fever, 7 =Buying the smallpox=, in Wales, 471, in Africa, 473, in Poland, 473 Caithness, inoculation in, 510, 542 Calabria, earthquakes and disease, 413, 419 Cambridge, plague of 1666, 34 _note_, gaol fever, 96, false rumour of smallpox, 458, inoculations near, 592 Cameron, James, scarlatina from milk, 734 _note_ Campbell, David, typhus in cotton-mills, 151, few children die of typhus, 152 Canterbury, smallpox in 1824, 581, inoculations, 584 Cardiff, diphtheria, 742, cholera of 1849, 845, 847 Carleton, William, tales of Irish famines, 254 _note_ Carlisle, typhus in 1781, 147, smallpox of infants, 538, rate of fatality, 555, measles, 646, scarlatina, 712, 723, cholera of 1832, 829 Carnbroe, winter cholera in a mining township, 837 Carrick, Dr, fevers of Bristol, 201 Carter, H. W., smallpox and inoculation at Canterbury 1824, 581, 584 Castlebar, gaol-fever in 1847, 292 =Cats=, throat-distemper of in 1798, 719 Ceely, Robert, cowpox near Aylesbury, 561 and _note_ =Cellar dwellings= make typhus in Liverpool, 141, in Manchester, 149, in Whitehaven, 151 =Cerebro-spinal fever=, question of diagnosis of in Irish epidemic of 1771, 247, at Cork and Dublin in 1864, 297, two recent periods of, 863, statistics of valueless, 863, instance of its being overlooked after autopsy and inquest, 863 Chalmers, Thomas, state of Glasgow in 1819, 599 Chambers, W. F., enteric fever in London 1826, 185 Chandler, John, throat-distemper of 1739, 692 Charles II., patronizes Talbor, 319, 322, his ague treated by bark, 323, his fatal illness, 324, visits his mistress after smallpox, 454 Charleston, inoculation at in 1738, 486, 490, fatal measles, 645 Chelmsford, Sutton’s trial at, 499, 608 Cheshire, epidemic agues, 313, 368 Chester, public health in plague-times and after, 40-42, typhus among military prisoners in 1716, 60, 96, typhus endemic in suburbs, 143, smallpox in 1634, 436, inoculation, 508, 511, 516, smallpox in 1774, 537, 544 _note_, compared with Warrington, 551-555, cholera in 1866, 857 Cheyne, George, on fevers in 1701, 52 Chichester, mild smallpox in 17th cent., 455, smallpox in 1821, 581, inoculation and vaccination in 1821-22, 591 =Children=, nervous fever of in 1661, 5-8, epidemics among after the Great Plague, 18, typhus in, 152, 276, 571-2, smallpox of in 17th century, 434, 436, alleged mildness of same, 441-2 =Cholera, Asiatic=, Anglo-Indian writings on before 1831, 793, preparations for, 794, diagnosis of from cholera nostras in 1831, 795-6, first case of in England, 797, the Sunderland epidemic, 797-802, extension to the Tyne, 802-5, to Scotland, 805, the Glasgow epidemic in 1832, 808, the Edinburgh epidemic, 812, table of the epidemic in Scotland, 813, among the fishing population, 814, the 1832 epidemic in Ireland, 816, table of same, 819, the outbreak in London, 820, table of 1832 epidemic in England, 821, exempted towns, 823, Bilston, 824, in Liverpool shipping, 826, at Manchester, 826, exemption of cotton mills, 827, microbic hypothesis in 1832, 827 _note_, chief season of, 830, season of in Paris, 831 _note_, localities of, 830, susceptible persons, 831, question of contagion, 831, means of transmission, 832, sanitary lessons, 833, revivals of in 1833-34 and 1837, 834 Second epidemic 1848-9: Outbreak at Edinburgh, 835, at Springburn, Glasgow, 836, great mortality at Glasgow in mid winter, 837, in mining townships, 837, summer epidemic in Dundee, 838, in Ireland, 839, great outbreak delayed in London till July 1849, 841, chief London localities of, 841, many deaths from collapse at outset, 842, mixed with much cholera nostras, 842, prevalence in institutions, 841, 843, table for England, 843, in Merthyr Tydvil, 845, in Hull, 845, in Airedale, 846, exempted places, 846, influence of locality, 847, law of altitude, 847, carried in surface water, 848 Third epidemic 1853-4: Outbreak at Newcastle and Gateshead, 849, Commissioners’ report on, 849, suspected water-supply, 850, the epidemic partial in England in 1854, 851, table of same and of 1866 epidemic, 852, supposed connexion with water in South London, 853, and in Soho, 854, the epidemic in Scotland, 855, in Ireland, 856 Fourth epidemic: Outbreak at Southampton in 1865, 856, Liverpool &c. in 1866, 857, chiefly in the East End of London, 857, table of four epidemics in the parishes of London, 858, main drainage incomplete at East End in 1866, 859, slight Scotch epidemic in 1866, 859, no subsequent epidemic, 859 In India before 1817, 860, causes of endemicity since 1817, 861 =Cholera infantum=, _see_ Diarrhoea. =Cholera nostras=, fatal to adults chiefly in old age, 769, historical references to, 770, distinction of from bilious colic, 771 _note_, Willis’s symptoms of, 772, in and near Leeds in 1825, 773, diagnosis from Asiatic in 1831, 795-6 Christison, Sir Robert, relapsing fever of 1819, 174, 177, fever cases in general wards, 179, relapsing fever of 1827-29, 182, heat of 1826, 185, rarity of enteric fever in Edinburgh, 187, relapsing fever of 1842, 203, agues at Kelso dispensary 18th cent., 370, ague in 1827, 378, dysentery in and near Edinburgh, 787, 791 Christleton, village smallpox, 556 Churchill, Fleetwood, influenza in Dublin 1847, 389 Circassia, procuring of smallpox in, 472, Voltaire’s legend of, 473 _note_ Clanny, W. R., Sunderland cholera, 798, 801 _note_ Clark, John, ship fever, 117, Newcastle typhus, 142, influenza of 1782, 364, agues, 369, inoculation of infants, 507, scarlet fever of 1778, 713, dysentery, 784 Clarke, James, typhus at Nottingham in 1807, 165, ague in 1808, 378 _note_, gangrene in measles, 706 Clayton, Mr, describes cowpox in the cow, 560 Cleghorn, George, influenza in Minorca, 352, mild and severe smallpox, 547 Clemow, F., origin of influenza in 1889, 393 _note_ Cleveland, miliary fever or scarlatina in 1760, 127, 703 Clifton, _see_ Bristol Clouston, T. S., dysentery in asylum, 791 Clowes, William, calls _variola_ measles, 633 Cloyne, dysentery in 1741, 241 Clutterbuck, Henry, excremental effluvia in houses, 87 _note_, 170 Cobbett, William, the potato in Ireland, 285 Cockburn, William, on “little fever,” 68, sickness in navy, 103 Cockermouth, typhus, 114, cholera, 846 =Coffins=, at Tewkesbury to prevent plague, 36, supersede cerecloths, 37, advantages of, 38, burials without in a Scots parish, 51, and in cholera, 814 _note_, 818 Coke family, typhus in, 31, 53, smallpox in, 435 Colden, Cadwallader, throat-distemper in New York, 689 Coleridge, S. T., merits of inoculation and vaccination as poetic subjects, 588 _note_ =Colic, bilious=, distinguished from cholera nostras, 771 _note_ Collieston, cholera of 1832, 815, 833 _note_ =Comatose fever=, 5, 20, 75 Connemara, famine and fever of 1821-22, 268 Constantinople, inoculation at 463-467, 475 Copenhagen, adult smallpox in 1833, 612 Cork, types and causes of fever 18th cent., 234-6, state of workhouse in 1846, 286, fever of 1864, 297, cholera of 1832, 816, of 1849, 839 Cormack, John Rose, relapsing fever, 204 =Cotton mills=, typhus in, 152, effects of on married women, 767, adverse to cholera, 827 =Country disease=, name of dysentery in Ireland, 226-7 Coventry, infantile diarrhoea, 765 and _note_ Covey, John, formal inoculation, 505 Cowan, Robert, Glasgow typhus, 191, little smallpox among Irish adults, 601 =Cowpox=, matter from used to inoculate with, 558, Jenner’s advocacy of, 558, its properties used by Adams to illustrate phagedaena, 559, accounts of by Jenner, Pearson and Clayton, 560, circumstances of its origin in a cow, 561, case of in a milkmaid, 562, obsolete opinions concerning, 562, called by Jenner “smallpox of the cow,” 563, attempts to manufacture it out of smallpox, 564, _see_ also Vaccination Cox, Daniel, fever of 1741, 83 _note_ Craigie, David, Edinburgh enteric fever, 187, cholera at Newburn 1832, 804, at Edinburgh, 812, history of cholera, 860 _note_ Cromarty, cholera of 1832, 814 Cromwell, Oliver, dies of epidemic ague, 303 Crook, John, sells bark in 1658, 320 Crookshank, Edgar, describes cowpox, 561 _note_, witnesses contamination of milk, 735 Cross, John Green, Norwich smallpox, 578, inoculation in 1819, 591 =Croup=, name for diphtheria in Bucks 1793, 716, in Glasgow in 1819, 738 _note_ Croydon, scarlatina from blood &c., 735, increase of diphtheria, 742 =Cucumbers=, theory of in fever of 1624, 32 Cupar Fife, crystalline smallpox, 575 Cullen, William, definitions of scarlatina and cynanche, 737, rickets congenital, 767 Currie, James, typhus in Liverpool, 141, inoculation, 508, 511, cold affusions in scarlatina, 723 Darlington, enteric fever and water-supply, 221, cholera nostras 18th cent., 772 Darwin, Charles, quantity of seminal particles, 608 _note_ Deal, supposed typhoid in 1806, 165 =Dearths= in England, 78, 125-6, 132, 159, in Scotland, 30, 50, 82, 154, 599 Deering, Charles, Nottingham smallpox in 1736, 522, mild smallpox, 845 Defoe, Daniel, the Plague and the Fire of London, 42 =Dengue=, an analogy for influenza, 424 Denman, Thomas, diphtheria of infants, 714 =Depuratory fevers=, 21 Dewar, Henry, smallpox of 1817, 575 =Diarrhoea, infantile=, called “griping in the guts” 17th cent., 747, Harris on mortality from in London 17th cent., 749, London statistics of in 17th and 18th cent., 750-755, less of in provincial cities, 757, first described by Rush, 758, modern statistics of, 758-762, has declined in London since 18th cent., 763, modern prevalence in provincial towns, 765, in infants of workwomen, 766, a congenital risk, 767-8 Dillon, Dr, gaol-fever at Castlebar, 292 Dimsdale, Baron, re-inoculation, 505, opposes infant inoculations, 507, general inoculations, 509 Dingle, escapes famine of 1817, 262, cholera of 1849, 840 =Diphtheria=, identified in 18th cent., 679, 691 _note_, 702, 737 _note_, called croup in 1793, 716, reappears in 1856, 736, details of the epidemic of 1858-9, 739, incidence of on town and country, 741, on London, 742, on age and sex, 743, favouring conditions of, 744 =Dispensaries= in London, 16, 135 Dixon, Joshua, Whitehaven fevers, 152, 571 Dobson, Dr, Liverpool smallpox 1772-4, 537 =Dogs= attacked by influenza, 354, 361, 371 _note_, 372, 398 Donoughmore, fever in 1836, 277 Dorset, epidemic agues in 1780, 369 Douglas, James, post-mortem on case of fever, 55 Douglass, William, smallpox and inoculation at Boston 1721, 486, danger of inoculated smallpox, 607, throat-distemper of New England 1735-6, 686-9 Dover, Thomas, fever at Bristol 1696, 46, agues in Glo’stershire, 74, treated for smallpox by Sydenham, 446 _note_, his success in smallpox in 1720, 449, mildness of measles, 641 _note_ Drage, William, epidemic agues of 1658, 315, transplantation of agues, 474 _note_, incubation of measles, 655 _note_ Drogheda, dysentery at siege of, in 1649, 227, cholera in 1832, 88, in 1849, 839 =Drunkenness= in London 18th cent., 84 Dublin, Black Assizes of 1776, 98, question of enteric fever in 1826, 187, typhus in 1682, 228, nervous fever in 1734, 239, relapsing fever in 1738-9, 240, dysentery and fever 1740-41, 241-2, relapsing fever in 1746-8, 245, putrid fevers in 1754-62, 245-6, fevers of 1799-1802, 249-50, dysentery and relapsing fever 1825-26, 271, intermittent fever in 1827, 273, typhus in 1837, 277, fever of 1864-5, 297, recent enteric fever, 299, influenza of 1688, 336, of 1693, 337, horse-colds, 345, 354, malignant smallpox, 549, mild and severe scarlatina, 722, 724, cholera of 1832, 816, of 1849, 839 Dundalk, camp sickness, 230 Dundee, typhus of 1836, 192-3, relapsing and typhus in 1842, 204, hospital cases of typhus, 210, dysentery, 789, cholera of 1832, 814, of 1849, 838, of 1853, 855, of 1866, 859 =Dunkirk rant=, 340 Dunse, smallpox in 1733, 527, inoculation revived, 590 Duvillard, M., on saving of life by vaccination, 629 =Dysentery=, four degrees of epidemic prevalence, 774, severe during plague in London, 774, names of in bills of mortality, 775, London epidemics of 1669-72, 776, in Scotland 1731-37, 777, in London in 1762, 778, symptoms of in Newcastle in 1758-9, 780-1, Akenside’s theory of its pathology, 782, epidemic period of 1779-85, 783, in a Scots fishing village in 1789, 784, epidemic period 1800-2, 785, in Glasgow in 1827-29, 786, in Edinburgh 1828, 787, in Wakefield Asylum, 787, occasions of in 1827-29, 787, in Scotland in 1836, 789, at Taunton workhouse in 1837, 790, at Penzance in 1848, 790-1, during the cholera of 1849, 791, 842, relation of to typhus fever, 792 Earlsoham, malignant fever in a farmhouse, 161 =East Indiamen=, fevers in, 117 Edinburgh, mortality bills of 1740-41, 82, 523, fevers of 1699, 49, worm fever in 1731-32, 75, relapsing fever in 1735, 76, state of the poor in 1818, 174, types of fever 1817-19, 174-5, fever cases in general wards of Infirmary, 179, relapsing fever of 1827-29, 182, little enteric fever, 187, 199-200, 202, typhus of 1836-39, 192, relapsing fever of 1843-44, 204, Irish fever of 1846-48, 208, typhus and enteric of 1864, 210, relapsing of 1870, 211 _note_, influenza of 1733, 346, of 1743, 351, of 1758, 353, of 1775, 361, smallpox in 18th cent., 523, in 1817, 575, in 1830-31, 600, measles in 1735, 642, in 1740-41, 643, in 1808, 651-2, whooping-cough in 1740-41, 670, scarlatina in 1684, 681, in 1733, 684, Cullen’s experiences of the same, 737, in 1804-5, 721, in 1832-33, 725, dysentery in 1734, 777, in 1828, 787, the “New-Town Epidemic” of 1828, 788, cholera of 1832, 807, 812, of 1848, 835, of 1853-4, 855 Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice, opposes Vaccination Bill, 609 Ellenborough, second Earl of, brings in Vaccination Bill, 606 Elliotson, John, agues in 1826-28, 378 Elyot, Sir Thomas, infantile maladies of 16th cent., 666 Ennis, chief months of fever 1846-48, 288 =Enteric Fever=, epidemic of 1661 identified as, 8 _note_, “little fever” identified as, 70, probable cases of in 1804-10, 165, in London in 1826, 183-6, alleged at North Tawton in 1839, 196 _note_, at Anstruther in 1835-39, 199, at Edinburgh, 199-200, Lombard on proportion of in Britain, 201, prevalence of since 1869, 211, favouring conditions of, 217, highest English death-rates, 218, explosions of, 220, age-incidence fatality and predisposition to, 222-3, Edinburgh New Town epidemic of 1828, 788 _note_ =Epidemic Constitutions= copied by Sydenham from Hippocrates, 10 Evelyn, John, the winter of 1653-4, 23, Norwich graveyards, 38, bark prescribed for Charles II., 323, last illness of Charles II., 324, “new fever” of 1678, 330, attack of ague, 331 _note_, treated in smallpox, 445 Exeter, influenza of 1729, 345, of 1775, 360, of 1837, 386, smallpox of 1837, 604, measles in 1824, 662, cholera of 1832, 829, cholera and water-supply, 854 Faröe Islands, strangers’ cold, 432 Farr, William, endorses Watt’s doctrine of displacement, 658, cholera and elevation of ground, 847, cholera and Newcastle drinking-water, 850 =Febricula= or “little fever” of 1720-30, 67-70 Feckenheim, camp sickness, 108 Ferguson, Dr, of Aberdeen, measles in 1808, 651-2 Ferguson, Robert, favours inoculation in 1825, 592 Ferriar, John, typhus severe in migrants to towns, 101, fevers in Manchester, 149, need for fever-hospitals, 158, troubles of a young couple, 552 Ferryden, cholera in 1833, 815, 834 =Fever Hospitals=, committee on in 1818, 178 =Fire of London=, alleged effect on plague, 42 Fletcher, Andrew, state of Scotland end of 17th cent., 49 “=Flox and Smallpox=,” meaning of, 436 _note_ Forbes, Sir John, inoculation in Sussex, 591 Fordyce, John, miliary fever, 130 Fordyce, Sir William, malignant sore-throat in 1773, 707, prevalence of rickets, 756 Foster, Sir Michael, Old Bailey Black Assizes, 93 Foster, Sir Walter, on cerebro-spinal fever diagnosed as typhoid, 863 Fothergill, Anthony, influenza of 1775, 359, in horses, 361 Fothergill, John, fevers of 1751-55, 122, collective inquiry on influenza of 1782, 360, smallpox of 1751, 453, 529, objections to the Parish Clerks’ bills, 530, 638 _note_, epidemic sore-throat 1746-48, 696, 737 Fothergill, Samuel, scarlatina in 1814, 723 Fowler, Thomas, arsenic in ague, 368 Freind, John, Sydenham’s varieties of fever, 27 _note_, petition to Commons on drink, 84, sickness of Peterborough’s expedition 1705, 106, adverse to inoculation, 478 Frewen, Thomas, methods of inoculation, 492, Boerhaave’s antidotes, 494 _note_ Fuller, Thomas, inoculation, 489 _note_ Gaddesden, John of, uses “mesles” for _morbilli_, 632 Gairloch, fevers in 18th cent., 155 Galway, plague of 1649, 227, fever of 1741, 243, fever of 1821-22, 269, gaol fever in 1848, 291, cholera of 1832, 816, of 1849, 839 =Gaol Fever=, 90-95, Howard’s discoveries of, 95-97, Lettsom’s cases, 97, infection of in ships, 114, in 1783-55, 153, Neild’s inquiries, 628 Gaskell, Mrs, the fever episode in ‘Jane Eyre,’ 181 _note_, distress of the working class in Manchester in 1839-41, 197 Gateshead, fever in 1790, 142, cholera in 1832, 803, cholera in 1853, 849 Gatti, Angelo, method and results of inoculation, 495-7 Gaulter, Henry, Manchester cholera of 1832, 826 Geach, Francis, influenza and astrology, 405, dysentery of, 1781, 783 Geary, W. J., the Limerick poor in 1836, 275, age-incidence of typhus, 276 Geneva, vital statistics of, 443 _note_, 623 George I. sanctions inoculation, 468-9 George Ham, epidemic pneumonia (?) in 1747, 355 Germany, names of influenza in 1712, 339, apparent extinction of smallpox, 612, re-vaccination, 612 Gibraltar, ship fever at, 115, influenza of 1837, 388 Gilchrist, Ebenezer, nervous fever of 1735, 75, inoculations at Dumfries, 509 Gladstone, rt. hon. W. E., on dearth of 1767, 132 _note_ Glasgow, fever statistics from 1795, 164, fever of 1816-19, 175, fever of 1827-28, 181, spotted typhus after 1835, 189, 193, public health 1831-39, 191, fatality of typhus in adults, 193, fevers of 1842-44, 204, fevers of 1847-48, 208, influenza of 1831, 379, smallpox in end of 18th cent., 539, 557, decline of smallpox 1801-12, 569, statistics of vaccination 1801-18, 582, revival of smallpox 2nd quarter 19th cent., 597-601, immunity from same of Irish in, 602, age-incidence of smallpox compared with same at Paris 1850-51, 611, measles in 1808 etc., 652, comparative table with London 1783-1812, 655, substitution of measles for smallpox, 657, ages of fatal measles, 661, whooping-cough, 670, 672, relation of same to measles, 675, scarlatina 1835-39, 725, milk scarlatina, 734 _note_, “bowel-hive,” 758, dysentery of 1827-28, 786, of 1836, 789, cholera of 1832, 808, of 1848-9, 836, of 1853-4, 855, of 1866, 859 Gloucester, Duke of, dies of smallpox, 438 Gloucester, agues in 1727-29, 74 Goodsir, John, enteric fever at Anstruther, 199 Goole, infantile diarrhoea, 762, 765 _note_ Grainger, James, anomalous fever in 1753, 123 Grant, William, pestilential fever in London, 137, influenza of 1775, 359, fever and sore-throat, 707 Graunt, John, exactness of the early bills of mortality, 653 _note_ Graves, Robert J., typhus fatal to the well-to-do, 102, fever in Galway, 270, jaundice in relapsing fever, 272, spotted typhus a new type, 277, typhus begins like a cold, 278 _note_, failure of blooding in influenza, 282, mild and fatal scarlatina, 722, 724, type of scarlatina not affected by treatment, 725, writings on cholera, 831 _note_ Gray, Edward, collective inquiry on influenza of 1782, 363, 365 Greenock, high typhus death-rates, 209, cholera of 1832, 813 Gregory, George, compares London smallpox of 1825 with great 18th cent. epidemics, 593-5, advocates re-vaccination, 612 Gregory, James, follows course of influenza in 1775, 361 Griffin, Daniel, infantile mortality in Limerick, 602 Grimsby, cholera in 1893, 860 Grimshaw, T. W., fever and rainfall in Dublin, 298, relation of whooping-cough to measles, 676 _note_ _Grippe, la_, 339 _note_ Guide, Philip, on Talbor, 319 Guilford, Lord, his fever treated by bark, 321 Gull, Sir William W., report on cholera, 846 _note_ Haeser, Heinrich, identities of 18th cent. throat-distempers, 691 _note_ Hague, The, ages in 18th cent. smallpox, 623 Hales, Stephen, ventilation of Newgate, 94, ventilation of ships, 119 Halifax, semi-rural industries of, 145, smallpox at in 1681, 458, inoculation at, 483 Hamilton, Sir David, case of fever in London in 1709, 55, factitious miliary fever, 128, fever and sore-throat in 1704, 704 _note_ Hamilton, dysentery in 1801, 785, cholera of 1848-9, 838 Hampstead, agues in 1781, 367, scarlatina in 1786, 713 Hampton, U. S., throat-distemper in 18th cent., 690 Harris, Walter, influenza of 1688, 336, mildness of smallpox in infants, 441, reference to inoculation in 1721, 467, whooping-cough, 667, summer diarrhoea fatal to London infants, 749, 763 Harty, William, Irish epidemic of 1817-19, 264, affinities of dysentery, 782, cholera in Dublin prisons, 816 Hastings, smallpox in 1731, 521 Haverfordwest, buying the smallpox, 471, diphtheria in 1849, 738 _note_ Haviland, Alfred, the Hippocratic “constitutions,” 10 _note_, village epidemic of ague in 1858, 393 Hawkins, Bisset, cavils at Watt, 658 Hawkins, Caesar, inoculator, 504, 515 Haygarth, John, typhus in Chester, 41, 143, miliary fever, 130, influenza of 1803, 376, procuring the smallpox, 477, census of Chester after smallpox in 1774, 544 _note_, infantile deaths at Chester, 553-4, letter on Jenner’s cowpox project in 1794, 559 Heberden, William, junior, supposed decrease of dysentery, 747, 774 Heberden, William, senior, smallpox least dangerous to infants, 442, a failure of inoculation, 498, measles in 1753, 644, scarlatina and angina, 712 _note_ Hecker, J. F. C., identity of throat-epidemics, 691 _note_, 704 _note_ Hecquet, Ph., reasons against inoculation, 479 _note_ Helmont, J. B. van, ridiculed by Barker, 450 _note_ Henry, Thomas, smallpox in different parts of Manchester, 556 _note_ Hertford, smallpox in 1722, 519 Hewett, Cornwallis, cases of enteric fever, 185 Heysham, John, Carlisle typhus, 147, smallpox, 538, 555, 570, measles, 646, scarlatina, 712, 723 Hillary, William, Ripon fevers, 72-3, copious bloodings, 74 _note_, nervous fever in Barbados, 127, influenza in Barbados, 352, 412, volcanic waves at Bridgetown, 411, smallpox mild there, 548 Hippocrates, epidemic constitutions, 9 Hirsch, August, identity of 18th cent. throat-distempers, 691 _note_, 737 _note_, history of infantile diarrhoea, 758, degrees of epidemic dysentery, 774 Holland, Sir Henry, advises re-vaccination, 613, “hypothesis of insect life” in cholera, 827 _note_ Holy Island, ship typhus, 109 Hongkong fever, resembles influenza, 423 _note_ =Horses= attacked by influenza in 1658, 313, in 1688, 337, in 1727-29, 345, in 1732, 348, in 1737, 348, in 1758, 353, in 1743 and 1750, 354, in 1760, 355, in 1775, 361, in 1783, 371 _note_, in 1788, 372 Howard, John, effects of the window-tax, 88, discoveries of gaol-fever, 95, smallpox in three gaols, 544 Hull, infantile diarrhoea, 762, 765 _note_, cholera of 1832, 823, of 1849, 845, of 1854, 851 Hume, David, influence of climate etc., 224 Hunter, John, M.D., typhus in London, 15, 134, 138 Hutchinson, James, change in fevers since 17th cent., 3 Hutchinson, Jonathan, vaccinal syphilis, 562 _note_ Huxham, John, Plymouth fevers 1727-29, 73-4, worm fever in 1734, 75, typhus, 76-77, ship fever, 78, gaol fever at Launceston in 1742, 93, influenza in 1729, 345, horse-cold in 1727, 345, influenza of 1733, 347, influenza and horse-cold of 1737, 348-9, influenza of 1743, 351, smallpox of 1724-25, 520, smallpox of 1751, 529, malignant measles 1749, 656, anginose fever of 1734, 684, epidemic sore-throat of 1751, 695, 699 Iceland, dust clouds from volcanic action, 414 India, cholera before 1817, 860, creation of the endemic area, 861 =Industrial Revolution=, the, 145 =Infantile Remittent Fever=, 5-8 =Influenza=, historically mixed with epidemic ague, 300, probable etymology of, 304, names of before 1743, 305, retrospect of influenzas to 1659, 306-313, influenza of 1675, 326, of 1679, 328, of 1688, 335, of 1693, 337, of 1712, 339, of 1729, 343, probable in 1728, 346, of 1733, 346, of 1737, 348, of 1743, 349, of 1758, 353, of 1759 in Peru, 354, of 1762, 356, of 1767, 358, of 1775, 359, of 1782, 362, of 1788, 370, of 1803, 374, of 1831, 379, of 1833, 380, of 1837, 383, of 1847-48, 389, minor epidemics, 391, of 1889-94, 393, antiquity and sameness of, 398, views of Willis and Sydenham, 399, miasmatic hypothesis of Boyle, 399-402, theory of Arbuthnot, 402, theory of Noah Webster, 405, a phenomenal cause needed, 407, relation to epidemic agues, 409, the epidemic of 1761 at Barbados and the earthquake, 409, the earthquake of Lisbon and influenzas, 411, earthquakes and the influenza of 1782, 413, miasmatic sickness following earthquakes in Jamaica, 415, in Amboina, 418 _note_, and in Sicily, 419, possible sources of miasmata of influenza in 1693, 420, epidemic of 1688 and the earthquake of Lima, 421, possible sources of S. American epidemic in 1720, direction in which the true theory lies, 425, outbreaks at sea, 425-431, strangers’ colds, 431-433. See also Horses. =Inoculation= of smallpox, a Greek practice, 463, begun in London, 467, popular origins of, 471, Voltaire’s legend of Circassian, 472 _note_, probably grew out of transplantation of disease, 474, religious symbolism of inoculation, 475, etymology of, 476, not an antidote, 477, controversy on in England, 477, reality of as practised by Nettleton, 482, at Boston, New England, 485, cases of failure, 487, cases of death from, 489, revival of in 1741, 489, at Charleston in 1738, 490, as practised by Frewen, 492, by Kirkpatrick, 493, the blister method of, 494, Gatti’s practice in, 495, Sutton’s practice in, 498, opposition to Sutton’s method of, 499, Watson’s experiment in, 500, Mudge’s experiment in, 501, tests of its validity, 502, extent of in England in 18th cent., 504-9, in Scotland, 509, value of, 511, at Blandford, 513, at the Foundling Hospital, 514, known failures of, 515, testimonies to value of, 516, advocates of in 19th cent., 586, Lipscomb’s poem on, 587, preference of populace for, 589, practised by Walker as vaccination, 590, extent of, 590-2, made penal, 606, history of the doctrine that it was a nuisance, 607-10, did not contain the principle of re-vaccination, 610 =Intermittent Fevers=, Sydenham’s view of, 11, in Ireland after the relapsing fever of 1826, 273, and of 1847-9, 297. See also =Ague=. Inverness, typhus at, 110, cholera of 1832, 814, of 1849, 838 Ipswich, ship typhus at, 110, scarlatina in 1771, 708 Jamaica, sickness after earthquake, 416 Jenner, Edward, relapsing fever in his house, 156, inoculates with crude matter, 502, collects failures of inoculation, 515, inoculates with swinepox, 558, proposes to inoculate with cowpox, 558, indicates ulcerous characters of cowpox, 560, his opinion on origin of smallpox and cowpox, 562, calls cowpox _variolae vaccinae_, 563, tests the virtue of cowpox, 565, makes interest with the great, 566, demands prohibition of inoculation, 609, opposes Watt’s doctrine of measles, 657 Jenner, J. C., epidemic ague in 1784, 369, general inoculation, 509, why smallpox malignant, 550 Jenner, Sir William, diagnosis of continued fevers, 4, 183, diphtheria, 739 _note_, rickets a diathesis, 767 Jesty, Benjamin, inoculates with cowpox, 558 Johnstone, James, Kidderminster fevers 1752-56, 124, sequelae of measles, 660 _note_, sore-throat and fever, 702, 704, the scarlet eruption, 710 Johnstone, James, junior, dies of gaol fever, 153, writes on the scarlatina of 1778, 710 =Jolly rant=, name of influenza in 1675, 327 _note_, 328 Jones, John, fevers of the Greeks not in our climate, 301, agues of 1558, 307 Jones, John, dysentery in Wales, 777 Jurin, James, arguments for inoculation, 479, his authority, 480, biographical sketch of, 481 _note_ Kanturk, incidents at in famine of 1818, 265 Katharine, Queen of Charles II., her fever in 1663, 13 Kell, John Butler, cholera at Sunderland 1831, 798 Kellwaye, Simon, measles and smallpox, 633 Kelso, agues in 18th cent., 369, cholera in 1848-9, 838 Kendal, vaccination 1819-21, 584 Kennedy, Henry, type of Dublin fever in 1847, 289, in 1862, 298 Kennedy, Peter, inoculation at Constantinople, 464, procuring smallpox in Scotland, 471 Kerr, George, fever in Aberdeen, 176 Kidderminster, fevers in 1727-29, 124 _note_, in 1751-56, 124, sequelae of measles, 660, sore-throat and fever in 1748, 701, 704, in 1778, 710 Kilgour, Alexander, typhus one of the exanthemata, 189, ratio of spotted cases, 193 Kilkenny, sickness in 1846, 282 Kilmarnock, 18th cent. smallpox, 526, cholera of 1832, 814, of 1849, 838 Kiltearn, paupers in 1697, 51 _note_, smallpox in 18th cent., 541 Kingsley, Charles, cholera of 1854, 851 _note_ =Kink=, old name of whooping-cough, 666 Kirkmaiden, smallpox and fever in 18th cent., 528 Kirkpatrick, or Kilpatrick, J., inoculates at Charleston, 90, in London, 491, 493 Kite, Charles, second inoculations, 503, failures of inoculation, 515 La Condamine, M. de, case of Timoni’s daughter, 488 _note_, advocates inoculation, 494, estimates saving of life by same, 516 La Motraye, M. de, procuring smallpox in Circassia, 472 Lamport, John, fever in Hampshire 1680, 21, his success in smallpox, 453 Lamprey, Jones, types of famine sickness in Skull 1846, 287, 288 Lancaster, typhus in 1782, 151 Langton, William, opposes formal inoculation, 500 Lansdowne, Marquis of, inoculation and vaccination, 606, 607 Launceston, gaol typhus, 93, 97, diphtheria, 740 Laurie, J. Adair, statistics of Glasgow cholera hospital in 1832, 811 Laycock, Thomas, influenza at York, 389 _note_ Le Cat, Claude Nicolas, the Rouen fever of 1753, 121 Leeds, typhus in 18th cent., 146, in 1802, 160, statistics of fever hospital, 164, fever in 1817, 171, notification at in 1804, 180 _note_, typhus in 1847, 207 _note_, influenza in 1675, 327, smallpox in 1689-99, 458, general inoculations, 510, smallpox in 1781, 538, 555, cholera nostras in 1825, 773, dysentery in 1849, 791, 842, cholera in 1849, 847 Leith, cholera of 1832, 814, of 1848, 836 Lettsom, John Coakley, gaol fever, 97, London fevers in 1773, 135, inoculation of infants, 507, general inoculation at Ware, 511 London smallpox more than in the Bills, 534, smallpox in 1808, 570, inoculation not contagious, 608, saving of life in typhus, 628, scarlatina in 1793, 718 Levett, Robert, amateur in medicine, 134 Levison, George, scarlatina in 1777, 708 Leyburn, fever in 1813, 167 Limerick, famine of 1741, 242, statistics of fever hospital, 258, pauperism of 1836, 275, statistics of fever, 276, of infantile mortality, 602, cholera of 1832, 818, of 1849, 839 Lind, James, desires history of British fevers, 1, ventilation of gaols, 95, ship fever, 111, Sutton’s pipes, 119, smallpox in the ‘Royal George,’ 543, cholera nostras at Portsmouth, 772 Linnaeus, Carolus, as nosologist, 670 Lipscomb, G., his prize poem on Inoculation, 588 Lisbon, ship fever at, 105 Liskeard, diphtheria in 1748, 694 Liverpool, typhus in 18th cent., 140, enteric in 1836, 201, the Irish fever of 1847, 206, recent typhus, 214, influenza atmosphere in 1837, 388, general inoculations, 504, 508, 511, 18th cent. smallpox, 537, age-incidence of same in 1837, 624, diarrhoea, 765, dysentery in the Irish fever, 790, cholera of 1832, 826, of 1849, 847, of 1854, 851, of 1866, 857 Livingston, Dr, Aberdeen sore-throat in 1790, 718, dysentery in 1789, 784 Lombard, H. C., enteric fever in Britain, 188 _note_, 201 London, Asiatic cholera of 1832, 820, of 1833, 834, supposed in 1837, 835, epidemic of 1848-9, 841, 847, of 1854, 853, of 1866, 857 London, cholera nostras in, in Sydenham’s time, 769, every autumn, 770, in 1669-70, 771, described by Willis, 772 London, diphtheria in 741-2 London, dysentery in, names of in the Bills, 774, symptoms of in 1669, 776, epidemic of 1762, 779, of 1779-81, 783 London, fever in, endemic, 13, in Sydenham’s time, 18-22, epidemic of 1685-6, 22, identified as typhus, 27, statistics of to end of 17th cent., 43, epidemic of 1694, 45, statistics of 1701-20, 54, epidemic of 1709-10, 54, 57, sample case of, 55, a case of relapsing in 1710, 57, epidemic of 1714, 59, in 1718, 64, statistics of 1720-40, 65, weekly maxima 1726-29, hysteric or little, 67, relapsing, 69, identified as enteric, 70, epidemic typhus of 1741-42, 78-81, in Marshalsea prison, 91, at Old Bailey in 1750, 93, in gaols, 97, slow remittent of 1751-55, 122, typhus from 1770 to 1800, 133-140, localities of, 140 _note_, hospital for in 1802, 160, slight prevalence of from 1803 to 1816, 163, possible enteric cases in 1808, 165, epidemic of 1816-19, 168, bred by insanitary state of houses, 170, relapsing in 1817, 172, cases of mixed in general hospitals, 178, relapsing in 1826-28, 182, enteric in 1826, 183, change of type to spotted, 188, purely typhus in 1837-38, 194, epidemic typhus of 1847, 205, in part relapsing, 208, relapsing in 1868, 211, ratios of typhus and enteric at Fever Hospital, 213, season of enteric, 217 London, Fire of, supposed effect on plague, 42 London, infantile diarrhoea in, entered as “griping in the guts,” 747, Harris on in 1689, 749, weekly bills of in 17th cent., 750, 752, 753, annual deaths 1667-1720, 753, some 18th cent. weekly bills, 754, 755, conditions favouring, 756, 19 cent. statistics, 759-60, recent death-rates moderate, 761, reasons of greater fatality in former times, 763 London influenza weekly mortalities, of 1580, 310, of 1675, 326, of 1679, 329, of 1688, 336, of 1693, 338, of 1729, 343, of 1733 and 1737, 349, of 1743, 350, of 1762, 356, of 1775, 359 _note_, of 1782, 363, of 1803, 375, of 1831, 379, of 1833, 380, of 1837, 384, of 1847, 390, of 1890-94, 394 London, measles in, deaths from in 17th cent., 634, 635, 640, epidemic of 1670, 653, epidemic of 1674, 656, indirect effects of same contrasted with those of smallpox, 658-9, deaths from in 18th cent., 641, 643, epidemic of 1705-6, 641, fatalities one-tenth those of smallpox, 644, ratio of to all deaths, 647, epidemic of 1807-8, 650-1, compared with Glasgow, 655, deaths from 1813 to 1837, 660, in 1837-39, 662, two seasonal maxima, 664 London, sanitary state of under George II., 84, improvement in after 1766, 133, of workmen’s houses in 1819, 170 London, scarlatina or diphtheria in, Morton’s cases, 682, cases 1739, 692, Fothergill’s cases, 696, Fordyce’s cases, 707, Levison’s cases, 708, Sims’ cases, 713, Willan’s cases, 714, in 1796-1802, 719, Bateman’s notes of, 722, mild in 1822, 723, recent range of fatality, 730, fatalities at home and in hospital, 730, seasonal maximum, 731 London, smallpox of 1628 in, 435, annual deaths 1629-61, 436-437, epidemic of 1641, 437, after the Restoration, 437, ratio of adult cases 17th cent., 444, mild type in 1667-9, 452, compared with that of 1751, 455, estimate of proportion of faces marked by, 454, epidemic of 1694, 458, of 1710, 461, annual deaths 1701-20, 461, private hospitals for, 463, public hospital for, 505, 533, prevalence in middle of 18th cent., 529, table of weekly deaths in 1752, 532, smaller mortality of infants from than in provincial towns, 534, annual deaths 1761-1800, 535, in the Foundling Hospital, 550, annual deaths 1801-37, 568, epidemic of 1817-19, 580, in Christ’s Hospital in 1818, 581, epidemic of 1825, 593, annual deaths 1837-1893, 613, excessive incidence of from 1871 to 1885, 616, age, sex and fatality of in epidemic of 1871-72, 618, varying fatality of from 1871 to 1893, 619, fatality at each age-period in 1893, 619, ages at death from in 1845, 624 London, whooping-cough, ratio of to all deaths 1731-1831, 647, annual mortality 1701-1782, 669, same from 1783 to 1812, 655 Londonderry, sickness in siege of, 229, cholera in 1832, 818 Louis, P. Ch. A _fièvre typhoide_, 196 _note_ Lower, Richard, against bark in fever, 323, his advice to Queen Mary, 459 Lucas, James, typhus in Leeds, 146, smallpox and inoculation, 510, 555 Lucretius, air-borne infection, 408 Lynn, smallpox in 1819, 580 Lynn, Walter, opposes blooding in smallpox, 449, smallpox in 1710-14, 462 Macaulay, Lord, on the Soho plague-pit, 38, eloquent on smallpox, 454, on the death of Queen Mary, 460 _note_ McCarthy, Alexander, state of Skibbereen in 1826, 274 Maidstone, gaol fever at, 153, diphtheria and ground-water, 744 Maitland, Charles, inoculator, 467-71 Mallet, Mr, catalogue of earthquakes, 407 Malthus, T. R., population and potatoes, 253, 284, 285 _note_, one infection will replace another, 629 Manchester, miliary fever becomes rare, 131, increase of population, 146, typhus in end of 18th cent., 149, statistics of fever hospital, 164, distress and typhus 1839-41, 197, amount of enteric fever in 1836, 201, typhus in 1847, 207, in 1863-5, 209, smallpox in 18th cent., 536, extent of early vaccination, 583, mortality by smallpox in 1826, 593, measles in 18th cent., 644, scarlatina in 1805, 722, cholera nostras in 1794, 773, cholera in 1832, 826, in 1849, 846 Manningham, Sir Richard, on “little” or hysteric fever, 70 Mapletoft, Dr, his experience of smallpox, 546 Mary, Queen of William III, dies of smallpox, 459 =Marsh fevers= distinct from epidemic agues, 302, 367, 369 =Marshalsea prison=, state of in 1729, 91 Mason, Simon, on ague-curers, 325 Massey, Isaac, smallpox seldom fatal in schoolboys, 545 Mather, Cotton, instigates to inoculation, 485 Maty, M. defends Gatti’s inoculations, 496, proposes general inoculation of infants, 506 May, William, fever and influenza in Cornwall, 373 Mead, Richard, the Dunkirk rant, 340, no failures of inoculation, 487, 488 =Measles=, etymology of, 632, _variolae_ translated by, 633, in 17th cent., 634, 640, Sydenham on, 635, indirect mortality from in 1674, 636, in 18th cent., 641, at Manchester, 644, at Northampton, 645, in the Foundling Hospital, 646, increased fatality at end of 18 cent., 647, anomalous at Uxbridge, 649, the great epidemic of 1807-8, 651, the epidemic in Glasgow, 652, comparison of in London and Glasgow, 655, Watt’s doctrine of substitution, 655-7, reception of same, 657, sequelae of, 659, recent statistics of, 660, recent highest death-rates from, 663, progression of epidemics, 663, season of, 664, age-incidence of, 664, an illustrative epidemic of, 665 Merthyr Tydvil, enteric fever, 219, cholera in 1849, 844-5, 847, in 1854, 851, in 1866, 857 =Miasmatic infection=, Sydenham’s and Boyle’s doctrine of, 29, 400, of enteric fever, 222-3, of endemic ague, 302, of influenza in, 401-5, after earthquakes, 415-20, of dengue, 424, not excluded in scarlatina, 732, of diphtheria, 745, of dysentery, 788, of cholera, 842 Middlesborough, enteric fever, 221 =Miliary fever=, 72, 76, 124, 127, 128-131 =Milk=, a vehicle of enteric fever, 222, of scarlatina, 734, of diphtheria, 745 Millar, Dr, isolation of fever patients, 178 Miller, Hugh, Cromarty cholera, 814 Molyneux, Dr, influenza of 1688, 336, of 1693, 337 Minorca, localized influenza of 1748, 352, mild and severe smallpox, 547 Missenden, Great, inoculation revived, 592 Moir, D. M., Musselburgh cholera, 806 Monro, Alexander, primus, influenza of 1762, 357 _note_, procuring the smallpox in Scotland, 471, inoculation in same, 509 Monro, A. Campbell, measles at Jarrow, 663 Monro, Donald, war typhus, 110 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, favours inoculation, 467-8, referred to in prize poem, 588 Moore, John, on “putrid” fevers, 130, improved health of London, 133 Morley, Christopher Love, epidemic agues and influenzas of 1678-79, 329, 332 Morton, Richard, worm fever, 7, scale of malignity in fevers, 16, fevers of 1678-80, 21, smallpox not fatal to infants, 441, opposed to the cooling regimen in do., 448, fourteen things that make smallpox severe, 451-2, pock-pits, 456, measles of 1674, 657, his view of scarlatina, 682, cholera nostras, 771, dysentery infective, 772 Moryson, Fynes, dietetic habits of Irish, 226 Moseley, Benjamin, practice of vaccination in 1808, 586 Moss, Mr, Liverpool public health 18th cent., 141 _note_, 368 Mudge, John, experiment in inoculation, 501, 558 Mulgrave, Lord, vaccination among rich and poor, 589 Murchison, Charles, enteric fever in Edinburgh, 200, cause of increase of same in London, 202, history of relapsing fever 1842, 203, enteric of 1846, 206 _note_, table of typhus in hospitals, 210, confuses marsh agues with epidemic agues, 303-4 _note_, cerebro-spinal fever a variety of typhus, 863 =Murre=, old name of influenza, 305, 432 Musselburgh, cholera in 1832, 806 Nairn, war typhus in 1746, 109, cholera in 1832, 813-14 =Navy=, health of in 17th cent., 102, in 18th cent., 104, Smollett on, 107 _note_, in the Seven Years’ War and American War, 111-117, improvement in, 119 Neath, high scarlatina death-rate, 728, cholera in 1849, 845, in 1866, 857 =Nervous= fever, of Willis in 1661, 5, or hysteric, 67, 70, of Wintringham and Hillary, 72, of Gilchrist, 75, of Huxham, 76, or putrid, 120-128 Nettleton, Thomas, pioneer of inoculation, 470, inspires Jurin, 479, gives a real smallpox, 483, his theory of inoculation, 483-4, ceases to inoculate, 485, his statistics of smallpox fatality, 518 =New= acquaintance, 308, ague, 306, 307, delight, 332, disease, 312-13, 344, Boyle on, 313 _note_, distemper of 1688, 335, fever of Sydenham, 23, 27 Newburn, cholera of 1832, 804 Newcastle-on-Tyne, typhus in 18th cent., 142, 156 _note_, in 1816-19, 172, “jolly rant” of 1675, 327 _note_, agues of 1780, 369, inoculation of infants, 507, no smallpox statistics, 539, comparison of inoculations and vaccinations, 582, scarlatina in 1778-9, 712, in 1779-1802, 720, in 1802-27, 723, dysentery 18th cent., 780, 784, cholera of 1831-2, 802, cholera of 1853, 849 Newcastle-under-Lyme, cholera of 1849, 847 Newhaven, cholera of 1848, 835 Newman, John Henry, priests in the Irish fever, 207 _note_, “chemists for our cooks,” 280 Newton Stewart, smallpox of 1816, 574 Norfolk Island, strangers’ cold of, 432 North, Roger, his fever in 1661, 8, on Lord Guildford’s fever, 321, fashion of blood-letting, 325 _note_ Northampton, smallpox statistics in 1747, 524, vital statistics, 525, measles and whooping-cough 18th cent., 645, infantile diarrhoea, 765 Norwich, high mortality of 1740-42, 82, smallpox beginning of 19th cent., 569, 578, epidemic of 1819, 578, vaccinations at, 585, inoculations at, 591, smallpox in 1838-9, 605, infantile diarrhoea, 766 =Notification= at Leeds in 1804, 180 _note_, and incorrect diagnosis, 864 Nottingham, fever in 1808, 165, 18th cent. smallpox, 522, infantile diarrhoea, 761-2 O’Brien, John, Dublin dysentery in 1825, 271, relapsing fever in 1826, 272, intermittents in 1827, 273, 297 O’Brien, W. Smith, native resources of Ireland, 281 O’Connell, Daniel, export of Irish corn in famine, 280 O’Connell, Maurice, Irish famine of 1740, 241, dysentery from it, 242, the mortality from it, 244 O’Connor, Dennis, types of fever in Cork 1849-65, 297 O’Rourke, Rev. John, history of the Irish famine of 1847, 279 _note_ Ogle, William, influenza mortality, 395, progression of measles epidemics, 663, age and sex in scarlatina deaths, 729, diarrhoea and heat, 762 Oglethorpe, General, reports on state of gaols, 91 =Old Bailey=, black assize of 1750, 93 Ormerod, E. L., relapsing fever with miliaria, 129, 208 Oxford, fevers of children in 1655 and 1661, 5-7, epidemic fever in Wadham College, 59, typhus in 1785, 153, smallpox in 1649 and 1654, 437, in 1661, 439, usually mild, 444, cholera of 1854, 851 _note_ Paderborn, sickness in British troops, 110 Painswick, typhus in 1785, 154, epidemic agues, 369, general inoculation, 509, smallpox fatal during typhus, 550 Paisley, an epidemic of fever in 1811, 165, cholera of 1831-2, 813 Palatinate, war typhus of 1621, 32 =Parish Clerks of London=, the bills of become inadequate, 385, 594, 596, statistics of smallpox from in 1628, 435, scarlatina appears in, 725 Paris, type of fever in 1700, 53, smallpox of adults in 1825, 593, same compared with Glasgow in 1850-51, 601, 611, whooping-cough in 1578, 666, cholera of 1832, 821, 830 _note_ Parkin, John, epidemics and electricity, 406 _note_, cholera water-borne, 832 Parsons, H. Franklin, reports on influenza of 1890-92, 396 _note_ Peacock, T. B., influenza of 1847, 391 Pearson, George, nature of cowpox, 560, cowpox not smallpox of the cow, 563, second infection with cowpox impossible, 610 Peel, Sir Robert, policy in Irish famine of 1817, 266, in famine of 1845-46, 279 =Peninsular War=, decline of fevers in Britain during, 162-64, 557, 569 Pepys, Samuel, fever of 1661, 9, of the queen in 1663, 13, of 1694, 44, duchess of Richmond’s smallpox, 454 Percival, Thomas, decline of miliary fever, 131, Manchester public health, 146, statistics of smallpox, 536, of measles, 644 Perkins, W. L., nosology of putrid sore-throats, 712 _note_ Perth, fever of 1622, 30, enteric fever in 1864, 210, cholera of 1832, 813-14 Peru, influenza of 1759, 354, earthquake of 1687, 421, influenza of 1720, 422 =Pestilential fever=, 16, 22, 30, 67, in London in 1773, 137 Peterborough, plague in 1666-7, 34 Pettenkofer, Max von, infection in the subsoil, 403, English officials prejudiced against his doctrine, 859 =Peyer’s patches=, theoretical relation of to ague, 2, found diseased in London fevers, 186, in Anstruther fevers, 189 Philadelphia, measles brought to by Irish, 649 =Physicians, College of=, memorial against drink, 84, 756, inquiry on influenza of 1782, 363, their Dispensary, 462 _note_, declare inoculation in 1754 to be salutary, 516, 608, but in 1807 to be mischievous, 609, inquiries on cholera of 1849, 846 _note_ =Plague=, extinction of, 34-43, effects of upon Chester, 40, alarm of in 1710, 58, rumour of in London in 1799, 140 Plot, Robert, smallpox mild, 444 Plymouth, 18th cent. types of fever, 74, worm fever, 75, malignant fever, 77, ship fever, 78, anginose fever, 125, 699, dysentery and fever after Corunna, 166, influenza of 1729, 345, horse-colds, 345-6, influenza of 1733, 347, of 1743, 351, of 1788, 371, influenza in the fleet in 1782, 426, smallpox of 1724-25, 520, malignant sore-throat, 695, 699, recent measles and scarlatina, 720, dysentery, 778, cholera of 1832, 829 Pockpitted faces, in 17th cent. London, 454, the Vaccine Board on decrease of, 456 _note_ Poland, buying the smallpox in, 473 Popham, John, Cork workhouse in 1846, 286 =Population=, increase of North of Trent, 144, in Ireland, 250, after potato famine, 283, principle of, 657 Port Royal, earthquake of 1692, 415 Portsmouth, dysentery in crews in 1696, 104, ship fever in 1779, 116, influenza in new arrivals in 1788, 372, agues and fluxes, 772 =Posse=, old name of influenza or catarrh, 305 _note_, 308 _note_ =Potatoes=, in Ireland, 241, 252, 284 Preston, infantile diarrhoea, 705, suffers little from cholera, 823 =Prices=, in 18th cent., 62, 131, in 1801, 159, in second half of French war, 162, 256-7, effects of fall of in Ireland, 268 Prichard, J. C., Bristol fever 1817-19, 173, cases not isolated, 179 Pringle, Sir John, ventilation of Newgate, 94, war dysentery and typhus, 108-10, nosology of continued fevers, 130, improved state of London, 133, little smallpox in campaigns, 545, dysentery rarely epidemic in London, 779 _note_ =Prisons=, state of early in 18th cent., 90-92, Howard’s visitations of, 95, Lettsom’s cases of fever in, 97, fever in 1785-88, 153, little smallpox in, 544, Neild’s reforms of, 628 Pulteney, R., Blandford, smallpox, 513 =Purples=, meaning of, 680 =Putrid fever=, in the sense of Willis, 16, in 18th century sense, 120-8, 129-30, 683, 700 =Putrid measles=, 705 Pylarini, Jacob, on transplantation of smallpox, 465, 476 =Quarantine=, for plague pressed on the Ministry by Swift, 58 _note_, in the cholera of 1831-32, 794, 798, 799, 814, 820 Queensferry North, vaccinations during an epidemic, 585 Radcliffe, John, attends Queen Mary in smallpox, 460 _note_ Ranby, John, his pamphlet against Jurin, 481 _note_, his inoculation practice, 504 Reid, John, enteric fever at Edinburgh, 199 Reid, Seaton, relapsing synocha, 177 =Relapsing fever=, case of in London 1710, 57, in 1727-29, 69, 74, at Edinburgh 1735, 76, in Gloucestershire in 1794, 156, in London in 1817, 168, 172, affinities of, 177, in Scotland in 1817-19, 174, in 1827-28 181, in London, 182, in Scotland in 1842-44, 203, in 1847, 208, in 1869-71, 210, in Dublin in 1738, 239, in 1746-48, 243, in Ireland in 1799-1801, 450, in 1817-19, 266, in 1826, 271-2, in 1846-7, 289, not always associated with want, 211 =Remittent fever=, 68, 69 _note_, 72, in London in 1751-55, 122, Cormack on, 392 _note_ Reynolds, Revell, epidemic agues of 1780, 366 =Rheumatic fever=, its relation to dysentery, 782 =Rickets= in London 18th cent., 756, relation of to infantile diarrhoea, 766 Rigby, Edward, vaccinations at Norwich, 584 Ripon, fevers at in 1726-28, 72 Roberton, John, vaccination at Manchester, 583, smallpox after vaccination, 597 _note_, measles in Edinburgh 1808, 651, criticism of Watt, 658 Robertson, Robert, ship fever, 114, influenza of 1782 in the fleet, 426, no fatalities in smallpox, 546 Rochdale, fever of 1818, 171 Rogan, Francis, slaughter-houses not noxious, 236 _note_, population in Tyrone 1817, 253, cottiers in same, 255, famine of 1817, 257, dysentery and fever of, 258-260, ratio of attacks, 263, smallpox in the famine of 1817, 573 Rogers, James E. Thorold, starvation wages 18th cent., 62, Malthus and high standard of living, 285 _note_ Rogers, Joseph, criticism of Sydenham, 10, epidemic in Wadham College, 59, fevers in Cork 18th cent., 234 =Roseola=, epidemic, supposed the scarlatina of Sydenham, 681 Rouen, epidemic fever of 1753-4, 121 Royston, William, epidemic agues of 1780 and 1808, 378 _note_ Rumsey, Henry, epidemic sore-throat in Chesham, 715, “the croup” in the same, 716 Rush, Benjamin, smallpox after inoculation, 488, infantile diarrhoea, 758 Russell, Lord John, cost of Irish potato famine, 282 Russell, James B., scarlatina from cows’ milk, 734 _note_ Ruston, Thomas, antidotes to smallpox, 494 _note_ Rutty, John, “putrid” fevers in Dublin, 127, 245, nervous and relapsing fevers, 239, 240, 243, famine fever of, 1740 244, agues and horse-colds, 354, smallpox in Ireland, 543, malignant during typhus, 549, throat-distemper of 1743, 693 Ryan, Dennis, dysentery in transports, 784 St Andrews, smallpox in 1818, 575, dysentery in 1736, 778 St Kilda, strangers’ cold, 431 Salford, infantile diarrhoea, 761-2, 765 _note_, cholera of 1832, 828 Salisbury, smallpox in 18th cent., 528, cholera in 1832, 829, in 1849, 847 Sanderson, J. B., diphtheritic membrane, 740 _note_ Sauvages, F. B. de, his nosology, 670, 678 =Scarlatina= and diphtheria, 18th cent., 678, simplex of Sydenham, 680, of Sibbald, 681, perhaps epidemic roseola, 681 _note_, Morton’s view of, 682, anginosa at Edinburgh, 684, at Plymouth, 684, popular name of epidemic sore-throat, 687, 697, 701, Cotton’s name for epidemic sore-throat in 1748, 698, called miliary, 688, 703, diagnosis from anomalous measles, 649, 705, mild at Ipswich in 1771, 708, anginosa in London in, 1777 708, Withering on, 711, Heberden on, 712 _note_, Willan’s statistics 1786, 714, Rumsey on, 715, epidemic period 1796-1805, 719, mildness of type 1805-31, 722-5, modern statistics of, 726, incidence on age and sex, 729, range of fatality, 730, fatalities at home and in hospital, 730, alleged influence of drought, 731, maximum in late autumn, 731, question of miasma, 732, uncertainty of its contagion, 733, in children’s hospitals, 733, from cows’ milk, 734, as a septic disease, 735 Schacht, Lucas, fevers of Leyden, 332 Schultz, Simon, buying the smallpox, 473 =Scurvy=, supposed prevalence of on land in 17th cent., 1, 317, 319 Sedgley, cholera of 1832, 825 =Seven ill years=, fevers of in Scotland, 47-52 =Sewerage= of London 858, of Lancashire towns, 209, defects of in new mining townships, 220, 845 Shapter, Thomas, influenza contagious, 387, Exeter, cholera in 1832, 829 Sharkey, Edmond, Asiatic cholera in 1837 at Berehaven, 834 _note_ Sheffield, vital statistics of 17th cent., 58, epidemic sore-throat 18th cent., 696, 704, diarrhoea during cholera, 842 _note_, cholera in 1849, 848 =Ships=, cholera in, 826, 857, fever in, _see_ Navy, influenza in, 425-31 Short, Thomas, scarlatina in 1759, 704 Sibbald, Sir Robert, diseases of Scots 17th cent., 48, bleeding in smallpox, 447, scarlatina, 681 Simon, Sir John, inquiry on diphtheria, 739, general principles of sanitation, 834, report on Newcastle cholera in 1853, 849 =Simple continued fever=, a common form in the epidemic of 1817-19, 168-174, relation of to relapsing fever, 177, 272, in London 1826-28, 182, in Bristol, 189 _note_, 176, recent statistics of, 212, 216, 296 Simpson, Sir J. Y., cholera of 1832, 815 _note_ Simpson, William, choleraic season of 1678, 333 Sims, James, London typhus in 1786, 138, Tyrone fevers 18th cent., 127, 246, smallpox, 543, London scarlatina in 1786, 713, in 1798, 719 Skibbereen, dysentery in 1826, 273, exports of food from, 280, sicknesses of the great famine, 286, 287, 288 Slatholm, Dr, against blooding and cooling in smallpox, 447, smallpox transferred to a sheep, 475 Sligo, cholera of 1832, 818 Sloane, Sir Hans, Jamaica earthquakes, 415, procures account of inoculation, 465, advises the king on same, 469 =Smallpox=, references to before 1660, 434, after the Restoration, 437, alleged increase of fatality, 439, alleged mildness in infants, 441, largely a disease of adults in 17th cent., 443, the cooling regimen in, 445, Morton on the causes of a severe type, 451, marks of a recent epidemic visible, 454, estimate of the numbers marked by in 17th cent., 455, London deaths by from 1661 to 1700, 456, in the country at end of 17th cent., 458, death of Queen Mary from haemorrhagic form of, 458, epidemic in 1710, 461, a trouble in great houses, 462, houses for, kept by nurses, 463, at Boston, New England, in 1721, 485, 626, at Charleston, 490, hospital in London for, 505, at Blandford, 513, in the Foundling Hospital, 514, table of epidemics of from 1721 to 1729, 518, at Hertford in 1721, 519, at Plymouth in 1724, 520, at Aynho, 520, at Hastings, 521, at Nottingham, 522, at Edinburgh 18th cent., 523, at Northampton, 524, at Boston, 525, 540, at Kilmarnock, 526, intervals between epidemics of, 527, various epidemics 1751-53, 529, London deaths 1721-60, 531, weekly deaths in 1752, 532, among London infants, 533, London deaths 1761-1800, 535, 18th cent. statistics of Manchester, Liverpool, Chester, Carlisle and Glasgow, 536-40, in parishes of Scotland 18th cent., 541, in Ireland, 543, in the army and navy, 543, wide range of fatality, 544, comparison of epidemics at Chester and Warrington, 550, summary of 18th cent. history, 556, London deaths by from 1801 to 1837, 568, Glasgow deaths 1801-1812, 569, epidemic of 1817-19, 571, the crystalline form of, 574-7, at Norwich in 1819, 578, in Christ’s Hospital, 581, the epidemic of 1825-26, 593, so-called “secondary,” 597, a generation of in Glasgow, 597, in Limerick 1830-40, 601, the epidemic of 1837-40, 604, legislation for in 1840, 606, ages of at Paris and Glasgow compared, 611, more adults attacked abroad than in Britain, 612, London deaths by from 1837 to 1893, 613, table for England, 614, comparison of the epidemics of 1837-40 and 1871-72, 615, has almost ceased in rural parts, 616, London’s recent share of, 617, recent rates of fatality from, 618, in Ireland since 1864, 620, in Scotland since 1855, 622, varying ratios of children and adults attacked at various periods of history, 622-7, reason why fewer children attacked in epidemic of 1871-72, 627, Watt’s doctrine of substitution applied to, 629 Smollett, Tobias, sick bay of the ‘Cumberland,’ 107 _note_ Snow, John, water-borne cholera, 852, 854 Southampton, a 17th cent, autopsy at, 316 Spalding, diphtheria, 739, 740 Spelman, Sir Henry, on burials, 37 =Spotted fever= in 17th and 18th cent., 13, universal in 1623, 31, cases in Archbishop’s family, 64, Arbuthnot on, 67, return of after 1831, 188, 277 Stark, James, sex-fatality in whooping-cough, 672 _note_ Stewart, Frances, her beauty after smallpox, 453 Stokes, William, Dublin enteric fever in 1826, 187 _note_ Story, Rev. George, camp sickness at Dundalk, 230-2 Stow, John, irregular building of London out-parishes, 85-6 Strabane, a congested district in 1817, 253, fever and dysentery in, 259-60, 263, smallpox in 1817, 573 Stranraer, smallpox in 1829, 600 Streater, Aaron, ague curer, 316 Streeten, R. J. N., influenza of 1837, 387 _note_ Strother, Edward, London fevers of 1727-29, 68-70 Stroud, tests of cowpox at, 565 Sturges, Octavius, whooping-cough mimetic, 677 Sudell, Nicholas, ague curer, 317 Sunderland, recent typhus in, 214, 217, cholera begins at, in 1831, 796 =Surfeit=, meaning of, 775 Sutherland, John, reports on cholera of 1848-49, 837-8, 840 Sutton, Daniel, his method of inoculation, 498 =Sweat, the=, late reference to by Shakespeare, 311 _note_ Sweden, early statistics of whooping-cough, 670 Swift, Jonathan, urgent for quarantine, 58 _note_, the stinks in his London lodging, 87, state of Ireland in 1729, 238, on an ague curer, 325 Sydenham, Thomas, on succession of epidemic types, 4, 631, his epidemic constitutions, 9, on intermittents, 11, 302, 314, on comatose fever, 20, on depuratory fever, 21, on the “new fever” of 1685-6, 22, 24, 27, his theory of subterranean miasmata, 29, 80, a Scotch disciple of, 48, on marsh agues, 302, his position in the bark controversy, 320, 321-2, on influenza of 1675, 327, of 1679, 329, on epidemic agues of 1678-80, 331, his view of influenza, 399, his practice in smallpox, 445, smallpox most fatal to the rich, 450, on measles in 1670 and 1674, 655, on pertussis, 677, on scarlatina, 680, on diarrhoea in infants, 749, on cholera nostras, 770, on dysentery, 776 Symonds, John Addington, Bristol cholera in 1832, 828 Tain, cholera in 1832, 814 Talbor, Sir Richard, ague curer, 318, his use of bark, 319, 322 =Tar-water=, in fever, 242, in smallpox, 546 Taunton, dysentery in 1837, 790 Tavistock, cholera in 1849, 847 Tawton, North, epidemic fever of 1839, 196 Tees valley, enteric fever in, 221 Tewkesbury, burial in coffins, 36 Thackrah, Charles T., Leeds cholera nostras in 1825, 773 Theydon Bois, cholera in 1865, 857 Thompson, Theophilus, his ‘Annals of Influenza,’ 360 _note_ Thomson, John, smallpox of 1817-19, 575-6 Thoresby, Ralph, on influenza of 1675, 327, loses his children by smallpox, 458 Thorne, Richard Thorne, diphtheria from cow’s milk, 745 _note_ Thorp, Dr, Leeds fevers in 1802, 160 =Throat distemper=, _see_ Scarlatina Timoni, Emanuel, first writer on inoculation, 463, visited by La Motraye, 472 _note_, his inoculated daughter dies of smallpox, 488 Tiverton, fever of 1741, 80 Torbay, influenza on board ships in, 426 Torthorwald, 18th cent. fevers, 154, vital statistics, 542 Torrington, strange experience of, in the influenza of 1782, 364 Toynbee, Arnold, the industrial revolution, 145 Tralee, typhus, 259, cholera in 1849, 840 Trallianus, Alexander, dysenteria rheumatica, 782 Tranent, cholera in 1832, 806 =Transplantation= of disease, 474 Tristan d’Acunha, strangers’ colds, 431 Tronchin, Theodore, inoculation by blister, 493 Trotter, Thomas, ship fever, 117, Northumberland fevers 18th cent., 156 _note_, smallpox in the navy, 544 Turner, John, influenza of 1712, 340 Tullamore, panic at, from fever of 1817, 262 Tynemouth, cholera in 1849, 846, in 1853, 850, in 1854, 851 =Type, change of=, in continued fever, 2, 189, 203, 277, in scarlatina, 724, 730 =Typhoid fever= _see_ Enteric =Typhus=, _see_ also Simple Continued, Nervous, Putrid, Miliary, Pestilential, War, Gaol, Ship and Workhouse fevers. Perennial in London in 17th and 18th cent., 13, 67, epidemic of 1685-6 identified as, 27, the type of universal fever in 1623-4, 31, corresponds to the malignant fever of 1694, 44, among children at Bristol in 1696, 47, in Scotland at end of 17th cent., 48, 49, at Paris in 1700, 53, a case in London in 1709, 53, in Chester Castle in 1716, 60, or _synochus_ at York in 1718, 63, in 1728, 73, at Plymouth in 1735, 77, the type in the English epidemic of 1741-42, 83, and in the Irish, 243, circumstances of severe type of, 98-102, 290, relation of to dysentery, 108, 231, 792, in Lettsom’s dispensary practice, 136, identified by Hunter in London with gaol or hospital fever, 138, described by Sims in 1786, 138, by Willan in 1799, 139, by Currie at Liverpool, 141, at Newcastle, 142, 156 _note_, at Chester, 143, at Leeds, 146, 160, at Carlisle, 147, at Manchester, 149, 157, at Lancaster, 151, at Whitehaven, 152, in England generally 1782-85, 153, in Scotland, 154, 161, reference to by Robert Burns, 154 _note_, epidemic of 1799-1802, 160, in Ireland, 248, epidemic of in fiction in 1811, 162 _note_, decline of in second period of French war, 163, 167, epidemic of 1817-19, in England, 168, rare in the Scotch epidemic of same years, 175, in the Irish epidemic, 258, in Galway in 1822, 270, the common type of continued fever from 1831 to 1848, 188-198, the epidemic of 1847 in England, 205, in Scotland, 208, 839 _note_, in Ireland, 289-92, of the Lancashire cotton famine, 209, prevalence of relative to enteric, 211, recent decrease of, 214, 606, recent highest death-rates, 214, 217, mistaken for typhoid, 214, table of for Scotland, 216, for Ireland, 296 Tyrone, over-population in, 254, effects of the famine of 1817-19, 264 Ulverston, smallpox in 1816, 573 Uxbridge, measles in 1801, 649 =Vaccinal Syphilis=, real nature of, 562 _note_ =Vaccination=, rival of inoculation, 557, its pathological nature, 559-562, tests of its efficacy, 564, approved by the State, 567, extent of its practice to 1825, 582-6, Gregory on the effect of upon the London smallpox of, 1825 595, reasons for treating it as irrelevant to the epidemiology of smallpox, 596, prejudices of working class against, 606-7, made compulsory in 1853 on the precedent of 1840, 610, of adults, or re-vaccination, common on the Continent sooner than in Britain, 611-3 _see_ also Cowpox =Vagrancy= in Irish famines, 244, 261, 267 “=Variolae Vaccinae=,” figurative name of cowpox, 563 =Ventilation= of gaols, 94, of ships, 118. _See_ also Window-tax. Verdier, Jean, vaccination incorrect in principle, 587 =Vibrios= in cholera, 827 _note_ Virchow, Rudolph, dysentery and typhus, 108 _note_, season of epidemic typhoid in Berlin, 217 Voltaire, M. de, his mythical account of inoculation in Circassia, 473 _note_ Wagstaffe, William, objects to inoculation, 478, 607 Wakefield, dysentery in asylum, 787 Wakley, James, carries Bill against inoculation, 607 Walker, George A., London graveyards, 87 Walker, John, “vaccinates” with smallpox, 590 Walker, Patrick, sickness in the seven ill years, 50, epidemic agues in Scotland, 341 Wall, John, fever of 1741, 83, epidemic sore-throat of 1748, 701-2, relation of same to murrain, 736 _note_ Wall, Martin, Oxford typhus in 1785, 153 Walpole, Horace, on middle-class comfort, 60, suffers from nervous fever, 71 _note_, influenza of 1743, 350, horse-cold of 1760, 355, deaths by sore-throat in 1760, 703 =War typhus= at Chester in 1716, 60, at Feckenheim in 1743, 108, in 1746, 109, at Paderborn in 1761, 110, from Peninsular War, 166 Ward, T. Ogier, Wolverhampton cholera, 825 Ware, inoculation after an epidemic, 511 Warren, Dr, of Boston, two forms of influenza in successive seasons, 398 _note_ Warren, H., scarlatina anginosa in Barbados 1736, 684 Warrington, fevers at in 1773, 148, smallpox in 1773, 537, 553, comparison of with Chester as regards infant mortality, 551-5, cholera of 1832, 829 _note_ =Water= from reservoirs, a source of enteric fever, 220 _note_, 221, and _note_, 222 _note_, a source of cholera, 832, 848, at Newcastle in 1853, 550, in London, 853, 859 =Water= from wells, a source of enteric fever, 219 _note_, source of dysentery, 791, source of cholera, 848, the Broad St pump, 854, Theydon Bois, 857 =Water= in the subsoil, relation to enteric fever, 217, 221, Arbuthnot on its relation to influenza, 403-4, 408, relation to scarlatina years or season, 731, to diphtheria at Maidstone, 744, to cholera at Bilston, 824, 830, to cholera in east of London 1866, 859, to cholera in the endemic area of Bengal, 861 Waterford, fever hospital founded in 1799, 249, statistics of fever 1817-19, 266 Watson, Sir Thomas, epidemic fever of 1837-39 all typhus, 194, “threw the agy off his stomach,” 318 _note_, cause of intestinal irritation in scarlatina, 697 _note_, rarity of dysentery, 790 Watson, Sir William, peeling of skin after influenza, 351, inoculation trials at the Foundling, 500, 503, smallpox in the Foundling, 514, 550, putrid measles in same, 705, dysentery in 1762, 779 Watt, Robert, Glasgow vital statistics, 539, 569, 654, vaccination no direct effect on measles fatality, 583, decline of smallpox, 597, its place taken by measles, 629, 653-8, statistics of whooping-cough, 675, meaning of “bowel-hive,” 758 _note_ Watts, Giles, mildness of Sutton’s inoculation, 499 Webster, Noah, his theory of influenza, 405-7, influenza of 1781 in America, 410, influenza at sea, 428, fatality of measles, 645, insanitary state of American towns, 685, angina of cats in Philadelphia &c., 719 _note_ West, Charles, nature of infantile remittent fever, 5, exanthematic typhus, 189, no enteric cases in 1837-8, 194 West Ham, diphtheria, 742 Wharekauri, strangers’ cold, 432 Whitaker, Tobias, smallpox more fatal after the Restoration, 439, blooding in smallpox, 447, prevention of pock-pits, 456 White, J., fevers in the navy 17th cent., 104 White, William, public health of York improves, 63 Whitehaven, gaol and ship fever, 114, fevers, 152, 156, few children die of them, 571, fatality of smallpox, 538, 547, vaccination supersedes inoculation, 582, 586, cholera in 1832, 829 Whitmore, H., influenzas and agues of 1658-9, 313, 362, opposes blooding in influenza, 381 _note_ =Whooping-cough= called “the kink” in medieval book, 666, little regarded till 18th cent., 668, apparent increase of London deaths, 669, nosologically recognized in Sweden, 670, various British statistics 18th cent., 670, recent statistics, 671, probable cause of higher fatality in females, 672, now heads list of its class, 673, as a sequel of other diseases, 674, its pathology, 676, partly contagious by mimicry, 677 Whytt, Robert, influenza of 1758, 353, smallpox fatal in 1758, 547 Wick, cholera of 1832, 815 Wilde, Sir W. R., census of Ireland after the famine, 292 Willan, Robert, London typhus in 1796-99, 139, agues, 373, measles, 648, 18th cent. throat distempers all scarlatinal, 679, 737, the Foundling epidemic of 1763, 705, scarlatina of 1786, 713, of 1796-1801, 719, uncertainty of scarlatinal contagion, 733, dysentery in 1800, 785 Williams, Robert, on 17th cent. agues and dysenteries in London, 304 _note_, electrical theory of influenza, 406 _note_ Willis, Thomas, epidemic fever of 1661, 4-7, cases and postmortem of, 6, scale of malignity in fevers, 16, epidemic agues of 1657-58, 314, refers to bark in 1660, 320, smallpox at Oxford in 1649 and 1654, 437, less danger from smallpox in childhood, 441, opinion on Duke of York’s children, 451, whooping-cough left to nurses, 667, convulsions, 749, cholera nostras of 1670, 772, symptoms of dysentery, 776 Wilson, Andrew, bilious colic, 771 _note_, Newcastle dysentery, 780 =Window-tax=, effects of on health, 88, history of, 88 Wintringham, Clifton, typhus in Yorkshire in 1718, 63, nervous fevers, 72, 73, agues, 341, influenza of 1729, 345, measles, 642, angina and miliary fever, 683 Withering, William, describes scarlatina anginosa in 1778, 710-12 Witney, fever in 1818, 170 Wolverhampton, cholera in 1832, 825, in 1849, 845 Woodward, John, treatment of smallpox, 449 Woodville, William, history of the Inoculation Hospital, 505, value of inoculation, 516, recent vaccination does not keep off smallpox, 565 Worcester, gaol typhus, 153, epidemic sore-throat, 701, infantile diarrhoea, 765-6 =Workhouses= fever in English, 47, 79, 126, 137, 154, 168; established in Ireland, 267, fever in, 286, 289, 293 Wordsworth, William, distress of 1794, 156 =Worm fever=, 7, 75, 111, 247 Worthing, enteric fever in 1893, 220 =Yellow fever= in the navy, 17th cent., 102 York, improved public health 18th cent., 63 Youghal, cholera in 1837, 835 _note_ Young, Arthur, prices and wages in 1801, 159, potatoes in Ireland, 252, potatoes as the English staple food, 284, Warrington industry, 551 Ystradyfodwg, enteric fever, 220 Cambridge: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. FOOTNOTES: [1] James Lind, M.D., _Two Papers on Fevers and Infection_. Lond. 1763, p. 79. [2] _Observations on Fevers and Febrifuges._ Made English from the French of M. Spon. London, 1682. [3] James Hutchinson, M.D., _De Mutatione Febrium e tempore Sydenhami, etc._ Edin. 1782. Thesis. [4] _Observationes Medicae_, 3rd ed. 1676, I. 2. § 23. English by R. G. Latham, M.D. [5] Reports of Whitehaven Dispensary (Dixon) and of Nottingham General Hospital (Clarke), cited in the sequel. [6] Rilliet, _De la Fièvre Typhoïde chez les Enfants_, Thèse, Paris, _2 Janv. 1840_, based on 61 cases; West, _Diseases of Infancy and Childhood_, 3rd ed. Lond. 1854. [7] “Febris epidemicae cerebro et nervoso generi potissimum infestae, anno 1661 increbescentis descriptio,” in _Pathologia Cerebri_, Cap. VIII, “De Spasmis universalibus qui in febribus malignis” etc., Eng. transl. p. 51. [8] “Itaque ventrem inferiorem primo aperiens, viscera omnia in eo contenta satis sana et sarte tecta inveni”--the small intestine being telescoped in several places. [9] Elsewhere he says the first case of the series was “circa solstitium hyemale anno 1655.” [10] _De Febribus_, chapter “De febribus pestilentibus.” [11] _Treatise on the Infantile Remittent Fever._ London, 1782. [12] _Pyretologia_, 2 vols. Lond. 1692-94, i. 68, at the end of “Synopsis Febrium”:--“Febris verminosa, quae nulli e specibus memoratis praecisé determinari potest.” [13] Häser gives a reference to an essay in which Willis’s fever of 1661 is compared to enteric fever: C. M. W. Rietschel, _Epidemia anni 1661 a Willisio et febris nervosa lenta ab Huxhamio descriptae, etc. cum typho abdominali nostro tempore obvio comparantur_. Lips. 1861. Not having found this essay, I cannot say on what grounds the comparison is made. [14] _Lives of the Norths._ New ed. by Jessopp. 3 vols. 1890, iii. 8, 21. [15] _Diary of John Evelyn, Esq., F.R.S., 1641-1706_, under the date of 18 Sept. [16] _Diary of Samuel Pepys, Esq., F.R.S., 1659-69._ [17] An analysis of the four Hippocratic constitutions, with modern illustrative cases, is given by Alfred Haviland, _Climate, Weather, and Disease_. London, 1855. [18] _Epist. I. Respons._ § 57. Greenhill’s ed. p. 298. [19] Tillison to Sancroft, 14 Sept. 1665. Cited in former volume, p. 677: “One week full of spots and tokens, and perhaps the succeeding bill none at all.” [20] H. Clutterbuck, M.D., _Obs. on the Epidemic Fevers prevailing in the Metropolis_. Lond. 1819, pp. 58-60. [21] Horace Walpole’s _Letters_ give two instances: he himself had never set foot in Southwark; a small tradesman in the City had never heard of Sir Robert Walpole. [22] _Transactions of the College of Physicians_, iii. 366. [23] Willis, Op. ed. 1682, Amstelod. p. 110. “De febribus pestilentibus”: “Etenim vulgo notum est febres interdum populariter regnare, quae pro symptomatum vehementia, summa aegrorum strage, et magna vi contagii, pestilentiae vix cedant; quae tamen, quia putridarum typos innotantur, nec adeo certo affectos interemunt aut alios inficiunt haud _pestis_ sed diminutiori appellatione _febris pestilens_ nomen merentur. Praeter has dantur alterius generis febres, quarum et pernicies et contagium se remissius habent, quia tamen supra putridarum vires infestae sunt, et in se aliquatenus τὸ θεῖον Hippocratis continere videntur, tenuiori adhuc vocabulo _febres malignae_ appellantur.” The war-typhus of 1643, which was sometimes bubonic, and was succeeded by plague in 1644, is given as an example of _febris pestilens_; the epidemic of 1661 as an example of _maligna_. [24] _Pyretologia_, i. 68. [25] C. L. Morley, _De morbo epidemico, in 1678-9, narratio_. Lond. 1680. [26] Guido Fanois, _De morbo epidemico hactenus inaudito, praeterita aestate anni 1669 Lugduni Batavorum vicinisque locis grassante_. Lugd. Bat. 1671. [27] Brownrigg cites the Leyden epidemic of 1669, which he calls an intermitting fever, as an instance of the effects of changes in the ground water; it was “powerfully aggravated by the mixture of salt water with the stagnant water of the canals and ditches. This fever happened in the month of August, 1669, and continued to the end of January, 1670.” “Observations on the Means of Preventing Epidemic Fevers.” Printed in the _Literary Life of W. Brownrigg, M.D., F.R.S._ By Joshua Dixon, Whitehaven, 1801. [28] _Obs. Med._ 3rd ed., v. 2. [29] _Epist. I. Respons._ §§ 56, 57. [30] _Pyretologie_, i. 429. [31] John Lamport _alias_ Lampard, _A direct Method of ordering and curing People of that loathsome disease the Smallpox_. Lond. 1685, p. 28. [32] _Hist. MSS. Com._ v. 186. Duke of Sutherland’s historical papers. [33] _Schedula Monitoria I._ “De novae febris ingressu.” §§ 2, 3. [34] _Ibid._ § 46. [35] In the Belvoir Letters (_Hist. MSS. Com. Calendar_) Charles Bertie writes from London to the Countess of Rutland, 26 January, 1685, that “many are sick of pestilential fevers.” Evelyn says that the winter of 1685-6 was extraordinarily wet and mild, but does not mention sickness until June, 1686, when the weather was hot and the camp at Hounslow Heath was broken up owing to sickness. [36] Evelyn’s _Diary_, which gives other particulars, including a description of the ice-carnival on the Thames. [37] Thomas Short, M.D. of Sheffield, _New Observations on City, Town and Country Bills of Mortality_. London, 1750. [38] Freind (_Nine Commentaries upon Fever, &c._, engl. by Dale, Lond. 1730, p. 4) has the following general criticism upon Sydenham’s varying constitutions of fevers: “I believe also I may truly affirm that those very fevers which Sydenham explains as distinct species, according to the various temperature of the seasons, do not differ much from one another. For, if perhaps you should except the _Petechiae_, they differ rather in degree than in kind. There hardly ever appeared a fever in any season where the signs so constantly answered one another, that those which you found collected in one person should unite after the same manner in another; however upon this account you would not deny their labouring under the same distemper.” [39] _Tractatus de Podagra_, § 35. Greenhill’s edition, p. 428. [40] _Chronicle of Perth_ (Maitland Club) under date 14 Oct. 1621. [41] Thorold Rogers, _Hist. of Agric. and Prices_, sub anno. [42] _Extracts from Kirk Session Records._ Spalding Club, 1846. [43] _Chronicle of Perth._ [44] _History of the Burgh of Dumfries._ By W. MacDowall. 2nd ed. Edin. 1873, p. 381. [45] _Court and Times of James I._, ii. 331. [46] _Ibid._, under date 25 Oct. 1423. [47] _Ibid._, ii. 439. [48] _Cal. Coke MSS._ (Hist. MSS. Com.) i. 158. [49] _C. and T. James I._, ii. 469. [50] Mayerne, _Opera Medica_, Lond. 1700. [51] _Ibid._, ii. 473. [52] Janus Chunradus Rhumelius, _Historia morbi, qui etc._ Norimb. 1625. [53] W. D. Cooper, _Archæologia_, XXXVII. (1857) p. 1. I had overlooked this important paper on English plagues in my former volume. The chief additional facts that it contains are the very severe plague at Cambridge in the summer of 1666, the deaths of 417 by plague at Peterborough in 1666, and of 8 more in the first quarter of 1667, and the slightness of the Nottingham outbreak, which was in August, 1666 (p. 22). [54] _London Gazette_, 17-21 June, 1675, repeated in the number for 28 June-1 July. [55] Brand, _Hist. of Newcastle_, II. 509. Report contradicted on 18 Dec. [56] “The habitations of the poor within or adjoining to the City,” says Willan, “have suffered greatly; and some, I am informed, have been almost depopulated, the infection having extended to every inmate. The rumour of a plague was totally devoid of foundation.” [57] Rudder, _A New History of Gloucestershire_, 1779, P. 737. [58] Spelman, _De Sepultura_. English ed. 1641, p. 28. He cites the burial fees paid to the parson as twice as much for coffined as for uncoffined corpses. This agrees on the whole with the evidence adduced in the former volume of this history, p. 335. [59] 18 and 19 Car. II. cap. 4; 30 Car. II. (1), cap. 3. These Acts were repealed by 54 Geo. III., cap. 108. [60] _History of England_, I. 359. [61] He has one or two relevant remarks: “But while we suppose common worms in graves, ’tis not easy to find any there; few in churchyards above a foot deep, fewer or none in churches, though in fresh-decayed bodies. Teeth, bones, and hair give the most lasting defiance to corruption. In an hydropsical body, ten years buried in the churchyard, we met with a fat concretion [adipocere] where the nitre of the earth and the salt and lixivious liquor of the body had coagulated large lumps of fat into the consistence of the hardest Castille soap, whereof part remaineth with us. The body of the Marquis of Dorset seemed sound and handsomely cereclothed, that after seventy-eight years was found uncorrupted. Common tombs preserve not beyond powder: a firmer consistence and compage of parts might be expected from arefaction, deep burial, or charcoal.” [62] One may allege poverty on general grounds, as well as on particular. Thus, in 1636, the mayor was unpopular: “He was a stout man and had not the love of the commons. He was cruel, and not pitying the poor, he caused many dunghills to be carried away; but the cost was on the poor--it being so hard times might well have been spared.” Ormerod, I. 203. [63] Printed plague-bill, with MS. additions, Harl. MS. 1929. [64] Haygarth, _Phil. Trans._, LXVIII. 139. [65] Cotton Mather’s _Magnalia_. Ed. of 1853, I. 227. [66] _History of England &c._, IV. 707. Evelyn (_Diary, 21 May, 1696_) says the city was “very healthy,” although the summer was exceeding rainy, cold and unseasonable. [67] Thomas Dover, M.B., _The Ancient Physician’s Legacy_. London, 1732, p. 98. [68] Broadsheet in the British Museum Library. [69] Tooke, _Hist. of Prices_, Introd. [70] _Scotia Illustrata._ Edin. 1684. Lib. II. p. 52. [71] Fynes Morryson, _Itinerary_, 1614. Pt. III. p. 156. [72] Edinburgh, 1691, p. 67. [73] _The Epilogue to the Five Papers, etc._ Edin. 1699, p. 22. This title refers to a controversy on the use of antimonial emetics in fevers. See Dr John Brown’s essay on Dr Andrew Brown, in his _Locke and Sydenham_, new ed. Edinb., 1866. [74] He adds that “the fever has several times before been in my family and among my servants and children.” In mentioning the case of the Master of Forbes in August, 1691, whom he cured, he remarks that “the malicious said he was under no fever”; to disprove which Dr Brown refers to the symptoms of frequent pulse, watching and raving, continual vomiting, frequent fainting, and extreme weakness. [75] Andrew Fletcher, _Two Discourses_. 1699. [76] The English Government took off the Customs duty upon victual imported from England to Scotland, and placed a bounty of 20_d._ per boll upon it. [77] Patrick Walker, _Some Remarkable Passages in the Life and Death of Mr Daniel Cargill, &c._ Edinb. 1732. (Reprinted in _Biographia Presbyteriana_. Edinb. 1827, II. 25.) [78] Sir John Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of Scotland_. 1st ed. III. 62. [79] _Ibid._ II. 544. [80] _Ibid._ VI. 122. [81] In the remote parish of Kilmuir, Skye, the famine is referred to the year 1688, “when the poor actually perished on the highways for want of aliment.” (_Ibid._ II. 551.) In Duthil and Rothimurchus, Invernessshire, the famine is referred to 1680, “as nearly as can be recollected:” “A famine in this and the neighbouring counties, of the most fatal consequence. The poorer sort of people frequented the churchyard to pull a mess of nettles, and frequently struggled about the prey, being the earliest spring greens.... So many families perished from want that for six miles in a well-inhabited extent, within the year there was not a smoke remaining.” (_Ibid._ IV. 316.) In the Kirk session records of the parish of Kiltearn, Rossshire, which I have seen in MS., there are various entries in the year 1697 relating to badges of lead to be worn by those licensed to beg from door to door: on 12 April, 34 such persons are named, and on 19 April, Robert Douglas was reimbursed for the cost of 35 badges. On 2 Aug., the number of poor who were to receive each from the heritors ten shillings Scots reads like “nighentie foure.” [82] John Freind, M.D., _Nine Commentaries on Fevers_, transl. by T. Dale. London, 1730. [83] _Cal. Coke MSS._ II. 405. [84] Joannes Turner, _De Febre Britannica Anni 1712._ Lond. 1713, p. 3. “Vere proximè elapso, per Gallias passim ingravescere coeperunt febres mali moris in nobiles domos, et regiam praecipue infestae; quò Ludovicum Magnum ipsa infortunia ostenderent Majorem, et patientia Christianissima Maximum.” [85] From London, on 25 February, 1701, we hear of the illness from a violent fever of Mr Brotherton, at his house in Chancery Lane; he was member for Newton, and Mr Coke was advised to look after his seat. A letter of 18 April, 1701, from Chilcote, in Derbyshire, says that it has been a sickly time in these parts and that a certain lady and her daughter were both dead and to be buried the same day. In the same correspondence, cases of fever in London are mentioned on 18 June and 4 December the same year (1701). _Cal. Coke MSS._ II. 421, 424, 429, 441. [86] _Tractatus Duplex._ Lond. 1710. Engl. transl. 1737, p. 253. [87] W. Butter, M.D., _A Treatise on the Infantile Remittent Fever_. Lond. 1782. [88] Philip Guide, M.D., _A Kind Warning to a Multitude of Patients daily afflicted with different sorts of Fevers_. Lond. 1710. [89] One death from “malignant fever,” two from scarlet fever. [90] Hunter’s _Hallamshire_, ed. Gatty. [91] Brand, _Hist. of Newcastle_, II. 308. Swift writes to Stella on 8 December, 1710: “We are terribly afraid of the plague; they say it is at Newcastle. I begged Mr Harley [the Lord President] for the love of God to take some care about it, or we are all ruined. There have been orders for all ships from the Baltic to pass their quarantine before they land; but they neglect it. You remember I have been afraid these two years.” The orders referred to were probably the Order of Council of 9 Nov. 1710. Parliament met on the 25th Nov. and passed the first Quarantine Act (9 Anne, cap. II.). Swift had a good deal to say with Ministers on many subjects, and it is not impossible, however absurd, that his had been the first suggestion to Harley of a quarantine law. I had purposed including a history of quarantine in Britain, but can find no convenient context for it. I shall therefore refer the reader to the historical sketch which I have appended to the Article “Quarantine” in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th ed. [92] _Essay on Epidemic Diseases._ Dublin, 1734, p. 34. [93] Dr Guide, a Frenchman, who had been in practice in London for many years, says in his _Kind Warning to a Multitude of Patients daily afflicted with different sorts of Fevers_ (1710) “the British physicians and surgeons are lately fallen into an unhappy and terrible confusion and mixture of honest and fraudulent pretenders.” Another writer of 1710, Dr Lynn, quoted in the chapter on Smallpox, implies that physicians were taking an unusually cynical view of their business. The most interesting essay of the time on fevers is by J. White, M.D. (_De recta Sanguinis Missione &c._ Lond. 1712), a Scot who had been in the Navy and afterwards in practice at Lisbon; but it throws no light upon the London fevers. [94] Elizabeth, Lady Otway, to Benj. Browne, Dec. 1st and 15th, 1715, and Feb. 16, 1716. _Hist. MSS. Com._ X. pt. 4, p. 352; Hemingway’s _Hist. of Chester_, II. 244. [95] _Letters_, ed. Cunningham, I. 72. [96] Lecky, _History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, VI. 204:--“All the evidence we possess concurs in showing that during the first three-quarters of the century the position of the poorer agricultural classes in England was singularly favourable. The price of wheat was both low and steady. Wages, if they advanced slowly, appear to have commanded an increased proportion of the necessaries of life, and there were all the signs of growing material well-being. It was noticed that wheat bread, and that made of the finest flour, which at the beginning of the period had been confined to the upper and middle classes, had become before the close of it over the greater part of England the universal food, and that the consumption of cheese and butter in proportion to the population in many districts almost trebled. Beef and mutton were eaten almost daily in villages.” [97] _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, pp. 398-415. [98] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, 1766. [99] Short. [100] Clifton Wintringham, M.D., _Commentarium nosologicum, morbos epidemicos et aeris variationes in urbe Eboracensi locisque vicinis ab anno 1715 usque ad finem anni 1725 grassantes, complectens_. Londini, 1727. [101] W. White, M.D., _Phil. Trans._ LXXII. (1782), p. 35. The annual deaths under the old _régime_ exceeded by a good deal the annual births: in the seven years 1728-35, according to the figures from the parish registers in Drake’s _Eboracum_, the burials from all causes were 3488, and the baptisms 2803, an annual excess of 98 deaths over the births in an estimated population of 10,800 (birth-rate 37 per 1000, death-rate 46 per 1000). But in the seven years, 1770-76, the balance was the other way: the population had increased by two thousand (to 12,800), and the births were on an average 20 in the year more than the deaths (474 births, 454 deaths), the birth-rate being still 37 per 1000, and the death-rate fallen to 35 per 1000. But the correctness of these rates depends on the population being exactly given. [102] “There has been very great mobbing by the weavers of this town, as they pretend, because they are starved for want of trade; and they pull the calico cloaths off women’s backs wherever they see them. The Trainbands have been up since last Friday, and they were forced to fire at the mobb in Moor Fields before they would disperse, and four or five were shott and as many wounded.” (Benjamin Browne to his father, 16 June, 1719: Mr Browne’s MSS. _Hist. MSS. Com._ X. pt. 4, p. 351.) The calicoes which the London weavers tore from the backs of women were doubtless the Indian fabrics brought home by the ships of the East India Company. These imports were so injurious to home manufactures that an Act had been passed in 1700 prohibiting (with some exceptions) the use in England of printed or dyed calicoes or any other printed or dyed cotton goods. This prohibition was re-enacted in 1721, two years after the rioting at Moorfields. (7 Geo. I. cap. 7). Blomefield (_Hist. of Norfolk_, III. 437) says that at Norwich also there was tearing of calicoes, “as pernicious to the trade” of that city. On the 20th of September, 1720, a great riot arose there, the rabble cutting several gowns in pieces on women’s backs, entering shops to seize all calicoes found there, beating the constables, and opposing the sheriff’s power to such a degree that the company of artillery had to be called out. [103] Ambrose Warren to Sir P. Gell, 16 Sept. 1718, _Hist. MSS. Com._ IX. pt. 2, p. 400 _b_. [104] The sudden rise was due to influenza; but the fever mortality was high for weeks before and after. [105] John Arbuthnot, M.D., _Essay concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies_. Lond. 1733, p. 187. [106] Edward Strother, M.D., _Practical Observations on the Epidemical Fever which hath reigned so violently these two years past and still rages at the present time, with some incidental remarks shewing wherein this fatal Distemper differs from Common fevers; and more particularly why the Bark has so often failed: and methods prescribed to render its use more effectual. In which is contained a very remarkable History of a Spotted Fever._ London, 1729. This book was written before the influenza of the end of 1729. At p. 126 the author was writing on the 24th of May, 1728. The preface is undated. [107] Bernard de Mandeville, M.D., _A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysteric Diseases_, 3rd ed. 1730, 1st ed. 1711. It contains nothing about the “little fever.” [108] Richard Blackmore, M.D., _A Discourse upon the Plague, with a prefatory account of Malignant Fever_. London, 1721, p. 17. [109] W. Cockburn, M.D., _Danger of improving Physick, with a brief account of the present Epidemick Fever_. London, 1730. [110] I am the more persuaded of the identity with relapsing fever of much that was called remittent in Britain, and even intermittent, after reading the highly original treatise by R. T. Lyons on _Relapsing or Famine Fever_, London, 1872, relating to the epidemics of it in India. [111] Huxham, _On Fevers_, chap. VIII. [112] Murchison, _Continued Fevers of Great Britain_, 2nd ed. Lond. 1873, p. 423. [113] Sir Richard Manningham, Kt., M.D. _Febricula or Little Fever, commonly called the Nervous or Hysteric Fever, the Fever on the Spirits, Vapours, Hypo, or Spleen_. 1746. [114] It is clear that the nervous fever established itself as a distinct type in England in the earlier part of the 18th century, both in medical opinion and in common acceptation: thus Horace Walpole, writing from Arlington Street on 28 January, 1760, says: “I have had a nervous fever these six or seven weeks every night, and have taken bark enough to have made a rind for Daphne: nay, have even stayed at home two days.” _Letters of Horace Walpole_, ed. Cunningham, iii. 281. [115] _Commentar. Nosol._ u. s. [116] William Hillary, M.D., “An Account of the principal variations of the Weather and the concomitant Epidemical Diseases from 1726 to 1734 at Ripon.” App. to _Essay on the Smallpox_, Lond. 1740. [117] Brand, _History of Newcastle_, ii. 517, says that the magistrates of that town made a collection for the relief of poor housekeepers in the remarkably severe winter of 1728-29, the sum raised being £362. 18_s._ [118] Tooke, _History of Prices from 1793 to 1837_. Introd. chap. p. 40. [119] _Ancient Physician’s Legacy._ Lond. 1733, p. 144. [120] “In the year 1727,” says Hillary, “I ordered several persons to lose 120 to 140 ounces of blood at several times in these inflammatory distempers, with great relief and success; whereas, in this winter [1728] I met with few, and even the strong and robust, who could bear the loss of above 40 or 50 ounces of blood, at three or four times; but, in general, most of the sick could not bear bleeding oftener than twice, and then not to exceed 30 or 34 oz. at most, at two or three times; and especially those who had been afflicted with, and debilitated by, the intermitting fever in the autumn before,--these could not bear blooding oftener than once, or twice at most, and in very small quantities too, though the acuteness of the pain, and the other symptoms in all, seemed at first to indicate much larger evacuations that way; but the first bleeding often sunk the pulse and strength of the patient so much that I durst not repeat it more than once, and in some not at all.” Hillary, u. s. p. 26. [121] _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ I-VI. This annual publication was the original of the _Transactions_ of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [122] _Ibid._ I. 40; II. 27; II. 287 (St Clair’s case); IV. [123] Huxham, _De aere et morbis_. [124] Ebenezer Gilchrist, M.D., “Essay on Nervous Fevers.” _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ IV. 347, and VI. (or V. pt. 2), p. 505. [125] _Ibid._ V. pt. 1, p. 30. [126] _Obs. de aere et morbis_; also his essay _On Fevers_. [127] Hillary, App. to _Smallpox_, 1740, pp. 57, 66. [128] Mr Lecky (_History of England in the 18th Century_), II., says that the famine and fever of 1740-41, which he describes as an important event in the history of Ireland, “hardly excited any attention in England.” It was severely felt, however, in England; and if it excited hardly any attention, that must have been because there were so many superior interests which were more engrossing than the state of the poor. [129] _Gent. Magaz._ X. (1740), 32, 35. Blomefield, for Norwich, says that many there would have perished in the winter of 1739-40 but for help from their richer neighbours. [130] W. Allen, _Landholder’s Companion_, 1734. Cited by Tooke. [131] _An Inquiry into the Nature, Cause and Cure of the present Epidemic Fever ... with the difference betwixt Nervous and Inflammatory Fevers, and the Method of treating each_, 1742, p. 54. [132] John Altree, _Gent. Magaz._ Dec. 1741, p. 655. [133] White, _ibid._ 1742, p. 43. [134] Dunsford, _Historical Memorials of Tiverton_. The accounts of the great weaving towns of the South-west are not unpleasing until we come to the time when they were overtaken by decay of work and distress, from about 1720 onwards. The district, says Defoe, was “a rich enclosed country, full of rivers and towns, and infinitely populous, in so much that some of the market towns are equal to cities in bigness, and superior to many of them in numbers of people.” Taunton had 1100 looms. Tiverton in the seven years 1700-1706 had 331 marriages, 1116 baptisms, 1175 burials (a slight excess), and an estimated population of 8693, which kept nearly at that level for about twenty years longer (from 1720 to 1726 the marriages were 284, the baptisms 1070 and the burials 1175). [135] _Gent. Magaz._ XI. (1742), p. 704. [136] Blomefield, _History of Norfolk_ III. 449. [137] Arnot, _History of Edinburgh_, 1779, p. 211. [138] _Gent. Magaz._ 1741, p. 705. [139] _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ I. Art. 1. [140] _Gent. Magaz._ 1742, p. 186. [141] John Wall, M.D., _Medical Tracts_, Oxford, 1780, p. 337. See also _Obs. on the Epid. Fever of 1741_, 3rd ed., by Daniel Cox, apothecary, with cases. [142] _Edin. Med. Essays and Obs._ VI. 539. [143] “And here I cannot but observe how many ignorant conceited coxcombs ride out, under a shew of business, with their lancet in their pocket, and make diseases instead of curing them, drawing their weapon upon every occasion, right or wrong, and upon every complaint cry out, ‘Egad! I must have some of your blood,’ give the poor wretches a disease they never might have had, drawing the blood and the purse, torment them in this world,” etc.--_An Essay on the present Epidemic Fever_, Sherborne, 1741. The practice of blood-letting in continued fevers received a check in the second half of the 18th century, but it was still kept up in inflammatory diseases or injuries. Even in the latter it was freely satirized by the laity. When the surgeon in _Tom Jones_ complained bitterly that the wounded hero would not be blooded though he was in a fever, the landlady of the inn answered: “It is an eating fever, then, for he hath devoured two swingeing buttered toasts this morning for breakfast.” “Very likely,” says the doctor, “I have known people eat in a fever; and it is very easily accounted for; because the acidity occasioned by the febrile matter may stimulate the nerves of the diaphragm, and thereby occasion a craving which will not be easily distinguishable from a natural appetite.... Indeed I think the gentleman in a very dangerous way, and, if he is not blooded, I am afraid will die.” [144] Munk, _Roll of the College of Physicians_, II. 53. [145] _Gentleman’s Magaz._ III. 1733, Sept., p. 492. [146] _Effects of Air on Human Bodies_, 1733, pp. 11, 17. His excellent remarks on the need of fresh air in the treatment of fevers, two generations before Lettsom carried out the practice, are at p. 54. The curious calculation above cited was copied by Langrish, and usually passes as his. [147] “Also without the bars both sides of the street be pestered with cottages and alleys even up to Whitechapel Church, and almost half a mile beyond it, into the common field: all which ought to be open and free for all men. But this common field, I say, being sometime the beauty of this city on that part, is so encroached upon by building of filthy cottages, and with other purprestures, enclosures and laystalls (notwithstanding all proclamations and Acts of Parliament made to the contrary) that in some places it scarce remaineth a sufficient highway for the meeting of carriages and droves of cattle. Much less is there any fair, pleasant or wholesome way for people to walk on foot, which is no small blemish to so famous a city to have so unsavoury and unseemly an entrance or passage thereunto.” Stow’s _Survey of London_, section on “Suburbs without the Walls.” [148] The line of an old field walk can still be followed from Aldermanbury Postern to Hackney, Goldsmiths’ Row being one of the wider sections of it. [149] Luttrell’s _Diary_ 10 June, 1684. [150] Roger North’s “Autobiography,” in _Lives of the Norths_, new ed. 3 vols., 1890, III. 54. [151] Willan, 1801: “The passage filled with putrid excremental or other abominable effluvia from a vault at the bottom of the staircase.” See also Clutterbuck, _Epid. Fever at present prevailing_. Lond. 1819, p. 60. Ferriar, of Manchester, writing of the class of houses most apt to harbour the contagion of typhus, says, “Of the new buildings I have found those most apt to nurse it which are added in a slight manner to the back part of a row, and exposed to the effluvia of the privies.” [152] C. Davenant to T. Coke, London, 14 Dec. 1700. _Cal. Coke MSS._, II. 411, “I heartily commiserate your sad condition to be in the country these bad weeks; but I fancy you will find Derbyshire more pleasant even in winter than the House of Commons will be in a summer season. For, though it be now sixteen years ago [1685], I still bear in memory the evil smells descending from the small apartments adjoining to the Speaker’s Chamber, which came down into the House with irresistible force when the weather is hot.” [153] _Report on the Diseases in London, 1796-1800._ Lond. 1801. [154] John Ferriar, M.D., _Medical Histories and Reflections_. London 1810, II. 217. [155] Heysham, _Jail Fever at Carlisle in 1781_. Lond. 1782, p. 33. [156] John Howard, _State of the Prisons_. [157] _Notes and Queries_, 4th ser. XII. 346. Jenkinson, who was a Minister under George II., was reputed to have set an example of stopping up windows in his mansion near Croydon: You e’en shut out the light of day To save a paltry shilling. Others had boards painted to look like brickwork, which could be used to cover up windows at pleasure. [158] Petition, undated, but placed in a collection in the British Museum among broadsides of the years 1696-1700. In 1725 the imprisoned debtors at Liverpool petitioned Parliament for relief, alleging that they were reduced to a starving condition, having only straw and water at the courtesy of the serjeant. _Commons’ Journals_, XX. 375. [159] _Commons’ Journals_, 20 March, 1728/29, 14 May, 1729, 24 March, 1729/30. “Mrs Mary Trapps was prisoner in the Marshalsea and was put to lie in the same bed with two other women, each of which paid 2_s._ 6_d._ per week chamber rent; she fell ill and languished for a considerable time; and the last three weeks grew so offensive that the others were hardly able to bear the room; they frequently complained to the turnkeys and officers, and desired to be removed; but all in vain. At last she smelt so strong that the turnkey himself could not bear to come into the room to hear the complaints of her bedfellows; and they were forced to lie with her on the boards, till she died.” [160] _Political State of Great Britain_, XXXIX. April, 1730, pp. 430-431, 448. [161] _Gent. Magaz._, XX. 235. This authority is twenty years after the event, the incident having been recalled in 1750, on the occasion of the Old Bailey catastrophe. [162] Huxham. [163] See the former volume of this History, pp. 375-386. [164] _A Report &c. and of other Crown Cases._ By Sir Michael Foster, Knt., some time one of the Judges of the Court of King’s Bench. 2nd ed. London, 1776, p. 74. [165] The _Gentleman’s Magazine_ however says (1750, p. 235): “There being a very cold and piercing east wind to attack the sweating persons when they came out of court.” [166] See Bancroft, _Essay on the Yellow Fever, with observations concerning febrile contagion etc._ Lond. 1811. [167] _Gent. Magaz._ 1750, p. 274: “Many families are retired into the country, and near 12,000 houses empty”--an impossible number. [168] Sir John Pringle, _Observations on the Nature and Cure of the Hospital and Jayl Fever_. Letter to Mead, May 24. London, 1750. [169] One of the cases was that of an apprentice: “Some of the journeymen working in Newgate had forced him to go down into the great trunk of the ventilator in order to bring up a wig which one of them had thrown into it. As the machine was then working, he had been almost suffocated with the stench before they could get him up.” Pringle, “Ventilation of Newgate,” _Phil. Trans._ 1753, p. 42. [170] Thomas Stibbs to Sir John Pringle, Jan. 25, 1753. _Ibid._ p. 54. [171] “Ventilators some years since when first introduced, it was thought, would prove an effectual remedy for and preservative against this infection in jails; great expectations were formed of their benefit, but several years’ experience must now have fully shewn that ventilators will not remove infection from a jail.” Lind, _Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy_. New ed. Lond. 1774, p. 29. [172] J. C. Lettsom, M.D., _Medical Memoirs of the General Dispensary in London, 1773-4_. Lond. 1774. [173] _Gent. Magaz._ 1776, April 22. p. 187. [174] Lind, _Two Papers on Fevers and Infection_. Lond. 1763. pp. 90, 106. Many cases had buboes both in the groins and the armpits. [175] Carmichael Smyth, _Description of the Jail Distemper among Spanish Prisoners at Winchester_ in 1780. Lond. 1795. [176] _Cal. Coke MSS._ Hist. MSS. Commiss. i. 218. [177] _Med. Hist. and Reflect._ ut infra. [178] The following case, which happened five or six years ago, shows disparity of conditions in a twofold aspect. A lady from a city in the north of Scotland travelled direct to Switzerland to reside for a few weeks at one of the hotels in the High Alps. Within an hour or two of the end of her journey she began to feel ill, and was confined to her room from the time she entered the hotel. An English physician diagnosed the effects of the sun; the German doctor of the place, from his reading only, diagnosed typhus fever, which proved to be right, the patient dying with the most pronounced signs of malignant typhus. An explanation of the mystery was soon forthcoming. The lady had been a district visitor in an old and poor part of the Scotch city; she had, in particular, visited in a certain tenement-house in a court, from which half-a-dozen persons had been admitted to the Infirmary with typhus (an unusual event) at the very time when she was ill of it on the Swiss mountain. [179] Blane, _Select Dissertations_. London, 1822, p. 1. [180] Mather’s _Magnalia_. 2 vols. Hartford, 1853, i. 226 “Life of Sir William Phipps.” “Whereof there died, ere they could reach Boston, as I was told by Sir Francis Wheeler himself [‘but a few months ago’], no less than 1300 sailors out of 21, and no less than 1800 soldiers out of 24.” He had brought 1800 troops with him from England to Barbados in transports. [181] Churchill’s Collection, VI. 173. [182] W. Cockburn, M.D. _An Account of the Nature, Causes, Symptoms and Cure of the Distempers that are incident to Seafaring People._ 3 Parts. London, 1696-97. [183] J. White, M.D. _De recta Sanguinis Missione, or, New and Exact Observations of Fevers, in which Letting of Blood is shew’d to be the true and solid Basis of their Cure, &c._ London, 1712. His chief point, that the strongest and lustiest were most obnoxious to malignant fevers, had been urged by Cockburn in 1696. [184] Lind (_Two Papers on Fevers and Infection_, London, 1763, p. 113) gives an instance where the poisonous effluvia of the ship’s well did not spread through the ’tween decks: “The following accident happened lately [written in 1761] in the Bay of Biscay. In a ship of 60 guns, by the carpenter’s neglecting to turn the cock that freshens the bilge-water, which had not been pumped out for some time, a large scum, as is usual, or a thick tough film was collected a-top of it. The first man who went down to break this scum in order to pump out the bilge-water was immediately suffocated. The second suffered an instantaneous death in like manner. And three others, who successively attempted the same business, narrowly escaped with life: one of whom has never since perfectly recovered his health. Yet that ship was at all times, both before and after this accident, remarkably healthy.” It was the contention of Renwick, a naval surgeon who wrote in 1794, that it was the stirring of the bilge-water in being discharged from the ship’s well, or the adding of fresh water to the foul, that caused the offensive emanations. “Hence the first cause of febrile sickness in all ships recently commissioned.” Renwick made so much of the foul bilge-water as a cause that he thought the fevers ought to be termed “bilge-fevers.” _Letter to the Critical Reviewer_, p. 42. [185] These particulars are not given in Freind’s special work on Peterborough’s campaign, which deals only with the military and political history, but in his _Nine Commentaries on Fever_ (Engl. ed. by Dale, London, 1730), and in a Latin letter to Cockburn, dated Barcelona, 9 Sept. 1706, which was first printed in _Several Cases in Physic_. By Pierce Dod, M.D. London, 1746. [186] Smollett joined the ‘Cumberland’ as surgeon’s mate in 1740, before she sailed with the fleet sent out under Vernon and others to Carthagena. His account in _Roderick Random_ of the sick-bay of the ‘Thunder’ as she lay at the Nore is doubtless veracious: “When I observed the situation of the patients, I was much less surprised that people should die on board, than that any sick person should recover. Here I saw about fifty miserable distempered wretches, suspended in rows, so huddled one upon another that not more than fourteen inches space was allowed for each with his bed and bedding; and deprived of the light of the day, as well as of fresh air; breathing nothing but a noisome atmosphere of the morbid steams exhaling from their own excrements and diseased bodies, devoured with vermin hatched in the filth that surrounded them, and destitute of every convenience necessary for people in that helpless condition.” Chap. XXV. He wrote a separate account of the fatal Carthagena expedition in a compendium of voyages. [187] Coxe’s _Life of Marlborough_. Bohn’s ed. I. 183. [188] Grainger’s essay, _Historia febris anomalae Bataviae annorum, 1746, 1747, 1748, etc._ Edin. 1753, is chiefly occupied with an anomalous “intermittent” or “remittent” fever with miliary eruption, and with dysentery. [189] For a full discussion of the relation of dysentery to typhus, see Virchow, “Kriegstypus und Ruhr.” _Virchow’s Archiv_, Bd. LII. (1871), p. 1. [190] Sir John Pringle, _Obs. on the Nature and Cure of Hospital and Jayl Fever_, Lond. 1750 (Letter to Mead); and his _Obs. on Diseases of the Army_, Lond. 1752 (fullest account). [191] Pringle, _Diseases of the Army_, pp. 40-45. [192] _Ibid._ p. 68. [193] Donald Monro, M.D. _Diseases of British Military Hospitals in Germany, from Jan. 1761 to the Return of the Troops to England in 1763._ Lond. 1764. The same campaign called forth also Dr Richard Brocklesby’s _Œconomical and Medical Observations from 1758 to 1763 on Military Hospitals and Camp Diseases etc._ London, 1764. [194] _Essay on Preserving the Health of Seamen_, Lond. 1757; _Two papers etc._ u. s. [195] In 1755 a pestilential sickness raged in the North American fleet, the ‘Torbay’ and ‘Munich’ being obliged to land their sick at Halifax. [196] The _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for December, 1772 (p. 589), records the following: “The bodies of two Dutchmen who were thrown overboard from a Dutch East Indiaman, where a malignant fever raged, were cast up near the Sally Port at Portsmouth; they were so offensive that it was with difficulty that anyone could be got to bury them.” [197] W. Brownrigg, M.D. _Considerations on preventing Pestilential Contagion._ London, 1771, p. 36. [198] Lind writes in his book on the Health of Seamen, “The sources of infection to our armies and fleets are undoubtedly the jails: we can often trace the importers of it directly from them. It often proves fatal in impressing men on the hasty equipment of a fleet. The first English fleet sent last war to America lost by it alone two thousand men.” [199] R. Robertson, M.D. _Observations on Jail, Hospital or Ship Fever from the 4th April, 1776, to the 30th April, 1789, made in various parts of Europe and America and on the Intermediate Seas._ London, 1789. New edition. [200] Given by Blane in a Postscript to his paper “On the Comparative Health of the British Navy, 1779-1814” in _Select Dissertations_, London, 1822, p. 62. [201] Blane, u. s. p. 47, from information supplied by Dr John Lind, of Haslar Hospital. [202] _Diseases incident to Seamen_, p. 18. [203] _Ibid._ p. 34. [204] Trotter, _Medicina Nautica_, I. 61. His general abstracts of the health of the fleet in the first years of the French War, 1794-96, give many instances of ship-typhus. [205] John Clark, M.D. _Observations on the Diseases which prevail in Long Voyages to Hot Countries, &c._ London, 1773. 2nd ed. 2 vols., 1792. John Lorimer, M.D., published in _Med. Facts and Observations_, VI. 211, a “Return of the ships’ companies and military on board the ships of the H. E. I. C. for the years 1792 and 1793.” +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | | Outward voyages | Homeward voyages | | | |-----------------|------------------| In port | | | Crew | Military | Crew | Invalids | | |----------------|------|----------|-------|----------|---------| | Number of men | 2657 | 3919 | 2701 | 1075 | -- | | Sick | 1253 | 1751 | 1058 | 282 | 1533 | | Dead | 28 | 50 | 51 | 27 | 96 | [206] _Reflections and Resolutions for the Gentlemen of Ireland_, p. 28. Cited by Lecky. [207] Sutton, “Changing Air in Ships,” _Phil. Trans._ XLII. 42; W. Watson, M.D. _ibid._ p. 62; H. Ellis, _ibid._ XLVII. 211. [208] _Ibid._ XLIX. 332, “Ventilation of a Transport.” [209] _Ibid._ pp. 333, 339. [210] Lind, _Essay on the Most Effectual Means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy_. New Ed. London, 1774, p. 29. [211] Blane, _Diseases incident to Seamen_, 1785, p. 243. [212] _Id._ “On the Comparative Health of the British Navy from the year 1799 to the year 1814, with Proposals for its farther Improvement.” _Select Dissertations_, 1822, p. 1. [213] Le Cat, _Phil. Trans._ XLIX. 49. [214] “Its cause seemed to be something contagious mixed with the contents of the stomach and intestines, especially the bile and alvine faeces, which absorbed thence contaminates the whole body and affects especially the cerebral functions.” _Gent. Magaz._, Article signed “S,” 1755, p. 151. [215] James Johnstone, M.D., senior, _Malignant Epidemic Fever of 1756_. London, 1758. [216] Nash, _Hist. of Worcestershire_, II. 39, found evidence in the Kidderminster registers that the fevers of 1727, 1728 and 1729 had “very much thinned the people, and terrified the inhabitants.” Watson, “On the Medical Topography of Stourport,” _Trans. Proc. Med. Assoc._, II., had heard or read somewhere that fever was so bad in Kidderminster in the first part of the 18th century that farmers were afraid to come to market. [217] Huxham, _Dissertation on the Malignant Ulcerous Sore-Throat_. Lond. 1757, p. 60. [218] Tooke, _History of Prices_. Introduction. [219] In Shrewsbury gaol, in 1756, thirty-seven colliers were confined for rioting during the dearth. Four of them died in gaol, ten were condemned to death, of whom two were executed. Phillips, _History of Shrewsbury_, 1779, p. 213. [220] Johnstone, u. s. Short says: “a slow, malignant, putrid fever in some parts of Yorkshire, Cheshire, Worcestershire and the low parts of Leicestershire, which carried off very many.” In October, 1757, it set in at Sheffield and raged all the winter. [221] Short, _Increase and Decrease of Mankind in England, etc._ London, 1767, p. 109. [222] Charles Bisset, _Essay on the Medical Constitution of Great Britain_, 1 Jan. 1758, to Midsummer, 1760. Together with a narrative of the Throat-Distemper and the Miliary Fever which were epidemical in the Duchy of Cleveland in 1760. London, 1762, pp. 265, 270, &c. [223] James Sims, M.D., _Obs. on Epid. Disorders_. Lond. 1773, p. 181. [224] W. Hillary, M.D., _Changes of the Air and Concomitant Epid. Disorders in Barbadoes_. 2nd ed., Lond. 1766. [225] _Tractatus duplex de Praxeos Regulis et de Febre Miliari_, Lond.