1792. The _modern art_ of joinery properly dates from the introduction

of the geometrical staircase, or stair supported by the wall only, the first English example of which is said to have been erected by Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul’s. [See JOINERY in _Ency. Brit._ 8th ed.] =Joseph=, O. E. A lady’s riding-habit, buttoned down the front. =Jousting-helmets= were made wide and large, resting on the shoulders, and decorated with a crest. It was common to make them of comical, fantastic designs; such as weathercocks with the points of the compass, immense figures of birds and beasts, &c. =Jousts= or =Justs=. Duels in the tilting-ground; generally with blunted spears, for a friendly trial of skill. =Jousts à Outrance.= Jousts in which the combatants fought till death ensued. =Jousts of Peace= (_hastiludia pacifica_; Fr. _joutes à plaisance_). These differed from real jousts or tournaments in the strength of the armour worn, and the weapons used. The lance was topped with a _coronel_ instead of a steel point; the sword was pointless and blunted, being often of whalebone covered with leather silvered over. [Illustration: Fig. 406. Chinese vase decorated with signs of longevity.] =Jouy= (wishes of good fortune). Chinese porcelain vases so called, used for birthday and other presents. In the vase represented on Fig. 406, the handles form the word expressive of the greeting above mentioned. =Jowlopped=, Her. Having wattles and a comb, as a cock. =Joys of the Virgin=, Chr. The seven joys and seven sorrows are frequently painted together in churches. The joys are, (1) The Annunciation. (2) The Visitation. (3) The Nativity. (4) The Adoration of the Three Kings. (5) The Presentation in the Temple. (6) The finding of Christ, by his mother, in the Temple. (7) The Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin. The seven sorrows are, (1) The prophecy of Simeon. (2) The Flight into Egypt. (3) The loss of the child in the Temple. (4) The Betrayal. (5) The Crucifixion. (6) The Deposition from the Cross. (7) The Ascension. =Jubé= (Arch. Mod.). A structure of carved stone-work, separating the chancel from the choir in a church. From this position the daily lessons were chanted, preceded by the words “_Jube_, Domine, benedicere;” hence its name. In English it is called indifferently, the rood-loft, holy-loft, rood-screen, or jubé. =Jubilee.= (1) Heb. (from _jobel_, a ram’s horn (trumpet); or from _jabal_, to recall). A Jewish festival celebrated every fifty years, when slaves were restored to liberty, and exiles recalled. (2) Chr. A commemoration ceremony at Rome, during which the Pope grants plenary indulgences; held at irregular intervals. =Judas Light=, =Judas Candlestick=, =Jewes Light=, O. E. The wooden imitation of a candlestick which held the Paschal candle. =Jugalis= (sc. _equus_). A horse harnessed to a yoke (_jugum_), instead of traces (_funalis_). =Jugerum.= A Roman superficial measure, 240 feet by 120 feet. In the original assignment of landed property, two _jugera_ were allotted to each citizen, as heritable property. =Jugum= (Gr. ζυγόν). (1) A yoke for draught cattle. (2) Metaphorically, subjugation—“_sub jugum mittere_” = to pass under the yoke, as nations conquered by the Romans were made to. This ceremonial yoke was constructed of a horizontal supported by two upright spears, at such a height that those passing under it had to stoop the head and shoulders. (3) In a general sense the word signifies that which joins two things together, a cross-beam, &c. =Jugumentum.= Door-head, transverse beam on the uprights (_limen superius_). =Jumps=, O. E. (1) A loose bodice for ladies. “Now a shape in neat stays, now a slattern in jumps: Now high on French heels, now low in your pumps; Like the cock on the tower that shews you the weather, You are hardly the same for two days together.” (_Universal Magazine_, 1780.) (2) A jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs, buttoned down before, with sleeves to the wrist. A precisely similar lounging-coat, still in vogue at Cape Colony, is called a _jumper_. =Junones.= Tutelary genii of women, as the _genii_ were of men. They are represented as females, clothed in drapery, having bats’ wings. =Jupon=, Fr. Another name for a _pourpoint_, or close tunic, worn over the armour by knights in the Middle Ages. (See Fig. 463.) =Juruparis= (Amer. Indian). A mysterious trumpet of the Indians, an object of great veneration. Women are never permitted to see it; if any does so, she is put to death by poison. No youths are allowed to see it until they have passed through an ordeal of initiatory fastings and scourgings. It is usually kept hidden in the bed of a stream, deep in the forest; and no one dares to drink of the water of that stream. It is brought out and blown at feasts. The inside of the instrument is a tube made of slips of the Paxiaba palm, wrapped round with long strips of bark. A specimen is preserved in the museum at Kew Gardens. =Juvenalia=, R. Scenic games instituted by Nero in commemoration of his shaving his beard for the first time. They consisted of theatrical performances in a private theatre erected in a pleasure-ground (_nemus_). The name was afterwards given to the JANUALIA. K. _For Greek words not found under this initial, see C._ =Kalathos=, Gr. (κάλαθος). Literally, made of wicker-work. A drinking-cup, so called because it resembled the wicker-work basket of the Greek women. It was usually furnished with a ring, through which a finger might be put in order to lift it. The word is also written _calathos_. =Kaleidoscope= (καλὸς, beautiful; εἶδος, a form; σκοπέω, to see). An optical instrument invented in 1814 by Sir David Brewster, which by means of mirrors inserted in it exhibits repetitions of objects placed within it, in certain symmetrical combinations. There are several different kinds, called _polycentral_, _tetrascopes_, _hexascopes_, _polyangular_, &c., according to their construction. =Kang=, Hind. A bracelet or ring; _kang-doy_, a bracelet for the wrist or arm; _kang-cheung_, a bracelet or ring worn by the Khmers above the ankle. =Kaolin.= The name first applied by the Chinese to the fine white porcelain earth derived from the decomposition of the feldspathic granites; used for fine pottery. =Kayles= (Fr. _quilles_). Modern ninepins, represented in MSS. of the 14th century. =Keep= of a castle. The DONJON (q.v.). =Keeping= in a picture. Harmony and the proper subordination of parts. =Kendal.= A kind of green woollen cloth or baize, first made at the town of Kendal, in Westmoreland; 16th century. “Misbegotten knaves in _Kendal green_.” (_Shakspeare._) =Kerchief of Pleasaunce.= An embroidered cloth worn by a knight for the sake of a lady, in his helmet, or, in later times, round his arm; which is the origin of crape being so worn for mourning. “Moreore there is ykome into Enlond a knyght out of Spayne wyth a kercheff of plesunse i-wrapped about hys arme, the gwych knyght wyl renne a course wyth a sharpe spere for his sov’eyn lady sake.” (_Paston Letters_, vol. p. 6.) =Kerchiefs= or =Coverchiefs= (_chief_ = the head), O. E. Head-cloths of fine linen worn by ladies. =Kermes= (Arabic = little worm). An insect produced on the _Quercus coccifera_. The dead bodies of the female insect produce a fine scarlet dye stuff. =Kern.= The Irish infantry were formerly so called. =Kersey.= A coarse narrow woollen cloth; hence “Kersey-mere,” so called from the _mere_ (or miry brook) which runs through the village of Kersey in Suffolk, where this cloth was first made. =Kettle-drum.= A drum with a body of brass. [Illustration: Fig. 407. Kettle-hat.] =Kettle-hat=, O. E. The iron hat of a knight of the Middle Ages; also the leather _burgonet_ of the 15th century. =Kettle-pins=, O. E. (See KAYLES.) =Key-note.= In Music, the foundation or lowest note of the scale. Whatever note this is, the _intervals_ between the third and fourth notes, and between the _seventh_ and _eighth_ above it, must be _semi-tones_. =Key-stone=, Arch. The central stone of an arch. =Keys.= In Christian art, the attribute of St. Peter, signifying his control over the entrances of Heaven and Hell; hence the insignia of the Papacy. They also denote, _in heraldry_, office in the State, such as that of chamberlain of the court. =Khan=, Orient. The name used by Eastern nations to denote a caravanserai. =Kher=, Egyp. The quarter of tombs; the whole number of burial-places or _hypogæa_ collected together at one spot. [Illustration: Fig. 408. Khmer Architecture. Base of a pillar in a Temple of Cambodia, showing the god Brahma with four faces.] =Khmers=, Hind. The ancient inhabitants of Cambodia, a territory in South-East Asia, who had attained a high stage of civilization, to judge by the artistic remains of the Khmer nation which survive. =Khopesh=, Egyp. The dagger of the Egyptian kings; its curved blade bore some resemblance to the thigh of an ox, which was called in Egyptian _khopesh_ or _khopesk_. =Kin-chung=, Chinese. A golden bell. =King-fisher.= (See HALCYON.) =King-post.= The central upright post supporting the gable of a roof. =King’s Yellow.= (See ORPIMENT.) =Kings of Arms.= Officers of Heralds’ College. There are three—_Garter_, _Clarenceux_, and _Norroy_. =Kinnor=, Heb. A stringed instrument of the Hebrews; it had eight, ten, or twenty-four strings, which were played either with the fingers or a plectrum. =Kinschall.= A small curved Turkish dagger. =Kiosk=, =Kiosque=. A Turkish pleasure-house. =Kircher=, =Kirchowe=, O. E. A kerchief. =Kirtel=, O. E. A loose gown, a tunic or waistcoat; also a monk’s gown. =Kiste=, O. E. A chest. =Kistvaen=, Celt. A Celtic monument more commonly known as a DOLMEN (q.v.). =Kit-cat.= Canvas for portraits—28 or 29 inches by 36—of the size adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in painting the portraits of the Kit-cat Club. The club had taken its name from Christopher Cat, a pastrycook, who supplied them at their meetings with mutton-pies. Addison, Steele, Walpole, Marlborough, and other staunch Whigs were the principal members. It dissolved about 1720. =Klaft=, Egyp. A royal head-dress of striped cloth forming a kind of hood, and terminating in two flaps which fall over the breast. A great many Egyptian statues are represented with the _klaft_. It is suggested by M. Soldi that the invention of this ornament was for the purpose of strengthening the figure, by avoiding the thinness of the shape of the neck. =Knapsack.= A case for a foot-soldier’s stores, carried at the back. _Knap_ means a protuberance. =Knife=, Chr. (See FLAYING-KNIFE.) This is also the attribute of Sts. Agatha, Albert, and Christina; and a sacrificing-knife of St. Zadkiel the Angel. =Knighthood.= The principal English orders are of the GARTER, established 1343, and the _Bath_ shortly afterwards; of ST. PATRICK for Ireland, established in 1783; and the _Order of the Thistle_, at least as ancient as Robert II. of Scotland. There is a French order of the _Thistle_, founded in 1463; but the most ancient French order is the _Gennet_, in 706. In France are also the orders of _St. Michel_ and of _St. Louis_; but these French orders are now all superseded by the Legion of Honour. [See _An Accurate Historical Account of all the Orders of Knighthood_.] =Knight-service=, O. E. A tenure of lands formerly held by knights, on condition of performing military service =Knol=, Hind. A road or high road which frequently passes over very low bridges. =Knop=, O. E. A button. =Knop=, =Knob=, Arch. A boss. [Illustration: Fig. 409. Architectural _Knop_ or _Boss_.] =Knop and Flower Pattern.= An ornament of remote antiquity, original basis of a great branch of decorative art in all nations, common on early Indian monuments, and with different variations in the art of Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The variations are regulated according to the flora of the various countries, the _knop_ (or bud) and _flower_ being always the radical idea. [Illustration: Fig. 410. Bourchier Knot.] [Illustration: Fig. 410 a. Dacre Knot and Badge.] =Knot=, Her. An intertwined cord, borne as a badge. Cords intertwined about other figures and devices form so called compound badges, which significantly declared the union of two houses; thus the Dacre knot is entwined about the Dacre escallop and the famous “ragged staff” of Beauchamp and Neville. An ORDER OF THE KNOT was established at Naples in