246. CHARLES LINNÉ, known by his Latin name LINNÆUS. _Botanist._

1. Chapter 1 2. 5. POMPEIAN COURT; 3. PART I. 4. INTRODUCTION. 5. PART II. 6. INTRODUCTION TO THE FINE ARTS COURTS. 7. introduction of this faith was, unfortunately, accompanied with bitter 8. PART III. 9. 16. Labyrinthodon Pachygnathus.] 10. PART IV. 11. INTRODUCTION 54 12. INTRODUCTION 80 13. INTRODUCTION 134 14. INTRODUCTION 168 15. INTRODUCTION. 16. 2. ARCHILOCHUS. _Greek Poet._ 17. 3. ÆSOP. _Writer of Fables._ 18. 4. HOMER. _Great Epic Poet of Greece._ 19. 5. EPIMENIDIES. _Poet and Prophet of Crete._ 20. 6. ÆSCHYLUS. _Tragic Poet._ 21. 456. Aged 69.] 22. 7. SOPHOCLES. _Tragic Poet._ 23. 8. ÆSCHINES. _Greek Orator._ 24. 9. EURIPIDES. _Greek Poet._ 25. 10. ARATUS. _Astronomer._ 26. 11. BIAS. _Greek Philosopher._ 27. 12. THUCYDIDES. _Greek Historian._ 28. 13. SOCRATES. _Philosopher._ 29. 14. HIPPOCRATES. _Physician._ 30. 15. ISOCRATES. _Rhetorician._ 31. 16. PLATO. _Greek Philosopher._ 32. 17. ANTISTHENES. _Philosopher._ 33. 18. DIOGENES. _Philosopher._ 34. 19. DEMOSTHENES. _Greek Orator._ 35. 20. EPICURUS. _Philosopher._ 36. 270. Aged 72.] 37. 21. ZENO. _Founder of the Stoic Philosophy._ 38. 22. ALEXANDER THE THIRD, surnamed THE GREAT. _King of Macedonia_, B.C. 39. 23. PHOCION. _Athenian Statesman and General._ 40. 24. ALCIBIADES. _Athenian General._ 41. 25. MILTIADES. _Athenian General._ 42. 26. ASPASIA. 43. 27. PERICLES. _Athenian Statesman._ 44. 28. PISISTRATUS. _“Tyrant” of Athens._[30] 45. 29. PERIANDER. _“Tyrant” of Corinth._ 46. 30. LYCURGUS. _Lawgiver._ 47. 31. POSIDIPPUS. _Comic Poet._ 48. 32. MENANDER. _Comic Poet._ 49. 33. POSIDONIUS. _Greek Philosopher._ 50. 34. NUMA POMPILIUS. _Second King of Rome._ 51. 35. AUGUSTUS. _Roman Emperor_, B.C. 30-A.D. 14. 52. 36. NERO--CLAUDIUS CÆSAR DRUSUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 54-68. 53. 39. GALBA--SERVIUS SULPICIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 68-69. 54. 40. CALIGULA. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 37-41. 55. 41. VITELLIUS--AULUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 69. 56. 42. NERVA--MARCUS COCCEIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 96-98. 57. 43. TITUS--FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 79-81. 58. 44. DOMITIAN--TITUS FLAVIUS SABINUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 81-96. 59. 45. TRAJAN--M. ULPIUS TRAJANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 98-117. 60. 46. HADRIAN--PUBLIUS ÆLIUS HADRIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 117-138. 61. 47. ANTONINUS PIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 138-161. 62. 48. MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 161-180. 63. 49. PERTINAX--PUBLIUS HELVIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 193. 64. 50. VERUS---LUCIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 161-169. 65. 51. ÆLIUS VERUS. _Adopted Emperor._ 66. 52. ANNIUS VERUS. _Roman Prince._ 67. 53. MARCUS GALERIUS ANTONINUS. _Roman Prince._ 68. 54. SEVERUS--LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 193-211. 69. 211. Aged 65.] 70. 55. GORDIANUS--MARCUS ANTONIUS, surnamed AFRICANUS. _Roman Emperor_, 71. 56. COMMODUS--LUCIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 180-192. 72. 57. MACRINUS--MARCUS OPILIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 217-218. 73. 58. PUPIENUS--MARCUS CLAUDIUS PUPIENUS MAXIMUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 74. 59. MAXIMINUS--CAIUS JULIUS VERUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 235-238. 75. 238. Aged 65.] 76. 60. CARACALLA. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 211-217. 77. 61. GETA--PUBLIUS SEPTIMIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 211-212. 78. 62. GORDIANUS II.--MARCUS ANTONIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 238. 79. 63. DECIUS--CAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 80. 64. ALEXANDER SEVERUS--MARCUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 222-235. 81. 65. HELIOGABALUS or ELAGABALUS--VARIUS AVITUS BASSIANUS. _Roman 82. 66. GALLIENUS--PUBLIUS LICINIUS VALERIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 83. 67. GORDIANUS III. or PIUS--MARCUS ANTONIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 84. 68. CAIUS JULIUS VERUS MAXIMUS. _Roman Prince._ 85. 69. PHILIP THE YOUNGER.--MARCUS JULIUS PHILIPPUS II. _Roman Prince._ 86. 70. CARINUS--MARCUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 283-285. 87. 71. JULIAN THE APOSTATE--FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, 88. 72. DIOCLETIAN--CAIUS VALERIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 284-305. 89. 73. CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS--FLAVIUS VALERIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 90. 74. HOSTILIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 251 or 252. 91. 75. VOLUSIANUS--CAIUS VIBIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 252-254. 92. 77. TRAJAN. _Roman Emperor._ 93. 79. ANTINOUS. _Bithynian youth._ 94. 85. ANTONINUS PIUS. _Roman Emperor._ 95. 86. AUGUSTUS. _Roman Emperor._ 96. 87. TIBERIUS. _Roman Emperor._ 97. 88. CLAUDIUS. _Roman Emperor._ 98. 89. HERENNIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 251. 99. 90. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ 100. 91. JULIA MÆSA. _Roman Empress._ 101. 92. SABINA. 102. 93. LIVIA DRUSILLA. _Roman Empress._ 103. 96. AGRIPPINA--THE ELDER. 104. 97. AGRIPPINA THE YOUNGER. _Roman Empress._ 105. 98. VALERIA MESSALINA. _Roman Empress._ 106. 99. PLOTINA--POMPEIA. _Roman Empress._ 107. 100. MATIDIA. 108. 101. CRISPINA. 109. 102. MAMÆA--JULIA. _Roman Empress._ 110. 103. SALONINA--CORNELIA. _Roman Empress._ 111. 104. MARINIANA. 112. 105. FAUSTINA JUNIOR--ANNIA FAUSTINA. 113. 106. SABINA--POPPÆA. _Roman Empress._ 114. 107. LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. _Roman Consul._ 115. 108. MARCELLUS--M. CLAUDIUS. _Roman General._ 116. 109. SCIPIO--PUBLIUS CORNELIUS AFRICANUS MAJOR. _Roman General._ 117. 183. Aged 51.] 118. 110. CATO--MARCUS PORCIUS. _Roman Patriot and General._ 119. 111. JULIUS CÆSAR. _Roman Dictator._ 120. 112. MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. _Roman General._ 121. 113. M. VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA. _Roman General._ 122. 114. NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS. _Roman General._ 123. 115. GERMANICUS CÆSAR. _Roman General._ 124. 116. CORBULO--CNEIUS DOMITIUS. _Roman General._ 125. 117. DECIMUS CLODIUS CEIONIUS SEPTIMIUS ALBINUS. _Roman General._ 126. 118. TERENCE--PUBLIUS TERENTIUS. _Latin Comic Poet._ 127. 119. QUINTUS HORTENSIUS. _Roman Orator._ 128. 120. CICERO--MARCUS TULLIUS. _Roman Orator._ 129. 121. VIRGIL--PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO. _Latin Poet._ 130. 122. SENECA--LUCIUS ANNÆUS. _Philosopher._ 131. 68. Aged 66.] 132. 123. HADRIAN. _Roman Emperor._ 133. 124. LIVIA DRUSILLA. _Roman Empress._ 134. 125. JULIUS CÆSAR. _Roman Dictator._ 135. 126. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ 136. 127. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ 137. 128. DECIMUS CŒLIUS BALBINUS. _Roman Statesman and Emperor_, A.D. 238. 138. INTRODUCTION. 139. 129. NICCOLA PISANO. _Sculptor and Architect._ 140. 130. ANDREA DI CIONE, better known by his surname ORCAGNA or ORGAGNA. 141. 131. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI. _Sculptor and Architect._ 142. 132. LORENZO GHIBERTI, or LORENZO DI CIONE. _Sculptor._ 143. 133. DONATO DI NICCOLO DI BETTO BARDI; called by his contemporaries 144. 134. FRA ANGELICO DA FIESOLE; called also FRA GIOVANNI DA FIESOLE, and 145. 135. TOMMASO GUIDI, also called MASSACCIO. _Painter._ 146. 1443. Aged 41.] 147. 136. ANDREA MANTEGNA. _Painter and Engraver._ 148. 137. LUCA SIGNORELLI. _Painter._ 149. 138. FRANCESCO LAZZARI BRAMANTE. _Architect, Painter, Poet._ 150. 139. PIETRO PERUGINO, or PIETRO VANUCCI DELLA PIEVE. _Painter._ 151. 140. DOMENICO GHIRLANDAIO. _Painter._ 152. 141. LEONARDO DA VINCI. _Painter._ 153. 142. FRA BARTOLOMEO, or BACCIO DELLA PORTA. _Painter._ 154. 143. MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. _Sculptor, Painter, Architect._ 155. 144. TITIAN, or, TIZIANO VECELLIO. _Painter._ 156. 145. BENVENUTO TISIO, commonly called GAROFALO. _Painter._ 157. 146. RAFFAELLE SANZIO, commonly called RAFFAELLE. _Painter._ 158. 147. MICHELE SANMICHELI. _Architect._ 159. 148. FRA SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO, sometimes called SEBASTIANO VENEZIANO. 160. 149. GIOVANNI DA UDINE, or GIOVANNI DI NANI. _Painter._ 161. 150. ANDREA DEL SARTO, or ANDREA VANNUCHI. _Painter._ 162. 151. MARCANTONIO RAIMONDI. _Engraver._ 163. 152. CORREGGIO, or ANTONIO ALLEGRI. _Painter._ 164. 153. POLIDORO CALDARE DA CARAVAGGIO. _Painter._ 165. 154. GIULIO ROMANO, or GIULIO PIPPI DE’ GIANNUZZI. _Architect and 166. 155. ANDREA PALLADIO. _Architect._ 167. 156. PAOLO CAGLIARI, called VERONESE. _Painter._ 168. 157. GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI, surnamed DI PALESTRINA. _Musical Composer._ 169. 158. ANNIBALE CARRACCI. _Painter._ 170. 159. DOMENICHINO, also called DOMENICO ZAMPIERI. _Painter._ 171. 160. PIETRO DI CORTONA, or PIETRO BERETTINI. _Painter._ 172. 161. ARCANGELO CORELLI. _Violinist and Composer._ 173. 162. LUDOVICO ANTONIO MURATORI. _Antiquary._ 174. 163. BENEDETTO MARCELLO. _Writer and Musician._ 175. 164. GIAMBATISTA PIRANESI. _Engraver._ 176. 165. GIOVANNI PAISIELLO. _Musical Composer._ 177. 166. NICCOLO ZINGARELLI. _Musician._ 178. 167. DOMENICO CIMAROSA. _Musical Composer._ 179. 168. ANTONIO CANOVA. _Sculptor._ 180. 169. GASPARO SPONTINI. _Musician._ 181. 170. NICCOLO PAGANINI. _Violinist._ 182. 171. MARIA FELICITAS MALIBRAN. _Actress._ 183. 172. GIULIA GRISI. _Italian Singer._ 184. 173. DANTE ALIGHIERI. _Poet._ 185. 174. FRANCESCO PETRARCA. _Poet._ 186. 175. GIACOMO SANAZZARO. _Poet._ 187. 176. LUIGI ARIOSTO. _Poet._ 188. 177. TORQUATO TASSO. _Poet._ 189. 178. PIETRO BONAVENTURA METASTASIO. _Poet._ 190. 179. CARLO GOLDONI. _Poet._ 191. 180. VITTORIO ALFIERI. _Poet._ 192. 181. ALESSANDRO GAVAZZI. _Monk and Orator._ 193. 182. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. _The Discoverer of the New World._ 194. 183. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI. _Political Writer and Historian._ 195. 184. ANNIBALE CARO. _Writer._ 196. 185. GALILEO GALILEI. _Philosopher._ 197. 187. COSMO DE’ MEDICI. _Merchant and Statesman._ 198. 188. BARTOLOMEO COLEONI. _Soldier of Fortune._ 199. 189. STEFANO GATTAMELATA. _Warrior._ 200. 190. GIOVANNI MEDICI, surnamed BANDINERI. _Italian Soldier._ 201. 191. FRANCESCO PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA. 202. 192. FRANÇOIS EUGÈNE OF SAVOY, called PRINCE EUGÈNE. _Military 203. 193. FRANCISCO XIMENEZ DE CISNEROS. _Cardinal and Regent of Spain._ 204. 194. CARLO REZZONICO, afterwards POPE CLEMENT XIII. _Pope._ 205. 195. CHARLES ALBERT. _King of Sardinia._ 206. INTRODUCTION. 207. 196. JEAN GOUJON. _Sculptor._ 208. 197. SIMON VOUET. _Painter._ 209. 198. NICOLAS POUSSIN. PAINTER. 210. 199. PIERRE MIGNARD. _Painter._ 211. 200. ANDRÉ LE NÔTRE. _Architect and Gardener._ 212. 201. EUSTACHE LE SUEUR. _Painter._ 213. 202. CHARLES LEBRUN. _Painter._ 214. 203. ANDRÉ FÉLIBIEN, SIEUR DES AVAUX ET DE JAVERCY. _Writer on Art._ 215. 204. JEAN MABILLON. _Antiquary._ 216. 205. JEAN BAPTISTE DE LULLY. _Violinist and Musical Composer._ 217. 206. ANTOINE COYSEVOX. _Sculptor._ 218. 207. JULES HARDOUIN MANSART. _Architect._ 219. 208. JACQUES GERMAIN SOUFFLOT. _Architect._ 220. 209. JACQUES LOUIS DAVID. _Painter._ 221. 210. CHARLES PERCIER. _Architect._ 222. 211. GIRODET-TRIOSON. _Painter._ 223. 212. FRANÇOIS GÉRARD. _Painter._ 224. 213. ANTOINE JEAN GROS. _Painter._ 225. 214. PIERRE NARCISSE GUÉRIN. _Painter._ 226. 215. COMTE D’ORSAY. 227. 216. MADEMOISELLE FELIX RACHEL. _Tragic Actress._ 228. 217. DIANE DE POITIERS. 229. 1531. At the age of 48 she became the favourite mistress of Henry II. of 230. 218. PIERRE CORNEILLE. _Dramatist._ 231. 219. JEAN DE ROTROU. _Dramatist._ 232. 220. JEAN DE LA FONTAINE. _Poet._ 233. 221. MOLIÈRE. _Dramatist._ 234. 222. THOMAS CORNEILLE. _Dramatist._ 235. 223. PHILIPPE QUINAULT. _Poet._ 236. 224. NICOLAS BOILEAU. _Poet and Satirist._ 237. 225. JEAN RACINE. _Dramatist._ 238. 226. JEAN FRANÇOIS REGNARD. _Dramatist._ 239. 227. CHARLES RIVIÈRE DUFRESNY. _Dramatist._ 240. 228. PROSPER JOLYOT DE CRÉBILLON. _Dramatic Author._ 241. 229. PHILIPPE NÉRICAULT DESTOUCHES. _Dramatist._ 242. 230. ALAIN RÉNÉ LE SAGE. _Novelist._ 243. 231. ALEXIS PIRON. _Poet._ 244. 232. PIERRE CLAUDE NIVELLE DE LA CHAUSSÉE. _Dramatist._ 245. 233. FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. _Historian, Poet, and Wit._ 246. 234. MICHEL JEAN SEDAINE. _Dramatist._ 247. 235. MARIE JEANNE VAUBERNIER, COMTESSE DU BARRY. 248. 236. MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE. _Essayist._ 249. 237. JACQUES AUGUSTE DE THOU. _Minister of State and Historian._ 250. 238. RÉNÉ DESCARTES. _Mathematician and Metaphysician._ 251. 1650. Aged 54.] 252. 239. ANTOINE ARNAULD. _Theologian and Controversialist._ 253. 240. SÉBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE VAUBAN. _Engineer._ 254. 241. JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT. _Botanist._ 255. 242. CHARLES ROLLIN. _Historian._ 256. 243. JEAN BAPTISTE ROUSSEAU. _Lyric Poet._ 257. 244. RÉNÉ ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE RÉAUMUR. _Chemist and Naturalist._ 258. 245. GEORGES LOUIS LE CLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON. _Naturalist._ 259. 246. CHARLES LINNÉ, known by his Latin name LINNÆUS. _Botanist._ 260. 247. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU. _Philosopher and Writer._ 261. 248. JEAN PIERRE DUHAMEL. _Man of Science._ 262. 249. JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE. _Astronomer._ 263. 250. JEAN FRANÇOIS GALAUP DE LA PÉROUSE. _Navigator._ 264. 251. JACQUES ÉTIENNE MONTGOLFIER. _Aëronaut, and Inventor of Balloons._ 265. 252. DOMINIQUE DENON. _Egyptian Traveller._ 266. 253. ANTOINE LAURENT DE JUSSIEU. _Botanist._ 267. 254. JEAN ANTOINE CHAPTAL. _Chemist._ 268. 255. BERNARD GERMAIN ÉTIENNE LACÉPÈDE, COMTE DE LA VILLE SUR ILLON. 269. 256. GEORGES LÉOPOLD CHRÊTIEN FRÉDÉRIC DAGOBERT CUVIER. _Naturalist._ 270. 257. PIERRE DE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE BAYARD. _Warrior._ 271. 258. GASTON DE FOIX. _Warrior._ 272. 259. MICHEL DE L’HÔPITAL. _Chancellor of France._ 273. 260. GASPARD DE COLIGNY. _Marshal and Admiral._ 274. 261. PIERRE LAURENT BUIRETTE DE BELLOY. _Dramatist._[32] 275. 262. FRANÇOIS DE BONNE, DUC DE LESDIGUIÈRES. _Constable of France._ 276. 263. MAXIMILIEN DE BÉTHUNE, DUC DE SULLY. _Minister of State._ 277. 264. CLAUDE FABRI DE PEIRESC. _Patron of Science._ 278. 265. ABRAHAM DUQUESNE. _Vice Admiral of France._ 279. 266. HENRI DE LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE, VICOMTE DE TURENNE. _Marshal of 280. 267. EDOUARD COLBERT. _Minister of State._ 281. 268. LOUIS II. DE BOURBON, PRINCE DE CONDÉ, surnamed THE GREAT CONDÉ. 282. 269. HENRI FRANÇOIS D’AGUESSEAU. _Chancellor of France._ 283. 270. MAURICE, COMTE DE SAXE. _Marshal of France._ 284. 271. FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE KELLERMANN. _Marshal of France._ 285. 272. CHARLES FRANÇOIS DUMOURIEZ. _French General._ 286. 273. THÉOPHILE MALO DE LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE-CORRET. _Warrior._ 287. 274. PIERRE ALEXANDRE BERTHIER. _Marshal of France._ 288. 1815. Aged 62.] 289. 275. JEAN BAPTISTE KLEBER. _French General._ 290. 1800. Aged 46.] 291. 276. FRANÇOIS JOSEPH LEFEBVRE, DUC DE DANTZIC. _Marshal of France._ 292. 277. MARIE PAUL GILBERT MOTIER, MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. _French General._ 293. 278. PIERRE FRANÇOIS CHARLES AUGEREAU. _Marshal of France._ 294. 279. ANDRÉ MASSENA. _Marshal of France._ 295. 280. LAZARE HOCHE. _French General._ 296. 1797. Aged 29.] 297. 281. BESSIÈRES, JEAN BAPTISTE. _Duke of Istria. Marshal of France._ 298. 282. BARTHÉLÉMI CATHARINE JOUBERT. _French General._ 299. 1799. Aged 30.] 300. 283. LOUIS CHARLES ANTOINE DESAIX. _French General._ 301. 284. JEAN LANNES, DUC DE MONTEBELLO. _Marshal of France._ 302. 285. MICHEL NEY. _Marshal of France._ 303. 1815. Aged 46.] 304. 286. FRANÇOIS SÉVÉRIN DESGRAVIERS MARCEAU. _French General._ 305. 287. PIERRE JACQUES CAMBRONNE. _French General._ 306. 288. LOUIS NICOLAS DAVOUST, PRINCE D’ECKMUHL. _Marshal of France._ 307. 289. MAXIMILIEN SEBASTIEN FOY. _French General._ 308. 290. ANTOINE CHARLES LOUIS COLLINET DE LASALLE. _General of Cavalry._ 309. 291. CASIMIR PÉRIER. _Statesman._ 310. 292. CARDINAL RICHELIEU. _Minister of France._ 311. 293. CARDINAL MAZARIN. _Minister of France._ 312. 294. BLAISE PASCAL. _Theologian and Philosopher._ 313. 295. JACQUES BENIGNE BOSSUET. _Prelate of France._ 314. 296. FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LAMOTTE FÉNÉLON. _Archbishop and Writer._ 315. 297. LOUIS XI. _King of France._ 316. 298. LOUIS XII. _King of France._ 317. 299. FRANCIS I. _King of France._ 318. 300. CHARLES V. _Emperor of Germany and King of Spain._ 319. 301. CHARLOTTE, or CARLOTA D’AVESNE, DUCHESS OF VALENTINO. 320. 302. HENRY II. _King of France._ 321. 303. CHARLES IX. _King of France._ 322. 304. HENRY III. _King of France._ 323. 305. HENRY IV. _King of France._ 324. 306. MARIE DE’ MEDICI. _Queen of France._ 325. 307. LOUIS XIII. _King of France._ 326. 308. LOUIS XIV. _King of France._ 327. 309. LOUIS XV. _King of France._ 328. 310. MARIE ANTOINETTE JOSÉPHINE JEANNE. _Queen of France._ 329. 311. NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE. _Emperor of France._ 330. 1815. The military prodigy of his age. His story reads like a romance of 331. 312. LOUIS PHILIPPE. _King of the French._ 332. INTRODUCTION. 333. 313. PETER PAUL RUBENS. _Painter._ 334. 1640. Aged 63.] 335. 314. GEORG FRIEDRICH HANDEL. _Musical Composer._ 336. 315. JOHAN JOACHIM WINCKELMANN. _Antiquary._ 337. 1768. Aged 51.] 338. 316. FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN. _Musical Composer._ 339. 317. JOHANN WOLFGANG MOZART. _Musical Composer._ 340. 318. KARL FRIEDRICH ZELTER. _Musician._ 341. 319. JOHANN GOTTFRIED SCHADOW. _Sculptor._ 342. 320. ALBERT BARTHOLOMÄUS THORWALDSEN. _Sculptor._ 343. 321. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN. _Musical Composer._ 344. 322. CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH TIECK. _Sculptor._ 345. 323. CHRISTIAN RAUCH. _Sculptor._ 346. 324. KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL. _Architect and Painter._ 347. 325. LEO VON KLENZE. _Architect._ 348. 326. PETER CORNELIUS. _Painter._ 349. 327. CHRISTOPH GLUCK. _Musician._ 350. 328. FRIEDRICH GÄRTNER. _Architect._ 351. 329. JULIUS SCHNORR. _Painter._ 352. 330. LUDOVIC SCHWANTHALER. _Sculptor._ 353. 331. FELIX MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY. _Musician._ 354. 332. JOHANN HALBIG. _Sculptor._ 355. 333. MORITZ VON SCHWIND. _Painter._ 356. 334. FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB KLOPSTOCK. _Epic and Lyric Poet._ 357. 1803. Aged 79.] 358. 335. GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING. _Man of Letters._ 359. 336. CHRISTOPH WIELAND. _Poet._ 360. 337. JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE. _Poet._ 361. 338. FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH VON SCHILLER. _Poet._ 362. 339. LUDWIG TIECK. _Author._ 363. 340. BERTHOLD AUERBACH. _Poet and Novelist._ 364. 341. JOHANN GUTENBERG. _Inventor of Printing._ 365. 342. IMMANUEL KANT. _Metaphysician._ 366. 343. HEINRICH PESTALOZZI. _Educator._ 367. 344. FRIEDEICH HEINRICH JACOBI. _Philosopher and Poet._ 368. 345. ALBRECHT THAER. _Physician and Agriculturist._ 369. 1828. Aged 76.] 370. 346. SAMUEL HAHNEMANN. _Physician and Founder of Homœopathy._ 371. 347. HEINRICH WILHELM MATHIAS OLBERS. _Astronomer._ 372. 348. FRIEDRICH AUGUSTUS WOLF. _Philologist._ 373. 349. JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE. _Philosopher and Metaphysician._ 374. 350. CHRISTOPH WILHELM HUFELAND. _Physician._ 375. 351. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT. _Naturalist and Traveller._ 376. 352. GOTTFRIED HERMANN. _Philologist and Critic._ 377. 353. FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON SCHELLING. _Metaphysician._ 378. 354. JAN JACOB BERZELIUS. _Chemist._ 379. 355. SULPITZ VON BOISSERÉE. _Architect and Archæologist._ 380. 356. PETER KASPAR WILHELM BEUTH. _Member of the Council of State in 381. 357. KARL GUSTAV CARUS. _Physician and Anatomist._ 382. 358. KARL GUTZKOW. _Journalist and Dramatist._ 383. 359. HANS JOACHIM VON ZIETHEN. _Prussian General._ 384. 360. GEBHARDT LEBRECHT VON BLUCHER, PRINCE OF WAHLSTADT. _Prussian Field 385. 361. FRIEDRICH WILHELM BULOW. _Prussian General._ 386. 362. KARL BARON VON STEIN. _Prussian Minister of State._ 387. 363. GEBHARDT DAVID SCHARNHORST. _General._ 388. 364. YORCK, COUNT VON WARTENBURG. _Prussian Field Marshal._ 389. 365. FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON NOLLENDORF. _Prussian Field-Marshal._ 390. 366. AUGUSTUS, COUNT HERDART DE GNEISENAU. _Field-Marshal._ 391. 1832. Aged 72.] 392. 367. KARL WILHELM BARON VON HUMBOLDT. _Statesman and Philologist._ 393. 368. HERMANN VON BOYEN. _Prussian Minister of War._ 394. 369. OTTO-FEODOR FREIHERR VON MANTEUFFEL. _Prussian Minister._ 395. 370. COUNT JOSEPH RADETZKY. _Austrian General._ 396. 371. MARTIN LUTHER. _The Great Reformer._ 397. 372. PHILIP MELANCTHON. _German Divine and Reformer._ 398. 373. FRIEDRICH ERNEST DANIEL SCHLEIERMACHER. _Theologian._ 399. 374. FREDERIC WILLIAM. _Elector of Brandenburg._ 400. 375. FREDERIC WILLIAM I. _King of Prussia._ 401. 376. FREDERIC II., SURNAMED THE GREAT. _King of Prussia._ 402. 377. FREDERIC LOUIS HENRY. _Prince of Prussia._ 403. 378. MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH I. _King of Bavaria._ 404. 379. FREDERIC WILLIAM III. _King of Prussia._ 405. 380. LOUIS FERDINAND. _Prince of Prussia._ 406. 381. LOUISA AUGUSTA WILHELMINA AMELIA. _Queen of Prussia._ 407. 382. LUDWIG I. _Ex-King of Bavaria._ 408. 383. LEOPOLD I. _King of the Belgians._ 409. 384. FREDERIC WILLIAM IV. _Reigning King of Prussia._ 410. 385. NICHOLAS PAULOVITCH. _Reigning Emperor of all the Russias._ 411. 386. ALEXANDRA. _Empress of Russia._ 412. 387. FRANCIS JOSEPH. _Reigning Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary._ 413. INTRODUCTION. 414. 388. INIGO JONES. _Architect._ 415. 389. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. _Architect and Mathematician._ 416. 390. DAVID GARRICK. _Player and Dramatist._ 417. 391. HENRY FUSELI or FUESSLI. _Painter._ 418. 392. JAMES NORTHCOTE. _Painter._ 419. 393. JOHN RAPHAEL SMITH. _Engraver._ 420. 394. JOHN FLAXMAN. _Sculptor._ 421. 395. THOMAS STOTHARD. _Painter._ 422. 396. SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. _Painter._ 423. 397. CHARLES KEMBLE. _Player._ 424. 398. FRANCIS CHANTREY. _Sculptor._ 425. 399. WILLIAM MULREADY. _Painter._ 426. 400. JOHN GIBSON. _Sculptor._ 427. 401. WILLIAM CHARLES MACREADY. _Player._ 428. 402. GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. _Caricaturist._ 429. 403. ROBERT VERNON. _Patron of Art._ 430. 404. FANNY BUTLER. _Actress._ 431. 405. ADELAIDE SARTORIS. _Vocalist._ 432. 406. GEOFFREY CHAUCER. _The Father of English Poetry._ 433. 407. WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. _Poet._ 434. 1749. But in 1793, Malone officiously had it whitewashed, as it now 435. 408. JOHN MILTON. _Poet._ 436. 409. ALEXANDER POPE. _Poet._ 437. 410. OLIVER GOLDSMITH. _Poet and Man of Letters._ 438. 411. SAMUEL ROGERS. _Poet._ 439. 412. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. _Poet._ 440. 413. SIR WALTER SCOTT. _Poet and Novelist._ 441. 414. ROBERT SOUTHEY. _Poet Laureate._ 442. 415. THOMAS CAMPBELL. _Poet._ 443. 416. THOMAS MOORE. _Poet._ 444. 417. JOHN WILSON. _Poet and Professor._ 445. 418. GEORGE NOEL GORDON, LORD BYRON. _Poet._ 446. 419. DOUGLAS JERROLD. _Writer._ 447. 420. FRANCIS BACON. _Chancellor of England, and Founder of the Inductive 448. 421. HUMPHREY CHETHAM. “_Dealer in Manchester Commodities._” 449. 422. JOHN LOCKE. _Philosopher._ 450. 423. SIR ISAAC NEWTON. ASTRONOMER AND PHILOSOPHER. 451. 424. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. _Statesman and Philosopher._ 452. 1790. Aged 84.] 453. 425. SAMUEL JOHNSON. _Writer and Moralist._ 454. 426. ADAM SMITH. _Philosopher and Political Economist._ 455. 427. JOHN HUNTER. _Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist._ 456. 428. JAMES WATT. _Improver of the Steam-Engine._ 457. 429. SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH. _Historian and Metaphysician._ 458. 430. FRANCIS JEFFREY. _Critic and Essayist._ 459. 431. FRANCIS BAILY. _Astronomer._ 460. 432. WILLIAM YARRELL. _Naturalist._ 461. 433. GEORGE STEPHENSON. _Engineer._ 462. 434. WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN. _Millwright and Engineer._ 463. 435. SIR JOHN HERSCHELL. _Astronomer._ 464. 436. MICHAEL FARADAY. _Natural Philosopher._ 465. 437. WILLIAM WHEWELL. _Philosopher._ 466. 438. SIR HENRY THOMAS DE LA BECHE. _Geologist._ 467. 439. THOMAS CARLYLE. _Writer._ 468. 440. FREDERICK CARPENTER SKEY. _Surgeon._ 469. 441. RICHARD OWEN. _Naturalist._ 470. 442. BENJAMIN DISRAELI. _Writer and Politician._ 471. 443. THOMAS BRASSEY. _Railway Contractor._ 472. introduction of railways he has been the chief maker of the iron paths 473. 444. SAMUEL WARREN. _Lawyer and Writer._ 474. 445. EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY. _Historical Writer._ 475. 446. JUDGE HALIBURTON. _Lawyer and Writer._ 476. 447. EDWARD FORBES. _Naturalist._ 477. 448. WILLIAM MURRAY, EARL OF MANSFIELD. _Lord Chief Justice._ 478. 449. WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM. _Statesman._ 479. 450. EDMUND BURKE. _Orator, Writer, Statesman._ 480. 451. GEORGE WASHINGTON. _First President of the United States._ 481. 452. CHARLES JAMES FOX. _Statesman._ 482. 453. JOHN PHILPOT CURRAN. _Lawyer._ 483. 454. LORD ELDON. _High Chancellor of England._ 484. 455. HORATIO NELSON. _Lord High Admiral._ 485. 456. WILLIAM PITT. _Statesman._ 486. 457. GENERAL JACKSON. _President of the United States._ 487. 1845. Aged 78.] 488. 458. HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY. _English Field Marshal._ 489. 459. ARTHUR, DUKE OF WELLINGTON. _Soldier and Statesman._ 490. 460. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. _President of the United States._ 491. 461. LORD MONTEAGLE. _English Peer._ 492. 462. WILLIAM HUSKISSON. _Statesman and Financier._ 493. 463. JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, BARON LYNDHURST. _Ex-Chancellor of England._ 494. 1804. In 1826, Master of the Rolls; in 1827, Lord Chancellor. Has held 495. 464. LORD ASHBURTON. _English Peer._ 496. 465. DANIEL O’CONNELL. _Orator and Lawyer._ 497. 466. JOSEPH HUME. _Political Reformer._ 498. 467. HENRY, LORD BROUGHAM. _Lawyer, Statesman, Educator._ 499. 468. MARTIN VAN BUREN. _Ex-President of the United States._ 500. 469. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN. _American Statesman._ 501. 1850. Aged 68.] 502. 470. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. _Chief Baron of the Exchequer._ 503. 471. HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, VISCOUNT PALMERSTON. _Statesman._ 504. 1828. Foreign Secretary, with a slight interval of repose, from 1830 505. 472. SIR ROBERT PEEL. _Statesman._ 506. 473. SIR MICHAEL O’LOCHLEN. _Lawyer._ 507. 1688. A member of the Church of Rome, he owed his promotion to the 508. 474. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. _Statesman._ 509. 475. DAVID SALOMONS. _Alderman._ 510. 476. SIR WILLIAM FOLLETT. _Lawyer._ 511. 477. THE EARL OF DERBY. _Statesman._ 512. 478. GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, EARL OF CLARENDON. _Statesman._ 513. 479. SIDNEY HERBERT. _Statesman._ 514. 480. LORD CANNING. _English Peer._ 515. 481. CARDINAL WOLSEY. _Minister of State._ 516. 482. CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD. _Bishop of London._ 517. 483. FATHER THEOBALD MATHEW. _Temperance Reformer._ 518. 484. CARDINAL WISEMAN. _Chief of the Romish Church in England._ 519. 485. EDWARD III. _King of England._ 520. 486. ELEANORA OF CASTILE. _Surnamed The Faithful. First Queen of Edward 521. 487. HENRY VII. _King of England._ 522. 488. ELIZABETH. _Queen of England._ 523. 489. EDWARD VI. _King of England._ 524. 490. MARY STUART. _Queen of Scots._ 525. 491. JAMES II. _King of England._ 526. 492. GEORGE III. _King of England._ 527. 493. GEORGE IV. _King of England._ 528. 494. WILLIAM IV. _King of England._ 529. 495. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. _Prince of England._ 530. 496. HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. _Whom God Preserve!_ 531. 497. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. _Consort of Queen Victoria._ 532. PART I. 533. PART II. 534. PART I. 535. 1. Sometimes the enamel, and no more, is filed off. This enables the 536. 3. Sometimes they are filed down to the gums. 537. introduction a matter of state, and built a large house as a day-school. 538. 14. Heykoms, as far on the north-east as Natal. Now replaced by Amakosah 539. 1. The _Crees_; of which the _Skofi_ and _Sheshatapúsh_ of Labrador are 540. 2. The _Ojibways_; falling into-- 541. 3. The _Micmacs_ of New Brunswick, Gaspé, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and 542. 4. _Abnaki_ of Mayne, and the British frontier; represented at present 543. 6. The _Blackfoots_, consisting of the-- 544. 1. For the TIBETANS, &c., TURNER’s Embassy; Works on the Himalayas, by 545. 2. The Aborigines of India, by B. HODGSON; Papers in Asiatic Researches; 546. 5. JUKES’ Voyage of Fly; MCGILLIVRAY’s Voyage of Rattlesnake; The 547. 7. THE NEGROES, &c. Medical History of the Niger Expedition, by Dr. 548. 8. LICSHTENSTEIN’s Travels; GALTON in Journal of Geographical Society; 549. 13. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.--Archæologia Americana, Vol. ii.; 550. 14. Papers by Dr. KING on the Industrial and Intellectual character of 551. PART II. 552. INTRODUCTION 5 553. INTRODUCTION. 554. INTRODUCTION. 555. 1750. He commenced 12th November, 1738, by carrying on a kind of tunnel 556. 1750. It is still the only means of access to the most important 557. 1. HOUSE OF THE EMPEROR JOSEPH II. (1767-69), was a mansion of great 558. 2. HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (1824-26) is called in the Museo Borbonico, 559. 3. HOUSE OF QUEEN CAROLINE (1813), now called that of Adonis, remarkable 560. 4. HOUSE OF THE MELEAGER OR APOLLO (1830-31), called also the House of 561. 5. HOUSE OF SALLUST (1809). Known also as the House of Actæon. The 562. 6. Two houses side by side, called from the features of their 563. 7. HOUSE OF THE COLOURED CAPITALS (1833-34). A very large house near the 564. 8. HOUSE OF THE DIOSCURI (1828-29). This beautiful mansion has been 565. 9. HOUSE OF THE FEMALE MUSICIAN (1847). Known by the Italian name _Della 566. 10. PLAN of some private dwellings copied from the celebrated fragments 567. 1. CUBICULUM. This small chamber has the walls totally black with a 568. 2. CUBICULUM. The next chamber, forming one corner of the quadrangle, 569. 3. CUBICULUM. The next room in order flanks a side entrance. It is white 570. 4. VESTIBULUM. The side entrance, light and narrow. The ceiling consists 571. 5. The ALA: here, of necessity, very shallow, but in many Pompeian 572. 6. The wall adjoining the Ala, and forming part of the Atrium, has been 573. 7. Next to this is the left-hand FAUCES or passage to the interior, and 574. 8. THE TABLINUM. 575. 9. _Left Wall._--The chief central picture is Perseus showing the head 576. 10. _Right Wall._--The opposite side has exactly the same decorations, 577. 11. The second FAUCES is precisely like the other. The broad black line 578. 12. Wall corresponding in position and decoration to No. 6. The central 579. 13. ALA. The general decoration of Ala corresponds with the opposite 580. 15. CUBICULUM or _cella familiaris_ as next the vestibule. This chamber 581. 16. CUBICULUM, occupying the corresponding angle to No. 2, also lighted 582. 17. CUBICULUM. A black chamber, corresponding to the one we first 583. 18. _Ambulatory, Ambulatio_, also called _Porticus_ by the Romans, and 584. 19. THALAMUS, an apartment next to the fauces, and entered by a door 585. 20. ŒCUS, so called from the Greek word signifying a house, was 586. 21. BATH, _Balneum_ or _Balineum_, a small chamber appropriately fitted 587. 23. _The end wall of the peristyle._ Its paintings are conspicuously 588. 24. CULINA. The apartment forming an angle of the peristyle was the 589. 26. TRICLINIUM, opposite the Œcus. Large panels, blue, black, and 590. 27. The WINTER TRICLINIUM. A large square room, corresponding to the 591. 229. These landscape views are all admirably engraved, in a faithful 592. 1746. A very beautiful little mosaic was inscribed with the name of 593. Book vii., Chap. 5.