337. Boniveh, _Tasmanians_, pp. 183, 195.

[17] _Journ. Ind. Archip._, vol. i. p. 307. [18] _Journ. Ind. Archip._, vol. iii. p. 110, vol. iv. p. 194. [19] Taylor, _New Zealand_, pp. 48, 137. [20] _Folk Medicine_, p. 3. [21] _Ibid._, p. 7. [22] Hodgson, _Abor. of India_, p. 170; cited in _Folk Med._, p. 10. [23] _Folk Med._, p. 11. [24] _Ibid._, p. 11. [25] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 114. [26] Hunter, _Rural Bengal_, p. 210. [27] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._ [28] _Ency. Brit._, vol. iv. p. 58. [29] _Ibid._ [30] _Ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 607. [31] _Ibid._, vol. xxi. p. 853. [32] _Western Africa_, p. 217. [33] Lenormant, _Chaldean Magic and Sorcery_, pp. 258-262. [34] _Kalevala_, 15th runa. [35] Sir Joseph Hooker, _Himalayan Journals_, Ed. 1891, p. 416. [36] Lang, _Custom and Myth_, p. 208. [37] _Folk Medicine_, pp. 17, 18. [38] E. Palmer, _Notes on Australian Tribes_. [39] _The Medical Profession in Ancient Times_ (New York, 1856). [40] _Denmark, its Hygiene and Demography_, 1891, p. 57. [41] _The Races of Man_, p. 292. [42] _Proc. Roy. Soc._, xxvii. 309, 1878. [43] Tylor’s _Anthropology_, p. 344. [44] Tylor’s _Anthropology_, p. 354. [45] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 103. [46] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._ [47] Ellis, _Polyn. Res._, vol. i. pp. 363, 395; vol. ii. pp. 193, 274. Schoolcraft, part iv. p. 49. [48] Roman Paul, xix., in _Life of Colon_. [49] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. ii. pp. 207, 231 (Caribs). [50] _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 131. [51] _Races of Man_, p. 61. [52] Dr. G. W. Parker, on “The People of Madagascar,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1883, p. 478. [53] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 187. [54] A. H. Keane, _On the Botocudos_. [55] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 293. [56] _Ibid._, p. 475. [57] _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 222. [58] Clem. Alex., _Miscellanies_, book vi. [59] _Ibid._ [60] _History of America_, book iv. 7. [61] Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, chap. xvii. [62] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 10. [63] Forrest, _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 319. [64] _Origin of Civilization_, p. 26. [65] _Nat. His. Man._, p. 535. [66] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 232. [67] _Primitive Folk_, p. 237. [68] _Ibid._, p. 80. [69] Th. Halm, _Globus_, xviii. [70] Landas, _Superstitions Annamites_. [71] _Primitive Folk_, pp. 83, 84. [72] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 473. [73] Prof. Monier Williams, and Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 234. [74] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 427. [75] Starcke, _Primitive Family_, p. 32. [76] _Primitive Folk_, p. 234. [77] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 299. [78] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 310. [79] _National Dispensatory_, p. 986. [80] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 251. [81] _Ibid._, p. 251. [82] _Ibid._, p. 11. [83] _Ibid._, p. 132. [84] _Wh. Jour._, vol. iv., 2nd sec., p. 519. [85] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 132. [86] Herbert Spencer’s _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 50. [87] Sydenham’s Works, vol. i. Preface to _Medical Observations_. [88] See _British Medical Journal_, July 30th, 1892, p. 238. [89] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, 1884, p. 295. [90] Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, p. 483. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 277. [91] Massage, by W. E. Green, M.R.C.S. (_Prov. Med. Jour._, May 2nd, 1892, p. 242). [92] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vii. p. 1. [93] See also Surgeon Fletcher’s report in the _U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region_, vol. v. 1882. [94] _Hist. de la Méd._, tome vii. p. 208. [95] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 70. [96] _Ibid._ [97] _Ibid._, p. 76. [98] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, tom. xxi. p. 5. Hottentots and negroes in Central Africa, according to Livingstone, have from remote times practised inoculation in a similar manner. [99] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vii. p. 34. [100] Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstition_, p. 24. [101] _Principles of Sociology_, Herbert Spencer, vol. i. p. 374. [102] _Ibid._ [103] _Meliosma simplicifolia_, or _Millingtonia_. [104] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 222. [105] Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, chap. xvii. [106] Barth, _Travels in Africa_, Ed. 1890, p. 416. [107] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 136. [108] _Ibid._, p. 251. [109] Hooker, _Himalayan Journals_, Ed. 1891, p. 204. [110] Blavatsky, _Caves and Jungles of Hindostan_, p. 13. [111] Quoted in the article on “Drunkenness” in _Ency. Brit._ [112] See _Third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Board of Health_. [113] _Early Hist. Mankind_, p. 288. [114] _Hist. Gén. des Antilles habiteés par les Français_: Paris, 1667, vol. ii. p. 371, etc. [115] _Early Hist. Mankind_, p. 294. [116] iii. 4, 17. [117] Pt. iii., Canto i. [118] Notes to his edition of _Hudibras_, 1744, _loc. cit._ [119] Starcke, _The Primitive Family_, p. 52. [120] _Ibid._ [121] Vol. ii. p. 275. [122] Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 202. [123] _Ibid._, p. 192. [124] _Natural History_, Book xxviii., ch. 23. [125] _De Civ._, Lib. vi. 9. [126] _Hist. Med._, Eng. Trans., p. 16. [127] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Médicine_. [128] Lib. de Iside et Osiride. [129] _Official Guide Brit. Mus._, “Egyptian Antiquities,” pp. 107-8. [130] Clem. Alex., _Strom._, lib. vi. p. 196. [131] vii. 56. [132] _Ancient Egyptians_, vol. ii. p. 358. [133] Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 16, says, for a doctor to recommend his skill, it was sufficient to say that he had studied at Alexandria. [134] Clem. Alex., _Strom._ [135] _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 24. [136] Book ii. 84. [137] _Ancient Egyptians_, vol. iii. p. 477. [138] Plin. xix. 5. [139] _Official Guide_, p. 111. [140] Chabas, _Mélanges Égyptologiques_, p. 64. [141] Ebers, _Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 62. [142] _Contra Celsum_, lib. 8. [143] _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 96. [144] _Ibid._, pp. 96, 97. [145] Brugsch, _Egypt under the Pharaohs_, vol. ii. p. 184. [146] _Hist. Egypt_, by Brugsch-Bey, vol. ii. p. 163-4. [147] _Odyssey_, iv. 229-232. [148] Chap. xlvi., v. 11. [149] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, viii. 27. [150] Chabas, _loc. cit._, p. 66. [151] _Pharaohs and Fellahs_, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 219. [152] _Uarda_, vol. i. p. 32. [153] _Ibid._ [154] Baas’ _Hist. Med._ (Eng. Trans.), p. 19. [155] _History of Egypt_, vol. i. p. 58. [156] _Mélanges Égyptologiques_, Paris, 1862, p. 117. [157] Priests and physicians were educated in high schools, the highest degree in which was that of the “scribes,” who were maintained at the cost of the king. Ebers, _Uarda_, vol. i. p. 20. [158] Lefébure has treated the subject in _Le Mythe Osirien_. [159] See Cooper’s _Surgical Dict._, art. “Surgery.” [160] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 146. [161] _Pharaohs and Fellahs_, Amelia B. Edwards, p. 254. [162] _Superstitions of Medicine_, etc., p. 7. [163] _Uarda_, Ebers. [164] Brugsch, _Hist. Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 296. [165] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 153. [166] _Ibid._, p. 172. [167] Ebers, _Egypt_, vol. ii. p. 61. [168] Gen. xxxi. 19, 30. [169] Chap. iii. 4. [170] _Isis Unveiled_, vol. i. p. 570. [171] Judges xvii.-xviii. [172] Ezekiel xxi. 19-22. [173] _Primitive Culture_, vol. i. p. 267. 2 Samuel xxiv. 16; 2 Kings xix. 35. [174] 3tes Heft, p. 25. [175] _Ibid._, p. 27. [176] _Races of Man_, p. 153. [177] _Ibid._, p. 293. [178] _Antiquities of Israel_, p. 90. [179] “Finditur usque ad urethram à parte inferâ penis.”—Eyre, vol. ii. p. 332. [180] _Arabian Nights_, vol. ii. p. 160, note 3. [181] _Antiquities of Israel_, p. 156. [182] _Wars_, vii. 6, 3. [183] Book VIII. chap. iii. 5. [184] _Antiq._, Book VI. chap. viii. 2. [185] Note to Whiston’s Josephus, _loc. cit._ [186] 1 Sam. xvi. 15. [187] _Religious Encyclopædia_, vol. ii. p. 1454. [188] _Medica Sacra_, p. 40 _et seq._ [189] _Arabian Nights_, vol. ii. p. 4. [190] _Ecclesiasticus_ xxxviii. 1, 3, 4, 12. From the many references to disease in this book, it has been supposed by some commentators that the author was a physician. The writer of the article on “Medicine,” in _Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible_, remarks that “if he was so, the power of mind and wide range of observation shown in this work, would give a favourable impression of the standard of practitioners; if he was not, the great general popularity of the study and practice may be inferred from its thus becoming a common topic of general advice offered by a non-professional writer.” [191] _Wars of the Jews_, Book II. chap, viii; _Antiq._, xviii. 1, 5. [192] See Lightfoot on the _Colossians_. [193] _Works_, vol. i. p. 10. [194] _Ibid._, vol. vii. p. 7. [195] _History of Medicine_, p. 36. [196] “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—_Lightfoot._ [197] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 74. [198] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I. 2, 4. [199] _A History of the Jews_, Book xxiii. [200] _Ibid._ [201] G. S. Faber, _The Cabiri_, vol. i. [202] Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in _Ency. Brit._ [203] _Hist. Babylonia_, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22. [204] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, pp. 139, 140. [205] See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, chap. xi. [206] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 42. [207] _Ibid._, p. 179. [208] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 181. [209] _Ibid._, pp. 204-209. [210] _Ibid._, p. 35. [211] _Ibid._, p. 36. [212] _Ibid._, p. 36. [213] _Ibid._, p. 41. [214] See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” _Ency. Brit._; _Records of the Past_, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. _Book of the Dead_; Lenormant, Maspero, and others. [215] _Herodotus_, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson. [216] _Records of the Past_, vol. i. p. 135. [217] _Hist. Babylon_, p. 22. [218] Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 6. [219] _Nineveh and its Palaces_, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164. [220] _Records of the Past_, vol. iii. p. 140. [221] _Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms_, trans. by H. F. Talbot. _Records of the Past_, vol. iii. p. 143. [222] _Folk Medicine_, p. 165. [223] From Baas’ _Hist. Med._, p. 28. [224] See Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, chap. i. [225] _Indian Wisdom_, p. xxvi. [226] _Indian Wisdom_, p. 84. [227] _Ibid._, p. 89. [228] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct., 1892, p. 287. [229] _Hist. India_, 4th ed., p. 48. [230] _Hist. India_, 4th ed., p. 123. [231] _Hist. Philos._, vol. i. p. 394. [232] _School of Philos._, p. 547. [233] Max Müller: _Zend-Avesta_, 83. [234] _Ordinances of Menu_, Trübner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54. [235] The first fine is the lowest, _i.e._ two hundred and fifty _panas_. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.[236] At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”[237] [236] Elphinstone, _Hist. of India_, 4th edition, p. 41. [237] _Ordinances of Menu_, iii. 150-168. [238] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 41. [239] Hunter’s _Indian Empire_, p. 109. [240] _Asiatic Quarterly Rev._, Oct. 1892, p. 290. [241] _Ibid._ [242] Tract vi. p. 125. [243] Weber, _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 270. [244] _Ibid._ [245] Wise’s _Hindu Medicine_, p. 184. [246] _Hindu Medicine_, p. 8. [247] _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 268. [248] Wise’s _Hindu Medicine_, p. 213. [249] There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes. [250] Ainslie’s _Materia Indica_, vol. ii. p. 525. [251] Arrian’s _Indian History_, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729). [252] Strabo, _Geography_, Book xv. c. 1. [253] _Indian History_, vol. ii. p. 219. [254] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 150. [255] Weber, _Sanskrit Literature_, p. 265. [256] _Tracts on India_, p. 139. [257] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 134. [258] Monier Williams, _Indian Wisdom_, p. 56. [259] _Ibid._, p. 57. [260] _Indian Wisdom_, p. 66. [261] John ix. 2. [262] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1892, p. 288. [263] _Asiatic Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1892, p. 288. [264] _A Manual of Budhism_, pp. 238. [265] Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61. [266] A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists. [267] Haeser. [268] _Materia Indica_, vol. ii. p. vii. [269] _Ibid._ [270] _Ibid._, p. viii. [271] _Oriental Magazine_, March, 1823. [272] Wise, _Hist. Hind. Med._, vol. i. pp. 131, 132. [273] _Indian Empire_, p. 106. [274] _Oriental Magazine_, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356. [275] _Indian Empire_, p. 108. [276] _Ibid._ [277] _Ibid._, p. 146. [278] _Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus._ [279] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1878, p. 153. [280] Prof. H. H. Wilson’s _Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus_. [281] _Brit. Med. Journ._, June 25, 1892, p. 1382. [282] Mocre, _History of the Small-pox_, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstitions_, p. 81. [283] Paris’s _Pharmacologia_, p. 26. [284] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 150. [285] _Asiatic Quarterly Rev._, Oct. 1892, p. 291. [286] Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India. [287] See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in _Harper’s Magazine_, December, 1892. [288] Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” _Ency. Brit._ [289] Cummings, _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 188. [290] Baas, _Hist. Med._ [291] “Doctoring in China,” _National Review_, May, 1889. [292] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 145. [293] _Folk Medicine_, p. 4; Dennys, _Folklore of China_, p. 96. [294] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 153. [295] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 275. [296] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. i. p. 265. [297] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 275. [298] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 154. [299] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 116. [300] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xi. p. 272. [301] _Travels in Tartary_, vol. i. chap. vii. [302] _National Dispensatory_, p. 754. [303] Gordon Cumming’s _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 174. [304] “Doctoring in China,” _National Review_, May, 1889. [305] Doolittle’s _Social Life of the Chinese_, vol. ii. p. 321. [306] Southey, _Common Place Book_, ser. iv. p. 547. [307] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Surgery.” [308] _Chambers’ Journal_, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831. [309] _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 173. [310] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 173. [311] _Folk Lore of China_, p. 49. [312] _Ibid._ [313] _Travels in Tartary._ [314] _Travels in Tartary._ [315] _Travels in Tartary_, vol. i. chap. ix. [316] _La Magie et l’Astrologie_, p. 13. [317] _Vorlesungen über die Finnische Mythologie_, p. 173. [318] _La Magie et l’Astrologie_, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 212. [319] _National Druggist._ [320] Darmesteter, _Zend-Avesta_. [321] _Zend-Avesta_; _Vendîdâd._ _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 219. [322] _Ibid._ [323] _Rig-Veda_, x. 97, 17. [324] _Vendîdâd_, Fargard xx. 7. [325] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 83. [326] _Herod._, i. 138. [327] _Zend-Avesta._ Translated by J. Darmesteter in _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them. [328] _Zend-Avesta_, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13. [329] Our word Peony derives its Latin name (Pæonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root. [330] vii. 23. [331] Wheelwright’s translation of _Pindar_. _Third Pythian Ode_, 80-95. [332] _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv. p. 219 note. [333] _Il._, V. 447. [334] Sophoc., _Ajax_. [335] Cicero, _De Nat. Deor._, iii. 22. [336] _Prometheus._ Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed. [337] Book XIX. [338] _Hist. de la Médicine_, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv. [339] _Ibid._ [340] I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in _The British Medical Journal_ for much of the information in this section. [341] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix. [342] Arctinus, _Ethiopis_. Translated in Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 35. [343] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii. [344] Lib. VIII., cap. 26. [345] Cic., _Tusc. Dis._, III. 1. [346] Hippocr., _De Prisca Medic._ [347] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv. [348] Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113. [349] _Hist. Med._, p. 88. [350] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 46. [351] See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in _Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography_, loc. cit. [352] Aristotle, _Hist. Animal._, iii. 2. [353] _Ency. Brit._, Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178. [354] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 88. [355] _Ibid._, p. 89. [356] _Laertius_, c. 77, c. 59. [357] _Ibid._, c. 62. [358] Diodor., i. 69, 98. [359] Grote, vol. iv. p. 529. [360] Book xx. 73. [361] See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” _Ency. Brit._ [362] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 89. Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 14. Dr. Adams, _Introd. Hippoc._, vol. i. p. 134. [363] _Histoire de la Médicine_, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv. [364] Lib. 3, cap. 4. [365] Sprengel, _Hist. Méd._, p. 36. [366] Pratt, _Flowering Plants_, vol. i. p. 57. [367] _Herod._, iii. 137. [368] _Hist. Nat._, xxviii. c. 29. [369] _De Carnibus._ [370] Vol. i. p. 151. [371] Ovid’s _Metamorph._, Dryden’s translation, Book XV. [372] The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (_De Art. Gymnast._, Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):— “Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.” “A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.” “Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Medicina.”) [373] The multitude of “Eau de Cologne” makers calling themselves “Farina” is a case in point. [374] Adams, _Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 7. [375] Galen, _De Sanitate tuenda_. [376] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 11. [377] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 91. [378] All-heal. [379] Dr. Puschmann, in his _History of Medical Education_, p. 42, translates this passage: “Castration will I not carry out even on those who suffer from stone, but leave this to those people who make a business of it.” The words in the Greek are οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, and much controversy has been excited by them. Some commentators of great authority think the passage forbids castration, as disgraceful things are being spoken of, such as giving poisons and procuring abortion. Certainly there is no reason for supposing that the doctors of the period would object to perform lithotomy though it is the fact that there was a class of operators who were a sort of unscientific specialists in the practice. [380] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 93. [381] Plut., _Symp._, viii. 4, § 4. [382] Plato, _De Leg._, xi. [383] _Ibid._, iv. [384] Cos gave birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus, the second of the Greek kings of Egypt, to Ariston the philosopher, and to Apelles the painter. [385] Vol. ii. p. 569. [386] Vol. vi. p. 1152. [387] _Works of Hippocrates_, Syd. Soc., vol. ii. p. 565. [388] _Œuvres Complètes d’Hippocrate_, Tom. I., Introd., ch. i. p. 3. [389] Adams, _Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 18. [390] _Epidem._, vi. [391] _Ibid._, i. [392] Derivation is the drawing of humours from one part of the body to another, as from the eye by a blister on the neck; revulsion differs from this only by the force of the medicine and the distance of the disorder from the part to which it is applied. He treated fevers by preparations which increase the amount of fluid in the blood, as by water, buttermilk, whey, etc. This was called the diluent system. At the same time he used mild aperients and sometimes venesection. [393] Νοὐσων φύσιες ἰητροἰ. _Epid._, vi. 5, l.t. iii. p. 606. [394] See for all this surgical information Ashurst’s _International Encyclopædia of Surgery_, vol. vi. [395] _Genuine Works of Hippocrates_, vol. i. pp. 20, 21. [396] Adams, _Genuine Works of Hippocrates_, vol. i. pp. 129, 130. [397] Probably masks or inanimate figures (Adams). [398] Baas, _Hist. Med._, Eng. Trans., pp. 111, 112. [399] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. I., bk. iv. [400] Celsus, _De Medic._, Prælat, in lib. i. [401] _Hist. Nat._, xxvi. 6. [402] On the question of the authenticity of this epistle see Dr. Adams’ commentary in his _Paulus Ægineta_, vol. i. p. 186. [403] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. i. pp. 422-3. [404] _Œuvres d’Hippocr._, vol. i. p. 202, etc. [405] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Acut._, iii. 17. [406] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._ Meryon, _Hist. Med._, p. 35. [407] _Études Biographiques_ par Paul-Antoine, Cap. p. 26. The _Treatise on Stones_ by Theophrastus is one of the first works we possess on the study of minerals. [408] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 6. [409] Galen, _De Uteri Dissect._, c. 5, vol. ii. p. 895. [410] _De Anima_, c. 10, p. 757. [411] _De Medic._, i. Præf., p. 6. [412] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, pp. 121-123. [413] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 76. [414] Plutarch’s _Life of Demetrius_. [415] He modified his opinions on the nerves by careful dissections, and greatly improved his physiology. [416] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, pp. 121-123. [417] Le Clerc, _Hist. de la Méd._, Pt. II. c. iii. [418] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, art. “Dogmatici,” Smith’s _Dict. Class. Ant._ Briefly, this was as much as to say that a man could not be an educated doctor who had not practised, or at least seen, human vivisection. As these have not been performed since the fifteenth century, when, as we shall learn, they were practised by Italian anatomists, it follows, according to the argument, that the Alexandrian physicians were better educated than our own! [419] _De Med._, vii. 26. See also Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 220. [420] Plin., _Hist. Nat._, xxvi. 6. [421] _De Med._, Præfat. [422] Celsus, _Of Medicine_. [423] _Life of Demetrius._ [424] _Hist. Med._, p. 129. [425] _Hist. de la Méd._; Pt. II., bk. iii., ch. xiii. [426] Celsus, _Of Medicine_, chap. iv. Futvoye’s Trans. [427] Dr. Francis Adams. Preface to Works of _Paulus Ægineta_, p. xii. [428] iii. 131. [429] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 611. [430] _Herodotus_, iv. 68. [431] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vi. p. 28. [432] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, art. “Therapeutica.” [433] _Titus Livius_, lib. i., cap. xxxi. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, lib. xxviii., c. ii. [434] _De Civ. Dei._, lib. iv. cap. xxi. [435] _Ibid._, cap. xxiii. [436] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 131. [437] Puschmann, _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 86. [438] _Ibid._, p. 97. Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 152. [439] _Hist. Nat._, xxix. 8. [440] _Life of Cato the Censor._ [441] _Hist. Nat._, xxix. cap. 8. [442] _Epist._ 93. [443] See Baas, _Hist. of Med._, and Dr. Habershon’s note on this subject, p. 133. [444] Bostock, _Hist. of Med._ [445] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 98. [446] _Epigrams_, x. 56. [447] _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 131. [448] Cels., lib. vii. p. 337, ed. Targ. Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, tom. vii. p. 38. [449] _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 117. [450] Galen, x. 987. Plin., _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 8. [451] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 5. [452] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, p. 611. [453] Puschmann’s _Med. Educ._, 126. [454] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Chron._, iii. 8. [455] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. vi. p. 138. [456] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 137. [457] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. ii. p. 24. [458] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 140. [459] Cæl. Aurel., _De Morb. Chron._, i. l. p. 286. [460] _Sat._, x. 221. [461] Galen, _Introd._, c. l., tom. xiv., pp. 663, 684. Ed. Kühn. [462] _De Medic._, lib. i., Præf. [463] Le Clerc, _Hist. Méd._, Part II., liv. iv., sec. i., ch. 1. [464] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 143. [465] Prof. W. Turner, art. “Anatomy,” _Ency. Brit._ [466] Dr. Ch. Creighton, art. “Surgery,” _Ency. Brit._ [467] _Grundriss der Geschichte der Medicin._ [468] _A. C. Celsi Med. Præf._, ad lib. 7. [469] _De re Med._, lib. 1. [470] _Hist. de la Méd._, vol. ii. p. 50. [471] Sprengel, _Hist. Méd._, vol. ii. p. 37. [472] Baas, _Grund. der Ges. der Med._, p. 144. [473] _Mechanical Account of Poisons._ [474] Theophrastus, _Hist. Plant._, ix. 17. [475] _National Dispensatory_, p. 1515. [476] Conf. Gal. Comment. in _Hippocr._, lib. vi.; _De Morb. Vulgar._, vi., § 5, tom. xvii. p. ii. p. 337. [477] _History of Inventions_, art. “Apothecaries.” [478] _Plin._, lib. xxxiv. cap. 11. [479] _C. Steph._, 1133. [480] _Peloponnesian War_, ii. 48. [481] _Annal._, xiii. c. 15, 16. [482] _Nero_, 33. [483] _The Instructor_, Book II. [484] Seneca, _De Benefic._, vi. 15, 16, 17. [485] John Henry Newman’s _Life of Apollonius Tyanæus_. [486] By Lord Herbert and Mr. Blount. [487] Newman’s _Life of Apollonius_. [488] Galen, _De Temperamentis_. [489] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Pneumatici.” See also Sprengel and Le Clerc. [490] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._, art. “Eclectici.” [491] _Nat. Hist._, xx. 40; xxiv. 120. [492] vi. 236; xiii. 98; xiv. 252. [493] See Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 167. [494] _De Causis Diuturnorum Morborum_, etc., lib. ii. cap. xiii. [495] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 167. [496] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, Introd. vol. i. p. 15. [497] Bostock, _Hist. of Med._ [498] _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 389. [499] _De Usu_, Part iii. 10. [500] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 386. Sprengel, ii. p. 150. [501] _De Motu Musc._ [502] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 388. [503] See for a full account of Galen’s doctrine of the pulse, Dr. Adams’ _Commentary on Paulus Ægineta_, vol. ii. p. 12. [504] _De Dignosc. Puls._, iii. 3, vol. viii. p. 902. [505] Dr. Greenhill in Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._ [506] Galen’s _Art of Physic_. [507] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Surgery.” [508] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._, art. “Galen.” [509] Cardan, _De Subtil._ [510] _Hist. of Med._, vol. i. p. 115. [511] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Biog._, vol. i. p. 126. [512] _Alexandria and her Schools_, p. 113. [513] Freind, _Historia Medicinæ_, p. 383. [514] _Ibid._, p. 380. [515] Smith’s _Dict. Ant._ [516] _Hist. Med._ [517] Freind, _Hist. Med._ [518] _Ibid._ [519] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 201. [520] _Ibid._ [521] _North Brit. Rev._, vol. 47. [522] Browning’s _Parleyings_, p. 44. [523] Cato, _De re Rustica_, c. 2. [524] Sat. vi. [525] Prescott says, _Conquest of Mexico_, chap, ii., that among the Aztecs, “Hospitals were established in the principal cities for the cure of the sick, and the permanent refuge of the disabled soldier; and the surgeons were placed over them, ‘who were so far better than those in Europe,’ says an old chronicler, ‘that they did not protract the cure, in order to increase the pay.’” [526] _Ecclesiastical History_, lib. vi. ch. xlii. [527] Butler’s _Lives of the Saints_. St. Basil the Great. [528] _Ibid._, loc. cit. [529] p. 153. [530] _Eccl. Hist._, lib. vii. c. xxi. [531] See Balmez, _European Civilization_, p. 436. [532] Can. 10. Concil. iv. (Mans. vii.). [533] Fleury’s _Eccl. Hist._, Book xxi. 3, note _e_. [534] _Ibid._, xxiii. 24. [535] Sprengel, _Hist. de la Méd._, p. 56. [536] _Ency. Brit._, vol. i. p. 181. [537] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 189. [538] _Pharaohs_, _Fellahs_, etc., Amelia B. Edwards, p. 243. [539] Preface to _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i. p. xxi. [540] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. xxiii. [541] Vulpes, _Illustrazione di tutti gli Strumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano e in Pompei_, Napoli, 1847. [542] _Ibid._ [543] Vulpes, _ut supra_. [544] _Medical Superstitions_, p. 56 [545] Marsden, _Hist. Sumatra_, p. 189. [546] Pettigrew, _Medical Superstitions_, p. 61. [547] _Custom and Myth_, p. 148. [548] _Custom and Myth._, p. 150. [549] _Rivers of Life_, J. G. R. Forlong. [550] _Anthropological Journal_, vol. xii. p. 572. [551] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 68. [552] Hooker, _Himalayan Journ._, Ed. 1891, p. 141. [553] _Travels in Africa_, Ed. 1890, p. 488. [554] Plin., xxi. 104. [555] Plin., xxii. 24. [556] Plin., xxx. 30. [557] _Official Guide, Brit. Museum Galleries_, 1892, pp. 122-3. [558] From _Ritual of the Dead_. Lenormant, _Chaldæan Magic_, p. 90. [559] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 94. [560] Pratt’s _Flowering Plants_, vol. i. p. 50. [561] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxx. chap. 20. [562] _Ibid_., Book. xxx. chap. 24. [563] _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, Smith’s art. “Amulets.” [564] H. N. xxv. 9. [565] Smith’s _Dict. Greek and Roman Ant._, art. “Therapeutica.” See also “Amulets,” p. 45. [566] _Hist. Med._, p. 772. [567] Vol. ii. p. 139. [568] Heathen charm. [569] A blackberry. [570] Nightmare was considered to be the work of an evil spirit. [571] Plin., xxx. 30. [572] See the twenty-second and twenty-fourth books of _Pliny’s Natural History_. [573] Lib. ix. cap. 4, p. 538, Ed. 1556. [574] _Galen de Facult. Simpl._, lib. vi. p. 792, Ed. Kühn. [575] “A Gnostic device. See Montfauçon, plates 159, 161, 163.” [576] This also is Gnostic. [577] Mr. Cockayne considers this to be probably Gnostic; some of the words are pure nonsense. [578] Quoted by Mr. Cockayne in his _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i., Preface, pp. xviii., xix., xx. [579] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part 2, sec. 5. [580] Rev. C. A. John’s _Flowers of the Field_. [581] Brand’s _Observations_, vol. ii. p. 67. [582] _Hist. Nat._, xxxvii. 10. [583] Brand’s _Observations_, etc., vol. ii. p. 63. [584] Burton’s _Anatomy_, p. 454. [585] _Saxon Leech Book_, II. ch. lxvi. [586] See _Curious Myths of Middle Ages_, S. B. Gould, Appendix C, p. 273. [587] Morley’s _Life of Corn. Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 165. [588] _History of Medicine_, p. 107. [589] _Secret Miracles of Nature_, Eng. trans. fol., Lond. 1658, p. 164. [590] _Vulgar Errors._ [591] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i., Pref., p. xxxii. [592] Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_, vol. iii. p. 139. [593] _Encylopædia of Antiquities_, vol. i. p. 336. [594] _Medical Superstitions_, p. 45. [595] Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, 5th Ed., p. 23. [596] _Park’s Travels_, vol. i. p. 357. [597] _Astley’s Voyages_, vol. ii. p. 35. [598] _Siberia_, p. 310. [599] Vambery’s _Travels in Central Asia_, p. 50. [600] Masson’s _Travels in Belochistan_, etc., vol. i. pp. 74, 90, 312, vol. ii. pp. 127, 302. [601] _The Thoughts of Blaise Pascal_, Bell’s Ed. 1890, p. 2. [602] _L’Amulette de Pascal. Médecine et Médecins._ Par E. Littré. Paris, 1872. [603] Arnot’s _Hist. Edin._ [604] Vol. i. p. 192. [605] _Præcepta de Medicina_ of Serenus Samonicus. [606] Lardner, _Works_, vol. ix. pp. 290-364. [607] Pettigrew, _Medical Superstitions_, p. 52. [608] Vol. iii. p. 29. [609] Morley’s _Life of Cornelius Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 80. [610] _Ibid._, p. 81. [611] Henry’s _Hist. of Great Britain_, vol. i. p. 147. [612] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, pp. 113, 114; Strutt’s _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 279. [613] _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 279. [614] _Ibid._, p. 281. [615] Plin., _Hist. Nat._, lib. xxx. c. i. [616] Diod. Sicul., lib. v. cap. 35. [617] _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. pp. 278, 279. [618] _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 278. [619] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxx. chap. iv. [620] See note on Pliny’s passage, “Ut dedisse Persis videri possit,” in Bohn’s Pliny’s _Nat. Hist._, vol. v. p. 426. [621] Holinshed, _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 506. [622] _Hist. Med._, p. 249. [623] _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 187. [624] _Ibid._, p. 186. [625] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_, translated by Stallybrass, vol. i. p. 133. [626] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 42. [627] See Tennyson’s poem, _The Victim_. [628] Grimm. [629] _Ibid._ [630] Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_, vol. ii. p. 586. [631] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_, p. 588. [632] _Ibid._, p. 602. [633] _Ibid._, p. 604. [634] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 874. [635] _Eccl. Hist._, lib. iii. cap. 18. [636] Strutt’s _Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 345. [637] _Chronicles of England_, vol. ii. p. 248. [638] Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, lib. v. cap. 3. [639] _Chronicles of England_, vol. ii. p. 248. [640] Strutt’s _Horda Angel Cynnan_, vol. i. p. 70. [641] Strutt, _The Chronicles of England_, vol. i. p. 344. Bede, _Eccl. Hist._, iii. 18. [642] _Leech Book_, ii. p. 289. [643] _Ibid._, p. xxv. [644] A valuable expectorant which is largely used at the present time. [645] Recherches critiques sur l’âge et origine des traductions Latines d’Aristote. Paris, 1819. [646] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii., Preface, p. xxix. [647] _Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England_, vol. ii. Edited by Rev. O. Cockayne. (Rolls Series.) [648] _MS. Reg._, 12. D. xvii. [649] _Leech Book_, I. xiii. p. 57. [650] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 117. [651] The doctor and the patient. [652] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 137. [653] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 137-8. [654] Church bells were anciently used more to frighten the fiends away than for calling together the worshippers. [655] Psalms cxix., lxviii., and lxix. [656] A formula of Benediction. [657] _Polypodium vulgare._ [658] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. pp. 138-9. [659] _Leech Book_, III. vol. ii. p. 343. [660] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 335. [661] _Ibid._, p. 335. [662] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. ii. p. 307. [663] _Ibid._, vol. i. Preface, p. xxvii. [664] _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i. Preface, pp. xxvi., xxvii. [665] _Leech Book_, iii. p. 307. [666] _Myv. Arch._, iii. p. 129. [667] _Meddygon Myddfai_, Preface, p. ix. [668] Llanover MS. [669] _Ancient Laws and Institutions of Wales_, vol. ii. p. 515. [670] _Meddygon Myddfai_, p. xi. [671] _Ibid._, p. xiii. [672] _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, vol. i. p. 41 etc. [673] _Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, vol. i. p. 315. [674] _Ibid._, p. 507. [675] _The Physicians of Myddvai_, Llandovery, 1861. [676] Leges Wallica, l. 4. Henry’s _Hist. of Eng._, vol. i. p. 320. [677] _Ancient Laws, etc., of Wales_, v. i. p. 313. [678] See on this Balmez, _European Civilization_, p. 214. [679] Pococke, _Hist. Dynast._, p. 128; Freind, _Hist. Med._, Lat. Ed., p. 472. [680] Puschmann, _Hist. of Med. Educ._, p. 156. [681] L. Leclerc, _Hist. de la Méd. Arabe_, i. p. 38. [682] Freind, _Hist. Med._, p. 473, Ed. 1733. [683] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii. [684] Weber, _Hist. Ind. Lit._, p. 266. [685] Royle, _Antiquity of Hindu Medicine_. [686] Weber, p. 266. [687] Puschmann, p. 160. [688] Leo Afric., _De viris Illust. ap. Arab. Bib._ [689] _The Saracens_, p. 191. [690] _Ibid._ [691] _Ibid._, pp. 191, 192. [692] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii. [693] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 158. [694] Freeman’s _Saracens_, p. 54. [695] Kingsley’s _Alexandria_, p. 148. [696] Sismondi, _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 51. [697] _Hist. Med._, p. 123. [698] See Thompson’s _Hist. Chem._, vol. i. p. 112. [699] Berington’s _Lit. Hist. Middle Ages_, p. 415. [700] Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, etc., ch. lii. [701] _Imp. Dict. Biog._, art. “Averrhoès.” [702] Puschmann, p. 162. [703] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 220. [704] _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 66. [705] _Ibid._ [706] _Decline and Fall_, etc., chap. lii. [707] _Dictionary of Islam_, art. “Da’wah.” [708] Baas, _History of Medicine_, p. 224. [709] Sismondi, _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. p. 68. [710] _Ibid._ [711] Dr. W. A. Greenhill, in Smith’s _Dict. Classical Biog._ [712] _Ibid._, in life of Rhazes, in _Imp. Dict. Biog._ [713] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 231. [714] Berington, _Lit. Hist. Middle Ages_, p. 428. [715] _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. vi. pp. 105-119. [716] _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. vi. p. 119. [717] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 233. [718] Arabic writer, quoted by Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 221. [719] Freeman’s _Saracens_, p. 4. [720] _Ibid._, p. 6. [721] _Philosophy of History_, p. 342. [722] Chateaubriand, _Analyse de l’Histoire de France, Seconde Race_. [723] Goodwin, _Lives of the Necromancers_, pp. 29, 30. [724] Cap, _Études Biographiques_, Ser. ii. p. 326. [725] See Whewell’s _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. i. p. 305. [726] _Decline and Fall._ [727] Mullinger’s _University of Cambridge_, p. 334. [728] As Haydn gives them. [729] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Anatomy.” [730] _Rise and Constitution of Universities_, p. 157. [731] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 214. [732] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 216. [733] _Ibid._, p. 217. [734] _Ibid._ See also Dubouchet, “Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’université de médicine de Montpellier,” in the _Gaz. hebd. des sciences med. de Montpellier_, 1887, No. 4. [735] _Ibid._, p. 218. [736] _Surgical Dict._, art. “Surgery.” [737] Cooper’s _Surgical Dictionary_, art. “Surgery.” [738] _In vit. Ric. pri._, p. 490. [739] Strutt’s _Horda Angel-Cynnan_, vol. ii. p. 26. [740] Wood, _Hist. Univ. of Oxford_, vol. i. p. 62. [741] Henry, _Hist. Great Britain_, vol. vi. p. 114. [742] Jessen. [743] _L’École de Salerne._ [744] Laurie, _Rise, etc., of Universities_, p. 112. [745] _European Civilization_, p. 216. [746] _Storia docum. della scuola med. di Salerno_, p. 157, _et seq._ [747] S. de Renzi, _Collectio Salernitana_, iii. 325. [748] Laurie’s _Rise, etc., of Universities_, p. 112. [749] See Puschmann’s _Hist. Med._, p. 199. [750] _Ibid._ [751] _Ibid._, p. 113. [752] Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_. [753] _Hist. Med._, p. 262. [754] IV. 75. [755] Laurie, _Rise, etc., of Universities_, p. 113. [756] Laurie’s _Rise, etc., of the Universities_, pp. 113, 114. [757] Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_, p. 146. [758] _Collect. Salern._, t. ii. pp. 737-768. [759] _Anomymi Salernitani de adventu medici ad ægrotum._ Ed. A. G. E. Th. Henschel, Vratisl., 1850. De Renzi, _Collect. Salern._, ii. 74-81, v. 333-349. Puschmann, _Hist. Med._, p. 203. Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_, p. 148. [760] The whole coast between Salerno and Amalfi and the surrounding parts are some of the loveliest places in Italy. [761] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 201. [762] Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_. [763] See Dr. Haeser’s _Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin_, p. 290. [764] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 203. [765] Meryon, _History of Medicine_, p. 162. See also Beckmann’s _Hist. of Inventions_, art. “Apothecaries.” [766] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 263. [767] Note in Baas’ _Hist. Med._, p. 263. [768] Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_. [769] To be precise, “M. Baudry de Balzac computes from 1474 to 1846, 240 editions of _The School of Salerno_. It was translated into French, German, English, Breton, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Provençal, Bohemian, Hebrew, and Persian. The number of manuscripts which contain this poem is more than 150.” (Daremberg, _L’École de Salerne_.) [770] Iodine was not known at this time; and the virtue of the sponge, if any, was doubtless due to the iodine it contained. [771] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 299. [772] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 206. De Renzi, _Collect. Salernit._, ii. 445, 513, 628, 650, etc. [773] _Hist. diplom. Frid. II. imperat._ Paris, 1854. T. iv., pars. 1, p. 149, tit. 44, quoted in Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 207. [774] _Hist. diplom. Frid. II._, op. cit. p. 235, lib. 3, tit. 46, etc., quoted in Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 208. [775] A gold tarenus weighed twenty grains. [776] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 210. [777] Aubrey, _Hist. England_, vol. i. p. 487. [778] Art. “Astrology,” _Ency. Brit._, vol. ii. p. 741. [779] _Médecine et Médecins_, p. 125. [780] Tom. iii. p. 9. [781] _Principles of Sociology_, vol. i. p. 53. [782] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Bacon, Roger.” [783] _History of Inductive Sciences_, vol. i. p. 341. [784] _Ibid._, p. 342. [785] Mullinger’s _Hist. Cambridge Univ._, p. 170 note. [786] _Hist. Univ. Oxford._ [787] Or College of SS. Cosmas and Damian. See p. 234 of this work. [788] Wood’s _University of Oxford_, vol. i. p. 293. [789] Aubrey, _Hist. England_, vol. i. p. 426. [790] Aubrey, _Hist. England_, vol. i. p. 682. [791] Baas, _Hist. Med._ [792] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Anatomy.” [793] _Ibid._ [794] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Educ._, p. 246. [795] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Medicine.” [796] Hist. of _Univ. of Oxford_, vol. i. p. 444. [797] _Ibid._, p. 446. [798] _Ibid._, p. 447. [799] _Epidemics of the Middle Ages_, p. 13. [800] Hecker’s _Epidemics_, p. 96. [801] _Ibid._, p. 100. [802] _History of Inventions_, loc. cit. [803] _Hist. Med. Superstit._, pp. 37, 38. [804] _Loseley MSS._, p. 263. [805] _The Loseley MSS._, p. 264. [806] Bede’s _Ecclesiastical History_, B. v. c. 3. [807] _English Chronicle_, p. 1,038. [808] Stow’s _Chron._, p 381. [809] _Horda Angel-Cynnan_, vol. ii. p. 71. [810] _Ibid._ [811] Pastor, _History of the Popes_, vol. ii. p. 23. [812] _History of the Papacy_, etc., vol. ii. [813] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Leonardo.” [814] _Hist. Epidemics_, p. 181. [815] _Chronicles_, vol. iii. p. 482. [816] Hecker’s _Epidemics_, p. 186. [817] _Ibid._ [818] Hecker’s _Epidemics_, p. 118. [819] See Beckmann’s _Hist. Inv._, art. “Quarantine.” [820] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, vol. i. p. 339. [821] _University of Oxford_, vol. i. pp. 564, 565. [822] _Chronicles of England, etc._, vol. i. p. 273. [823] Mullinger’s _Univ. Cambridge_, p. 168. [824] Art. “Pathology,” _Ency. Brit._, xviii. p. 404. [825] Vickers’ _Martyrdoms of Literature_, p. 169. [826] Aglio’s _Antiquities of Mexico_, vol. viii. p. 234. [827] _Ibid._, vol. vi. p. 526. [828] Aglio’s _Antiquities of Mexico_, vol. vi. p. 272. [829] Morley, _Life of Cornelius Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 213. [830] _H. C. Agripp._, ep. 23, lib. i. p. 702. Prefixed also to all editions of the _De Occ. Phil._ (Note by Mr. Morley.) [831] Whewell, _Hist. of Scientific Ideas_, vol. ii. p. 177. [832] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 386. [833] _De abditis rerum causis_, Florent., 1507. [834] _Epidemics_, p. 218. [835] 3 Henry VIII., c. 9. [836] Dr. Goodall’s _History of the College of Physicians_. [837] Aubrey, _Hist. Eng._, vol. ii. p. 535. [838] _Ibid._ [839] _Hist. Eng._, vol. ii. p. 296. [840] Munk, _Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London_, p. 1. [841] Wood, _Hist. Oxford_, vol. ii. p. 862. [842] I am indebted for the above facts to Dr. Furnivall’s edition of Vicary’s _Anatomie_, published for the Early English Text Society. [843] _Captain Cox, his Ballads and Books._ Dr. Furnivall’s edition, published for the Ballad Society, p. ci. [844] Pratt, _Flowering Plants_, vol. i. p. 91. [845] Munk’s _Roll of the Royal College_, etc., p. 62. [846] _Times_, May 20, 1876, p. 6. Hallam, _Literary History_, etc., vol. ii. p. 233. [847] _Hist. Oxford_, vol. ii. p. 62. [848] _De morbis contagiosis_, lib. ii. cap. ix. [849] _Ency. Brit._ [850] _Literature of Europe_, chap. ix. sect. 2, 13. [851] Portal, _Tiraboschi_, ix. 34. [852] _Hist. Med._, p. 427. [853] _Lit. of Europe_, chap. ix. sect. 2. [854] Puschmann’s _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 305. [855] Laënnec, _Diseases of the Chest, etc._, p 112. [856] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, vol. i. p. 467. [857] _Works_, vol. xiii. p. 394. [858] p. 436, ed. 1827. [859] Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_, vol. iii. p. 160. [860] Furnivall’s ed. _Boorde_, Early English Text Society, 1870, p. 121. [861] _Breviary of Health_, fol. 80 b. [862] In Dr. Furnivall’s _Captain Cox_, published for the Ballad Society, 1891, p. 35. [863] Evelyn’s _Diary_, vol. ii. p. 151. [864] Notes to _Pepys’ Diary_, vol. i. p. 90. [865] _William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle_, Book II. chap. 13. [866] _Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain_, vol. i. p. 225. [867] See for a complete history of the royal gift of healing Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstitions_, p. 117. [868] Meryon, _Hist. Med._, vol. i. p. 423. [869] Hakluyt’s _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 280. [870] _Description of England_, chap. xix. [871] See Gamgee, “Third Historical Fragment,” in _Lancet_, 1876. [872] Cap. _Études Biographiques_, sec. i. pp. 84-89. [873] _Cornelius Agrippa_, vol. i. p. 62. [874] _Ency. Brit._, vol. xv. p. 782. [875] See the article on Bacon in _Ency. Brit._, vol. iii. p. 217. [876] Œuvres, iii. 24. [877] _Ibid._, vi. 234. [878] _Ibid._, vi. 89. [879] _Ibid._, ix. 426. [880] Œuvres, x. 204. [881] _Ibid._, iv. 452 and 454. [882] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Descartes.” [883] Wood, _Hist. Oxford_, vol. ii. p. 883. [884] _Ibid._ [885] See Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. i. p. 212. [886] Munk, _Roll of the R.C.P., etc._, p. 281. [887] _Philosophical Transactions_, May 7th, 1666. [888] Dr. Latham’s _Life of Sydenham_. [889] _Ibid._ [890] _De Spiritu_, v. 1078. There is some doubt as to the genuineness of this work. [891] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 394. [892] _Ibid._ [893] _Christianismi Restitutio_ (1553). [894] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Harvey.” [895] _De Re Anatomica_ (1559). [896] Whewell, _loc. cit._ [897] Sylvius discovered their existence; but Fabricius remarked that they were all turned towards the heart. [898] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Harvey.” [899] _Generation of Animals._ [900] Harvey, _On the Circulation_. Dr. Bowie’s edit. [901] Harvey, _On the Circulation of the Blood_. Bohn’s edit., revised by Dr. Bowie, 1889. [902] Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. i. p. 206. Willis, _Anatomy of the Brain_, chaps. xv.-xvii. [903] _Pharmaceutike Rationalis_, London, 1675. Præfatio. [904] Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. ii. p. 546. [905] _Ibid._, p. 547. [906] _Life of Cullen_, vol. ii. p. 536. [907] Cooper’s _Surgical Dictionary_, p. 773. [908] Cap. _Études Biographiques_, Ser. i. p. 120. [909] See _British Medical Journal_, June 11, 1892, p. 1263. [910] Baas’ _Hist. Med._, p. 159. [911] _Ibid._ [912] _Ibid._, p. 184. [913] _Ibid._, p. 187. [914] _The Doctor_, p. 39. [915] _Denmark, Hygiene and Demography_, p. 57. [916] _Hist. Med._, p. 517. [917] _Ibid._, p. 545. [918] _Ibid._, p. 547. [919] Gomme, _Ethnology in Folklore_, p. 114. [920] Dyer, _English Folklore_, p. 150. [921] Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 226. [922] Gomme, _Ethnology in Folklore_, pp. 114, 115. Dyer, _English Folklore_, p. 147. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 225. [923] Boyle, _Porousness of Animal Bodies_. Works, vol. iv. p. 767. Floyer, _Touchstone of Medicines_, vol. i. p. 154. [924] _Medical Superstitions_, p. 161. [925] Sir K. Digby, _Powder of Sympathy_, p. 97. [926] _Ibid._, p. 76. [927] Pettigrew’s _Medical Superstitions_, p. 155. [928] _Pers. Narr._, iv. 195. [929] _Himalayan Journals_, ed. 1891, p. 371. [930] _Ibid._, p. 214. [931] _Medica Sacra_, p. 62. [932] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, bk. xxxi. c. 32. [933] _Pharmaceutical Journal._ [934] John Russell’s _Boke of Nurture_, 991-1000. [935] Pellitory of the wall, which abounds in nitrate of potass. [936] Probably _Peucedanum officinale_. [937] Danewort. [938] St. John’s wort. [939] Centaury. [940] Plantain. [941] _Glechoma hederacea._ [942] _Galium Aparine_, prescribed in _Leechdoms_, v. 2, p. 345, for a “salve against the elfin race and nocturnal [goblin] visitors, and for the woman with whom the devil hath carnal commerce.” [943] Avens. [944] Bruise wort, pimpernel, or perhaps for Hembriswort, daisy. [945] Smallage, or wild-water parsley. [946] Brooklime. [947] Scabious. [948] John Russell’s _Boke of Nurture_, Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171. The notes are from Dr. Furnivall’s edition. [949] _State Trials_, 951. [950] Dr. E. B. Tylor, art. “Magic,” _Ency. Brit._ See Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_; Turner, _Nineteen Years in Polynesia_; Polack, _Manners and Customs of New Zealanders_; Waitz, vols. v., vi.; all works mentioned by Dr. Tylor. [951] Saxon _Leechdoms_, vol. i. Pref., xxxii. [952] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxx. chap. i. [953] Goodwin, _Lives of the Necromancers_, pp. 127-132. [954] _Heroid._, vi. 91. “Simulacraque cerea fingit, Et miserum tenuis in jecur urget acus.” [955] Gordon Cumming’s _Wanderings in China_, vol. i. p. 336. [956] Vol. i. p. 336. See also _In the Hebrides_, pp. 263-265. C. F. Gordon-Cumming. [957] _Ethnology in Folklore_, p. 51. [958] Plato, _Laws_, lib. xi. [959] _Nat. Hist._, Book xxviii. ch. 24. [960] _Ethnology in Folklore_, p. 87. [961] Idyl ii. [962] Hecker’s _Epidemics_, p. 102. [963] Book xxi. 92. [964] Book xxiv. 42. [965] Sir James Emerson Tennent’s _Ceylon_, vol. ii. p. 545. [966] _Custom and Myth_, p. 200. [967] _Ibid._, p. 169. [968] _Records of the Past_, vol. iii. p. 141. [969] _Saxon Leechdoms._ [970] Eynatten, _Manualis Exorcismorum_, 1619, p. 220, quoted in _Saxon Leechdoms_, vol. i. Preface, p. xliv. [971] _Short Discoverie_, etc., 4to, London, 1612, p. 71. [972] Brand’s _Popular Antiquities_, 1842, vol. iii. p. 6. [973] London, 1886, p. 167. [974] _Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie._ [975] _Mysteries of Magic_, Waite, pp. 167, 168. [976] _Daily Chronicle_, June 11th, 1892. [977] Simpson, “Ancient Buddhist Remains in Afghanistan,” _Fraser’s Mag._, New Ser., No. cxxii., Feb. 1880, pp. 197, 198. [978] _Mysteries of Magic_, A. E. Waite (London, 1886), p. 135. [979] _Mysteries of Magic_, p. 157. [980] Dyer, _English Folklore_, p. 154. [981] Denny’s _Folklore of China_, p. 51; _Irish Popular and Medical Superstitions_, p. 3. [982] _Folk Medicine_, p. 99. [983] _Notes and Queries_, 5th S., vol. vi. p. 97. [984] _Folk Medicine_, p. 33. [985] Pliny. [986] _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 137. [987] _Folk Medicine_, p. 41. [988] Paris’s _Pharmacologia_, p. 51. [989] _The Doctor_, p. 59. [990] Vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._ [991] Whewell, _Hist. of Scientific Ideas_, vol. ii. p. 184. [992] Whewell, _Hist. of Scientific Ideas_, vol. ii. p. 185. [993] Περὶ ψυχῆς, ii. 2. [994] _Life of Dr. Cullen_, vol. i. p. 102. [995] Whewell’s _History of Scientific Ideas_, vol. ii. pp. 16, 17. [996] Cap. xiv. p. 233. [997] Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. i. pp. 177, 178. [998] Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. i. pp. 177, 178. [999] Cullen’s Works, vol. i. pp. 405, 406. [1000] Thomson’s _Life of Dr. Cullen_, vol. i. p. 185. [1001] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 750. [1002] Works, vol. i. p. 442. [1003] Thomson’s _Life of Cullen_, vol. ii. p. 134. [1004] Munk’s _Roll of the R. Coll. Phys._ [1005] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 262. He published in 1765, _A Discourse on the Institution of Medical Schools in America_. [1006] _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xlix. p. 477, and Munk’s _Roll of the R. Coll. Phys._, vol. ii. p. 282. This was one of the cases in which experiments on the lower animals have been of service to mankind. Mr. Spry’s character for veracity seems to have been re-established by them. [1007] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 648. [1008] _The Gold-headed Cane._ [1009] _Medica Sacra_ (1755), pp. 21, 22. [1010] _Surgical Dictionary_, art. “Surgery.” [1011] Resection is the removal of the articular extremity of a bone, or the ends of the bones in a false articulation. [1012] Puschmann, _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 422. [1013] _Hist. Med. Education_, p. 427. [1014] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 677. [1015] Munk’s _Roll of the Royal Coll. Phys._, vol. ii. p. 125. [1016] _Ibid._ [1017] _Ibid._, p. 130. [1018] _Literature of Europe_, vol. iv. p. 354. [1019] Munk’s _Roll of the R. Coll. Phys._, vol. ii. p. 408. [1020] _Roll of the R. Coll. of Phys._, vol. ii. p. 160. [1021] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 713. [1022] Published by the Pharmaceutical Society, 1880. [1023] _Hist. Med._, p. 868. [1024] _Letter to Hufeland._ [1025] _Medical Profession_, p. 93. [1026] _Medical Profession_, p. 93. [1027] _De Magnete_, p. 48. [1028] Whewell, _Hist. Induct. Sciences_, vol. iii. p. 7. [1029] _History of Inventions_, vol. i. p. 72. [1030] _Ibid._, p. 74. [1031] Laënnec, _Treatise on Diseases of the Chest_, p. 5. [1032] A few only of the more prominent physicians, surgeons, and scientists are mentioned here; to do more would interfere with the plan of this work. [1033] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Animal Magnetism,” vol. xv. p. 279. [1034] _Voyage fait à Londres en 1814._ See also Cooper’s _Surgical Dict._, art. “Fractures.” [1035] “Discovery of Chloroform,” in Miller’s _Surgery_, pp. 756-758, 2nd Ed. [1036] p. 28. [1037] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Insanity.” [1038] _Hospitals and Asylums of the World._ [1039] Adams’ _Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 77. [1040] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Insanity.” [1041] _Hospitals and Asylums_, vol. i. p. 62. [1042] _Hist. Med._, p. 347. [1043] Cruikshank, _Bacteriology_, p. 2. [1044] Woodhead, _Bacteria and their Products_, p. 52. [1045] _Opera Medico-Physica, Tractatio de Contagio, le Lue Bovina, de Variolis; de Scarlatina._ [1046] _Bacteria and their Products_, p. 59. [1047] Schwann (1810-1882) discovered the influence of the lower fungi in causing fermentation and putrefaction, so that he may be called the father of the germ theory of disease. [1048] _Manual of Bacteriology_, p. 16. [1049] _Bacteria and their Products_, p. 328. [1050] See Appendix E, _Cruikshank’s Bacteriology_, p. 414. [1051] Cruikshank, _Bacteriology_, p. 192. [1052] _Ibid._, p. 196. [1053] Woodhead, _Bacteria, etc._, p. 327. [1054] Parkes’ _Hygiene_, Introduction. [1055] Baas, _Hist. of Med._, p. 1083. [1056] _Lancet_, Oct. 29th, 1892, p. 1013. [1057] Professor Charcot in the _New Review_, Jan., 1893. [1058] See p. 320 of this work. [1059] Charcot, _The Faith Cure_. [1060] Baas, _Hist. Med._, p. 1100. [1061] _Ency. Brit._, art. “Physiology,” vol. xix. p. 23. * * * * * * Transcriber’s note: Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. 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