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Renaissance in Italy, Volume 1 (of 7) by John Addington Symonds

CHAPTER VII.

131 words  |  Chapter 8

THE POPES OF THE RENAISSANCE. The Papacy between 1447 and 1527--The Contradictions of the Renaissance Period exemplified by the Popes--Relaxation of their hold over the States of the Church and Rome during the Exile in Avignon--Nicholas V.--His Conception of a Papal Monarchy--Pius II.--The Crusade--Renaissance Pontiffs--Paul II.--Persecution of the Platonists--Sixtus IV.--Nepotism--The Families of Riario and Delia Rovere--Avarice--Love of Warfare--Pazzi Conspiracy--Inquisition in Spain--Innocent VIII.--Franceschetto Cibo--The Election of Alexander VI.--His Consolidation of the Temporal Power--Policy toward Colonna and Orsini Families--Venality of everything in Rome--Policy toward the Sultan--The Index--The Borgia Family--Lucrezia--Murder of Duke of Gandia--Cesare and his Advancement--The Death of Alexander--Julius II.--His violent Temper--Great Projects and commanding Character--Leo X.--His Inferiority to Julius--S. Peter's and the Reformation--Adrian VI.--His Hatred of Pagan Culture--Disgust of the Roman Court at his Election--Clement VII.--Sack of Rome--Enslavement of Florence P. 371.
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1. Chapter 1 2. CHAPTER I. 3. CHAPTER II. 4. CHAPTER III. 5. CHAPTER IV. 6. CHAPTER V. 7. CHAPTER VI. 8. CHAPTER VII. 9. CHAPTER VIII. 10. CHAPTER IX. 11. CHAPTER X. 12. CHAPTER I. 13. CHAPTER II. 14. 1494. Up to that date the more recent wars of Italy had been principally 15. CHAPTER III. 16. 1465. In the disorganization caused by Charles VIII., Vidovero of 17. 316. Yet Giovio calls him a just and firm ruler, stained only with 18. CHAPTER IV. 19. 1536. Cosimo succeeded in the same year, and won the title of Grand 20. book iii. sections 20-22, and Nardi, book i. cap. 4, which give 21. CHAPTER V. 22. 4. _Die Chronik des Dino Compagni, Kritik der Hegelschen Schrift_, 23. 1251. See the discussion of this question, as also of the authorship 24. 1455. Their histories are composed in Latin, and savor much of the 25. 83. Compare p. 134): 'Esemplo a' dì nostri ne è grandissimo questa 26. part 2, p. 318. 27. 318. His _Ricordi Politici_ amply justify the second, though 28. 202. Guicciardini is discussing the appointment of Cosimo de' 29. introduction to Macaulay's Essay on Machiavelli, I need hardly enter in 30. CHAPTER VI. 31. CHAPTER VII. 32. chapter 17. 33. 1487. This led to Giovanni de' Medici receiving a Cardinal's hat at the 34. 1540. Giulio was released in 1559 and died, aged eighty-three, in 1561. 35. 1521. During the heyday of his splendor he spent 8,000 ducats monthly 36. CHAPTER VIII. 37. CHAPTER IX. 38. book ii., and the _Memoirs_ of De Comines. 39. 1573. Of the rest we hear only of prolonged torture before stupid and 40. CHAPTER X. 41. 1483. He was then aged only thirteen, and was still governed by his 42. 229. Read also the short account of the massacre of the Barons 43. 1527. The events of the Siege must have surprised Marco 44. 431. It is here worth noticing that Siena, the city of civil 45. 1536. Even when he seemed to favor a republican policy, he continued in

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