CHAPTER XXXV.

EPILOGUE. Whatever the future centuries may bring in new and useful inventions, certain it is that the Nineteenth Century stands pre-eminent in this field of human achievement, so far excelling all other like periods as to establish on the pages of history an epoch as remarkable as it is unique. Never before has human conception so expressed itself in materialized embodiment, never has thought been so fruitfully wedded to the pregnant possibilities of matter, never has the divine function of creation been so closely approximated, never has such an accretion of helpful instrumentalities and material resources been added to the world’s wealth--not merely the miserly and inert wealth of gold and gems, but the wealth of an enlarged human existence. This life itself is but a limited span; beginning in infancy, expanding to highest achievement in middle age, and declining at the end, it quickly passes away, and another generation follows. Growth and decay with all living things mark the immutable law of nature, and the inevitable fate of mortality. The rose blossoms into beauty, fades, and decays. The bird in the air, and the beast in the field, each plays his part and passes to the great unknown, leaving no record; man himself is mortal, but his work is immortal. The inspired conception of his best thought, the materialized embodiment of his work in useful agencies, and the subjugation of the laws of nature to his service, all endure and live forever in his inventions. These partake of the breath of life, and in their immortality are of kin to the soul. Cities may grow up and vanish, civilizations may decay, and man himself may degenerate, but the principle of the lever and the screw, once discovered, is for all time perfect, invariable and immortal. Every invention made is another permanent gift to posterity. All of enduring wealth that the present gets from the past are its ideas reduced to a working basis. All else is but dross, or evanescent dreams which vanish into oblivion in the light of a larger knowledge. But ideas wrought into practical, substantive things, tried and proven true, these are inventions--immortal creations--and of these the Nineteenth Century has borne fruit in paramount abundance, and this legacy it now bequeaths to the coming century. To follow conventional methods, the final chapter of a book should be an “In conclusion” with a “finis” and a dismantled torch, but the history of invention will ever be a continued story. There is no end in this field. The trusteeship of the Twentieth Century man is great, and great his responsibilities; but his restless and dominant spirit knows no decadence, and his mental endowment and material equipment, without parallel in history, are a guarantee of future achievements. Will not the chemist learn how to produce electricity direct from the combustion of coal, or solve the problem of the synthesis of food? Will not the American continent be parted by an inter-oceanic canal, or the rough waters of the English Channel be avoided with a submarine tunnel? May not a ship canal through France to the Mediterranean give to that country the connected enjoyment of riparian rights, without passing the frowning battlements of Gibraltar, or might not a tunnel under the Straits of Gibraltar put Europe and Africa in direct railway communication? The relation of electricity to life is a field of pregnant possibilities, and may we not also learn to swap the surplus heat of summer for the winter’s cold, and by an equalization of their two extremes bring eternal spring and joy to the animated world? Shall we not yet stand on the North Pole, or looking away into space may we not extend a neighborly welcome to our brothers in Mars, if any there be? It is permitted to dream in this field, for it is this reaching out into the unknown that plats the boundaries of an extended world, and adds to the possessions of man. The old man in his dreams of the past rejoices in his achievements, for he has stolen the fires of Prometheus and forged anew the thunderbolts of Jove for the arts of peace. Delving into the secret recesses of the earth, he has tapped the hidden supplies of nature’s fuel, has invaded her treasure house of gold and silver, robbed Mother Earth of her hoarded stores, and possessed himself of her family record, finding on the pages of geology sixty millions of years’ existence. Peering into the invisible little world, the infinite secrets of microcosm have yielded their fruitful and potent knowledge of bacteria and cell growth. Pain has been robbed of its terrors by anæsthesia; the heat of the sun has been brought down in the electric furnace, and the cold of inter-stellar space in the ice machine and liquid air. With telescope and spectroscope he has climbed into limitless space above, and defined the size, distance, and constitution of a star millions of miles away. The north star has been made his sentinel on the sea. The lightning is made his swift messenger, and thought flashes in submarine depths around the world. Dead matter is made to speak in the phonograph, the invisible has been revealed in the X-Rays, coal has been made his black slave, steam the breath of the world’s life, and all of nature’s forces have been made his constant servants in attendance. With such a retrospect, the sage of the Nineteenth Century may lie down to quiet rest, with an assuring faith that what God hath wrought is good, and what is not may yet be. INDEX. Abbe’s Stereo-Binocular, 289 Absorption Process, Ice Making, 441 Acetylene Gas, 333 Adirondack, Steamer, 141 Agricultural Chemistry, 225 Aids to Digestion, 243 Air Blast, 374 Air Brakes, 129 Air, Carburetted, 336 Alloys, 389 Aluminum, 225-390 Ambrotype, 304 Anæsthesia, 246 Anæsthesia by Chloroform, 247 Ancient Iron Furnace, 372 Aniline, 222 Annealing and Tempering, Electricity in, 387 Antikamnia (Acetanilide), 248 Antipyrine, 248 Antiseptic Surgery, 256 Antiseptics, Coal Tar, 223 Archer’s Collodion Process Photos, 304 Arc Lamp Feed, 66 Arc Lamp, Simple, 64 Arc Lamp, Weston, 65 Arc Lamp, Large, 65-69 Arkwright’s Drawing Rolls, 421 Arlberg Tunnel, 346 Armored Cruiser, 150 Armor Plates, Manufacture of, 383 Artesian Wells, 350 Artificial Limbs, 251 Atlantic Cable, 32-37 Automatic Ball Governor, 104 Automatic Telegraph, 22 Automobile, 265-272 Automobile Statistics, 271 Babbitt Metal, 389 Bachelder Sewing Machine Feed, 186 Bacteriology, 252 Bain’s Telegraph, 22 Baldwin’s Locomotives, 126 Band Saws, 364 Barbed Wire Fences, 388 Barlow’s Electric Wheel, 48 Battery, Storage, 88 Battleships, 150 Beach, Alfred E., Tunneling Shield, 346 Beach’s Typewriter, 174 Bell & Tainter’s Improved Phonograph, 276 Bell’s Telephone, 77 Bentham, Sir S., Invents Woodworking Machinery, 360 Berliner’s Telephone, 82 Bessemer Steel, 376 Beverages, 244 Blake Telephone Transmitter, 83 Blanchard’s Lathe, 368 Blast Furnace, 374-375 Blasting, 351 Blasting, Electro, 99 Blenkinsop’s Locomotive, 119 Blickensderfer Typewriter, 180 Bloomeries, Air, 373 Body Appliances, Electric, 97 Book Typewriter, 181 Bourdon’s Steam Gauge, 107 Bicycle, 259-265 Bicycle Speed, 264 Bicycle Statistics, 265 Binding Devices for Reaper, 203 Biograph, 298 Bipolar Dynamo, 42 Brake, Bicycle, 264 Bramah’s Planer, 366 Branca’s Steam Turbine, 109 Branson’s Automatic Knitter, 431 Breech Mechanism, Interrupted Thread, 399 Bridge, Brooklyn, 342 Bridge, Cabin John, 344 Bridge, Forth, 340 Bridges, Masonry, 342 Bridge, Trezzo, 344 Bright’s Disease, 250 Brooklyn, Armored Cruiser, 151 Brooklyn Bridge, 342 Buildings, High, 353 Burt’s Typewriter, 172 Butchering and Dressing Meats, 237 Buttonhole Machine, 191 Cabin John Bridge, 344 Cablegrams, First, 33 Cable Statistics, 36 Cable, Submarine, 32 Cable Tolls, 37 Cableway, Lidgerwood, 349 Caissons, 345 Calcium Carbide, 225 Calcium Carbide Factories, 336 Calcium Carbide Furnace, 46 Caligraph Typewriter, 177 Calotype, 303 Camera, 306 Camera Obscura, 306 Camera Shutter, 307 Canal, Chicago Drainage, 350 Canal, Suez, 347 Candle, Jablochkoff, 64 Canning Industry, 235 Cannon, Breech-Loading, 397 Cannon Invention, 395 Caoutchouc, 210 Capitol Building, 357 Caps, Percussion, 416 Carafes, Frozen, 441 Carbolic Acid, 247 Carbon Microphone, 82 Carbon-Printing, Photography, 305 Carborundum, 225 Carborundum Furnace, 45 Carburetted Air, 336 Car Coupling, 129 Carpet Sewing Machine, 192 Carré’s Ice Machine, 441 Cartwright Invents Power Loom, 426 Car Wheels, Turning, 387 Cash Carrier, 461 Casting Pig Iron, 379 Castalia, Steamer, 140 Cathode Ray, 321 Celestial Photography, 310 Cementation, 385-387 Centrifugal Filter, 243 Centrifugal Milk Skimmer, 235 Chain Bicycle, 263 Chair, Electrocution, 44 Champion Reaper, 202 Charlotte Dundas, Steamboat, 134 Chemical Telegraph, 22 Chemistry, 221-227 Chicago Drainage Canal, 350 Chill Molds, 388 Chipping Logs, Wood Pulp, 162 Chloral Hydrate, 247 Chronology of Inventions, 7-14 Circular Saw, Hammering to Tension, 362 Circulation of Blood, 246 Civil Engineering, 340-359 Clermont, Steamboat, 136 Cloth, Finishing, 432 Cloth Presser, 432 Coal Gas Works, 330 Coal Tar Dyes, Statistics, 226 Coal Tar Products, 222 Coating with Metal, 387 Code, Morse, 20 Collecting Rubber, 211 Collodion Process Photography, 304 Color Photography, 311 Color Printing Press, 159 Columbia Electric Automobile, 270 Columbian Press, 156 Compound Expansion Engine, 115 Compound Locomotive, 128-130 Compound Steam Turbine, 109 Concentrator, Magnetic, 392 Continuous Web Press, 157 Cooper, Peter, Rolls Iron Beams for Buildings, 354 Cord Binding Reaper, 203 Corliss Valve Gear, 106 Cort Makes Wrought Iron, 373 Cotton, Diamond, 434 Cotton Gin, 423 Cracker and Cake Machine, 234 Crompton Invents Mule Spinner, 422 Cryptoscope, Salvioni’s, 322 Cuisine, Ocean Steamer, 145 Culture, Bacteria, 255 Cut-Off, Sickel’s, 105 Cut-Off, Steam, 104 Cyanide Process, 391 Daguerreotype, 303 Daguerre’s Invention, 303 Dahlgren Gun, 397 Dal Negro Electric Motor, 49 Daniell Battery, 16 Darby Makes Iron with Coke, 373 De Laval’s Steam Turbine, 111 De Lesseps Builds Suez Canal, 347 Demologos, First War Vessel, 146 Densmore Typewriter, 180 Dentistry, 250 Desk Telephone, 86 Deutschland’s Engines, 115 Digesters, Wood Pulp, 163 Digestion, 252 Disease Germs, 253 Double Hull Steamer, 140 Dough Mixer, 232 Draisine Bicycle, 260 Drawing Rolls, Spinning, 421 Dredges, 349 Drill Jar, 350 Drills, Rock, 351 Drinks, 244 Drummond Light, 338 Dry Plate Photography, 306 Dudley’s Early Ironworking, 373 Duplex Telegraph, 23 Duplicating Phonograph Records, 279 Dust Collector, Flour Mills, 232 Dyes, Coal Tar, 223 Dynamite Gun, 405 Dynamo Armature, 43 Dynamo, Bipolar, 42 Dynamo, Description of, 42 Dynamos, Different Kinds, 42 Dynamo Electric Machine, 38-47 Dynamo, Gramme and D’Ivernois, 41 Dynamo, Hjorth, 40 Dynamo, Multipolar, 47 Dynamo, Siemens’, 41 Dynamo, Wilde, 41 Eads, Caissons of, 345 Earthquake-Proof Palace, 355 Edison’s Electric Lamp, 67-73 Edison’s Carbon Microphone, 82 Edison’s Concentrating Works, 392 Edison’s Electric Pen, 96 Edison’s Kinetoscope, 297 Edison’s Three Wire System, 72-74 Edison’s X-Ray Apparatus, 323 Eiffel Tower, 355 Electric Automobile, 270 Electric Body Appliances, 97 Electric Cautery, 97 Electric Furnace, 44 Electric Furnace, Acheson, 45 Electric Furnace, Bradley, 46 Electric Lamp, Edison’s, 67-73 Electric Lamp, Sawyer-Man, 67-73 Electric Lamp, Starr-King, 66 Electric Launch, 93-94 Electric Light, 63-75 Electric Light Beacon, 65-69 Electric Light Circuit, 74 Electric Locomotive, 59 Electric Motor, 48-62 Electric Motor, Barlow’s Wheel, 48 Electric Motor, Dal Negro, 49 Electric Motor, Davenport, 51-52 Electric Motor, Dr. Page, 51 Electric Motor, Faraday, 48 Electric Motor, Henry, 50 Electric Motor, Jacobi, 51 Electric Motor, Neff, 52 Electric Motor, Prof. Henry’s, 50 Electric Motor, Railway, 58 Electric Motor, Westinghouse, 53 Electric Musical Instruments, 98 Electric Pen, Edison’s, 96 Electric Piano, 98 Electric Railway, First, 54 Electric Railway Statistics, 60 Electric Telephone, 76 Electric Welding, 91 Electrical Generation, Polyphase, 43 Electrical Navigation, 92 Electricity Direct from Fuel, 92 Electricity in Medicine, 96 Electricity, Miscellaneous, 88-99 Electro-Blasting, 99 Electro-Chemistry, 225 Electrocution, 44 Electro-Magnet, Henry’s, 17-18 Electro-Magnetism by Oersted, 18 Electro-Magnet, Sturgeon’s, 18-19 Electro-Plating, 93 Elements, New, 227 Elevators, Passenger, 459 Elliott & Hatch Typewriter, 182 Emulsions, Photography, 305 Engine, Gas, 337 Engine, Rotary, 109 Epilogue, 465-467 Ericsson’s Monitor, 148 Ericsson’s Screw Propeller, 137 Etherization, 246 Excavating Quicksand by Freezing, 345 Explosives, High, 419 Facsimile Telegraph, 24 False Teeth, 251 Faraday Converts Electricity Into Power, 48 Farmer Utilizes Electric Light, 67 Farms, Large, 207 Fastest Railway Speed, 131 Fastest Speed, Steam Vessel, 146 Faure Storage Battery, 90 Feathering Paddle Wheel, 138-141 Feed, Sewing Machine, 186-187 Fermenting and Brewing, 223 Field, Cyrus W., 32 Fields, Large, 207 Films, Photographic, 308 Filter, Centrifugal, 243 Fire Alarm Telegraph, 24 Firearms and Explosives, 394-419 Firearms, Early, 395 Fire Engine, Steam, 114 First Cable Message, 33 First Dynamo, 40 First Electric Light in Dwelling, 67 First Gas Company, 330 First Incandescent Lamp, 66-72 First Locomotive, 119 First Ocean Voyage, 137-145 First Phonograph, 274 First Photographic Portrait, 310 First Railway in U. S., 131 First Rubber Shoes, 212 First Telegraphic Message, 15 First Telegraphic Signal, 18 First War Vessel, 146 Flood Rock, Destruction of, 352 Flour Mills, 230 Fluorometer (X-Ray), 326 Fluoroscope, Edison’s, 323 Focus Tube, X-Ray, 326 Food and Drink, 228-244 Food Products, Statistics, 229 Foods, Patented, 244 Forging Press, 383 Forth Bridge, 340 Fourdrinier Machine, 161 Franklin’s Printing Press, 155 Fulton, Robert, 134 Fulton’s Demologos, 146 Galvani’s Experiment, 16 Galvanizing, 387 Gas, Acetylene, 333 Gas Checks, Ordnance, 398 Gas, Coal, 330 Gas Engine, 337 Gases, Liquefaction of, 447 Gas Lighting, 329-339 Gas Meter, 337 Gasoline Automobile, 268 Gas, Water, 332 Gatling Gun, 405 Gauge, Steam, 107 Gelatine Films, Photography, 308 Germs, Disease, 253 Gessner’s Cloth Press, 432 Giffard Injector, 105 Glucose, 223 Gold, Cyanide Process, 391 Goodyear Discovers Vulcanization, 214 Goodyear Introduces Rubber Into Europe, 214 Goodyear’s Experiments With Rubber, 212 Gramophone, 280 Grande Lunette Telescope, 287 Grape Sugar, 223 Graphophone, 277 Great Eastern, 138 Greathead Improves Tunneling Shield, 347 Grove, Prof., Electric Lamp, 66-72 Gun Cotton, Making, 224 Gun, Magazine, 411 Gun, Disappearing, 401 Gunpowder, 416 Gun, 16-inch, 401 Gunpowder, White, 417 Guns, Hammerless, 414 Gutenberg’s Movable Type, 154 Hackworth’s Locomotive, 121 Half Tone Engraving, 314 Hammer, Steam, 112 Hammond Typewriter, 178 Hargreaves Invents the Spinning-Jenny, 421 Harvester, 195 Harvest Scene, 208 Harvey Process, 387 Hayward Adds Sulphur to Rubber, 213 Heddle, 426 Hedley’s “Puffing Billy”, 120 Heliography, Niépce, 302 Henry’s Electric Motor, 50 Henry’s First Telegraph, 18 Hero’s Engine, 101 Hjorth Dynamo, 40 Hoe Printing Press, 157 Holden Ice Machine, 443 Holland Submarine Boat, 152 Homœopathy, 250 Horrocks Applies Steam to Looms, 428 Horseshoes, Manufacture of, 383 Hot Blast Furnace, 374 House Printing Telegraph, 24 House Sanitation, 256 Howe’s Sewing Machine, 184 Hussey’s Reaper, 196 Hydraulic Dredges, 349 Hydropathy, 250 Ice Machine, Holden, 443 Ice Machines, 436-446 Ice Plant, 442 Ice Skating Rinks, 445 Incandescent Lamp, 66 India Rubber Statistics, 217 Injector, Giffard, 105 Instantaneous Photos, 308 Iron and Steel Statistics, 390 Ironclad Monitors Cross Ocean, 148 Ironclads, 147 Jablochkoff Candle, 64 Jacobi’s Electric Boat, 92 Jacobi’s Electric Motor, 51 Jacquard Loom, 427 Janney Car Coupling, 129 Jenkins’ Phantascope, 299 Jetties, Mississippi, 352 John Bull, Locomotive, 124 Kaiser Wilhelm, Steamer, 142 Kaleidoscope, 294 Kelly’s Process Making Steel, 377 Kinetoscope, 297 Kirchhoff’s Spectroscope, 293 Kneading Machines, 233 Knitting Machines, 430 Kodak Camera, 307-309 König’s Rotary Press, 157 Krag-Jorgensen Magazine Rifle, 413 Krupp Gun, 398 Laryngoscope, 249 Latch Needle for Knitting Machine, 432 Lathe, Blanchard’s, 368 Laughing Gas, 246 Launches, Electric, 94 Leading Inventions, Nineteenth Century, 7-14 Lee Invents Knitting Machines, 431 Lee’s Magazine Rifle, 412 Lick Telescope, 286 Light, Electric, 63 Light, Rapidity of Travel, 299 Lime Light, 338 Link Motion, 128 Linotype Printing, 165 Liquid Air, 447-457 Lister’s Antiseptic Surgery, 256 Lithography, 170 Lithotrity, 250 Locke Wire Binder, 203 Locks, Pneumatic Lift, 300 Locomobile, Steam, 267 Locomotive, Electric, 59 Locomotive, Largest, 132 Locomotive, Steam, 118 Loom, Jacquard, 427 Loom, Positive Motion, 429 Loom, Power, 426 Lovers’ Telegraph, 76 Lowe’s Water Gas Apparatus, 332 Lyall Positive Motion Loom, 429 Machine Gun, 405 Magazine Pistol, 409 Magnetic Concentrator, 392 Magneto-Electric Machine, 38-39 Malarial Parasite, 254 Mann Harvester, 200 Mantles for Welsbach Burner, 338 Marconi’s Wireless Telegraphy, 27 Marsh Harvester, 201 Matches, Friction, 460 Matching Machines, 366 Materia Medica, 247 Mauser Rifle, 413 McCormick Reaper, 197-199 McKay Shoe Sewing Machine, 190 Meats, Dressing, 238 Medical Electricity, 96 Medicines, Coal Tar, 223 Medicine, Surgery, Sanitation, 245-258 Mege’s Oleomargarine, 239 Melville Introduces Gas in U. S., 330 Mercerized Cloth, 434 Mergenthaler Linotype Machine, 166 Metal Founding, 388 Metallurgy, Early History of, 372 Metal Production in the United States, 393 Metal Tube Making, 387 Metal Turning, 387 Metal Working, 371-393 Meter, Gas, 337 Michaux’s Bicycle, 261 Micro-photographs in Beleaguered Paris, 291 Microscope, 290 Middlings Purifier, 231 Milk Skimmer, 235 Milling, Flour, 230 Mills’ Typewriter, 171 Mines, Submarine, 417 Minor Inventions, 458-464 Molding Machines, 366 Monitor Monadnock, 149 Mont Cenis Tunnel, 345 Monument, Washington, 356 Morrow Bicycle Brake, 264 Morse Telegraph, 19 Mortising Machines, 369 Morton and Jackson Patent Anæsthesia, 247 Moving Pictures, 295 Mule Spinner, 422 Musical Instruments, Electric, 98 Muybridge’s Photos Trotting Horses, 297 Nails, Wire, 388 Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer, 112 Natural Gas, 329-339 Navies’ Tonnage, 146 Navigation, Electric, 92 Navigation, Steam, 133 Needle Gun, 411 Newcomen’s Engine, 102 Nicholson’s Rotary Press, 156 Niépce’s Heliography, 302 Nitro-Glycerine, 224 Nitrous Oxide Gas, 246 Northrop Loom, 429 Oceanic, Largest Steamer, 139-143 Octuple Printing Press, 158 Old Ironsides, Locomotive, 125 Oleomargarine, 239 Oliver Typewriter, 181 Open Hearth Steel, 380 Opthalmometer, 249 Opthalmoscope, 249 Optics, 284-300 Ordnance, Breech-Loading, 397 Oregon, Battleship, 150 Ore Separator, Magnetic, 392 Ostergren and Berger Liquid Air, 450 Otto Gas Engine, 338 Pacific Railway, 131 Paddle Wheel, Feathering, 138 Panorama Camera, 311 Paper Making, 159-165 Paper Making, Speed in, 165 Paper Making Statistics, 165 Paper Pulp Beater, 160 Parsons Steam Turbine, 109 Patented Foods, 244 Patents, 462 Perfumes, Coal Tar, 223 Perkins Invents Ice Machines, 438 Persistence of Vision, 295 Phantascope, 299 Phenacetin, 248 Phenakistoscope, 295 Phœnix, Steamboat, 136 Phonautograph, 276 Phonograph, 273-283 Phosphor Bronze, 389 Photo-engraving, 312 Photographic Experiments, First, 302 Photographic Positives, 303 Photographic Roll Film, 308 Photographs by Artificial Light, 308-316 Photography, 301-318 Photography, Celestial, 310 Photography, Half Tone Engraving, 314 Photography in Colors, 311 Photo-lithography, 312 Photo-micrographs, 253 Piano, Electric, 98 Pictet Ice Machine, 439 Pictet’s Researches, 455 Pieper Automobile, 271 Pig Iron, 375 Pigs, Casting, 379 Pins, The Manufacture of, 389 Pintsch Gas, 336 Pistols, 407 Pixii Electric Machine, 39 Planing Machines, 366 Planté Storage Battery, 88-89 Plate Printing, 169 Platinotypes, 305 Pneumatic Caissons, 345 Pneumatic Tires, 263 Poetsch Method of Tunneling, 345 Polarization of Light, 294 Polyphase Generation, 43 Ponton, Mungo, Photography, 305 Precious Metals, Statistics, 393 Premo Camera, 309 Preparing Rubber, 215 Preserving Food, 235 Printing, 154-170 Printing Telegraph, 23-24 Priscilla, Steamer, 142 Progin’s Typewriter, 172 Progress Photographic Art, 306 Puddling Furnace, 373 Pulp, Wood, 161 Pulse Recorder, 249 Purifier, Middlings, 231 Quadruplex Telegraph, 23 Quarter Sawing, 363 Queen Victoria, First Cablegram, 33 Quinine Discovered, 247 Rabbeth Spinning Spindle, 425 Railway Motor, Electric, 58 Railway Statistics, 131 Railway, Steam, 118 Range Finder, 295 Rapid Fire Gun, 400 Rare Metals, Metallurgy, 390 Reaper, 195-209 Reaper Statistics, 205-206 Rebounding Lock, 415 Recorder, Siphon, 35 Reece Buttonhole Machine, 191 Regenerative Furnace, 381 Register, Morse, 21-22 Reis’ Telephone, 78 Remington Typewriter, 176 Return Circuit, Earth, 18 Review of Century, 3-6 Revolvers, 408 Revolving Turret, 147 Rifling of Firearms, 396 Ring Frame, Spinning, 425 Rock Drills, 351 Rocket, Locomotive, 122 Rodman’s Method of Casting Guns, 397 Roentgen Rays, 319-328 Rogues’ Gallery, 310 Roller Mill, Flour, 230 Roll Film, Photography, 308 Rotary Engine, 109 Rotary Hook Sewing Machine, 187 Rotary Press, 156 Rover Bicycle, 263 Rubber Cloth, 216 Rubber, India, 210-220 Rubber Shoes, 217-218 Safes, Fireproof, 461 Safety Bicycle, 264 Safety-Lamp, 359 Saint’s Sewing Machine, 184 Salol, 248 Salvioni’s X-Ray Tube, 322 Sanitation, 245 Sanitation, House, 256 Savannah, Steamer, 137-145 Saw, 360 Saw, Circular, 361 Sawmill Carriage, 362 Sawyer-Man Electric Lamp, 67-73 Saxton Electric Machine, 39 Schlick System, 116 Schools of Medicine, 250 Screw Propeller, 135-137 Screws, Bolts, etc., 383 Screws, Gimlet Pointed, 385 Screws, Rolling, 386 Screw Steamer, Stevens’, 134 Search Light, 70-71 Seidlitz Powders, 247 Self-Binding Reaper, 203 Self-Raking Reaper, 202 Sewerage, Sanitary, 256 Sewing Machine, 183-194 Sewing Machine Statistics, 188-193 Sheathing Railway Train, 132 Shield, Tunneling, 346-347 Shoe Sewing Machine, 190 Sholes’ Typewriter, 176 Shot Making, 389 Shuttle, Flying, 426 Sickel’s Cut-off, 105 Siemens’ Electric Railway, 54 Siemens-Martin Steel, 381 Siemens’ Regenerative Furnace, 381 Silk, Artificial, 433 Silver Printing, 305 Singer Sewing Machine, 187 Siphon Recorder, 35 Skating Rinks, Ice, 445 Skeleton Construction, 353 Skimmer, Milk, 235 Sleeping Car, 131 Small Arms, 407 Smith-Premier Typewriter, 178 Snap-Shot Camera, 309 Solarometer, 295 Spectroscope, 292 Spectrum, 292 Spectrum Analysis, 293 Speed Across Atlantic, 145 Speed, Railway, 131 Sphygmograph, 249 Sphygmometrograph, 249 Spindle, Spinning, 425 Spinning-Jenny, 420 Spinning Spindle, 425 Statistics, Steam Navigation, 152 Steam Automobile, 266 Steamboat, 133 Steamboat, Fulton’s, 136 Steam Cut-off, 104 Steam Engine, 100-117 Steam Engine, Hero’s, 101 Steam Engine, Newcomen, 102 Steam Engine, Watt’s, 103 Steamer, Swinging Cabin, 140 Steam Feed Saw Carriage, 363 Steam Fire Engine, 113 Steam Gauge, 107 Steam Hammer, 112 Steam Harvester and Thresher, 206 Steam Locomotive, 118 Steam Navigation, 133-153 Steam Navigation Statistics, 152 Steam Planting, 206 Steam Power Statistics, 116 Steam Railway, 118-132 Steam Turbine, 109 Steel Alloys, 389 Steel, Open Hearth, 380 Stephenson’s Link Motion, 128 Stephenson’s Locomotives, 121-123 Stereo-Binocular Field Glass, 289 Stereoscope, 294 Stereoscopic Camera, 310 Stereotyping, 159 Sterilizing Food Stuffs, 236 Stethoscope, 249 Stevens’ “Phœnix”, 136 Stevens’ Screw Steamer, 134-135 St. Gothard Tunnel, 346 Stockton & Darlington Railway, 121 Storage Battery, 88 Storage Battery, Faure, 90 Storage Battery, Planté, 88 Storage Battery, Ritter, 88 Stourbridge Lion, Locomotive, 123 Submarine Boat, 152 Suez Canal, 347 Sugar Making, 241 Sulfonal, 248 Surgery, 245 Surgical Instruments, 249 Symington’s Steamboat, 134 Synthesis Organic Compounds, 222 System, Third Rail, 57 Talbot’s Photographic Prints, 303 Talbotype, 303 Taupenot’s Dry Plates, 306 Telegraph, Edison’s Quadruplex, 23 Telegraph, Electric, 15-31 Telegraphic Conductor, 17 Telegraphing by Induction, 25 Telegraph Statistics, 30 Telegraph, Wireless, 26 Telephone, 76-87 Telephone, Bell, 77 Telephone, Blake Transmitter, 83 Telephone, Bourseul, 77 Telephone, Drawbaugh, 77 Telephone Exchange, 86-87 Telephone, Gray, 77 Telephone, Reis, 78 Telephone Statistics, 86 Telephone, Undulatory Current, 79 Telephone, Variable Resistance, 82 Telescope, 285 Telescopic Discoveries, 284 Textiles, 420-435 Thaumatrope, 295 Thimonnier’s Sewing Machine, 184 Third-Rail System, 57 Thompsonian System Medicine, 250 Thompson, Sir William, 35 Thorp Invents Ring Spinning, 425 Three Wire System, 72-74 Thurber’s Typewriter, 173 Ticker, Stock Broker’s, 23-24 Timby’s Revolving Turret, 147 Time Locks, 461 Tolls, Suez Canal, 347 Tonnage World’s Navies, 146 Tools, Machine, 386 Traction Engine, 206 Transformer, 43 Trevithick’s Locomotive, 118 Trevithick’s Steam Carriage, 266 Tripler, Liquid Air, 450 Trolley, Overhead, 55 Trolley, Underground, 56 Trouvé Electric Boat, 92 Tube Manufacture, 387 Tunneling Shield, 346 Tunnels, 345 Turbine, Steam, 109 Turbinia, Steamer, 111 Turret Monitor, 148 Typewriter, 171-182 Typewriter, Oldest, 171 Typewriter for Blind, 174 Typewriter Statistics, 182 Utilizing Heat from Blast Furnace, 375 Vaccination, 245 Vacuum Pan, Sugar, 242 Vacuum Tubes, 321 Valve Gear, Corliss, 106 Velocipede, 261 Vertical Fork Bicycle, 262 Viper, Torpedo Boat, 111 Vitascope, 297 Voltaic Arc, 63 Voltaic Pile, 16 Vulcanized Rubber, 210 Wall Telephone, 85 Washington Monument, 356 Washington Press, 156 Watch, Stem-Winding, 460 Water Closets, 256 Water Gas, 331 Watt’s Steam Engine, 103 Wax Cylinder, Phonograph, 277 Weaving, 425 Wegmann’s Roller Mill, 230 Welding, Electric, 91 Wells, Artesian, 350 Wells, Petroleum, 350 Wells, Dr., Produces Anæsthesia, 246 Welsbach Gas Burner, 338 Westinghouse Air Brake, 129 Westinghouse Electric Motor, 53 Wheat Produced, 209 Whitney Invents Cotton Gin, 423 Willis Invents Platinotypes, 305 Wilson’s Sewing Machine, 186 Windhausen Cold Storage Device, 445 Winsor Introduces Gas in London, 330 Winton Automobile, 269 Wire Bending, 388 Wire Fences, 388 Wireless Telegraphy, 26 Wood Pulp, 161 Woodruff Sleeping Car, 131 Wood Turning, 368 Woodworker, Universal, 367 Woodworking, 360-370 Woodworth Wood Planer, 367 World’s Blast Furnaces, 375 X-Rays, 319 X-Ray Apparatus, 324 X-Ray Focus Tube, 326 X-Ray Photograph, 322 X-Ray Surgery, 325 Yerkes Telescope, 287 Yost Typewriter, 180 Zoetrope, 297 ADVICE IN REGARD TO PATENTS. 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In size and general make-up it is uniform therewith, covering sixteen pages of closely printed matter, handsomely illustrated. It has no advertising pages, and the entire space is given up to the scientific, mechanical and engineering news of the day. It differs from THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN in that it contains many articles that are too long to be published in the older journal or of a more technical nature. College professors and students find this edition especially adapted to their wants. It contains reports of the meetings of the scientific societies, both in this country and abroad, and abstracts of many papers read before such societies. It has a page of short notes concerning the electrical, engineering and general scientific news of the day, together with a column of selected formulæ. Each number contains much foreign scientific news, and, when taken in connection with THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, it places before the reader a weekly review of the latest and most important discoveries and the most advanced technical and scientific work of the times all over the world. PRICE FOR THE SUPPLEMENT, $5 A YEAR, or one copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of SUPPLEMENT, both mailed to one address, for one year, for $7. Address and remit by postal order or check. MUNN & CO., Publishers, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE 361 Broadway, New York THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, ARCHITECTS’ and BUILDERS’ EDITION. $2.50 a Year Single copies, 25 cts. This is a special edition of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued monthly--on the first day of the month. Each number contains about forty large quarto pages, equal to about 200 ordinary book pages, forming, practically, a large and splendid MAGAZINE OF ARCHITECTURE, richly adorned with _elegant plates in colors_ and with fine engravings, illustrating the most interesting examples of modern architectural construction and allied subjects. A special feature is the presentation in each number of a variety of the latest and best plans for private residences, city and country, including those of very moderate cost, as well as the more expensive. Drawings in perspective and in color are given, together with plans, specifications, costs, etc. No other building paper contains so many plans and specifications, regularly presented, as the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Thousands of dwellings have already been erected on the various plans we have issued, and many others are in process of construction. Architects, builders and house owners will find this work valuable in furnishing fresh and useful suggestions. All who contemplate building or improving homes, or erecting structures of any kind, have before them in this work an almost _endless series of the latest and best examples_ from which to make selections, thus saving time and money. Many other subjects, including sewerage, piping, lighting, warming, ventilating, decorating, laying out of grounds, etc., are illustrated. An extensive Compendium of manufacturers’ announcements is also given, in which the most reliable and approved building materials, goods, machines, tools and appliances are described and illustrated, with addresses of the makers, etc. The fulness, richness, cheapness and convenience of this work have won for it the _largest circulation_ of any architectural publication in the world. FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY NUMBER OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. In commemoration of the fiftieth year of the publication of the weekly edition of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, its publishers on July 25th, 1896, issued a memorial edition which forms a valuable resumé of the progress of science and invention during the past fifty years. Among the subjects treated are: THE EFFECT OF INVENTION ON THE PEOPLE’S LIFE. THE PATENT SYSTEM. THE TRANSATLANTIC STEAMSHIP. RAILROADS AND BRIDGES. THE TELEGRAPH. PHYSICS. MEN OF PROGRESS. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1846. THE SUBMARINE CABLE. FIFTY YEARS OF PHOTOGRAPHY. CHEMISTRY. THE PHONOGRAPH. THE PROGRESS MADE IN THE GENERATION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE OPERATION OF MOTORS DURING THE PAST FIFTY YEARS. THE AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE. THE BICYCLE. THE SEWING MACHINE. AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY. NAVAL AND COAST DEFENSE. FIFTY YEARS IN THE PRINTING BUSINESS. THE PRIZE ESSAY OF THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY NUMBER--“THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION DURING THE LAST FIFTY YEARS.” STEEL. DISTINGUISHED INVENTORS. AMERICAN SHIPBUILDING. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE IN FIFTY YEARS. THE TELEPHONE. FIFTY YEARS OF THE “SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.” The number is fully illustrated and contains fifty pages. In it is printed “The Progress of Invention During the Last Fifty Years,” for which a prize of $250 was offered. It is interesting to note that this prize was won by Edward W. Byrn, the author of “The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century.” Never before has so much valuable information of historical interest and importance been published in so condensed and popular a form. It forms a valuable addition to any library, and copies of the Anniversary Number can be supplied at 25 cents per copy. MUNN & CO., Publishers, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, 361 Broadway, New York City. Experimental Science. By GEORGE M. HOPKINS. _TWENTIETH EDITION, REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED._ 914 Pages. 820 Illustrations. Handsomely Bound in Cloth. Price by mail, postpaid, $4.00; Half Morocco, $5.00. The new matter comprises eighty pages of text in the form of an appendix, including among other subjects A Complete Article on the X-Ray. Wireless Telegraphy. Acetylene Gas Apparatus. Liquefaction of Air. Artificial Spectrum. And other articles which bring the work fully up to date. This is a book full of interest and value for teachers, students and others who desire to impart or obtain a practical knowledge of Physics. THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC BOOK OF THE DAY. What the press says of “EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE.” [Illustration] “The electrical chapters of the book are notably good, and the practical instruction given for building simple electrical machinery may be safely carried out by those--not a few--who like to make their own apparatus.”--_Electrical World._ “The author has avoided repeating the hackneyed illustrations which have been passed from one book to another so long, and, instead, offers a set of experiments which are largely of a novel character and very striking.”--_Engineering and Mining Journal._ “It is a treat to read a book of this kind, that sets forth the principles of physics so fully, and without the use of mathematics.”-_The Locomotive._ “All teachers of science are aware that real knowledge is acquired best by the student making experiments for himself, and anyone who points out how those experiments may be easily made is doing excellent work.”--_English Mechanic and World of Science._ “The work bears the stamp of a writer who writes nothing but with certainty of action and result, and of a teacher who imparts scientific information in an attractive and fascinating manner.”--_American Engineer._ =Mr. Thomas A. Edison says:= “The practical character of the physical apparatus, the clearness of the descriptive matter, and its entire freedom from mathematics, give the work a value, in my mind, superior to any other work on elementary physics of which I am aware.” Send for Illustrated Circular and Complete Table of Contents. ☛ Send for our New and Complete Catalogue of Books, sent free to any address. MUNN & CO., Publishers. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, 361 Broadway, New York. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Cyclopedia of Receipts NOTES AND QUERIES 12,500 RECEIPTS, 708 PAGES Edited by ALBERT A. HOPKINS This splendid work contains a careful compilation of the most useful Receipts and Replies given in the Notes and Queries of correspondents as published in the _Scientific American_ during the past fifty years; together with many valuable and important additions. OVER TWELVE THOUSAND selected receipts are here collected; nearly every branch of the useful arts being represented. It is by far the most comprehensive volume of the kind ever placed before the public. The work may be regarded as the product of the studies and practical experience of the ablest chemists and workers in all parts of the world; the information given being of the highest value, arranged and condensed in concise form, convenient for ready use. Almost every inquiry that can be thought of, relating to formulae used in the various manufacturing industries, will here be found answered. Instructions for working many different processes in the arts are given. [Illustration: 12,500 RECEIPTS, 708 PAGES.] Many of the principal substances and raw materials used in manufacturing operations are defined and described. No pains have been spared to render this collateral information trustworthy. Those who are engaged in any branch of industry will probably find in this book much that is of practical value in their respective callings. Those who are in search of independent business or employment, relating to the home manufacture of salable articles, will find in it hundreds of most excellent suggestions. It is impossible within the limits of a prospectus to give more than an outline of a few features of so extensive a work. To those interested, a fully descriptive circular will be sent free upon application. _Price, $5.00 in Cloth; $6.00 in Sheep; $6.50 in Half Morocco; Postpaid._ MUNN & CO., Publishers, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, 361 Broadway, New York A Complete Electrical Library. By Prof. T. O’CONOR SLOANE, A.M., E.M. Ph.D. [Illustration] An inexpensive library of the best books on Electricity. Put up in a neat folding box. For the student, the amateur, the workshop, the electrical engineer, schools and colleges. Comprising five books, as follows: Arithmetic of Electricity, 138 pages $1.00 Electric Toy Making, 140 pages 1.00 How to Become a Successful Electrician, 189 pages 1.00 Standard Electrical Dictionary, 682 pages 3.00 Electricity Simplified, 158 pages 1.00 Five volumes, 1,300 pages, and over 450 illustrations. A valuable and indispensable addition to every library. =Our Great Special Offer.=--We will send prepaid the above five volumes handsomely bound in blue cloth, with silver lettering, and inclosed in a neat folding box, at the =Special Reduced Price of $5.00= for the complete set. The regular price of the five volumes is $7.00. A special circular will be sent free to any address on application. MAGIC. Stage Illusions and Scientific Diversions INCLUDING TRICK PHOTOGRAPHY. COMPILED AND EDITED BY ALBERT A. HOPKINS, Editor of “Scientific American Cyclopedia of Receipts. Notes and Queries,” etc. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY HENRY RIDGELY EVANS. Author of “Hours with the Ghosts; or, XIX. Century Witchcraft,” etc. 568 Pages. 420 Illustrations. Price, $2.50. [Illustration] This work appeals to old and young alike, and it is one of the most attractive holiday books of the year. The illusions are illustrated by the highest class of engravings, and the exposés of the tricks are in many cases furnished by the prestidigitateurs themselves. Conjuring, large stage illusions, fire eating, sword-swallowing, ventriloquism, metal magic, ancient magic, automata, curious toys, stage effects, photographic tricks, and the projection of moving photographs are all well described and illustrated, making a handsome volume. It is tastefully printed and bound. Acknowledged by the profession to be the =STANDARD WORK ON MAGIC=. Send for large illustrated circular, sent free to any address. MUNN & CO., Publishers. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, 361 Broadway, New York. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, DEVICES AND APPLIANCES. By GARDNER D. HISCOX, M. E. Author of “Gas, Gasoline, and Oil Engines.” Large 8vo. 402 Pages. 1649 Illustrations, with Descriptive Text. Price, $3.00. A Dictionary of Mechanical Movements, Powers, Devices and Appliances, embracing an illustrated description of the greatest variety of mechanical movements and devices in any language. A new work on illustrated mechanics, mechanical movements, devices and appliances, covering nearly the whole range of the practical and inventive field, for the use of Machinists, Mechanics, Inventors, Engineers, Draughtsmen, Students and all others interested in any way in the devising and operation of mechanical works of any kind. THE CHAPTERS TREAT OF: I. Mechanical Powers. II. Transmission of Power. III. Measurement of Power. IV. Steam Power--Boilers and Adjuncts. V. Steam Appliances. VI. Motive Power--Gas and Gasoline Engines. VII. Hydraulic Power and Devices. VIII. Air Power Appliances. IX. Electric Power and Construction. X. Navigation and Roads. XI. Gearing. XII. Motion and Devices Controlling Motion. XIII. Horological. XIV. Mining. XV. Mill and Factory Appliances. XVI. Construction and Devices. XVII. Draughting Devices. XVIII. Miscellaneous Devices. _Send for descriptive Circular._ GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, A PRACTICAL TREATISE DESCRIBING IN EVERY DETAIL THE ACTUAL BUILDING OF A GAS ENGINE. By HENRY Y. H. PARSELL, Jr., Mem. A. I. Elec. El., and ARTHUR J. WEED, M. E. Large 8vo. Handsomely Illustrated and Bound. 300 Pages. Price, $2.50. This book treats of the subject more from the standpoint of practice than that of theory. The principles of operation of Gas Engines are clearly and simply described, and then the actual construction of a half-horse power engine is taken up, step by step, showing in detail the making of a Gas Engine. First come directions for making the patterns; this is followed by all the details of the mechanical operations of finishing up and fitting the castings, and is profusely illustrated with beautiful engravings of the actual work in progress, showing the modes of chucking, turning, boring and finishing the parts in the lathe, and also plainly showing the lining up and erection of the engine. Dimensioned working drawings give clearly the sizes and forms of the various details. The entire engine, with the exception of the fly-wheels, is designed to be made on a simple eight inch lathe, with slide rest. The book closes with a chapter on American practice in Gas Engine design, and gives simple rules so that anyone can figure out the dimensions of similar engines of other powers. Every illustration in this book is new and original, having been made expressly for this work. SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR. MUNN & CO., Publishers, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE 361 Broadway, New York Transcriber's notes This text uses the text from the original work, including inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, punctuation, etc., except as mentioned below. The spelling of English (omniverous, millenium), non- English words (licht, tuyeres, frappees) and names (Swammerden, Mege) has not been corrected either, except as listed below. Depending on the hard- and software and their settings used to read this text, not all characters and symbols may display properly or display at all. Remarks on the text: p. vii and 371: the list of contents lists Electric Concentrators, the text deals with Magnetic Concentrators. p. 171/172 (text of patent): one closing quote mark is missing. p. 291, Swammerden: this refers to Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680). p. 373, condicon: possibly error for condicion or a similar word. p. 239, M. Mege, a French chemist: this refers to Hippolyte Mège- Mouriès (1817-1880). p. 408, Alte Deutscher Drehling Der Ruckladungs Gewehre: the reference is to Alte Rückladegewehre: Alt-Deutscher Drehling. p. 428, photograph: the chain of perforated cards is hardly visible in the original work. Index: the entries are not fully alphabetically sorted; this has not been changed. The order of subjects as given in the table of contents and in the chapter headings is not always the order in which the text gives them; the table of contents is sometimes slightly different from the chapter headings; this has not been changed. The table of contents is not complete: many subjects are not listed. In several instances the author uses knots for distance and knots per hour and feet for speed; this has not been changed. Changes made: Footnotes and illustrations have (where appropriate) been moved in order not to interrupt the text. Some obvious punctuation errors have been corrected silently. If both ligature and single letters occur in the same word in the text (with the exception of the advertisements), these have been standardised: ae/æ to æ (anæsthetics); e/é to é (Carré, Lindé, Niépce); oe/œ to œ (homœopathy, Phœnix). The original work uses fractions of the form 1⁄2 as well as 15-16. These have been standardised to x⁄y or changed to the appropriate Unicode character. p. v: Nitroglycerine changed to Nitro-Glycerine as elsewhere p. vi, Chapter Photography: The Platinotype added as in the chapter heading p. 6: Kinetescope changed to Kinetoscope as elsewhere p. 7: Hahneman changed to Hahnemann p. 9: Perkin’s changed to Perkins’ p. 10: Rhumkorff changed to Ruhmkorff p. 11: Foucalt changed to Foucault; Herman’s changed to Hermann’s p. 15: ecomony changed to economy p. 29: choking coils _k k_ changed to choking coils _k k′_ as in illustration p. 35: Gallilee changed to Galilee p. 37: Somnenberg changed to Sonnenberg p. 41: and other changed to and others p. 47: corruscations changed to coruscations p. 51: Badensburg changed to Bladensburg p. 87: Chrstian Era changed to Christian Era p. 88: Plante changed to Planté p. 89: PLANTE changed to PLANTÉ (2x) p. 92: commerical changed to commercial p. 93: electrictiy changed to electricity; TROUVE’S changed to TROUVÉ’S p. 95: St. Petersburg changed to St. Petersburgh p. 97: atached changed to attached p. 98: whch changed to which p. 105: colon in list of patents changed to comma (2x) as elsewhere p. 108: Ninetenth Century changed to Nineteenth Century p. 129: air-brake changed to air brake as elsewhere p. 133: Pennsylvaina changed to Pennsylvania p. 150: greater that changed to greater than p. 153: for from changed to far from p. 159: sterereotyping changed to stereotyping; Edinburg changed to Edinburgh as elsewhere p. 160: the the wire cloth changed to the wire cloth p. 182: vearly changed to yearly p. 188: Manufacturning changed to Manufacturing p. 235: ilustrative changed to illustrative p. 237: half a millions changed to half a million p. 240: carry- a fractional per cent. changed to carrying a fractional per cent. p. 247: irresitable changed to irresistible p. 248: acetanalide changed to acetanilide; OPHTHALMOMETER changed to OPTHALMOMETER as elsewhere p. 250: rationallen Heilkunde changed to rationellen Heilkunde p. 253: bactilli changed to bacilli p. 260: vélocipéde changed to vélocipède; celérifère changed to célérifère p. 261: vélocipéde changed to vélocipède p. 265: Metiers changed to Métiers p. 285: Middeburg, Middleburg changed to Middelburg p. 301: Niepce's changed to Niépce's p. 309: advertisment changed to advertisement p. 324: currrent changed to current p. 389: fire-arms changed to firearms as elsewhere p. 395: must must changed to must p. 401: Moncrief changed to Moncrieff p. 412: Livermore-Russel changed to Livermore-Russell; Russel changed to Russell p. 416: pulvurulent changed to pulverulent p. 425: effciency changed to efficiency p. 462: latrobe stoves changed to Latrobe stoves p. 469: Acetanalide changed to Acetanilide p. 470: Cemementation changed to Cementation. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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