The Progress of Invention in the Nineteenth Century. by Edward W. Byrn

1841. An early example of it is also given in Cochrane’s British patent

307 words | Chapter 81

No. 3,226, of 1861. It consists of a vertical cylinder divided into compartments, its lower open end resting on the river bottom. Compressed air forced into the lower compartment forces the water back, while the men are at work, the intermediate chamber forming an air lock, by which entrance to, or egress from, the lower working chamber is obtained. The pneumatic caissons of Eads (patents Nos. 123,002, January 23, 1872, and 123,685, February 13, 1872) and Flad (patent No. 303,830, August 19, 1884) are modern applications of the same principle. The sinking of shafts through quicksand, by artificially freezing the same and then treating it as solid material, is an ingenious modern method shown in patents to Poetsch, No. 300,891, June 24, 1884; and Smith, No. 371,389, October 11, 1887. _Tunnels._--Less conspicuous than bridges, by virtue of their underground character, but none the less important, are these mole-like means of communication. Especially difficult of construction for the reason that the nature of the soil or rock is largely unknown, and for the reason also that the work may have to encounter faults in rocks, and springs or quicksands in the earth; nevertheless the demands of the railroads for shortening the distance of travel and economizing time have stimulated the engineer to expend millions of dollars in piercing the earth with these great underground passageways. _The Mont Cenis Tunnel_ was constructed to establish railway communication between France and Italy through the Alps. It was begun in 1857, and after having been in progress of construction for thirteen years, was opened for traffic in 1871. This tunnel was commenced by hand borings, being for the most part through solid rock, and its progress up to 1862 was so slow that it was estimated that thirty years would be required for its construction. Its earlier completion was due to the

Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. CHAPTER I. 3. CHAPTER II. 4. CHAPTER III. 5. CHAPTER IV. 6. CHAPTER V. 7. CHAPTER VI. 8. CHAPTER VII. 9. CHAPTER VIII. 10. CHAPTER IX. 11. CHAPTER X. 12. CHAPTER XI. 13. CHAPTER XII. 14. CHAPTER XIII. 15. CHAPTER XIV. 16. CHAPTER XV. 17. CHAPTER XVI. 18. CHAPTER XVII. 19. CHAPTER XVIII. 20. CHAPTER XIX. 21. CHAPTER XX. 22. CHAPTER XXI. 23. CHAPTER XXII. 24. CHAPTER XXIII. 25. CHAPTER XXIV. 26. CHAPTER XXV. 27. CHAPTER XXVI. 28. CHAPTER XXVII. 29. CHAPTER XXVIII. 30. CHAPTER XXIX. 31. CHAPTER XXX. 32. CHAPTER XXXI. 33. CHAPTER XXXII. 34. CHAPTER XXXIII. 35. CHAPTER XXXIV. 36. CHAPTER XXXV. 37. CHAPTER I. 38. CHAPTER II. 39. CHAPTER III. 40. 1800. Galvani discovered that a frog’s legs would exhibit violent 41. CHAPTER IV. 42. CHAPTER V. 43. CHAPTER VI. 44. CHAPTER VII. 45. 1885. A struggle then began in the courts, which on October 4, 1892, 46. CHAPTER VIII. 47. CHAPTER IX. 48. CHAPTER X. 49. CHAPTER XI. 50. 1826. The Pacific Railway, the first of our half a dozen 51. CHAPTER XII. 52. 107. The same year Oliver Evans used a stern paddle wheel boat on the 53. 108. She then appeared as a side wheel steamer, whose wheels were 54. CHAPTER XIII. 55. CHAPTER XIV. 56. 140. The Caligraph uses a separate type lever and key for each letter, 57. introduction a few years ago, its growth in popularity has been very 58. CHAPTER XV. 59. introduction of the sewing machine into the shoe industry made a new era 60. CHAPTER XVI. 61. 151. McCormick’s last named patent also covered the arrangement of the 62. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 63. CHAPTER XVII. 64. 1830. He dissolved the gum in spirits of turpentine and invented 65. CHAPTER XVIII. 66. CHAPTER XIX. 67. introduction of the roller mill and middlings purifier. Formerly two 68. CHAPTER XX. 69. 175. The endoscope, for looking into the urethra, and the cystoscope, 70. CHAPTER XXI. 71. 181. In 1868-’69 machines of this type went extensively into use. 72. CHAPTER XXII. 73. 1887. An illustration of the gramophone recorder is given in Fig. 193. 74. CHAPTER XXIII. 75. CHAPTER XXIV. 76. 205. The “Premo” is arranged for either snap-shot or time exposure, is 77. introduction it was not possible to reproduce cheaply in printers’ ink 78. CHAPTER XXV. 79. CHAPTER XXVI. 80. CHAPTER XXVII. 81. 1841. An early example of it is also given in Cochrane’s British patent 82. introduction of rock drills operated by compressed air, which trebled 83. 1841. When an oil well ceases to flow, it is rejuvenated by being 84. CHAPTER XXVIII. 85. 1887. The value of the steam feed was to increase the speed and 86. CHAPTER XXIX. 87. introduction of the hot air blast in forges and furnaces where bellows 88. CHAPTER XXX. 89. introduction of the percussion cap, which exploded the charge by a blow, 90. CHAPTER XXXI. 91. 1775. Arkwright’s spinning machine is shown in Fig. 286, the drawing 92. 1880. The distinguishing feature of this is that the shuttle is not 93. CHAPTER XXXII. 94. 294. A tank _a_ is filled with water to be frozen or cooled. A 95. CHAPTER XXXIII. 96. 1. Magnetism of oxygen. 2. Steel burning in liquid oxygen. 3. Frozen 97. 10. Frozen mercury. 11. Liquid oxygen in water. 12. Frozen whisky. 13. 98. CHAPTER XXXIV. 99. CHAPTER XXXV.

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