1858. On March 23, 1865, the name was changed to “The Numismatic and

Antiquarian Society.” The “Zoölogical Society” was incorporated in 1859; and in Fairmount Park, north of the Spring Garden Water Works, began the first zoölogical garden in the United States. They later moved across the river to their present site, and the new buildings and grounds were opened to the public July 1, 1874. April 8, 1861, John Wanamaker opened a men’s clothing store at Sixth and Market Streets. Fifteen years later, 1876, having been removed to Thirteenth and Market Streets, it had “six departments for the outfitting of men and boys.” On March 12, 1877, it was resolved into a general store having sixteen departments covering all classes of dry goods. This is believed to have been the first “department store” in the United States, probably in the world. This same store, in 1865, made the first announcements of the “one price system,” and that anything sold could be brought back for refund of money. The Wanamaker store at Thirteenth and Market Streets was lighted by electricity on the night after Christmas, 1878, being the first store ever so lighted. First bank chartered under the National Banking Act, the “First National Bank of Philadelphia,” June 20, 1863. The first “National Currency” was issued by this bank. The first Stock Exchange Clearing House in the United States was established here in August, 1870. The first organization in the world for the insurance of real estate titles was “The Real Estate Title Insurance Company of Philadelphia,” chartered March 28, 1876. By an amendment to the charter, under date of December 3, 1881, the title was changed to “The Real Estate Title Insurance and Trust Company of Philadelphia.” The first international fair held in this country was the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia, May 10 to November 10, 1876. It is the only fair of its kind that has paid its own expenses, and received no appropriation from Congress. Philadelphia is known as the city of the Easter lily. It was brought from Bermuda in 1879 by Mrs. Mary Rogers, who propagated it until in three years there were 100 specimens; then William K. Harris, a florist, Fifty-sixth Street and Springfield Avenue, introduced it in both Philadelphia and New York. The Philadelphia Bourse, the first and, as yet, the only one in the United States, was chartered June 25, 1891, and completed and opened for business October 1, 1895. The “Wistar Institute of Anatomy,” founded in 1892, by General Isaac Wistar, and connected with the University of Pennsylvania, is the first anatomical and neurological institute established in the United States. Philadelphia was the first city to inaugurate a service by pneumatic tubes for the general carriage of firstclass mail. A six-inch tube connecting the Bourse station with the Central Post Office at Ninth Street was put in service February 17, 1893, and is still in operation. Eight-inch tubes have been used in lines since installed, and have a capacity of 7,200,000 letters per day each way. The first concrete arch highway bridge in the United States was built in 1893 by the City of Philadelphia at Pine Road over the Pennypack Creek. The first institution established in the United States for the advancement of business and trade in all branches, both domestic and foreign, was the “Commercial Museum.” It was projected by Dr. William P. Wilson, and established by ordinance of Philadelphia City Council, approved June 15, 1894. The first successful electric automobile was designed and built by two Philadelphians, Henry G. Morris and Pedro G. Salom. It was patented August 31, 1894. The first hospital train sent out during the Spanish War, for the relief of the fever-stricken soldiers in the mobilization camps, was sent by the University of Pennsylvania, and the soldiers were brought to and treated in the Hospital of that institution. This train left Philadelphia August 17, 1898. The first Automatic Restaurant (Automat) in America was opened June 9, 1902, at 818 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, by the Horn & Hardart Baking Co. I THE COMMOMWEALTH, OR STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA (PENN’S WOODS) With a royal grant for 40,000 square miles of land in the New World, William Penn, thirty-eight years old, came up the Delaware River in 1682 and landed at the Blue Anchor Inn, built by the Swedes in 1636. The state now covers 45,126 square miles. No eastern state contains forests of such varied and abundant timber, or extensive mineral deposits. According to official reports of the state geologist, one and one-third billion dollars’ worth of mineral products were taken from below ground in 1916; of these coal is the greatest wealth producer, over $1,000,000,000 annually, the production being nearly one-half that of the entire United States; the supply is still ample and new fields are being opened. Over $100,000,000 in coke; and more than $42,000,000 in its by-products. Petroleum counts for $26,000,000. Gold, silver, platinum, and asbestos are found in small quantities. Natural gas has been used in this state for manufacturing purposes since 1874. This is the greatest manufacturing region in the world, and has the richest agricultural land in the United States. Pennsylvania stands first among the states in the Union in the number of towns over 5000 in population, making it a remarkable selling market. PHILADELPHIA, the chief city, and third in population, 1,823,779, in the United [Illustration: PHILADELPHIA COUNTY SCALE IN MILES 0 4 8 12 16 MONTGOMERY CO. BUCKS CO. DELAWARE CO. PHILADELPHIA NEW JERSEY DELAWARE RIVER POQUESSING CR. PENNYPACK CR. WISSAHICKON CR. SCHUYLKILL RIVER COBBS CR. SOMERTON BUSTLETON FOXCHASE CHESTNUT HILL MT. AIRY OAKLANE GERMANTOWN MANAYUNK OLNEY TORRESDALE HOLMESBURG FRANKFORD W. PARK NICETOWN BRIDESBURG KENSINGTON LOGAN CAMDEN FERRY KINGSESSING WOODLAND AVE. PASCALVILLE SOUTHWARK PASSYUNK FT. BREEZE L.I. GERMANTOWN AVE. LANCASTER AVE. MARKET ST. BALTIMORE AVE. WOODLAND AVE. BROAD ST. ] States, is on the site of a village of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, called Coaquanarck. Through William Penn’s liberal policy to early settlers, and later being the seat of government of the United States, many national institutions were originated here, and many more historical buildings are here than in any other city in America. It comprises the whole of Philadelphia County, and has a distinctive character of its own, reminiscent of the old Quaker life, which is given in this book in two Colonial Walks; the Revolutionary Period is given in automobile routes, framed on Washington’s itinerary; and modern institutions, many of them continuing from colonial times, are in chapters, schools, galleries and museums, hospitals, libraries, music, churches. Philadelphia was the leader in the fight for “Liberty of Conscience.” The obvious picturesqueness of Philadelphia is in the Pennsylvania Hospital, Independence Hall, Christ Church, Old Swedes’, St. Peter’s. Down in lower Spruce Street and neighboring streets are beautiful colonial houses, stately doorways, decorative ironwork, dormer windows, great gables, facing each other at street corners in harmonious proportions. In not another town were the old streets so well worth keeping unchanged. The early Friends, when they left England, packed up, with their “Liberty of Conscience,” the love of beauty in architecture and the money to pay for it. In a fine period of English architecture, they got good English architects--Wren is said to have been of the number--to design, not only their public buildings, but their private houses; and carried over in their personal baggage, paneling, carvings, ironwork, furniture and the various details they were not likely to procure in Philadelphia. Long straight lines of streets give the town serenity and repose. [Illustration: 8ᵗʰ 7ᵗʰ 6ᵗʰ 5ᵗʰ 4ᵗʰ 3ʳᵈ 2ʳᵈ FRONT WATER DELAWARE +----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+-----+--------+ { RACE | | | 12 | | 11 | | | | | | { CHERRY + | | | | | | | | | | { +----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+-----+--------+ { ARCH | 15| 16 | | | | 9 | | | | | { +----+----+-----+----+----------+----+----+-----+--------+ { | | | 14| 13 | 10 | 8| | | | | { DELAWARE MARKET | | 17 | | | | 7| | | | | { RIVER +----+----+-----+----------+----+----+----+-----+--------+ { | 20| |18 19| | | | | | | | { CHESTNUT| | 21 | | | 6| | | | | | { -----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+-----+--------+ { SANSOM | | | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | { +----+----+ 3|----+ 5---+----+----+----+-----+--------+ { WALNUT | | | 2 | | | | | | | | { +----+----+-----+----+-----+----+----+----+-----+--------+ {