1852. Droitwich Junction Canal.

II. CANALS AND INLAND RIVER NAVIGATIONS IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALES, DISTINGUISHING THE MILEAGE UNDER, AND THE MILEAGE NOT UNDER, THE CONTROL OF RAILWAY COMPANIES. (_From the Report of the Select Committee on Canals, 1883, p. 225._) ──────────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────── │ Not under │ Under │ Control of │ Control of │ Railway │ Railway │ Companies. │ Companies. ──────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼─────────── ENGLAND: │ M. F. │ M. F. Aire and Calder Canal │ 80 0 │ — Ancholme Drainage and Navigation │ 19 0 │ — Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal (Midland │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 26 4 Ashton-under-Lyne Canal (Manchester, │ │ Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 17 4 │ │ Barnsley Canal (Amalgamated with the │ │ Aire and Calder Navigation) │ 15 1 │ — Baybridge Canal │ 3 3 │ — Beverley Beck │ 0 6 │ — Birmingham Canals (London and │ │ North-Western Railway) │ .. │ 160 0 Bradford Canal │ 3 0 │ — Bridgwater, Duke of │ 39 6 │ — Bridgwater and Taunton Canal (Great │ │ Western Railway) │ .. │ 15 2 Bude Canal │ 35 │ 4 — │ │ Caistor Canal (County of Lincoln) │ 4 0 │ — Calder and Hebble Navigation (Leased │ │ to the Aire and Calder Navigation) │ 22 0 │ — Carlisle Canal │ 11 2 │ — Chesterfield Canal (Manchester, │ │ Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 46 0 Coventry Canal │ 32 4 │ — Cromford Canal (Midland Railway) │ .. │ 18 0 │ │ Dearne and Dove Canal (Manchester, │ │ Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 14 0 Derby Canal │ 18 0 │ — Driffield Navigation Canal │ 5 4 │ — Driffield River │ 6 6 │ — Droitwich Canal │ 5 6 │ — Droitwich Junction Canal │ 1 3 │ — │ │ Erewash Canal │ 11 6 │ — Exeter Canal │ 5 0 │ — │ │ Foss Navigation, York │ .. │ 12 4 Foss Dike Navigation, Lincolnshire │ │ (Great Northern Railway) │ .. │ 11 0 │ │ Gloucester and Berkeley Canal (now part of│ │ Sharpness New Docks and Gloucester and │ │ Birmingham Navigation) │ 164 0 │ — Grand Junction Canal │ 135 0 │ — Grand Surrey Canal │ 4 6 │ — Grand Union Canal │ 26 0 │ — Grand Western Canal │ .. │ 12 0 Grantham Canal (Great Northern Railway) │ .. │ 33 6 Gravesend and Rochester Canal │ │ (South-Eastern Railway) │ .. │ 6 6 Gresley Canal, including │ │ Newcastle-under-Lyne Canals │ .. │ 9 0 Grosvenor Canal │ 1 0 │ — │ │ Hertford Union Canal │ 6 0 │ — Horncastle Canal │ 11 0 │ — Huddersfield and Sir John Ramsden’s Canal │ .. 23 │ 6 Hull and Leven Canal │ 3 0 │ — │ │ Ilchester and Langport Canal │ 7 0 │ — │ │ Kennet and Avon Canal (Great Western │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 57 0 │ │ Lancaster Canal (London and North Western │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 60 0 Lea River Navigation and Branch Canals │ 33 4 │ — Leeds and Liverpool Canal │ 143 4 │ — Leicester Navigation │ 16 0 │ — Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Union │ │ Canal │ 24 0 │ — Leven Canal │ 3 0 │ — Liskeard and Looe Canal │ 6 0 │ — Louth Canal (Great Northern Railway) │ .. │ 12 0 │ │ Macclesfield Canal (Manchester, Sheffield,│ │ and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 26 2 Manchester, Bolton, and Bury Canal │ │ (Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway) │ .. │ 16 0 Market Weighton Canal (North-Eastern │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 9 0 │ │ Newcastle-under-Lyne Canal (North │ │ Staffordshire Railway) │ .. │ 2 0 North Walsham and Dilham │ 7 4 │ — North Wilts(part of Wilts and Berks Canal)│ 8 4 │ — Nottingham Canal (Great Northern Railway) │ .. │ 15 0 Nutbrook or Shipley Canal │ 4 4 │ — │ │ Oxford Canal │ 91 2 │ — │ │ Peak Forest Canal (Manchester, Sheffield, │ │ and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 15 0 Pocklington Canal (North-Eastern Railway) │ .. │ 9 2 Portsmouth and Arundel │ 4 0 │ — │ │ Regent’s Canal │ 9 6 │ — Rochdale Canal │ 35 0 │ — Royal Military or Shorncliffe Canal │ 30 0 │ — │ │ St. Columb Canal │ 6 0 │ — St. Helen’s Canal (London and │ │ North-Western Railway) │ .. │ 16 6 Sankey Canal │ .. │ 12 0 Sheffield Canal (Manchester, Sheffield, │ │ and Lincolnshire Railway) │ .. │ 4 0 Shropshire Union Canals (London and │ │ North-Western Railway) │ .. │ 204 0 Sleaford Chapel │ 13 4 │ — Soar River or Longboro’ Navigation │ 8 4 │ — Somersetshire Coal Canal │ 11 0 │ — Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal │ 50 0 │ — Stamforth and Keadby Canal (South │ │ Yorkshire Railway) │ .. │ 13 0 Stourbridge Navigation │ 7 1 │ — Stourbridge Extension Canal (Great Western│ │ Railway) │ .. │ 3 0 Stratford-on-Avon Canal (Great Western │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 25 2 Stover Canal (South Devon Railway) │ .. │ 1 7 Stroudwater Canal │ 8 0 │ — Surrey Dock Canal │ 4 4 │ — │ │ Tavistock Canal │ 4 0 │ — Thames and Medway Canal │ .. │ 9 0 Thames and Severn Canal │ 30 0 │ — Thanet Canal │ 0 3 │ — Tone and Parrett Navigation (Great Western│ │ Railway) │ .. │ 27 0 Trent and Mersey Canal (North │ │ Staffordshire Railway) │ .. │ 118 0 │ │ Ulverston Canal (Furness Railway) │ .. │ 1 2 │ │ Warwick and Birmingham Canal │ 22 4 │ — Warwick and Napton │ 14 3 │ — Wey and Arun │ 18 0 │ — Wey River │ 20 0 │ — Wilts and Berks Canal │ 60 2 │ — Wisbech Canal │ 6 0 │ — Worcester and Birmingham (now part of │ │ Sharpness New Docks and Gloucester and │ │ Birmingham Navigation Company) │ 29 0 │ — ├────────────┼────────── TOTAL │1,260 2 │1,062 5 ├────────────┼────────── SCOTLAND: │ │ Aberdeenshire Canal │ 19 0 │ — Borrowstowness Canal │ 7 0 │ — Caledonian Canal │ 23 0 │ — Crinan Canal │ 9 4 │ — Edinburgh and Glasgow Union (North │ │ British Railway) │ .. │ 32 0 Forth and Clyde (Caledonian Railway) │ .. │ 53 0 Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan (Glasgow │ │ and South Western Railway) │ .. │ 11 0 Glenkenn’s Canal │ 25 6 │ — Monkland Canal │ .. │ 10 0 ├────────────┼────────── TOTAL │ 84 2 │ 106 0 ├────────────┼────────── WALES: │ │ Aberdare Canal │ 6 6 │ — Brecon and Abergavenny Canal (Great │ │ Western Railway) │ .. │ 33 0 Briton Canal │ 4 2 │ — Glamorganshire Canal │ 25 4 │ — Kidwelly Canal │ 3 4 │ — Monmouthshire Railway and Canals (Great │ │ Western Railway) │ .. 20 │ 0 Montgomeryshire Canal (now part Shropshire│ │ Union) │ — │ — Neath Canal │ 14 0 │ — Pembrey Canal │ 0 4 │ — Penelawd Canal │ 4 0 │ — Swansea (Great Western Railway) │ .. │ 17 0 ├────────────┼──────────── Total │ 58 4 │ 70 0 ──────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴──────────── RIVERS IN ENGLAND. ─────────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬──────────── │ Not under │ Under │ Control of │ Control of │ Railway │ Railway │ Companies. │ Companies. ──────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼─────────── │ M. F. │ M. F. Axe River │ 9 0 │ — Adur River, Sussex │ 14 0 │ — Arun River, Sussex │ 13 0 │ — Avon River (Lower), Tewkesbury to Evesham │ │ (now leased to Sharpness New │ │ Docks, and Gloucester and Birmingham │ │ Navigation Company) │ 25 0 │ — Avon River, Bath to Hanham Mills │ .. │ 11 0 Blyth River, Suffolk │ 9 0 │ — Bourne Eare River, Lincolnshire │ 3 4 │ — Bure or North River, Norfolk │ 9 0 │ — Colne River, Essex │ 3 4 │ — Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation, Essex │ 14 0 │ — Dee Navigation │ 10 0 │ — Derwent River Navigation (North Eastern │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 38 0 Dun River Navigation (Manchester, │ │ Sheffield, and Lincolnshire │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 39 0 Gippen River, Suffolk (Great Eastern │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 16 0 Idle River, County of Nottingham │ 10 0 │ — Itchen Navigation │ 14 0 │ — Ivel River, Hertford and Bedford │ 11 0 │ — Kennet River, Reading to Newbury │ │ (Great Western Railway) │ .. │ 18 4 Larke River, Suffolk │ 14 0 │ — Medway River, Lower Navigation │ 7 6 │ — Medway River, Upper Navigation │ 15 0 │ — Leicester and Melton Mowbray │ │ Navigation │ 14 6 │ — Mersey and Irwell Navigation │ 57 0 │ — Narr River, Norfolk │ 15 0 │ — Nene River Navigation │ 50 0 │ — Norwich and Lowestoft Navigation │ │ (Great Eastern Railway) │ .. │ 30 0 New Bedford Level │ 20 0 │ — Ouse River Navigation (York) │ 60 0 │ — Ouse River Navigation (Sussex) │ 30 0 │ — The Little Ouse or Brandon and │ │ Waveney River │ 22 4 │ — Rother River, Sussex │ 11 0 │ — Stour River, from Manningtree, Essex, │ │ to Sudbury, Suffolk │ 20 0 │ — Stowmarket Navigation (Great Eastern │ │ Railway) │ .. │ 17 0 Stort River Navigation │ 13 4 │ — Severn River │ 44 0 │ — Sankey Brook Navigation │ 3 3 │ — Tamar Manure Navigation │ 22 0 │ — Thames River │ 146 0 │ — Trent River Navigation │ 72 0 │ — Ure River Navigation │ .. │ 7 6 Weaver Navigation │ 24 0 │ — Welland River │ 26 0 │ — Witham Navigation │ .. │ 32 0 Wye and Lugg Rivers │ 99 4 │ — ├────────────┼─────────── Total │ 932 3 │ 209 2 ──────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────── CANALS AND NAVIGATIONS ABANDONED OR CONVERTED INTO RAILWAYS. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────── │ M. F. Alford Canal │ 6 4 Andover Canal, converted into Railway │ 22 4 Avon River, above Evesham │ 18 3 Basingstoke Canal │ 37 2 Coombe Hill Canal │ 3 4 Croydon Canal │ 9 4 Glastonbury Canal, converted into Railway │ 14 2 Grand Western Canal │ 25 0 Grosvenor Canal, part of │ 1 0 Hereford and Gloucester, converted into Railway │ 34 0 Kensington Canal, part of │ 2 0 Leominster Canal, converted into Railway │ 22 0 Monmouthshire Canal, near Newport, part converted │ 0 6 Newport Pagnell │ 1 2 Oakham Canal, part converted into Railway │ 15 0 Portsmouth and Arundel (part abandoned since 1855) │ 8 0 Somersetshire Canal (part of), converted into Railway │ 7 2 Wey and Arun Junction Canal │ 18 0 ├───────── Total │ 250 1 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────── SUMMARY. ──────────────────────────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────── │ Not under │ Under │ Control of │ Control of │ Railway │ Railway │ Companies. │ Companies. ──────────────────────────────────────────┼────────────┼─────────── │ M. F. │ M. F. Canals in England │ 1,260 2 │ 1,062 5 Canals in Scotland │ 84 2 │ 106 0 Canals in Wales │ 58 4 │ 70 0 ├────────────┼─────────── │ 1,403 0 │ 1,238 5 Rivers in England │ 932 3 │ 209 ├────────────┼─────────── Total │ 2,335 3 │ 1,447 7 ├────────────┼─────────── Canals and Navigations abandoned or │ │ converted into Railways │ 250 1 │ — ──────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────── III. THROUGH ROUTES OF CANAL AND INLAND NAVIGATION IN ENGLAND AND WALES. (_From the Report of the Select Committee on Canals, 1883, p. 210._) _Note._—An asterisk (*) against the name of a Navigation indicates that it is owned or controlled by a Railway Company. _Note._—Draft, in the dimensions of locks, denotes the greatest immersion at which any craft can pass through the Navigation. ──────────────┬───────────────────────┬────┬────────────────────────── │ │ │ Size of Lock. │ │Mile├────────┬─────────┬─────── Route. │ Name of Navigation. │age.│ Length.│ Breadth.│Draft. ──────────────┼───────────────────────┼────┼────────┴─────────┴─────── │ │ │ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. London to │*Regent’s │ 8½│ 90 0 by 15 0 by 5 0 Liverpool │ Grand Junction │101 │ 80 0 ” 14 6 ” 4 6 (First │ Oxford │ 5 │ No lock. Route.) │ Warwick and Napton │ 15 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 │ Warwick and Birmingham│ 22 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Birmingham │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │ Staffordshire and │ │ │ Worcestershire │ 1¼│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Shropshire Unions │ 68 │ 80 0 ” 7 6 ” 4 0 │ Mersey │ 10 │ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │245¾│ │ ├────┤ London to │River Thames │ 20 │ Open navigation. Liverpool │ Grand Junction │ 94 │ 80 0 by 14 6 by 4 6 (Second │ Oxford │ 24 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Coventry │ 27 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Birmingham │ 5½│ No lock. │ Coventry │ 5½│ Ditto. │*North Staffordshire │ 67 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 3 6 │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 5¼│ 84 0 ” 15 0 ” 4 6 │ River Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │263¼│ │ ├────┤ London to │ River Thames │ 20 │ Open navigation. Liverpool │ Grand Junction │ 94 │ 80 0 by 14 6 by 4 6 (Third │ Oxford │ 5 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Warwick and Napton │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │ Warwick and Birmingham│ 22 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Birmingham │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │ Staffordshire and │ │ │ Worcestershire │ 23 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*North Staffordshire │ 55 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 3 6 │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 5¼│ 85 0 ” 15 0 ” 4 6 │ River Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │269¼│ ──────────────┼───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── London to │ Regent’s │ 8½│ 90 0 by 15 0 by 5 0 Hull │ Grand Junction │ 96 │ 80 0 ” 14 6 ” 4 6 (First │ Grand Union │ 24 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Leicester │ │ │ and Northampton │ 18 │ 80 0 ” 15 0 ” 3 6 │ Leicester │ 16 │ 70 0 ” 14 0 ” 3 6 │ Soar │ 8 │ 70 0 ” 14 0 ” 3 6 │ Trent │100 │ 90 0 ” 15 0 ” 3 6 │ Humber │ 18½│ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │289 │ │ ├────┤ London to │ Thames │ 20 │ Open navigation. Hull │ Grand Junction │ 94 │ 80 0 by 14 6 by 4 6 (Second │ Oxford │ 24 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Coventry │ 27 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Birmingham │ 5½│ No lock. │ Coventry │ 5½│ Ditto. │*North Staffordshire │ 26 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 3 6 │ Trent │102½│ 90 0 ” 15 0 ” 3 6 │ Humber │ 18½│ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │323 │ ──────────────┼───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── London to │ Thames │ 78½│ Open navigation. Severn │ Kennet │ 1½│120 0 by 18 0 by 5 0 Ports. │*Kennet and Avon │ 74 │ 75 0 ” 14 6 ” 4 6 (First │*Avon to Hanham │ 11 │108 0 ” 18 6 ” 4 6 Route.) │ Avon Tideway │ 15½│ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │180½│ │ ├────┤ London to │ Thames │106½│109 0 by 17 8 by 4 0 Severn │ Wilts and Berks │ 37 │ 78 0 ” 8 0 ” 4 0 Ports. ├───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── (Second │ │ │ 72 0 ” 17 6 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Thames and Severn │ 20½│ 86 0 │ │ │Altered to 12 3 ” 4 0 │ │ │ 72 0 ├───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── │ Stroudwater │ 7 │ 72 0 ” 17 6 ” 4 6 │ Sharpness Docks, │ │ │ Gloucester and │ │ │ Berkeley, Section │ │ │ to Sharpness │ 9 │ No lock 18 feet deep. │ ├────┤ │ Total │180 │ ├───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── London to │ │ │ 140 0 by 22 0 Severn │ Thames │141½│ 109 0 ” 17 8 Ports. │ │ │ 90 0 ” 14 0 (Third ├───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── Route.) │ Thames and Severn │ 28¾│ 72 0 ” 12 6 by 4 0 │ Stroudwater to │ │ │ Tideway │ 8 │ 72 0 ” 17 6 ” 4 6 │ ├────┤ │ Total │178¼│ │ ├────┤ London to │ Thames │ 20 │ Open navigation. Severn │ Grand Junction │ 94 │ 80 0 by 14 6 by 4 6 Ports. │ Oxford │ 5 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 (Fourth │ Warwick and Napton │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Warwick and │ │ │ Birmingham │ 7½│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Stratford-on-Avon │ 12½│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │ Sharpness Docks, │ │ │ Worcester Section │ 24 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 5 6 │ Severn │ 30 │ 150 0 ” 30 0 ” 6 0 │ Gloucester and │ │ │ Berkeley to │ │ │ Sharpness │ 16 │ 100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 │ ├────┤ │ Total │224 │ ──────────────┼───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── Liverpool to │ Mersey │ 10 │ Open navigation. Severn │*Shropshire Union │ 68 │ 80 0 by 7 6 by 4 0 Ports. │ Staffordshire and │ │ (First │ Worcestershire │ 26½│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Route.) │ Severn │ 44 │ 99 0 ” 20 0 ” 6 0 │ Gloucester and │ │ │ Berkeley │ 16 │ 100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 │ ├────┤ │ Total │164½│ │ ├────┤ Liverpool to │ Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. Severn │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 5¼│ 84 0 by 15 0 by 4 6 Ports. │*North Staffordshire │ 55 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 3 6 (Second │ Staffordshire and │ │ Route.) │ Worcestershire │ 21½│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │*Birmingham │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 │ Worcester and │ │ │ Birmingham │ 30 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 5 6 │ Severn │ 30 │ 150 0 ” 30 0 ” 6 0 │ Gloucester and │ │ │ Berkeley │ 16 │ 100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 │ ├────┤ │ Total │187¾│ │ ├────┤ Liverpool to │ Leeds and Liverpool │127 │ 70 0 by 16 0 by 4 0 Hull. │ Aire and Calder │ 35 │ 212 0 ” 22 0 ” 9 0 (First │ Ouse │ 8 │ Open navigation. Route.) │ Humber │ 18½│ Ditto. │ ├────┤ │ Total │188½│ │ ├────┤ Liverpool │ Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. to Hull │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 26¾│ 84 0 by 15 0 by 4 6 (Second │ Rochdale │ 33│ 73 0 ” 14 0 ” 4 6 Route.) │ Calder and Hebble (in │ │ │ course of improvement)│ 22│ 53 0 ” 14 0 ” 4 6 │ Aire and Calder │ 35│212 0 ” 22 0 ” 9 0 │ Ouse │ 8│ Open navigation. │ Humber │ 18½│ Ditto. │ ├────┤ │ Total │158¼│ │ ├────┤ Liverpool │ Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. to Hull │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 26¾│ 84 0 by 15 0 by 4 6 (Third │ Rochdale │ 1 │ 73 0 ” 14 0 ” 4 6 Route). │ Ashton │ 6 │ 83 0 ” 8 6 ” 4 6 │*Huddersfield │ 19¾│ 70 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 6 │*Sir John Ramsden’s │ 3¾│ 53 0 ” 14 0 ” 4 6 │ Calder and Hebble │ 13 │ 58 0 ” 14 6 ” 5 6 │ Aire and Calder │ │ │ (original improved) │ 35 │212 0 ” 22 0 ” 9 6 │ Ouse │ 8 │ Open navigation. │ Humber │ 18½│ Ditto. │ ├────┤ │ Total │146¾│ ──────────────┼───────────────────────┼────┼────────────────────────── South │*Birmingham (average) │ 12 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Warwick and Birmingham│ 22 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Mineral │ Warwick and Napton │ 15 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 District │ Oxford │ 5 │ No lock. to London. │ Grand Junction │101 │ 80 0 by 14 6 by 4 6 │ Regent’s │ 8½│ 90 0 ” 15 0 ” 5 0 │ ├────┤ │ Total │163½│ │ ├────┤ South │*Birmingham (average) │ 10 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Staffordshire and │ │ Mineral │ Worcestershire │ 21½│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 District to │*North Staffordshire │ 55 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 3 6 Liverpool. │ Duke of Bridgwater’s │ 5 │ 84 0 ” 15 0 ” 4 0 (First │ Mersey │ 15 │ Open navigation. Route.) │ ├────┤ │ Total │106½│ │ ├────┤ South │*Birmingham (average) │ 10 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Staffordshire and │ │ Mineral │ Worcestershire │ 1¼│ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 District to │ Shropshire Union │ 68 │ 80 0 ” 7 6 ” 4 0 Liverpool │ Mersey │ 10 │ Open navigation. (Second │ │ │ Route.) │ ├────┤ │ Total │ 89¼│ │ ├────┤ South │*Birmingham (average) │ 27 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Coventry │ 5½│ No lock. Mineral │*North Staffordshire │ 26 │ 72 0 by 9 0 by 3 6 District │ Trent │102 │ 90 0 ” 15 0 ” 3 6 to Hull. │ Humber │ 18½│ Open navigation. │ ├────┤ │ Total │179 │ │ ├────┤ South │*Birmingham (average) │ 10 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Worcester Section │ 30 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 5 6 Mineral │ Severn │ 30 │150 0 ” 30 0 ” 6 0 District to │ Gloucester and │ │ Severn │ Berkeley Section │ 16 │100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 Ports. │ │ │ (First │ ├────┤ Route.) │ Total │ 86 │ │ ├────┤ South │*Birmingham │ 7 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Stourbridge │ 7 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Mineral │ Staffordshire and │ │ District to │ Worcestershire │ 12 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 Severn │ Severn │ 44 │ 99 0 ” 20 0 ” 6 0 Ports. │ Gloucester and │ │ (Second │ Berkeley Section │ 16 │100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 Route.) │ ├────┤ │ Total │ 86 │ │ ├────┤ South │ Birmingham │ 10 │ 72 0 by 7 0 by 4 0 Staffordshire │ Staffordshire and │ │ Mineral │ Worcestershire │ 25 │ 72 0 ” 7 0 ” 4 0 District to │ Severn │ 44 │ 99 0 ” 20 0 ” 6 0 Severn │ Gloucester and │ │ Ports. │ Berkeley Section │ 16 │100 0 ” 24 0 ” 6 0 (Third │ ├────┤ Route.) │ Total │ 95 │ ──────────────┴───────────────────────┴────┴────────────────────────── IV. STATEMENT OF THE CANALS, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, OWNED OR CONTROLLED BY RAILWAY COMPANIES ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1882, ARRANGED UNDER THE DATES OF THE SPECIAL ACTS AUTHORISING THE ARRANGEMENTS. ──────────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬─────────┬───────── Years. │ England. │ Scotland.│ Ireland.│ Total. ──────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼───────── │ miles │ miles │ miles │ miles Under Act of 1845 │ 78¼ │ .. │ 92 │ 170¼ ” 1846 │ 774½ │ .. │ .. │ 774½ ” 1847 │ 96¼ │ .. │ .. │ 96¼ ” 1848 │ 20¾ │ 32 │ .. │ 52¾ ” 1852 │ 86½ │ .. │ .. │ 86½ ” 1862 │ 3¼ │ .. │ .. │ 3¼ ” 1864 │ 74 │ .. │ .. │ 74 ” 1865 │ 34 │ .. │ .. │ 34 ” 1866 │ 15¼ │ .. │ .. │ 15¼ ” 1867 │ .. │ 53 │ .. │ 53 ” 1870 │ 50 │ .. │ .. │ 50 ” 1872 │ 17 │ .. │ .. │ 17 ” 1882 │ 9¾ │ .. │ .. │ 9¾ ├──────────┼──────────┼─────────┼────────── Total │ 1259½ │ 85 │ 92 │ 1436½ ──────────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴─────────┴────────── V. THE PRINCIPAL RIVER SYSTEMS OF EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. The actual and direct lengths of all the principal rivers in Europe, with the areas of their basins and the principal towns on which they are situated, are shown in the following tabular statement. The European river basins are inclined to the Arctic Ocean, to the Atlantic and North Sea, to the Baltic, to the North Sea, to the Mediterranean, to the Black Sea, or to the Caspian. The remarkable differences between the total length of the basins and their direct length will be noted. The Danube, for example, is, in actual length, nearly double its direct length; and so also with the Don, the Salembria, the Charente, the Rhone, the Po, and others; while the Volga is more than twice its direct length, and the Ural more than three times as much. The Volga, with a total length of 2400 miles is the longest river in Europe, but its direct length of 1080 miles is but little superior to that of the Danube with a length of 980 miles. Twenty-one basins in all incline to the Atlantic, five to the Arctic Ocean, thirteen to the Baltic, eight to the North Sea, thirteen to the Mediterranean, three to the Caspian, and five to the Black Sea. The enormous length of the basins inclining to the two latter seas, makes their aggregate mileage and area drained larger than those of any other. RIVER BASINS OF EUROPE. ────────────┬───────┬─────────────┬─────────┬────────────────── │Length │Direct Length│ Area of │ Capital │ in │ of Basin in │ Basin │ of States River or │English│ English │in Square│ and Provinces Estuary. │ Miles.│ Miles. │ Miles. │ in each Basin. ────────────┼───────┼─────────────┼─────────┼────────────────── _Basins inclined to the Arctic Ocean._ Petchora │ 900 │ 520 │ 114,400 │ Mezen │ 400 │ 300 │ 30,100 │ Dwina │ 700 │ 500 │ 134,400 │ Archangel. Onega │ 300 │ 250 │ 21,000 │ Alten Fiord │ 150 │ 80 │ .. │ Altengard. _Basins inclined to the Baltic._ L. Mälar │ 170 │ 130 │ .. │ Stockholm. Dal │ 250 │ 200 │ │ Angerman │ 150 │ 120 │ .. │ Hernösand. Umea │ 250 │ 220 │ │ Neva, and │ │ │ │ St. Petersburg Gulf of │ │ │ │ and Finland │ 625 │ 500 │ 99,700 │ Helsingfors. Düna │ 400 │ 300 │ 34,700 │ Riga. Niemen │ 400 │ 270 │ 35,700 │ Erodno and Wilna. Pregel │ 120 │ 120 │ 6,800 │ Königsberg. Vistula │ 530 │ 360 │ 72,300 │ Warsaw, Lemberg. Oder │ 445 │ 360 │ 45,200 │ Stettin, Breslau. Stör │ 95 │ 55 │ .. │ Schwerin. Trave │ 50 │ 40 │ .. │ Lübeck. Schleifiord │ 25 │ 20 │ .. │ Schleswig. _Basins inclined to the North Sea._ Lymfiord │ 100 │ 90 │ 500 │ Aalborg. Elbe │ 550 │ 420 │ 55,000 │ Hamburg, Gotha, │ │ │ │ Weimar. Weser │ │ │ │ Bremen, │ 230 │ 250 │ 17,700 │ Brunswick. Ems │ 160 │ 130 │ .. │ Münster. Rhine │ 600 │ 400 │ 75,000 │ Bern, Cologne, │ │ │ │ Amsterdam. Scheldt │ │ │ │ Antwerp, │ 210 │ 120 │ .. │ Brussels. Meuse │ 580 │ 230 │ .. │ Liége, Namur. Hunse │ 50 │ 40 │ .. │ Gröningen. Vecht │ 90 │ 60 │ .. │ Zwoll. _Basins inclined to the Atlantic._ │ │ │ │ Trondhjem │ │ │ │ Fiord │ 100 │ 60 │ .. │ Trondhjem. Torrisdals │ 120 │ 100 │ .. │ Christiansand. Christiania │ │ │ │ Fiord │ 60 │ 55 │ .. │ Christiania. Gotha │ 400 │ 300 │ 17,000 │ Goteborg. Loire │ 530 │ 350 │ 44,500 │ Tours, Orleans. Seine │ 414 │ 250 │ 28,500 │ Paris, Rouen. Garonne │ 300 │ 230 │ 31,000 │ Bordeaux, Toulouse. Somme │ 115 │ 90 │ .. │ Amiens. Charente │ 200 │ 110 │ .. │ Rochelle. Vilaine │ 125 │ 80 │ .. │ Rennes. Douro │ 450 │ 340 │ 34,200 │ Oporto. Tagus │ 540 │ 450 │ 33,000 │ Lisbon, Madrid. Guadalquiver│ 300 │ 270 │ 19,500 │ Seville, Granada. Minho │ 220 │ 150 │ 14,700 │ Sado │ 100 │ 70 │ .. │Evora. Also the basins of the Adour, the Nervion, the Ria d’Este, the Ulla, the Nalon, the Guadiana, and the Mondego. _Basins inclined to the Mediterranean._ Rhone │ 645 │ 340 │ 37,900 │ Lyons, Grenoble. Segura │ 180 │ 120 │ .. │ Murcia. Po │ 450 │ 280 │ 34,600 │ Turin, Milan. Tiber │ 185 │ 130 │ .. │ Rome. Arno │ 90 │ 75 │ .. │ Florence. Vardar │ 170 │ 125 │ .. │ Salonika. Salembria │ 110 │ 65 │ .. │ Larissa. Ebro │ 340 │ 280 │ 32,900 │ Zaragoza. Also the basins of the Guadalaviar, Dobregat, Narenta, Bojano, and Maritza. _Basins inclined to the Black Sea._ Danube │ 1,795 │ 980 │306,000 │ Vienna, Buda, Gräz, │ │ │ │ and Munich. Don │ 995 │ 500 │176,500 │ Stavropol, Kharkos. Dneister │ 500 │ 400 │ 27,300 │ Kamilnetz. Dnieper │ │ │ │ Kiev, and Bug │ .. │ 640 │195,500 │ Ekaterinoslav. Kuban │ 380 │ 280 │ .. │ Ekaterinodar. _Basins inclined to the Caspian._ Volga │ 2,400 │ 1,080 │527,000 │ Astrakhan, │ │ │ │ Nijni-Novgorod. Ural │ 1,800 │ 550 │ 85,000 │ Orenburg. Kur │ 520 │ 400 │ 80,800 │ Tiflis, Erivan. ────────────┴───────┴──────────────┴────────┴────────────────── RIVER BASINS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. ─────────────┬──────────┬───────────────┬──────────────────────── │Length in │ Area in │ River or │ English │ Geographical │ Principal Towns Estuary. │ Miles. │ Square Miles. │ on the Rivers. ─────────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼──────────────────────── _Basins inclined to the Atlantic._ St. Lawrence │ 1,400 │ 297,600 │ Ottawa. Delaware │ 290 │ 8,700 │ Trenton. Chesapeake │ 450 │ 12,000 │ Washington. Hudson │ 210 │ 7,000 │ Albany. Connecticut │ 280 │ 8,000 │ Hartford. _Basins inclined to the American Mediterranean._ Mississippi │ 1,820 │ 982,400 │ New Orleans, Nashville. Rio Grande │ │ │ del Norte │ 1,050 │ 180,000 │ Santa Fé. Colorado │ 900 │ .. │ Denver, Cheyene. Santandar │ 245 │ 10,000 │ San Luis, Potosi. San Juan │ 275 │ 8,000 │ Leon. Tobosco │ 245 │ 12,000 │ Ciudad Real. _Basins inclined to the Pacific._ Rio Colorado │ 750 │ 170,000 │ Tucson. Columbia │ 800 │ 194,000 │ Salem. Frazer │ 480 │ 90,000 │ New Westminster. Sacramento │ 350 │ 20,000 │ Sacramento. Culiacan │ 280 │ 7,000 │ Culiacan. Youcon │ 1,150 │ 100,000 │ _Basins inclined to the Arctic Ocean._ Mackenzie │ 1,200 │ 441,000 │ Nelson and │ │ │ Saskatchewan│ 1,000 │ 360,000 │ Fort York. Churchill │ 1,300 │ 73,600 │ Back, or │ │ │ G. Fish │ 420 │ │ ─────────────┴──────────┴───────────────┴──────────────────────── SOUTH AMERICAN RIVERS. ──────────────┬──────────┬───────────────┬───────────────────── │Length in │ Area in │ Basin. │ English │ Geographical │ Chief Towns. │ Miles. │ Square Miles. │ ──────────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────── Magdalena │ 700 │ 72,000 │ Bogota. Amazon │ 2,100 │ 1,512,000 │ Santa Cruz. Paraná │ 1,600 │ 886,400 │ Monte Video and │ │ │ Buenos Ayres. San Francisco │ 900 │ 187,200 │ Duro-Preto. Tocantins │ 1,260 │ 294,480 │ Pará. Essequibo │ 400 │ 61,650 │ George Town. Orinoco │ 1,000 │ 252,000 │ Angostura. ──────────────┴──────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────── NAMES AND AREA OF LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. ┌──────────────────┬───────────┬────────────┐ │ │ Area in │ Height │ │ Name. │ Square │ above │ │ │ Miles. │ Sea-level. │ ├──────────────────┼───────────┼────────────┤ │ │ │ feet. │ │ Ontario │ 6,300 │ 231 │ │ Erie │ 9,600 │ 565 │ │ Huron │ 21,000 │ 578 │ │ Michigan │ 22,400 │ 578 │ │ Superior │ 32,000 │ 627 │ │ Winnipeg │ 9,000 │ 628 │ │ Winnipegoos │ 2,300 │ 650 │ │ Great Bear Lake │ 14,000 │ 230 │ │ Great Slave Lake │ 12,000 │ .. │ │ Athabasca │ 3,400 │ .. │ │ Great Salt Lake │ 1,800 │ 4,210 │ │ ├───────────┤ │ │ Total area │ 133,800 │ │ └──────────────────┴───────────┴────────────┘ COMPARATIVE AREA OF SEAS. Square Miles. Total area of Caspian Sea 178,000 ” ” Black Sea 172,500 ” ” Mediterranean 976,000 ” ” German Ocean 244,000 ” ” Baltic 135,000 ” ” White Sea 40,000 INDEX. A. Addison, quotation from, 94 Aire and Calder Canal, 49; cost of transport on, 383; system of towage on, 402; sluices, 432; boats on, 461 Allen’s, Capt., proposals for Jordan route to India, 273 Allport, Sir James, on the cost of mineral traffic, 390 Alpine Canal, 106 Amazon river, 229 American canals, plans of, 266-267; lakes, cost of transport on, 386 Amsterdam Canal, 19, 147 Ancients, skilled in canal-making, 22 Aqueduct, Chirk, 48 Archipelago, first attempts to unite Ionian Sea with, 13 Arkwright’s first patent for spinning frame, 8 Austria-Hungary, waterways of, 185; Danube regulation works, 184; canals, 190 Avon, improvement of, 23 B. Backwater (India), 243 Bailey, Ald., on sea transport, 385; on canal transport, 401 Baltic and Caspian Seas, junction of, 18; canals connecting the, 175, 176 Barge, proposed, for mowing weeds, 466 Barges, on Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 400; use of as tugs, 401 Bartholomew, steamboat trains on Aire and Calder Canal, 383; system of towage on Aire and Calder, 402 Barton Aqueduct on Bridgwater Canal, 428 Belgium, waterways of, 134; ship canals of, 135; canal from Ostend to Bruges, 138; the Terneuzen Canal lift, 140; the Scheldt Navigation, 142; economical conditions of water transport in, 143; extent and income of Belgian canals, 143 Bengal, canal system, 240 Beresinsk Canal, 176 Berlin, traffic of, 133 Birmingham Canal, 49, 51; embankment of, 430; and London, water connection between, 58; proposed connection between and the sea, 89 Black Sea and German Ocean, first attempts to unite, 13; and Caspian, junction of, 18; and Azov Canal, 182 Blackman, Col., locks proposed by, for Nicaraguan Canal, 418 Blackmore, Sir R., quotation from, 116 Boats employed on British canals, 55; size of on different English canals, 56; on French canals, 414; numbers and tonnage capacity of, on French waterways, 115; on German waterways, 131, 133; on Russian canals, 183; on Indian canals, 239, 463; on American rivers and lakes, 388; on different canals, 460; on English canals, 462 Bourgogne Canal, 464 Brahmapootra river, 240 Bread, price of, in seventeenth century, 8 Briare, Canal de, v Bridgwater, Duke of, 11; canal, 24; history of, 41; cost of transport of coal on, 40; aqueduct on, 344; charges on, 387; system of transport on, 402; underground plane on, 412 Brindley, genius of, 11; projected system of main waterways by, 11; construction of Bridgwater Canal by, 43; his first lock, 411 Bristol and London, proposed improved waterway between, 88 British rivers, 23 ” shipping and the Suez Canal Company, 267 Briton Canal, 52 Brussels and Charleroi Canal, lift on, 421 Bude Canal, Cornwall, inclines on, 413 Buonaparte, Napoleon, and the Suez Canal, 249 Burke, Edmund, on our foreign commerce, 16; on tyranny, 469 C. Cable Haulage on the St. Maurice Canal, 403 Caerdyke, the, a Roman waterway, 23 Cæsar, Julius, Caligula and Nero, canal-makers, 13 Calcutta Canals, 240 Caledonian Canal, 19, 69 Camden, on the Clyde, 63; on the Mersey, 28 Canada, waterways of, 216; Welland Canal, 216; Cornwall Canal, 224; Sault St. Marie Canal, 225; Canadian canal system, 225; Ottawa river, 227; St. Lawrence river, 228 Canadian dredger, the, 452; canals, boats on, 461 Canal Acts, period of first, 11, 365; boats, 469; categories of, iii; mania, 365-69; engineering, 15; companies’ shares, fluctuations in, 17; system of Great Britain, 40; gauge, differences of, 53; extent of, 54; examples of, 61; traffic, 441; navigation in England, chronology of, 475 Canals, ship, projected in United Kingdom, 21, 82; owned by railway companies and employés thereon, 53; mileage of, connecting chief navigable rivers, 54; system of, between London and Birmingham, 58; advantages offered by, 60; extent of, completed and projected in Germany, 133; speed on, 435; see English, French, German, Dutch, &c. Capital expenditure on railways, 377 Caspian and other seas, junction of, 19 Centre, Canal du (France), 415 Ceylon and India, proposed connecting canal, 241 Chagres river, and Panama Canal, 305 Chain traction in France, 395; in Germany, 396 Charlemagne, canals projected by, 13 Charleroi Canal, 384 Cheap canal transport, conditions required for, 474 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 206 Chesney, Capt., and the Suez Canal, 249; and the Euphrates Valley route, 271 Chinese waterways, 232; piers, 410 Chronology of river improvement and canal navigation in England, 475 Cities and seaboard facilities, 21; boats, 466 Clyde, the river, 63 Coal, production of, 130 years ago, 2; scarcity of in seventeenth century, 8; transportation, cost of, 40; supply of Paris, 96 Colonies, British exports to, 16 Compensation tolls, 473 Competition of railways and canals, 369; in France, 441 Conder, Mr., on the cost of mineral traffic, 390 Condreux excavator, 449, 458 Conservancy of rivers, principles of, 36 Contracts for works on Suez Canal, details of, 254 Corinth, Isthmus of, canal attempted by Cæsar, Caligula and Nero, 13; description of, 346 Cornwall Canal (Canada), 224 Cortez and the Isthmus of Panama, 274 Cost of transport by turnpike roads and railways, 15; reduction of by canals, 40-41; of remodelling canal system of United Kingdom, x, 54; present cost by English canals, 55; of transport of coal to Paris, 115; of works on the Dortmund and Emden Canal, 129; on the Oder and Upper Spree Navigation, 130; by different systems of transport, 281; of Panama Canal, 287; of the proposed Nicaraguan Canal, 324; of water and land transport, 375; on lakes and Erie Canal, 380; on Elbe Canals, 383; on Aire and Calder Canal, 383, 389; horse and steam towing, 384 Crapone, Adam de, canal maker, 14 Crinan Canal, 72 Cunda Canal, 170 Cuttings, large, in England, 449 D. Dalsland Canal, 167 Dampier, and the Panama Canal, 275 Dams, principal canal, 433 Danube and Rhine, first attempts to unite, 13; river improvement, 185; dredgers employed on, 457 Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, 214 ” Raritan Canal, locks on, 423 Density of traffic on German water- and railways, 132; on French canals, 445, 446 Desague Real de Huchuetoca, 230 Deûle and Neufossés Canals, locomotive haulage on, 402 Distance, saving of by the Suez Canal, 260; by Nicaraguan Canal, 328; by Isthmus of Corinth Canal, 346 Dodd, Ralph, apparatus for canal excavation, 448 Don river, 184 Dortmund and Emden Canal, 128 Dredger, the Couvreux, 451; the Canadian, 452; the Otago, 454; the La Châtre, 454 Dredging machines on Panama Canal, 309-312 ” operations, cost of, on Humber, 455; on Clyde, Tyne, Wear, Tees, and Birmingham Canal, 456 Dudley Canal, 51; tunnel, 427 Dutch Canals. _See_ Holland. Dykes, repair of canal, in Holland, 151 E. Edinburgh Review on the Suez Canal, 19, 266; on the Panama Canal, 310; on canal property, 471 Egypt, occupation of by England, 264 Eiffel, M., sluices for Panama Canal, 301, 409 Elbe, the river, 116; canals, cost of transport on, 383; early propulsion, experiments on, 395 Elbing Highland Canals, 148 Ellesmere Canal, 47; viaduct on the, 427 Embankments, 424 Employés on British Railways and Canals, comparison of, 53 Ems, the river, 117, 118 Engineers, hydraulic, 12 England and Wales, rivers of, 23; canals of, 40; boats on, 462; progress of inland navigation in, v Epochs in history of canals, 18 Erewash Canal, 18 Erie Canal, 194, 202, 215; competition of with railways, 379 Euphrates Valley route to India, 270 Excavators, 449 Exeter Canal, 11 Exports from United Kingdom, 16 Eyder, the river, 123; the canal, 124 F. Falmark, Capt., and the Panama route, 276 Farrar, Sir Thomas, on state of British Canals, 472 Finland, canals of, 183 Florida Ship Canal, proposed, 213 Forth and Clyde Canal, 66; section of, 67; proposed new canal, 83 ” Bridge, the, 73 Fossdyke navigation, 18; Roman origin of, 23 France, cost of canal system of, in 1880, 97; cost of river improvement in, 98; expenditure on ports of, 98; traffic of principal river basins, 99; early canals of, 99; canal of Languedoc, 100; Crappone Canal, 105; Alpines Canal, 106; Lens La Deûle Canal, 107; Marne Canal, 108; canalisation of the Moselle, 110; Mediterranean and Biscay Canal, 111; Rhone Canals, 112; St. Louis Canal, 112; mania for canals, in, v French canals: Charolais, 14; Languedoc, 14; waterways, 93; general character of system, 94; total tonnage carried on canals, 94; canals compared with railways, 95; density of traffic on, 98; size of locks on principal, 113; law of 1879 as to dimensions of, 113; cost of transport on, 387; locks on, 414 French rivers, 115 Froude, Mr., on Panama Canal, 310 G. Ganges, river, 240 German Ocean and Black Sea, first attempts to unite, 13; waterways, traffic on, 382; railways, cost of transport on, 383 Germany, waterways of, 116; river systems, 116; the Rhine, 117; the Ems, 118; the Mosel, 118; the Rhine and Danube Canal, 119; the Oder and Elbe Canal, 120; the Holstein Canal, 121; North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, 122; Rhine-Ems Canal, 127; Scheldt and Rhine Canal, 127; Dortmund and Emden Canal, 128; Oder and Upper Spree Canal, 129; traffic on German waterways, 130 Glamorganshire and Aberdare Canal, 52 Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, system of towage on, 402 Gotha Canal (Sweden), 164; West Gotha Canal, 167 Government control of waterways, 470 Grand Canal (Ireland), 80; (China), 232, 302 ” Junction Canal, locks on, 415 Great sluice, Boston, 37 H. Hamburg, traffic of, 133 Hargreaves, invention of spinning-jenny by, 9 Haskew’s excavator, 448 Haulage and transport, systems of, 391; cost of different methods of, 440 Henry II. and the canal of Charolais (France), 14 History, personal, of canal navigation, 13 Holland, waterways of, 145; North Holland Canal, 145; Haarlem Canal, 146; North Sea Canal, 146; Amsterdam Ship Canal, 147; Elbing Highland Canals, 148; Voorne Canal, Niewe-waterweg, Walcheren and South Beveland Canals, 149; Afwaterings Kanaal; canalised river Ijssel; Keulsche Vaart, Meppelerdiep, Drentsche, Hoofdvaart, Kolonievaart, and Willemsvaart, 150; Apeldoorn Canal, Noordervaart, and Dokkum Canal, 151; construction of canals in seventeenth century, 365 Holstein Canal, the, 121 Hoogly river, 240 Horace Walpole, robbed in streets of London, 3 Horse towing, cost of, 384 Humboldt, on the volcanoes of Nicaragua, 317 Hungary, canals of, 190 Hyegra and Kovja Canal, 181 I. Ice on Canals, dealing with, 467 Inclines for canals, 413 India, British, waterways of, 237; Madras Presidency, and Delta Canals, 238; Godavery delta, 239; Calcutta Canal, 240; Naddea rivers, 240; Madras Canals, 241; Ramisseram Canal, 241; Indus canals, 242; Ganges and Hoogly, 239, 442; recent Indian Canals, 243; South Malabar and Travancore Canals, 243; projected Palk Straits Canal, 244 India, Euphrates Valley route to, 270; Jordan route to, 272; boats on canals of, 463 Indus river, the, 243 Inventions of 18th century, 8 Ireland linen manufacture of, 9; waterways of, 74 Irish rivers and canals, minor, 78 ” Sea and Birkenhead Ship Canal, proposed, 87 Iron, production of, 130 years ago, 2 Irrigation canals in Italy, 160; tanks or reservoirs in India, 241 Irwell and Mersey, proposed improvement of, 26, 35 Isthmian Canals, xii Italy, waterworks of, 153; early canals in, 153; the Tiber, 157; the Villoresi Canal, 158; the canals of Venice, 159; irrigation canals, 160; river Po, 162; projected canals, 163; early sluice-gates in, 409 Itchin Dyke, a Roman waterway, 24 J. Johnson, Dr., an enemy to canals, 369 Jordan, proposed canal from Acre to the, 273 K. Kattegat and Skager Rack, 126 Kennet and Avon Canal, 45 Ketley, William, first inclined plane, 411 L. Lakes, American, commerce of the, 213; transport on, 386; areas of, 494 La Louviére hydraulic lift, 420 Land transport, conditions of, 376 Languedoc Canal, v, 14, 19, 100 Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 12, 44; cost of transport on, 383 Lens la Deûle Canal, 106 Lesseps, M. de, portrait of, 261; plans of, for Suez Canal, 250 Level, differences of, on English canals, 436 Levy’s system of cable haulage, 403 Lifts, canal, 420 Liverpool and Manchester, cost of transport between, 40; traffic carried between, 41; Goole and Hull, section of navigation between, 50 Lloyd, Capt., and the Panama route, 276; E. J., on best size of locks, 417; Samuel, on national canal, viii Locking, length of operation, 464 Locks size of, between London and Birmingham, 58; dimensions of on principal French canals, 113, 415; different systems of, 409, 414; earliest, 411; on English canals, 415; on St. Mary’s Falls and Welland canals, 417; on Manchester Ship Canal, 418; on Nicaraguan Canal, 418 Locomotive haulage on canals, 402; on French canals, 403 London, condition of streets of, in eighteenth century, 3; through water routes between, and manufacturing districts, 12; and Birmingham, water routes between, 58; and Bristol, canal connection between, 88; traffic of port of, 97 Lord Clarence Paget, on the Languedoc canal, 100 Loughborough Canal, 18 Louis XIV. and the Languedoc Canal, 14 Louvain Canal, cost of horse towing on, 384 M. Macaulay, Lord, on inventions which abridge distance, 1; on condition of England at end of seventeenth century, 4 Maclaren, Charles, on railways and canals, 368; on economical transport, 436 Madras, canal system, 241 Magdalena river, 229 Maintenance, expense of, on railway and canals, Manchester Ship Canal, 19, 329; probable trade of, 330; history of, 332; docks, 333; works, 337; sections, 340; Brindley’s aqueduct, 343; and Liverpool, cost of transport between, 40; works on, 448 Marco Polo, 232 Markets often inaccessible at end of seventeenth century, 6 Marne Canal, 108 Masonry weir on Cavour Canal, 434 Menes, construction of waterways by, 13 Menocal, on the Nicaraguan Canal, 323 Merchandise, general, on canals, 441 Mersey and Irwell, proposed improvement of, 26; development of, 26, 27 Miami and Erie Canal, 202 Milan, canals of, 153, 411 Milton, on British rivers, 23 Monkland Canal, 68; inclines employed on, 413 Morris Canal, 205; inclines on, 413 Mosel or Moselle, the river, 118; canalisation of the, 110 N. Napoleon III. and the Nicaraguan Canal, 14, 316. _See_ Buonaparte Natural condition of earth’s surface, 2 Navigation, length of, on principal English canals, 56; map showing extent of English canal, 57; between London and Birmingham, 58; development of inland, in England, vi Neath Canal, 52 Nene and Ouse, the, 34 Nero, a canal builder, 13 Netherton tunnel, 427 Neutralisation of waterways, importance of, 9 New York State, canals of, see United States; Act of Legislature, 465 Nicaragua lake, 317 Nicaraguan Canal 14, 314; history of, 317; description of proposed, 319; locks, 321; basins, 322; estimates of cost, 324; harbours, 327; saving of distances by, 328; locks proposed for, 418 Nieman, the river, 116 North and Caspian Seas, junction of, 19 North Sea and Baltic Ship Canal, 122 North Sea Canal, 146 O. Oder, the river, 116; and Elbe Canal, 120; and Upper Spree Navigation, 129 Ohio Canal, 208 Orebro Canal, 170 Ottawa river, 227 Ourcq Canal (Paris), 97 P. Pack-horse, cost of transport by, 7 Palmerston, Lord, and the Suez Canal, 264 Panama Canal, cost of, 19; history of, 295; proceedings at Congress of geographical science, 278; proposals of M. de Lesseps, 280; rival projects, 280; works required, 282; progress of operations, 286; capital, expenditure of, 287; difficulties, 288; mortality, 289; cost of labour, 290; financial troubles, 292; suspension of the company, 293; decision of Chamber of Deputies, 294; comparison of railway and canal experiences, 296; technical description, 298; profile and tracing of canal, 298; plans of proposed sluices, 299; calculations of traffic, 203; the Chagres river, 305; American opinion, 307; dredging machines, 309-312 Papin’s digester, Watt’s first experiment with, 8 Paris, traffic of by railways and waterways, 95; coal supply of, 96, 97 Peel, Sir Robert, print works of, 9 Perekop Canal, 180 Peter the Great and Catherine as canal-makers, 14; canals planned by, 173 Pitchora river, 184 Planes, locks, sluice-gates, and lifts, 408; first inclined, for waterways, 411 Po, the river, 162 Ports of France, expenditure on, 98 Poutiloff Canal, 177 Price-Williams, R., on the cost of mineral traffic, 390 Priestley, on British canals, 54 Provinces, condition of, in eighteenth century, 4 Ptolemy II., a canal-builder, 13 Q. Quarterly Review on the Suez Canal, 266; on the early railways, 366 R. Railroad, the Callao, Lima, and Oroya, 15 Railway rates, prohibitive character of, 9; Liverpool and Manchester, 367; and canal traffic Acts, 1888, 374 Railways, average cost of, per mile, in different countries, 10; traffic carried on, in United Kingdom, 15, 17; in Germany, traffic on and waterways compared, 133; and canals, general comparison of 364; cost of, 377; canals owned by, vii Rainhill locomotive contest, 367 Rates, railway, 376; railway and canal compared, 378; on New York State canals, 381; inland navigation in Germany, 388; on British canals, 387 Regulations for Dutch canals, 152 Rhine, wire ropes used for traction on, 397; Marne canals, 110 Rhine and Danube, attempted union of by Charlemagne, 13; proposed canal between, 119; characteristics of, 117; Rhine Ems Canal, 127; and Scheldt, 127 Rhone, systems of haulage on, 392; canals of the, 112 Ribble, the river, 31 Rio Grande river, 317 Rio San Francisco, 317 Riquet, M., and the Languedoc Canal, 100 Rivers in England, number of made navigable, 12; conservancy and improvement of, 36; suggested department for control of, 37; shipping trade of 37; particulars of principal, 38; basins, principal, 491 Rivers of England and Wales, 23; of France, 115; of Germany, 116; of Italy, 157, 162; of Russia, 184; of United States, 191; of Canada, 227 Roads, condition of, in middle of eighteenth century, 3; from Kensington to London, 3; difference between macadamised and other, 7 Rokeby, Justice, on going circuit at end of seventeenth century, 5 Romans, the, as canal makers, v; and British waterways, 23 Rope traction, 395 Rotterdam, canals of, 149 Royal Canal (Ireland), 81 Rundall, General, on advantages and defects of canals, 60 Russia, waterways of, 172; canals projected by Peter the Great, 173; Baltic and Caspian Sea canals, 175; Baltic and Black Sea canals, 176; Beresinski Canal, 176; Ognisky Canal, 176; King’s Canal, 176; canal communication with Bay of Finland, 176; Iwanoff Canal, 177; Kamüshinski Canal, 177; the Poutiloff Canal, 177; Perekop Canal, 180; Baltic and White Sea Canal, 181; Volga and Don Canal, 181; Hyegra and Kovja Canal, 181; Black Sea and Azov Canal, 182; the canals of Finland, 183; river systems of Russia, 184; early canals of, 365 S. Sailing ships and steamers, and Suez Canal, 260 Salwarp, proposed improvement of, 23, 25 Sandys, William, and the Avon improvement, 23; and Salwarp Navigation, 23; 100 years before Brindley, 24; improvement of Wye by, 24 San Juan de Nicaragua river, 316 ” del Norte, 320 ” del Sur, port of, 316 Saône, weirs on the, 431 Sault St. Marie Canal, 209; locks on, 417 Scheldt and Rhine Canal; and Meuse Canal, 415 Schuylkill Navigation, 205 Scotland, waterways of, 63 Seaboard, struggle for by modern nations, 9 Sea transport, cost of, 385; seas, areas of, 494 Seine, regulating weirs on the, 431 Sesostris, a canal builder, 13 Severn and Thames, proposals for connection of, 25; improvement of the, 32; section of navigation between, and the Thames, 50 Shannon, the, 74 Sheffield and Goole Canal, proposed, 85 Ship Canal projects, 20. _See_ Panama, Suez, Nicaragua, Manchester, &c. ” Railway, proposed by Captain Eads, 422; canals, future of, viii Shipping trade of chief British rivers, 37; of Clyde, 66; of Tyne, 31; of Suez Canal, 259, 267 Shropshire Canal, planes on, 413 Single-width canals, 467 Sluices proposed for Panama Canal, 311; on Aire and Calder Canal, 432; on the Weaver, 432; earliest in Italy, 409; at Trolhätta in Sweden, 430 Sluice-valves, substitution of, for let-offs, 429 Sluiceways on Aire and Calder Canal, 432 Smeaton, construction of great sluice by, 37 Smiles, Samuel, on canal development, 369 Sone Canal (India), boats on, 463 South and Central America, waterways of, 229 Speed, details of, 399; on Belgian Canals, 399, 435; on Lea, 399; on Grand Junction Canal, 435; on Rotterdam Canal, 435; increase of by lifts or inclined planes, 436; effect of breaking waves on, 437; on Suez Canal, 437; in Sweden and Holland, 437; effect of size and number of locks on, 438; depth of English canals, 439; canal and railway compared, 439 Squires, Mr., and the American isthmus, 277 Stafford and Worcester Canal, 41; first locks on, 411 Stage-coach and railway travelling compared, 6 Stage-coaches, rate of speed of, 7 State acquisition and control of canals, 469 State, English waterways under control of, 11; ownership of, _versus_ private enterprise, x, 11 Steam locomotives on common roads, proposed by Robinson, 8; towing, cost of, 384; on shallow canals, 399; application of, to locks, 423 Stephenson, Robert, and the Suez Canal, 265 St. Lawrence river, 228; plan of locks on canals, 416 St. Mary’s Falls Canal. _See_ Sault St. Marie St. Maurice Canal, cable haulage on, 403 Stockton and Darlington Railway, 366 Stourbridge Canal, 51 Stour, river, 25 Suez Canal, inauguration of new era by, 18; cost of, 19; history of, 245; canal of Rameses, 247; proposals of M. de Lesseps, 250; concessions granted, 251; contracts, 253; progress of work, 255; effect of Suez Canal, 257; saving of distance, 260; size of ships, 260; income and working expenditure, 259; Euphrates Valley route, 270; enlargement of canal, 268; Trebizonde and Tigris Valley routes, 272; proposed parallel canal, 273 Swansea Canal, 52 Sweden, waterways of, 164; the Gotha Canal, 164; West Gotha Canal, 167; Dalsland Canal, 167; Cunda Canal, 170; Orebro Canal, 170; projected canals, 170 T. Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 278; proposed ship railway for, 422 Tees, the, 34 Telford, Thomas, and the Gotha Canal, 165; locks on Caledonian Canal, 417 Textile industries, condition of, in eighteenth century, 3 Thames, early propulsion on, 394 Thames, Severn and Mersey, communication between, 12; conservancy of, 37 Thames, the river, 353; extent of commerce of, 354; ship canal, 356; Tilbury docks, 357; comparison of proposed ship canal with Suez Canal, 358; plan of the, 360; navigable facilities of Thames, 361; the upper Thames, 362 Thread and gauze, manufacture of, begun at Paisley, 8 Tiber, the river, 157 Tigris Valley route to India, 272 Tolls, examples of on English Canals, 387 Torksey, a Roman town and fort, 23 Towing, cost of, 381; by horse and steam, 384; by men, 399; on Aire and Calder canal, 402; on Gloucester and Berkeley Canal, 402; paths, 429 Traffic carried on French waterways, 94, 115; on German waterways, 130; canal, character and density of, 441; on English waterways, 442 Trajan interested in canals, iv, 13 Transport and haulage, systems of, 391 Transport and working of canals, 364; water and land, compared, 375; cost of, by different systems, 380, 381; cost of, on German railways, 383 Transportation, higher cost of in United Kingdom, 10; cost of coal, to Paris, 115; conditions of in United States, 214 Trolhätta, cataract of, 430 Tugs, employed on Danube, 397; on Rhine, 399; wire-rope, 398; Jacquel’s system, on Saar coal canal, 398 Tunnels, viaducts, embankments, and weirs, 424; on Bridgwater Canal, 424; on Shropshire Canal, 426; length of chief on English canals, 426; on Birmingham system of canals, 427; Dudley and Netherton, 427 Turf and wood, fuel, used in seventeenth century, 8 Tyne, the river, 29 U. Ulloas, de, and the Panama route, 276 Union Canal (Scotland), 68; Pennsylvania, 205 United Kingdom, coast line of, 9. _See_ England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland United States, waterways of the, 191; river systems, 191; historical notes on early canals, 192; Erie Canal, 194; Ohio canals, 195; Indiana and Illinois, 196; growth of traffic, 197; details of chief canals, 201; extent of system, 202; Miami and Erie, 202; Morris Canal, Union Canal, and Schuylkill Navigation, 205; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 206; Ohio Canal, 208; Sault St. Marie Canal, 209; projected canals, 213; transportation in the United States, 214; contest between railways and canals in, 370 Ural, the, 184 V. Vasa, Gustavus, as a canal-maker, 14 Venice, Doges of, as canal-makers, 14; canals of, 159 Vernon-Harcourt, on canal inclines, 413 Vessels. _See_ boats Viaducts, embankments, tunnels and weirs, 424; on the Ellesmere Canal, 427 Villoresi Canal, Italy, 158 Vinci, Leonardo da, as a canal-maker, 13 Vishni Volotchok Canal, 443 Vistula, the river, 116 Volga, the, 184; Volga and Don Canal, 181 Voyage of Lord Clarence Paget on the Canal du Midi, 102 W. Wafer, Lionel, and the Panama route, 275 Wages, rates of, in seventeenth century, 7; paid on Panama canal works, 302 Wales, canal facilities of, 53 Waller, quotations from, 40 Warwickshire canals, compensation tolls paid by, 273 Water and land transport compared, 375; elements affecting cost of, 377 Waterways: of England and Wales, rivers, 23; canals, 40; of Scotland, 63; of Ireland, 74; of France, 93; of Germany, 116 Waterways, results of construction of, 8; neglect of, in United Kingdom, 12; total length of, in United Kingdom, 12; Roman, in Great Britain, 23; traffic carried on, and length of, principal in Germany, 130-131; making of, 447; Government control of, 471; cost of transport by, ix, 472 Watt, James, personal details of, 72; as a canal-maker, 72 Watt’s first experiment on the power of steam, 8 Wear, the river, 36 Weaver, the, 28; cost of transport on, 385; lift on the, 420; sluices on the, 432 Wedgwood ware, manufacture of first begun, 8 Weirs, 424; regulating, on the Seine, 431 Welland Canal, 216; plan of locks on, 416 Weser, the river, 117 Wheelwright, Mr., and the Panama route, 277 Whittier, quoted, 447 Willebroeck Canal, cost of towing on, 384 Windmills, use of in Holland, 151 Wire rope traction, 397; unsuccessful in England, 402 Witham, the, 33 Wood, Nicholas, calculations as to cost of transport, 15; on speed on railways, 366; on cost of transport of minerals, 367 Worcester and Birmingham Canal, 51 Wye, improvement of, by Sandys, 24 Y. Yarranton, Andrew, and river improvement, 25; proposal to deepen the Salwarp, 25; Stour navigation improved by, 25; proposed connection of Thames and Severn by, 25; personal details of, 25 Yellow river, or Ho-hang-ho, 233 LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WATERWAYS AND WATER TRANSPORT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516, Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.