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Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic medicine and Toxicology. Vol. 1 by R. A. Witthaus et al.

4. Post-mortem ecchymoses are very extensive, ante-mortem generally

870 words  |  Chapter 64

limited in area. A peculiar appearance of cadaveric lividity is observed in bodies which have been wrapped in a sheet and allowed to cool or that have cooled in their clothing. It occurs in the form of bands or stripes over the whole surface, and often gives an appearance as of a person flogged. The explanation of this appearance is that the congestion of the vessels takes place in the interstices of the folds, while the parts compressed remain whole. The unbroken condition of the cuticle, together with the other characteristics just mentioned, are sufficient to distinguish these ecchymoses from those produced by violence. While cadaveric lividity is seen in all bodies after death, it is especially pronounced in those persons who have died suddenly in full health or by violence, as from apoplexy, hanging, drowning, or suffocation. It is very slight in the bodies of those who have died from hemorrhage or anæmia. The time at which cadaveric lividity appears varies greatly. Casper, who has investigated the subject thoroughly, sets the time at from twelve to fifteen hours after death. PUTREFACTION. At a period varying from a few hours to three days after death, certain changes are seen in the human body which show that putrefaction has commenced. A change of color appears first upon the middle of the abdomen and gradually spreads over the rest of the body; it is first pale green, which gradually deepens, and finally becomes purplish or brown. This change in color is due to the action on the hæmoglobin of the gases developed by decomposition. Similar discoloration makes its appearance on the chest, between the ribs, on the face, the neck, the legs, and lastly on the arms, where it is more marked along the large venous trunks, and has sometimes been mistaken for marks of violence. The eyeballs become flaccid, and if exposed to the air the conjunctiva and cornea become dry and brown. Gases are formed, not only in the hollow organs of the abdomen but also in the skin. Those developed in the cavities of the head and face force frothy, reddish fluid or mucus from the mouth and nostrils, and may cause swelling of the features and protrusion of the eyes and tongue. It must be remembered that the gases while producing distention of the abdomen may also cause changes in the position of the blood and slight displacement of the organs; they may also force undigested food into the mouth and into the larynx, and so lead to suspicion of death from suffocation. As putrefaction advances, after a period of five or six days the entire surface of the body becomes green or brown, the cuticle becomes loose and easily detached; the tissues flaccid and often bathed in a reddish serum in such situations as the neck, the groin, and the back part of the scalp. The thorax and abdomen become enormously distended, the features distorted and scarcely recognizable, and the hair and nails loosened. Beyond this, it is impossible to follow the changes leading to disintegration with any degree of certainty. The changes which I have just described as produced by putrefaction are the _ordinary_ ones seen in a body exposed to the air at a moderate temperature, but it must be remembered that the time and rapidity of the development of these changes may be influenced by a large number of factors, and that they are of very little importance in estimating the time of death. I have seen bodies buried two months that have shown fewer of the changes produced by putrefaction than others dead but a week. The appearance of a body buried in a coffin will be as follows after a period varying from a few months to one or two years. The soft tissues will have become dry and brown and the face and limbs covered with a soft white fungus. Hard white crystalline deposits of calcium phosphate will be found on the surface of the soft organs, and when found on the surface of the stomach care should be taken not to confound them with the effects of poison. In time the viscera become so mixed together that it is difficult to distinguish them. For the most part the changes that take place in a body buried in a coffin are similar, but much slower, to those that occur if the body is exposed to the air or buried in soil. Even under apparently identical circumstances the most varied results have been observed, so it is not possible for a medical jurist to fix a definite period of death or the time of burial from the appearance of an exhumed body. For example, Taylor records a case where after thirty-four years’ interment an entire and perfect skeleton was discovered, surrounded by traces of shroud and coffin, while in an adjoining grave all that remained of a body that had been dead twenty-five years were the long bones and base of the skull, In one case a body was found well preserved after six years’ burial and in another after even thirty years’ interment. This brings us next to a consideration of those factors that favor or retard decomposition. CIRCUMSTANCES FAVORING PUTREFACTION.
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1. Chapter 1 2. INTRODUCTION, v 3. INTRODUCTION. 4. CHAPTER I. 5. CHAPTER II. 6. CHAPTER III. 7. CHAPTER IV. 8. CHAPTER V. 9. CHAPTER VI. 10. 1. Persons graduated from a legally chartered medical school not less 11. 3. Medical students taking a regular course of medical instruction. 12. 1. Graduates of a reputable medical college in the school of medicine 13. 2. Persons not graduates in medicine who had practised medicine in this 14. 3. A person not a graduate of medicine and who has not practised 15. 1. Fellow, member (inserted 22 Vict., c. 21, s. 4), licentiate, or 16. 2. Fellow, member (inserted 22 Vict., c. 21, s. 4), or licentiate of 17. 3. Fellow or licentiate of the King’s and Queen’s College of Physicians 18. 4. Fellow or member or licentiate in midwifery of the Royal College of 19. 5. Fellow or licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 20. 6. Fellow or licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of 21. 10. Doctor or bachelor or licentiate of medicine, or master in surgery 22. 11. Doctor of medicine of any foreign or colonial university or 23. 1. Persons entitled to be registered at the time of the coming into 24. 2. Any member of any incorporated college of physicians and surgeons 25. 3. Every person mentioned in chap. 48 of Act 49 and 50 Vict. of the 26. 4. Every graduate in medicine upon examination of the University of 27. 5. Every person who produces to the registrar the certificate under the 28. 1. A license to practise physic, surgery, and midwifery, or either, 29. 2. A license or diploma granted under 2 Vict., c. 38, or under the 30. 3. A license or authorization to practise physic, surgery, and 31. 4. A certificate of qualification to practise medicine, surgery, and 32. 5. A medical or surgical degree or diploma of any university or college 33. 6. A certificate of registration under the Imperial Act 21 and 22 34. 7. A commission or warrant as physician or surgeon in Her Majesty’s 35. 8. Certificates of qualification to practise medicine under any of the 36. 1. That he holds a certificate of study from a licensed physician for 37. 3. That he has followed his studies during a period of not less than 38. 4. That during said four years he attended at some university, college, 39. 5. That he attended the general practice of a hospital in which are 40. 6. That he has attended six cases of labor and compounded medicines for 41. 1. When and under what circumstances the body was first seen; stating 42. 3. Any circumstances that would lead to a suspicion of suicide or 43. 4. Time after death at which the examination was made, if it can be 44. 5. The external appearance of the body: whether the surface is livid or 45. 7. Any marks of violence on the person, disarrangement of the dress, 46. 8. Presence or absence of warmth in the legs, abdomen, arms, armpits, 47. 9. Presence or absence of rigor mortis. 48. 10. Upon first opening the body the color of the muscles should be 49. 12. The state of the abdominal viscera, describing each one in 50. 13. The state of the heart and lungs. (For special consideration of the 51. 14. The state of the brain and spinal cord. 52. 2. Intermittent shocks of electricity at different tensions passed into 53. 3. Careful movements of the joints of the extremities and of the lower 54. 4. A bright needle plunged into the body of the biceps muscle 55. 5. The opening of a vein, showing that the blood has undergone 56. 6. The subcutaneous injection of ammonia (Monte Verde’s test), causing 57. 7. A fillet applied to the veins of the arm (Richardson’s test), 58. 8. “Diaphanous test:” after death there is an absence of the 59. 9. “Eye test:” after death there is a loss of sensibility of the eye 60. 4. Changes in color due to 61. 1. Situation. Post-mortem ecchymoses are seen on that portion of the 62. 2. In cadaveric lividity there is no elevation of the skin and the 63. 3. After cutting into the tissues where an ecchymosis has been produced 64. 4. Post-mortem ecchymoses are very extensive, ante-mortem generally 65. 1. =Temperature.=—Putrefaction advances most rapidly at a temperature 66. 2. =Moisture.=—Putrefaction takes place only in the presence of 67. 3. =Air.=—Exposure to air favors decomposition by carrying to the body 68. 4. =Age.=—The bodies of children decompose much more rapidly than 69. 5. =Cause of Death.=—In cases of sudden death, as from accident or 70. 6. =Manner of Burial.=—When a body is buried in low ground in a damp, 71. 1. =The Temperature.=—Below 32° F. and above 212° F. putrefaction is 72. 2. =Moisture.=—Absence of moisture retards decomposition. In the dry 73. 3. =Air.=—If access of air to a body be prevented in any way by its 74. 4. =Age.=—Adults and old people decompose more slowly than children. 75. 5. =Cause of Death.=—Putrefaction is delayed after death from chronic 76. 6. =Manner of Burial.=—Putrefaction is retarded by burial a short 77. 1. Bodies of young persons, because the fat is abundant and chiefly 78. 4. The immersion of bodies in water, the change taking place more 79. 5. Humid soil, especially when bodies are placed in it one upon the 80. 1. HEMORRHAGE varies in amount with the size of the wound, the 81. 2. COAGULATION OF BLOOD.—As stated at the beginning of this section, 82. 3. EVERSION OF THE LIPS OF THE WOUND.—The edges or lips of a wound 83. 4. RETRACTION OF THE SIDES OF THE WOUND is also dependent on their 84. 1. =Hemorrhage.=—This may act by producing syncope. But the amount of 85. introduction into the blood and tissues of the bacteria themselves. 86. 1. _Cullingworth: Lancet, May 1st, 1875, p. 608_.—Woman. Believed to 87. 2. _Taylor: “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 412._—Man and woman. 88. 3. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., December_ 1st, 1875, _p. 312_.—Hindoo 89. 4. _Harris: Ibid., p. 313._—Boy, age 10. Abrasions over front of 90. 5. _Mackenzie: Ibid., February, 1889, p. 44._—Hindoo woman, age not 91. 30. Strangled by soft cloth cord. Necroscopy: Circular mark of cord, 92. 7. _Ibid., p. 234._—Hindoo woman, age about 40. Broad, circular, 93. 8. _Ibid., p. 235._—Hindoo woman, age about 25. Piece of cloth twisted 94. 9. _Harvey: Ibid., January_ 1st, 1876, _p. 2_.—Hindoo woman, age 12 95. 10. _Ibid._—Hindoo man, age 20. Dead seven days; much decomposition 96. 11. _Ibid._—Cases of strangulation by sticks and other hard 97. 12. _Ibid._—In another subject two sticks were tightly tied together, 98. 13. _Pemberton: Lancet, May_ 22d, 1869, _p. 707_.—Woman, age 60. 99. 14. _Cullingworth: Med. Chron., Manchester, 1884-85, i., p. 100. 15. _The Gouffé Case._—Murdered by Eyraud and Bompard in 1889. _Archiv 101. 16. _Horteloup: Ann. d’Hygiène, 1873, xxxix., pp. 408-416._—Man found 102. 17. _Laennec: Journ. de med. l’ouest, 1878, xii., pp. 68-71._—Woman, 103. 18. _Lancet, ii., 1841-42, p. 129._—Woman, found dead, her clothing 104. 19. _Alguie: “Étude méd. and exp. de l’homicide réel ou simulé par 105. 20. _Gatscher: Mittheil. d. Wien. med. Doct. Colleg., 1878, iv., p. 106. 21. _Ibid., p. 46._—Woman, age 50, found dead in bed. Blood fluid; two 107. 22. _Waidele: Memorabilien, 1873, xviii., pp. 161-167._—Husband and 108. 23. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1883, xxxiv., pp. 109. 24. _Schüppel: Vier. ger. öff. Med., xiii., 1870, pp. 140-156._—Woman, 110. 25. _Weiss: Ibid., xxvii., 1877, pp. 239-244._—Woman strangulated by 111. 26. _Isnard and Dieu: Rev. cas jud., Paris, 1841, p. 101._—Man, 112. 27. _Friedberg: Gericht. gutacht., 1875, pp. 211-224._—Woman found 113. 26. _Tardieu: “Pendaison,” p. 223._—New-born infant. Question whether 114. 29. _Ibid., p. 219._—Woman, advanced in years, habits dissipated; 115. 30. _Ibid., p. 216._—Wife of the celebrated painter Gurneray; found 116. 31. _Ibid., p. 211._—Three murders by one man. All women. All injured 117. 32. _Francis: Med. Times and Gaz., December_ 2d, 1876, _p. 118. 33. _Badahur: Indian Med. Gaz., December, 1882, p. 330._—Hindoo 119. 34. _Harris: Ibid._—Woman; made a loop of her hair around her neck, 120. 35. _Geoghegan: Taylor’s “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 413._—Informed 121. 36. _Taylor: “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 418._—Boy: found dead with 122. 37. _Fargues: Rec. de mém. de méd., etc., Paris, 1869, xxii., pp. 123. 38. _Borchard: Jour. de méd. de Bordeaux, 1860, v., p. 349 et 124. 39. _Hofmann: Wien med. Presse, 1879, xx., p. 16, et seq. Also 125. 40. _Zillner: Wien med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 969, 999._—Woman, age 126. 41. _Bollinger: Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1889, xl., p. 127. 42. _Roth: Ibid., p. 9._—Man, age 68; melancholic; found dead in bed. 128. 43. _Ibid._—Son-in-law at 36 years of age had committed suicide in the 129. 44. _Ibid._—Man, age 63; found dead in his bed; cord around neck 130. 45. _Maschka: Vier. ger. öff. Med., 1883, xxxviii., pp. 71-77._—Woman, 131. 46. _Ibid._—Woman; supposed to have been murdered by her son. There 132. 47. _Hackel: Dorpat Diss., 1891, p. 34._—Man, age 48; strangled 133. 48. _Binner: Zeitsch. f. Med-beamte, 1888, i., pp. 364-368._—Woman; 134. 49. _Bédié: Rec. de mém. de Méd., etc., Paris, 1866, xvi., pp. 135. 50. _Liégey: Jour. de Méd. chir. et pharm., Brussels, 1868, xlvi., 136. 51. _Friedberg: Gericht. gutacht., p. 240._—New-born child found dead 137. 1. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 2._—Man, age 30. Found 138. 2. _Ibid., p. 3._—Insane man, age 60. Put his neck in a V-shaped fork 139. 3. _Ibid., p. 5._—Woman, age 28. Two marks of ligature on neck; one 140. 4. _Ibid., p. 5._—Man, age 45; first cut his throat and then hung 141. 5. _Ibid., p. 30._—Woman; hung herself with a twisted cloth. There 142. 6. _Ibid._—Man, age 39. Distinct mark of cord around neck; no other 143. 7. _Ibid._—Man, age 70. Mark of cord around the neck, superficial 144. 8. _Ibid._—Sex and age not given. Found hanging on a tree; usual 145. 9. _Ibid., p. 32._—Man, age 50. Face livid, eyes red and protruding; 146. 10. _Hurpy: Ann. d’ Hygiene, 1881, vi., pp. 359-367, with 147. 11. _Champouillon: Same journal, 1876, xlvi., p. 129._—Man, age 62; 148. 12. _Pellier: Lyon thesis, 1883, No. 188, p. 72._—Boy, age 16, hung 149. 13. _Lacassagne: Pellier thesis (supra), p. 71._—Man; hung himself; 150. 14. _Maschka: Archiv. de l’anthrop. crim., Paris, 1886, i., pp. 151. 15. _Friedberg: Virchow’s Archiv, 1878, lxxiv., p. 401._—Suicidal 152. 16. _Bollinger: Friedreich’s Blätt. f. ger. Med., 1889, xl., p. 153. 17. _Med. Times and Gaz., London, 1860, ii., p. 39._—Woman; had 154. 18. _E. Hoffman: Mitt. d. Wien. Med. Doct. Colleg., 1878, iv., pp. 155. 20. 3d. Man, age 50. First tried to kill himself with phosphorus, then 156. 21. _Müller-Beninga: Berlin. klin. Woch., 1877, xiv., p. 481._—Man, 157. 22. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 18._—The Prince of Condé was found hanging 158. 23. _Allison: Lancet, 1869, i., p. 636._—Three cases of suicide by 159. 24. _Tardieu: Op. cit., pp. 93-105._—Woman, died of coma and asphyxia 160. 25. _Ibid., pp. 67-72._—The famous case of Marc-Antoine Calas, who 161. 26. _Ibid., p. 72._—Another famous case. A woman, age 30, hung herself 162. 27. _Hofmann: Wien. med. Presse, 1880, xxi., p. 201._—Man, age 68, 163. 28. _Ibid.: 1878, xix., pp. 489-493._—Woman, found dead sitting in 164. 29. _Ibid._—Man, tried to poison himself with phosphorus and sulphuric 165. 30. _Maschka: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 714, 747, 1075._—Man, 166. 32. _Ibid. 1883, xxxiii., pp. 1118-1120._—Woman. age 23. Question 167. 33. _Hofmann: Allg. Wien. med. Zeit., 1870, xv., pp. 192-214._—Man, 168. 34. _Van Haumeder: Wien. med. Woch., 1882, xxxii., pp. 169. 35. _Maschka: “Sammlung gericht. Gutacht.,” etc. (Prag), Leipzig, 1873, 170. 36. _Ibid., p. 144._—Boy, age 13. Found hanging in sitting position. 171. 37. _Ibid., p. 149._—Woman, age 60; found hanging, sitting position. 172. 39. _Ibid., p. 165._—Man, age 63. Suicide by hanging, or homicide by 173. 40. _Berliner: Viert. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1874, xx., pp. 174. 41. _Deininger: Friedreich’s Blät. ger. Med., 1884, xxxv., pp. 175. 42. _Mader: Bericht d. k. k. Rud. Stift., Wien. (1875), 1876, p. 176. 43. _Grant: Lancet, 1889, ii., p. 265._—Man, age 48; found sitting 177. 44. _White: Lancet, 1884, ii., p. 401._—Woman, age 53, insane. Made 178. 45. _Richards: Indian Med. Gaz., 1886, xxi., p. 78._—Man, age 20; 179. 47. _Terrier: Prog. Méd., 1887, vi., pp. 211-214._—Two men, age 29 and 180. 48. _Nobeling: Aertz. Intellig.-bl., 1884, xxxi., p. 213._—Two 181. 49. _Ritter: Allg. Wien,. med. Zeit., 1886, xxxi., p. 375._—Soldier, 182. 50. _Strassmann: Viert. f. ger. Med., 1888, xlviii., pp. 183. 51. _Balta: Pest. Med. Chir. Presse, 1892, xxviii., p. 1244._—Man, age 184. 52. _Hackel: Op. cit., p. 35._—Man, found hanging to a beam by a 185. 53. _Ibid._—Two cases of suicidal hanging where the cord made no mark. 186. 54. _Freund: Wien. klin. Woch., 1893, vi., pp. 118-121._—Man, found 187. 55. _Hoffman: Op. cit., p. 525, illustrated._—Case communicated by Dr. 188. 56. _Ibid., p. 530._—Man found hanging by handkerchief to branch of 189. 57. _Ibid., p. 541._—Man found hanging to a window. Another man cut 190. 58. _Ibid._—Man found hanging; cut down; the fall caused rupture of 191. 59. _Ibid., p. 539._—Drunkard hung himself; there was evidence that he 192. 60. _Ibid._—Boy hung himself because he had been punished by the 193. 61. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 3._—Woman, age 20, 194. 62. _Ibid., p. 4._—Woman, age 38. Rope close under the chin passed 195. 63. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blät. f. ger. Med., 1883, xxxiv., pp. 196. 64. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 125._—Woman found hanging in her room. 197. 65. _Ibid., p. 124._—Girl, 15 years old. Body found hanging. Post 198. 66. _Ibid., p._ 122.—Woman found hanging in her room, and was 199. 67. _Ibid., p. 106._—The Duroulle affair. Woman found hanging. 200. 68. _Ibid., p._ 130.—The Daugats affair. Man found hanging, sitting 201. 69. _Passauer: Viert. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., pp. 202. 70. _Becker: Same journal, 1877, xxvii., pp. 463-473._—Woman, age 203. 71. _Maschka: “Samm. gericht. Gutacht.,” etc. (Prag), Leipzig, 1873_, 204. 72. _Ibid., p. 127._—Man found dead. Had he been strangled or hung, or 205. 73. _Ibid., p. 133._—Woman, age 42; found hanging; a mark around her 206. 74. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blätt., 1883, xxxiv., pp. 322-362._—Man, age 207. 75. _Hofmann: “Lehrbuch,” p. 538._—A father hung his five children, 208. 76. _MacLaren: Indian Med. Gaz., 1873, viii., p. 234._—Three cases of 209. 77. _Second man_, age 16; pupils widely dilated; eyeballs protruding. 210. 78. _Third man_, age 20; pupils slightly dilated; eyeballs and tongue 211. 79. _Cayley: Ibid., p. 122._—Man, age 35; executed by hanging. 212. 80. _Garden: Same journal, 1880, xv., p. 12._—Man, age 40, weight 213. 81. See two cases of judicial hanging by _Wilkie, same journal, 1881, 214. 82. _Porter: Archiv. Laryngol., New York, 1880, i., p. 142._—Redemier 215. 83. _Another_ criminal hung at the same time had dislocation of 216. 84. _Fenwick: Canada Med. Jour., 1867, iii., p. 195._—Man executed; 217. 85. _Dyer: Trans. Amer. Ophthal. Soc., 1866, p. 13._—Man, age 24; 218. 86. _Dyer: Same Trans., 1869, pp. 72-75._—Man hung. One eye showed 219. 87. _Green: Same Trans., 1876, p. 354._—Man hung; drop seven or eight 220. 88. _Keen: Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 1870, lix., p. 417._—Two criminals 221. 89. _Clark: Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 1858, lviii., p. 222. 90. _Hofmann: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 477-480._—Man, a 223. 91. _Kinkhead: Lancet_, and 701-703.—Cases of hanging. In one, the 224. 92. _Nelson: Southern Clinic, 1885, viii., pp. 198-202._—Two colored 225. 93. _Dercum: Phila. Med. Times, 1886-87, xvii., p. 368._—Description 226. 94. _Kirtikar: Trans. M. and P. Soc., Bombay, 1885, vi., pp. 227. 95. _Lamb: Med. News, Philadelphia, 1882, xli., pp. 42-45._—Execution 228. 96. _Thomson and Allen: Catalog. Surg. Sec. Army Med. Mus._; specimens 229. 97. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 3._—Boy, age 1½ years; 230. 98. _Hackel: Op. cit., p. 35._—Man, age 19, sitting on a load of wood, 231. 99. _Biggs and Jenkins: New York Med. Jour., 1890, lii., p. 30._—Case 232. 1. _Huppert: Vier. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., pp. 233. 2. _Johnson: Lancet, 1878, ii., p. 501._—Boy swallowed penny, became 234. 3. _Ibid._—Man suddenly fell while at dinner; face blue; breathing 235. 4. _Ibid._—Boy, age 5 years. Button in larynx. Aphonia, dyspnœa, 236. 5. _Ibid._—Man, drunk, swallowed a half-sovereign. Urgent dyspnœa; 237. 6. _Med. Times and Gaz., 1874, i., p. 486._—Man, age 20, had severe 238. 7. _Littlejohn: Edin. Med. Jour., 1875, xx., p. 780._—Woman found 239. 8. _Sayre: New York Med. Jour., 1874, xix., p. 420._—Girl, age 240. 9. _Duffy: Trans. Med. Soc. No. Car., 1874, p. 126._—Boy, age 8, 241. 10. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 290._—Man, age 50, found dead on the floor. 242. 11. _Oesterlen: Vier. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., p. 243. 12. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 322._—Two children, one 2 months old, the 244. 13. _Blum: New York Med. Jour., 1885, xlii., p. 207._—Woman, found 245. 14. _Wyeth: Same journal, 1884, xl., p. 487._—Boy, age 12, inspired 246. 15. _Partridge: Same journal, 1890, li., p. 303._—Child, 4 months old, 247. 42. _Roy. Indian Med. Gaz., 1880, xv., p. 71._—Man, believed to be 248. 49. _Poupon: Bull. Soc. Clin., Paris (1882), 1883, vi., pp. 249. 50. _Pons: Jour. Méd., Bordeaux, 1889-1890, xix., pp. 57-61._—Woman, 250. 51. _Kemény: Wien. med. Blat., 1890, xiii., p. 37._—Man, age 45. 251. 52. _Maschka: Vier. ger. Med., 1885, xliii., pp. 11-14._—Man, age 65. 252. 53. _Heidenhain: Same journal, 1886, xliv., pp. 96-101._—Vomited 253. 54. _Langstein: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 624-626._—Child 254. 55. _Ward: Catalog. Army Med. Mus., Med. Sec., p. 33._—Soldier, age 255. 56. _Sankey: Brit. Med. Jour., 1883, i., p. 88._—Epileptic; found dead 256. 57. _Macleod: Ibid., 1882, ii., p. 1246._—Suicidal maniac. Had to 257. 58. _Christison: Edin. Med. Jour., 1829, xxxi., pp. 236-250._—The 258. 59. _Hackel: Dorpat Diss., 1891, p. 35._—Case of choking with pressure 259. 60. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 315._—New-born infant; found buried in 260. 61. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 323._—New-born infant found under a cask, 261. 62. _Ibid., p. 325._—New-born infant found buried in the earth; gravel 262. 63. _Ibid., p. 326._—New-born infant found in ashes; nose and lips 263. 64. _Ibid., p. 327._—New-born infant, buried in bran; nose and mouth 264. 65. _Devergie and Raynaud: Ann. d’Hyg., 1852, xlviii., pp. 265. 66. _Rauscher: Friedreich’s Blat., 1886, xxxvii., pp. 324-330._—Woman, 266. 1602. Mongitore, “Bibl. Sic.,” Panormi, 1707-14. i., 199, mentions 267. 1885. (See Toxicology.) 268. 143. The Court said (per Sedgwick, J.): “In order to give the public 269. 209. Kansas, Teft _v._ Wilcox, 6 Kan., 46. Massachusetts, Com. _v._ 270. 668. Wisconsin, Reynolds _v._ Graves, 3 Wis., 416. Vermont, Briggs _v._ 271. 1. Causes of death; especially in cases of homicide, suicide, accident, 272. 2. Causes, nature, and extent of personal injuries, by violence, 273. 3. Birth of infants; was infant born dead or alive; if dead, was death 274. 4. Rape, abortion, bastardy, pederasty, onanism, masochism, and many 275. 5. Malpractice cases, involving the degree of care and skill usual, 276. 77. Staunton _v._ Parker, 19 Hun, 55, is thus overruled. 277. 493. Although this point was discussed, the case was really decided on

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