CHAPTER XXXIX.

SECOND TRIP EAST–A QUIET LIFE–JULY FOURTH TOAST AT FORT MADISON–INTERVIEW WITH IOWAS–DEATH–BURIAL–HIS GRAVE ROBBED–BONES RECOVERED–CONSUMED BY FIRE–DEATH OF MADAM BLACK HAWK. In 1837 it became necessary for a delegation of Sacs and Foxes to go to Washington. Keokuk, who was at its head, prudently took Black Hawk along, fearing perhaps that during his absence he might create some new disturbance.[276] Knowing that he was neither a delegate nor chief, he remained indifferent to the attention given him while traveling through the various cities of the East, and little can be said of his trip. After his return, in the autumn of 1837, Black Hawk and his family spent the winter in Lee County, Iowa, residing on a small stream known as Devil’s Creek. His family then consisted of his wife, As-shaw-e-qua (Singing Bird[277]), two sons, Nes-se-as-kuk and Na-som-see, and his daughter, Nam-equa. It is related that a young man from Baltimore, who met Namequa, became charmed with her comely appearance, and, with continued acquaintance, became desperately in love with her. The young lady received his advances with favor and a wedding was among the immediate possibilities at Fort Madison. All arguments by friends failed to dissuade the young gentleman from marrying the maid. He was coaxed, bantered and threatened, but nothing would affect him in the least until one more resourceful than his other friends asked how he would enjoy such comments from his Baltimore friends as, “There goes –– and his squaw.” That possibility settled the affair against the young lady, who became thereby another victim of the white man’s fickleness, but contrary to the usual trend in matters of that character, Nam-e-qua indifferently dropped the subject and later married a young Indian of her tribe, living happily thereafter, probably more happily than she ever could have lived with the impulsive young white. In the spring of 1838 Black Hawk and his family removed to the vicinity of the chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes, on the Des Moines River, near Iowaville, the site of the famous battle where the Sacs annihilated the tribe of Iowas many years before. Here he had a comfortable cabin, furnished in humble imitation of the white settler’s on the frontier. As the whites moved into the country he formed their acquaintance and mingled very largely in their pleasures and pastimes with hearty good-will. He occasionally imbibed too freely of liquor and made himself as merry or ridiculous as the white man under the same condition, but it must be said in his favor that when found indulging in spirits it was at the invitation of his white brother.[278] His usually morose disposition gradually underwent a radical change, for he was frequently found receiving the chaff of the whites in a spirit of the utmost jollity and to the very best of his ability giving it back again, which, considering the few English words he could master, was said to have been remarkable. This feature of “mixing,” which he cultivated, had much to do with bringing to him during the last years of his life the general verdict that he was a martyr and a person of ability far above his actual worth. His travels and the universal interest taken in him during them led others to seek his acquaintance and to place him in all sorts of conspicuous attitudes, comical and otherwise. The following, kindly furnished me by Prof. B.F. Shambaugh of the University of Iowa, is a fine illustration of that phase of Black Hawk’s amusement. “TO GENERAL ‘BLACK HAWK.’”[279] “Sir:–As there is at present a vacant seat in the council chamber, which certainly ought to be filled by some talented and influential person, and as you seem to be the theme of men, women and children in this place, and your political character well known and established, I would, in common with many others of my fellow-citizens, beg, with great deference, to bring you upon the carpet, by nominating you as a suitable person, worthy of our elective franchise, to fill the vacancy in question, conscious as I am that, once elected and seated beyond the threshold of the Council chamber, there to be installed as one of the councilors, in all the privileges and honors connected with that station, that your voice and vote shall not be found wanting when any question or cause is in agitation involving the rights of the people. Your inherent spirit of independence is well known to this community; also that your political views and principles are honorable, and that you have no earthly connection with that obnoxious and diabolical phalanx who would fain exclude (as they have recently attempted to do) the people from a voice in the management of the territorial affairs. Methinks your system would be more liberal. I doubt not but the grand and noble feature of your legislative acts will be recognized in the unerring vigilance to protect the liberties and rights of the citizens of this young and mighty republic, and that you will guard against speculative innovation, which, unfortunately, in this our day, sways men’s best judgments. “As you are fully alive to the present depressed and truly deplorable state of our commercial affairs, which, if some relief more than the stay of action upon executions for twelve months is not immediately devised, will most assuredly prostrate and render our young and enterprising merchants of this territory bankrupts, and thus, alas! pave the way to ruin, and bring into active operation the machinery of the debtor laws, with their ruinous and demolishing consequences. “It need hardly be observed that, upon installation in office, your actions will be public, so that they need not blush at daylight; besides, as you know, privacy is generally hateful, and is indeed more worthy and characteristic of nocturnal clubs than that of legislative assemblies, and thereby give every facility of watching and judging the whole course of your official career for your own exoneration and the satisfaction of your constituents. You will, in all cases, particularly in the passage of bills, laying off county lines and seats of justice, faithfully obey the people’s instructions and correspond with them timorously; in short, be entirely, as far as consistent, guided by petitions from the people, and by so doing you will, in a great measure, get rid of responsibility which otherwise you might not, and if your acts do not turn out so favorable as have been anticipated, they (your constituents) cannot, and will not, justly charge you with dereliction of duty. Let it not be heard said of you, as of some others, that you legislate for your own and that of your friends’ private interests, but for the general good of the country. “In conclusion, I beg you to be very guarded how and in what manner you vote, not voting for the cause one day, and the next day jump about from ‘post to pillar,’ like jumping ‘Jim Crow,’ and vote differently. These hints may be of some service to you. Indeed, were it not that I have special interest in your welfare, I should be the last individual in this community to advise you in any shape or form. I have the honor to be, with due respect, “ONE OF THE PEOPLE. “Burlington, Dec. 9, 1837.” Black Hawk’s constant mingling with the whites taught him another familiar characteristic; one more likely than any other to get him into difficulty–that of borrowing money. From Louisiana, Mo., I was furnished with the copy of one of his financial engagements, presented herewith, and for which I am under obligations to Mrs. Fannie Anderson of Louisiana, Mo. Thus in a tranquil, careless way Black Hawk was passing the remainder of his days, without responsibilities and with the hearty good will and esteem of every person who knew him. An old “plug” hat was his passion; he so dearly loved it that some contend it was placed upon his head when he was buried. In this and similar eccentric adornments he one day rode into Fort Madison, by special invitation, to attend a Fourth of July banquet, and it must be said that it was a sorry day in his declining years in which he allowed the whites to inveigle him into a speech. While his animosity toward Keokuk was as bitter as ever, he had latterly learned to curb it with discretion. Among the toasts for that occasion was one to which he was asked to respond: “Our Illustrious Guest, Black Hawk–May his declining years be as calm and serene as his previous life has been boisterous and full of warlike incidents. His attachment and present friendship to his white brethren fully entitle him to a seat at our festive board.” After the sentiment was explained to him by an interpreter, he responded as follows, his words being taken down by two interpreters: “It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. I have eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother; we are now on it, with the Great Spirit above us. It is good. I hope we are all friends here. A few summers ago I was fighting against you. I did wrong, perhaps, but that is past. It is buried; let it be forgotten. Rock River was a beautiful country. I loved my towns, my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep it as we did. It will produce you good crops. I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white brethren. We are here together. We are friends. It is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship. I was once a great warrior. I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present situation, but do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I have looked upon the Mississippi since I was a child. I love the great river. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant. I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope you are my friends.” It is to be hoped that on this occasion Black Hawk was intoxicated, not with liquor, but with pride at his flattering reception, and that he forgot himself (as he once before did), when he thus uncivilly spoke of Keokuk, the man who implored him to desist from entering his disastrous campaign of 1832; the man who urged that Black Hawk was deceived by liars; the man who, when Black Hawk was imprisoned, took to him his wife and child and friends to cheer his fallen spirits; the man who, with all the strength of his mighty eloquence, urged the old man’s liberation; the man who pledged his every resource as a guaranty of Black Hawk’s future good behavior for that liberation; the man who stood at Black Hawk’s side when in an evil hour he flew into a passion and defied those who were giving him that liberation on Keokuk’s pledge, and who whispered in the angry old man’s ear words of moderation, and then who rose and in the greatness of his heart apologized for Black Hawk’s haste and begged that it be overlooked; the man who at all times had but the kindest of words for the old man’s failings and who, to please a whim of passing envy, actually resigned his chieftainship into the hands of his tribe to avoid friction, that his exalted position might no longer wound the false pride of Black Hawk. No sacrifice was ever demanded that he did not make for Black Hawk. It was a shame to compromise the old man as he was drifting so rapidly to the grave, and expose his foibles, then long forgotten. In the fullness of his eloquence he made himself to speak of “my towns, my cornfields, and my people,” as though he had been autocrat of all the Indian tribes, when, in fact, he never had been a chief and had naught whatever to say more than another about their disposition or their government; but no blame shall go to Black Hawk for that speech. Let the reader peruse and remember its concluding words, which are as sweet and gentle and pathetic as one will find in all literature, and forget the old man’s follies, for he was mistaken, as many another has been before and since. Black Hawk’s cabin stood about one hundred feet from the north bank of the Des Moines River, a few rods from that of Mr. James H. Jordan, the agent. Near it, on the sloping bank, stood two large trees, an elm and an ash, so intertwined as to appear like one tree. Close by flowed the clear waters of what was known as Black Hawk’s Spring. Here, during the sultry days of summer, he would sit and dreamily ponder over the scenes of his, long and turbulent career. Before him was spread that old battlefield on which his nation snatched from the Iowas their country and their homes–the same country then passing to others. Then came a gloomy period of melancholy, which enveloped him so completely that he said but little, and that to his few intimates. In the summer of 1838 a party of Iowas returned on a friendly visit to their old home and Black Hawk held a friendly council with them at a place about half a mile from his cabin. On that spot he directed that his body should be buried. At this time he regarded the usual indifferences of the Indians as personal slights, and while it may be true that many of his whilom companions neglected to show him many of the little civilities which white men might observe, the whites supplied them with unusual attentions, and he should not have fretted as he did fret. General Street, observing the same, thoughtfully made the family a present of a cow, a property very unusual with an Indian. This pleased him and the family immensely. Madam Black Hawk and her daughter learned to milk, and during the warm days of 1838 the two were often seen sitting beside their beloved cow, patiently brushing away the troublesome flies and other insects. This daughter, though married, remained with her parents to the time of Black Hawk’s death and, it may be said, was the mainstay in their domestic affairs; a model of neatness. It has been said that she and Madam Black Hawk were so neat that the little yard was swept during the warmer months once a day. One October day was designated as “ration day” which was attended by nearly every Indian, leaving Black Hawk almost alone. Though he had been sick of a fever[280] for many days, nothing serious was feared. Mr. Jordan was with him to the last moment his official duties would permit, leaving him, as he supposed, on the high road to recovery; but the old man took a sudden turn for the worse and within three hours after Mr. Jordan left his bedside Black Hawk was dead, after a sickness of fourteen days. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S PROMISSORY NOTE.] [Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S TOWER.] [Illustration: BLACK HAWK’S POWDER HORN.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ During Black Hawk’s sickness his wife, As-shaw-e-qua (Singing Bird), was devoted in her attentions to him and deeply mourned his death. Some days before it occurred she said: “He is getting old; he must die. Monoto calls him home.” His remains were followed to the grave by the family and about fifty of the tribe, the chiefs and all others being absent at Fort Armstrong to receive their rations. He was buried on the spot selected by him prior to his death, which is best described by James H. Jordan[281] in a letter to Dr. J.F. Snyder of Virginia, Ill., who has written the best account of Black Hawk’s burial to be found,[282] and to whom I am much indebted for points in this work: “Eldon, Iowa, July 15, 1881. “Black Hawk was buried on the Northeast Quarter of Section Two, Township 70, Range 12, Davis County, Iowa, near the northeastern corner of the county, on the Des Moines River bottom, about ninety rods from where he lived at the time he died, and on the north side of the river. I have the ground where he lived for a dooryard, it being between my house and the river. The only mound over the grave was some puncheons split out and set over his grave and then sodded over with blue grass, making a ridge about four feet high. A flagstaff, some twenty feet high, was planted at his head, on which was a silk flag, which hung there until the wind wore it out. My house and his were only four rods apart when he died. He was sick only about fourteen days. He was buried right where he sat the year before when in council with the Iowa Indians, and was buried in a suit of military clothes, made to order, and given to him when in Washington City by Gen. Jackson, with hat, sword, gold epaulets, etc., etc.” His body was placed on the surface of the ground in a sitting posture, with his head toward the southeast, the body supported in position by a wooden slab or puncheon. On his left side was placed a cane given him by Henry Clay, with his right hand resting on it. Three silver medals, the gifts of prominent persons in the east, hung upon his breast.[283] There were also placed in the grave two swords, a quantity of wampum, an extra pair of moccasins and other articles of Indian costume, with a supply of provisions sufficient to last him three days on his journey to the spirit land. Around the body and the articles buried with him two large blankets were closely wrapped. On his head was placed a military cap elaborately ornamented with feathers. Forked sticks were firmly driven at the head and foot of the grave and across these a pole was placed, extending over the body. Against this pole split puncheons were laid to a peak, the gables of the primitive vault being closed with boards and the whole then sodded over. Near by was a hewn post inscribed with Indian characters. Enclosing all was a strong circular picket fence ten or twelve feet high. One morning about the 1st of July, 1839, Madam Black Hawk, bitterly weeping, called upon Mr. Jordan and informed him that the grave of her husband had been opened and rifled of everything within.[284] Mr. Jordan immediately instituted a search and traced the act to a Dr. Turner of Lexington, in the County of Van Buren, who had sent the body to St. Louis, where the bones were cleaned and then removed to Quincy, where they were articulated. Much contention as to the details of the body’s pilgrimage has existed, but the letter to be found on page 10 hereof, written at the time, should conclusively settle the matter. At once Governor Lucas, then governor of the Territory of Iowa, learned of the location of the bones; he sent for and received them very soon thereafter, but when the sons of Black Hawk called upon the Governor and found them “in a good dry place,” they concluded it was best to allow them to remain in storage. Governor Lucas allowed them to remain in his office for a little while and then deposited them in the collections of the Burlington Geological and Historical Society, where they remained until the year 1855, at which time they were consumed by the fire which destroyed the building and all the society’s collections. Thus all that remained mortal of Black Hawk passed away in fire and smoke after the manner of his stormy life. It was a spectacular finish and one Black Hawk might possibly have courted in his strenuous days had it been less ignoble; but ignoble it was and unworthy the man. To Madam Black Hawk and her children it was an act of inhumanity which can never be forgiven by civilization. If Black Hawk had faults, they were buried with his body, which by all rules of decency should have remained sacred. When the Sac nation was again removed to its new reservation in Kansas, Madame Black Hawk with her family followed and there remained until the 29th of August, 1846, when she died at the fine old age of 85 years. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPENDIX ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPENDIX NO. 1. ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN THE BLACK HAWK WAR. Little consideration should be given to the great majority of stories told of Mr. Lincoln’s service in the Black Hawk War. If one were to believe them all, one would find every man in the army to have wrestled and vanquished him or otherwise participated in some undignified frolic wherein he was made to appear ludicrously delightful. While the age was one of jest and joust, and Mr. Lincoln was apt at both, yet his career as captain in that war was temperate and dignified. In 1832 all of his young companions were strenuous, as were all the young men of Illinois–itself young and vigorous. They bubbled over with buoyant animal spirits and paid little heed to formalities. It was especially an era of independence; discipline being regarded an evidence of femininity, and formality a certain indication of snobbishness. In the towns of (then) importance–more mature, perhaps–that spirit might have been modified; but the times were essentially of the open air order. An atmosphere of politics likewise pervaded and the majority of candidates affected that spirit of contempt for the little amenities of life and comfort. When, therefore, those young spirits did not like a command, the first impulse was not to obey it, and in point of fact very few commands were obeyed, at least to the letter.[285] To attempt enforcement generally meant disaster, whether the officer was General or Second Lieutenant. Some scheme was usually found to counteract the order, if at all distasteful to the volunteers. While Mr. Lincoln was as stalwart as his generation, he was self-possessed and handled his headstrong company with consummate skill and was thoroughly beloved by his men. His known honesty, fearlessness and prowess and willingness to back the same made it possible to control his men, and from the most unmanageable in the army they became at his request tractable. These characteristics then made him a leader where others failed by swagger and vulgarity. On the march and in camp stories were told; but Mr. Lincoln’s stories were not ribald recitals, told only to express a vicious conclusion. They were droll, quaint, homely perhaps, but full of humor; new and invariably to the point. When men congregate it is natural to seek entertainment; the best adapted to surroundings, story-telling always finding the most favor, consequently the best story-tellers were soon discovered and courted. Thus in the camps in Beardstown and Rushville and on the march to Yellow Banks, the genius of Mr. Lincoln was discovered and quickly popularized. At each resting-place diversion was sought in wrestling matches, horse racing, foot racing and other kindred sports, and quickly enough came Mr. Lincoln’s reputation as a champion in the manly sports of the day, notably wrestling, which then, as now in new and small villages, was made to measure a man’s standing. No one was above a “match.” If he was, his presence in that locality soon became a reminiscence. Add, then, the two accomplishments of Captain Lincoln, and no imagination is required to account for his tremendous popularity in the army. At New Salem Mr. Lincoln adapted himself to his surroundings by accepting the first challenge for a match that Mr. Offutt unwittingly caused to be sent him by John Armstrong, and notwithstanding the threatened interference by the “Clary’s Grove Boys,” he asserted his strength and bravery to such advantage that he became from that hour a respected leader, and the following year that same Armstrong became his First Sergeant, while William and Royal Clary became privates in his company. During the annual muster in the fall of 1831 those same influences elected him captain of the militia. Being “out of a job” in the spring of 1832, the Black Hawk war offered him employment which was at once accepted. On April 21st sixty-eight men volunteered[286] to serve the state from “Richland, Sangamon County,” and at the election which followed for captain Mr. Lincoln was chosen by more than three-fourths of the men. Another, one William Kirkpatrick, aspired to the same position. He was pretentious, assumed a prominence in the neighborhood, questioned at times, but never severely challenged, and when he announced a desire for the office, he expected to get it. The two candidates were placed a short distance away and the men were requested to fall in behind the man they preferred for their captain. The proceeding was simple, brief and overwhelmingly in favor of Mr. Lincoln, and he was hilariously declared elected. Enrolling his company for sixty days’ service, he marched at its head to Beardstown to be mustered in. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: MUSTER ROLL OF CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.] [Illustration: MUSTER ROLL OF CAPT. ABRAHAM LINCOLN.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Captain Lincoln owned no horse and to make that march he was forced to borrow, a not very difficult matter in those days; but on that borrowed horse, at the head of his men, he marched into Beardstown, “forty miles from the place of enrollment,” the proudest man in the state. On April 28th the company was mustered into the service of the state of Illinois by Col. John J. Hardin, Inspector-General of the state and Mustering Officer. Two muster rolls were made out, one by Colonel Hardin and one by Captain Lincoln, both of which are in existence and one reproduced herein. At Beardstown Captain Lincoln’s company was assigned to the Fourth Regiment, of which his First Lieutenant, Samuel M. Thompson, was elected Colonel April 30th, and William Kirkpatrick, late candidate for captain, was made Quartermaster’s Sergeant, both quoted as coming from “Richland Creek.” On the 30th the last of the army, including Captain Lincoln’s company, left Beardstown and encamped four miles north of Rushville. On Tuesday, May 1st, the march for Yellow Banks, seventy or seventy-five miles distant, was resumed and about twenty-five miles covered, the army camping at a point on Crooked Creek in McDonough County. On Wednesday, the 2d, another distance was made and the army encamped in a large prairie, two miles from timber or water. The night was cold and tempestuous. At about 12 o’clock of Thursday, the 3d, the Henderson River was reached and crossed, and before night the Yellow Banks in Warren County was reached, where the army again encamped.[287] There, by reason of delay in the arrival of the boat with provisions, the army was compelled to remain the 4th, 5th and 6th, on which last-named day the provisions arrived. On the morning of the 7th the army moved for the mouth of Rock River, reaching that point about nightfall. About Beardstown Captain Lincoln absorbed all the information to be found concerning tactics and imparted the same to his company to the best of his ability by frequent drills, stories of which have caused many a hearty laugh. The best version of one of those celebrated drills has been told by Ben. Perley Poore and is to be found on page 218 of “Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln”: “I remember his narrating his first experience in drilling his company. He was marching with a front of over twenty men across a field when he desired to pass through a gateway into the next enclosure. “‘I could not for the life of me,’ said he, ‘remember the proper word of command for getting my company endwise so that it could get through the gate, so as we came near the gate I shouted: “This company is dismissed for two minutes, when it will fall in again on the other side of the gate!”’” The story was told to picture the position of someone in debate who could find no tactful way out of a dilemma he had worked himself into. But Captain Lincoln was proud of his company and expressed his pride on many occasions. Leonard Swett obtained the story of that company direct from the lips of the captain and it is to be found in the book last quoted, on page 465: “Together with the talk of organizing a company in New Salem began the talk of making Lincoln captain of it. His characteristics as an athlete had made something of a hero of him. Turning to me with a smile at the time, he said: ‘I cannot tell you how much the idea of being the captain of that company pleased me.’ “But when the day of organization arrived a man who had been captain of a real company arrived in uniform and assumed the organization of the company. The mode of it was as follows: A line of two was formed by the company, with the parties who intended to be candidates for officers standing in front. The candidate then made a speech to the men, telling them what a gallant man he was, in what wars he had fought, bled and died, and how he was ready again, for the glory of his country, to lead them; then another candidate, and when the speech-making was ended they commanded those who would vote for this man, or that, to form in line behind their favorite. Thus there were one, two or three lines behind the different candidates, and then they counted back, and the fellow who had the longest tail to his kite was the real captain. It was a good way. There was no chance for ballot-box stuffing or a false count. “When the real captain with his regimentals came and assumed the control, Lincoln’s heart failed him. He formed in the line with the boys, and after the speech was made they began to form behind the old captain; but the boys seized Lincoln and pushed him out of the line and began to form behind him, and cried, ‘Form behind Abe,’ and in a moment of irresolution he marched ahead, and when they counted back he had two more[288] than the other captain.” The lawlessness of the troops in camp and on the march caused Governor Reynolds much annoyance and chagrin. When Major Long’s battalion was ordered down the river the troops were especially charged not to fire their guns aboard the boat, a charge unnecessary with most men. So prevalent had that amusement become that the celebrated order of April 30th was issued just as the little army was taking up its march for the Yellow Banks. At the Henderson River a crossing was effected only after great labor and more inconvenience in the way of wet clothing, and probably to celebrate so successful an event the firing was resumed, this time by Captain Lincoln himself, which promptly brought upon his head his first disgrace by being reprimanded and, as is generally conceded, by being compelled to wear a wooden sword. That punishment was accepted in good spirit, but no more firing was charged to his account during the campaign; in fact, it made him more punctilious and watchful and more insistent with his men. When off duty, however, he allowed himself and his men the harmless diversions of camp life without restraint. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: JOHN CALHOUN.] [Illustration: WILLIAM POINTER.] [Illustration: ORDER OF APRIL 30, FORBIDDING THE FIRING OF ARMS.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: REV. PETER CARTWRIGHT.] [Illustration: WILLIAM H. LEE.] [Illustration] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Captain Lincoln was magnetic and his men were drawn toward him from admiration, and not alone because they knew he was a man of courage and strength. That magnetism drew not only his immediate acquaintances at New Salem, but his superior officers, and as he advanced in life, it drew about him the men of influence and power who later made a new and powerful political party. It attracted John T. Stuart to invite him to his office to read law; it attracted the voters of his district to beat Peter Cartwright, then the best-known man in Illinois probably, for the legislature. That discipline kept Captain Lincoln vigilant until the mouth of Rock River was reached, and even the affair there was not one of commission. During the night of May 9th one Royal P. Green, of the company of Capt. Thomas McDow of Greene county, entered the officers’ quarters and, with the assistance of a tomahawk, four buckets and some of Lincoln’s command, secured enough liquor to enjoy a comfortable lark and place a large number of Captain Lincoln’s men _hors de combat_. On the morning of the 10th, the date fixed to begin the march up Rock River, few were able to answer the roll call and few indeed were able to take up the march for the Prophet’s town. For this offense, which had been committed without the knowledge of the Captain, and to his great surprise and mortification, that officer was again reprimanded and ignobly compelled to wear for two days the wooden sword. This he did “for the boys” with grim humor. As the men sobered up and gradually straggled into camp that night, they realized what their disgraceful behavior had brought to their captain. Remorse, or some equally powerful agency, made Captain Lincoln’s company a model one from that hour. To claim that sports were not a feature of camp life and that Captain Lincoln did not participate in them, were ridiculous. Nine-tenths of that army were Kentuckians or Tennesseeans, every man of which loved a horse. There were close upon two thousand horses in camp; some better, some worse, and when off duty no time was allowed to lapse without a horse race, a foot race or a wrestling match. Into those contests Captain Lincoln did not obtrude himself, but he was always counted on as “being ready” and on the spot. His men knew his prowess and were proud of it, as was Offutt when he got the Captain into the Armstrong affair. They were alert to advertise that prowess at all times and willing to stake their last earthly possession on his success. Such is human nature to-day. The best foot runner, quoit pitcher, boxer or wrestler in a body of men has followers constantly boasting the prowess of their favorite and getting him into business, and many times into troubles. So Captain Lincoln, to oblige his men, and likely his own inclination, took on wrestling matches and vanquished his antagonists one after another to the end of his service as a soldier. The story of the match with Thompson, the wrestler, is no doubt true, though difficult to locate. Some authorities have asserted that Thompson came from Union County,[289] but as Union County supplied but one company, that of Captain B.B. Craig, in which no person named Thompson can be found, the Union County portion of it must be eliminated. This is unfortunate when attempting to locate the situs. Had Thompson been from Union County his company never could have met either of the three companies with which Lincoln was connected, because it did not reach the main army until Lincoln had been discharged and was on his way home. The story contains, with all its variations, the reference to his position as captain, and no loss of prestige with his men; therefore the event must have occurred at Beardstown, Rushville, Yellow Banks, Dixon’s Ferry, Ottawa or some one of the camps along that route, and prior to May 27th, the date of his muster out. At any rate the story is as follows: Thompson, a man of burly form, champion of his section, was tendered to Captain Lincoln for a match in a way that to decline it would have disgraced his men and his friends. Captain Lincoln was not given to separating himself from a responsibility at any time, and without formality accepted the challenge. Up to that date there had been no pay-day and it is safe to assume that the entire company could not inventory five dollars in money; but the men had knives, souvenirs, watches and knickknacks, the last one of which was staked on the issue of the match. The combatants grappled and it soon became evident that Thompson was qualified to bear championship laurels. The tussle was long and uncertain and keyed all the men up to a high tension, as each contestant was being cheered to a victory; but Thompson, after a hard battle, secured the first fall. Lincoln could recognize a worthy antagonist and before taking on the second bout said to his friends: “This is the most powerful man I ever had hold of. He will throw me and you will lose your all unless I act on the defensive.” Accordingly, when the men came together again, Captain Lincoln played for a “crotch holt,” which Thompson was able to avoid. Then, as the struggle progressed, the trick of “sliding away,” was tried. In this Captain Lincoln was more successful, for in the scramble for advantage both men went to the ground in a heap, which, according to the ethics of frontier wrestling, is denominated a “dog fall,” hence a draw. Armstrong claimed a victory, at which a storm of protest went up from Captain Lincoln’s backers, and a free fight was imminent. Believing that trouble was imminent, Captain Lincoln came forward, and in a voice which compelled attention, exclaimed, “Boys, the man actually threw me once fair, broadly so, and the second time, this very fall, he threw me fairly, though not apparently so,”[290] and that settled the question for all time, though “dog fall” was frequently repeated during the remainder of the campaign by the Captain’s partisans. That defeat and the acknowledgment of it in no sense diminished the influence or standing of Captain Lincoln with his men or those who were beginning to know and like him. In later years men took advantage of his prominence to claim many untrue familiarities in the Black Hawk war. For instance: William L. Wilson, who was a private in Capt. M.G. Wilson’s company, wrote, under date of February 3d, 1882: “I have during that time had much fun with the afterwards President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. I remember one time of wrestling with him, two best in three, and ditched him. He was not satisfied and tried it in a foot race, for a five-dollar bill. I won the money and ’tis spent long ago. And many more reminiscences could I give, but I am of the Quaker persuasion and not much given to writing.” There are some other qualities belonging to the Quaker persuasion which might have been regarded with advantage in the manufacture of that story. A story for which there is no warrant of authority, except constant repetition, is the one of the drinking contest. At first the scene was located at Beardstown, but afterward Colonel Strode, having heard it, appropriated the glory of the contest to himself, at least one-half of it, and located the same at Dixon’s Ferry. The question of strength having arisen, Captain Lincoln was quoted as being the strongest man in the army. Strode challenged the statement by offering to bet that he and nobody else could raise a barrel of whisky and drink from its bunghole. The partisans of Captain Lincoln accepted the challenge, produced the whisky and their favorite, and Colonel Strode made his boast good by raising the barrel and taking his drink from the bunghole. The feat seemed impossible, but having been witnessed by a reputable crowd of men, could not be gainsaid. Captain Lincoln is said to have then stepped forward, and with much greater ease swung the barrel to his lips and taken his drink, thereby besting Strode in his boast. An addition was made to the story in later years by having Strode exclaim, “Well, I thought you said you never drank any whisky, Captain Lincoln!” “I don’t drink whisky, Colonel Strode,” replied Captain Lincoln, and forthwith he spat the whisky upon the ground. At the mouth of the Rock River the company was sworn into the United States service by Gen. Henry Atkinson. It is but recently that the author has been able to determine that much disputed point, and it must be admitted that the discovery was made with pain. From the days of his earliest boyhood, he had believed that Jefferson Davis was the mustering officer and that there the two men who later became so conspicuous, yet divergent, in the eyes of the world, met for the first time, the one asking the other if he would support the constitution of the United States and fight for the flag. For generations that tradition has obtained. It has been repeated by the highest authorities, even by President Lincoln himself, if we may believe Ben. Perley Poore and others who have claimed the distinction of hearing him so state. The point was generally fixed at Dixon’s Ferry, the birthplace of the author, and for that reason, steeped with the tradition from his earliest boyhood, it must be admitted that the discovery of the truth was made with profound grief. There can be no mistake about the truthfulness of that discovery. Major Nathaniel Buckmaster was second in command of the army. He was a careful and conscientious officer. He wrote the fact in a letter to his wife on the following day, and that letter is herewith reproduced as evidence. It may be said that General Atkinson might have sworn in the general officers, while a minor officer like Lieutenant Davis might have administered the oath to the captains and men, but it is not conceivable why more than one officer should be employed for so small a body of men, and it cannot be imagined why the captains would be separated from the few officers of the general staff. In fact, if General Atkinson were to have made a specialty of or distinction, it seems fair to presume that he would have included the captains with the officers sworn in. On the 9th General Atkinson issued orders to the troops to march on the morning of the 10th, which they did, reaching the Prophet’s town in the afternoon, where camp was established for the night. The following day, instead of remaining at that point, Reynolds pushed up the river twelve miles and again camped. On the morning of the 12th the baggage was abandoned and a forced march made to Dixon’s Ferry. There Captain Lincoln remained the 12th, 13th and 14th, at which last-named date Stillman was defeated and his men returned to Dixon’s pell-mell during all hours of the night. On the 15th he went up the river, reaching the battlefield just before dark. After the burial of the dead he camped and next day returned to Dixon’s, where he remained until the 19th, when he pushed up the river in pursuit of the Indians. Twelve miles out he camped until the 20th, when he again marched to Stillman’s battlefield, at which point Captain Goodan was placed under arrest for some breach of duty, demonstrating that Captain Lincoln was not the only officer of that rank to suffer punishment. On the 21st the army moved over to a point on Rock River, where it camped until the 22d, moving then over to the Kishwaukee and up the same about ten miles from its mouth, where camp was established and the army rested until the following morning. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: LETTER OF MAJ. NATHANIEL BUCKMASTER.] [Illustration: LETTER OF MAJ. NATHANIEL BUCKMASTER.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ On the 23d the army moved about twelve miles in a southeasterly direction to the Pottawatomie village on Sycamore Creek, at which point, after a consultation with all the captains, it was decided to march to the mouth of Fox River and there discharge the volunteers. At the village were found the scalps of Stillman’s men and evidences of Indians, but no sentiment could move the men to continue the pursuit of them. Some few articles of Indian property were found at the village, all of which were confiscated by the men. Much confusion has in the past been caused by the terms Kishwaukee and Sycamore Creek, when no such name as the latter can now be found on the maps, but an explanation can be found in the fact that in those days many called the stream by both names, interchangeably, while others especially called the south branch of the Kishwaukee River by the name of Sycamore Creek. Afterward the latter branch continued by the name Sycamore Creek until settlements increased, when finally, to avoid confusion, the present name of Kishwaukee River was given to both branches. Sycamore Creek meant then the south branch of the Kishwaukee. On the morning of the 24th the march was resumed, the army camping near the “Paw Paw village,” which was also robbed by the men. On the 25th Fox River was reached, most of the day being spent there in searching men for articles of plunder taken from the two Indian villages. On the 26th, being very near the end of the journey, the march was very leisurely pursued for twelve miles, where the last camp before reaching Ottawa was established, and where the men remained until the following morning, the 27th, when Ottawa was reached. On that and the following days the Illinois volunteers were mustered out by Major Buckmaster. During that march along Sycamore Creek the story is told of an old Pottawatomie Indian who came into camp, tired and hungry. His age should have commanded respect, and probably would under circumstances at all different, but in that instance the first chance to kill a supposed enemy was presented and his death was demanded. The poor old Indian produced from his garments a safe conduct signed by Gen. Lewis Cass, pleading protection under it. “Make an example of him,” cried one. “The letter is a forgery,” cried others, and still others called him a spy, and the poor old fellow was in danger of death, when Captain Lincoln, “his face swarthy with resolution and rage,” stepped forward, even between the cowering Indian and the guns pointed at him, and shouted, “This must not be; he must not be shot and killed by us,” and the men recoiled. “This is cowardly on your part, Lincoln,” one man said; to which Captain Lincoln instantly replied, “If any man thinks I am a coward let him test it.” Still defiant, another cried, “Lincoln, you are larger and heavier than we are,” but that miserable objection was quickly disposed of by the rejoinder from the Captain, “This you can guard against; choose your weapons.” It is needless to add that no one chose a weapon and that the Indian departed in safety. On the 27th, the day Captain Lincoln was mustered out, he re-enlisted as a private in the company of Elijah Iles, which was one of the six companies to enter the twenty-day service,[291] pending the organization of the new levies at Fort Wilbourn. He remained with the company at Ottawa and in camp on the opposite bank of the river until the morning of the 6th, when the company marched for Dixon’s Ferry. The first night out the company camped at a point a little south and east of what is now Sublette in Lee County, and reached Dixon’s Ferry the evening of the 7th. On the morning of the 8th the company started for Galena, camping that night about twenty miles out; the night of the 9th near Apple River Fort, now Elizabeth, in Jo Daviess County, and in the forenoon of the 10th the company reached Galena. On the 11th it started on its return march over the same trail pursued in going, camping at the same places, reaching Dixon’s Ferry the night of June 13th, from which point it started on the 14th, and reached Fort Wilbourn, where, on the evening of the 15th, the company was mustered out by Lieut. Robert Anderson, and where, on the following day, Mr. Lincoln was mustered into the company of Dr. (Captain) Jacob M. Early, along with John T. Stuart and other ex-captains, majors and minor officers. On the 20th his company, which was an independent one, reporting direct to General Atkinson, started for Dixon’s Ferry, arriving there the evening of the 21st, and remaining at that point until noon of the 27th, when he, with the second division of the army, began his final march in pursuit of Black Hawk. Twelve miles out he camped, and in the afternoon of the 29th once more reached and camped on Stillman’s battlefield, six miles from Sycamore or Kishwaukee Creek, as stated by Albert Sidney Johnston at the time. On the morning of the 30th, he traveled four miles above Sycamore Creek, to a point on Rock River “which is very narrow at this place, and continues so.” July 1st, the journal tells us: “Marched this morning seven miles from the last encampment. Came to Rock River, which is scarcely one hundred yards wide at this point. There is in the bluff a remarkably fine spring, thickly shaded with cedar trees, the first I ever saw. The bluff is pebbly. About half a mile above, a narrow, rapid creek empties into Rock River, one mile below Pecatonica, known by the name of Brown’s Creek. Encamped this evening in the fork of Turtle Creek and Rock River, above the mouth of Turtle Creek.” On the 2d he proceeded, after considerable suffering for want of water, to the mouth of “the river of the Four Lakes,” on the banks of a large pond. On the 3d Lake Koshkonong, or “Mud Lake,” was reached, and there the troops remained the 4th, 5th and 6th, Captain Early’s company doing constant duty as a spy company or scouting party. On the 7th the army moved up to Whitewater River and about four miles up that stream, to which point the divisions of Posey and Alexander came and camped. On the 8th a council of war was held, at which it was resolved to return to the mouth of the Whitewater and operate from that point. On reaching the point where the troops were encamped on the 7th, the army halted for the night. From that point Captain Early’s company was constantly engaged in scouring the country in search of the fleeing Indians, without any success at all. Many trails were reported, but on following them up each proved abortive. Provisions had become scarce. The enemy was as far away as ever. The necessity of a different campaign became apparent. Captain Dunn, who had been shot by accident, was recovering and was about to be returned to Dixon’s Ferry under escort of Col. John Ewing’s Regiment. Henry and Alexander had been detached to go to Fort Winnebago for provisions, thus virtually disrupting the army. At that stage General Atkinson considered it best to dismiss the independent commands. Accordingly, on July 10th, 1832, the company of Captain Early was mustered out of the service, and its members, including Private Abraham Lincoln, started for Dixon’s Ferry with the detachment of Colonel Ewing, who took with him all the sick and decrepit men of the army. The men fell down the river to Dixon’s Ferry, along the same route pursued by them up that stream, but did not move so rapidly for the reason that many of the men had lost their horses by death, theft and one or another cause. Among those to have lost their horses were Mr. Lincoln and his chum, George Harrison, but during the march those who had horses cheerfuly gave up the use of them to the unfortunate, and on the whole a jolly time of it was had all the way down the river. On that march up the river Mr. Lincoln’s mess was composed of five men–himself, his stepbrother, John D. Johnston, G.B. Fanchier, George Harrison, all privates, and First Corporal R.M. Wyatt, all of Captain Early’s company. During all of Mr. Lincoln’s service he was ever ready to march or move upon the phantom enemy. While scouting up in the swamps around Lake Koshkonong, he was the first to say, “Let’s go.” He was tireless on the march and overflowing with anecdote at all times. The story has been told of him that while returning to Dixon’s Ferry after his discharge, his shoes were so worn that he preferred going without them. One morning was particularly chilly, which brought out the complaint that he was very cold. “No wonder,” replied his neighbor, “there is so much of you on the ground.” That story may be truthful, but nevertheless the skeptical listener is forced to wonder how anyone could suffer to any great extent during the last few days of July, the hottest of the year. It is also a noteworthy fact that the story has never been authenticated by the names of eye-witnesses. From Dixon’s Ferry Mr. Lincoln, with his companion, George Harrison, crossed the country to the point on the Illinois River later called Peru; thence to Peoria, where they bought a canoe in which to paddle themselves down the Illinois River as far as Havana. While Harrison supplied the commissary, Mr. Lincoln made an oar or paddle to be used as motive power–one large enough to endure hard service. Just below Pekin they overtook two men on a log raft, upon which the two soldiers were invited. It was meal time, and, western fashion, the hungry men were invited to join the raftsmen. Cornbread, fish, eggs, butter, coffee and similar luxuries were lavishly supplied, and from Mr. Lincoln’s own statements he did justice to the meal. Arrived at Havana, the canoe was sold without trouble and the two companions set out overland for New Salem, Lincoln’s long strides blazing the way and leading poor Harrison a pace he never forgot. While no military achievement brought glory to Mr. Lincoln, he was ever after fond of recording his experiences in the Black Hawk War and relating stories of the ridiculous things which were done in his campaigns. Repetition by others caused their enlargement, until the number and variety became very great. Those stories attracted attention to him in Congress and brought him a considerable following, and finally a reputation, when he made his celebrated speech on “Military Coattails,” into which he injected portions of his Black Hawk War experiences in a way to ridicule the life out of the military pretensions of Lewis Cass. Again quoting from Ben. Perley Poore, we find:[292] “Soon after the presidential campaign of 1848 was opened, Alfred Iverson, a Democratic Representative from Georgia, made a political speech, in which he accused the Whigs of having deserted their financial and tariff principles and of having ‘taken shelter under the military coattails of General Taylor,’ then their presidential candidate. This gave Mr. Lincoln as a text for his reply, ‘Military Coat-tails.’ He had written the heads of what he had intended to say on a few pages of foolscap paper, which he placed on a friend’s desk, bordering on an alleyway, which he had obtained permission to speak from. At first he followed his notes, but as he warmed up, he left his desk and his notes to stride down the alley toward the Speaker’s chair, holding his left hand behind him so that he could now and then shake the tails of his own rusty black broadcloth dress coat, while he earnestly gesticulated with his long right arm, shaking the bony index finger at the Democrats on the other side of the chamber. Occasionally, as he would complete a sentence amid shouts of laughter, he would return up the alley to his desk, consult his notes, take a sip of water and start off again. “Toward the close of his speech Mr. Lincoln poured a torrent of ridicule upon the military reputation of General Cass, and then alluded to his own exploits as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, ‘where,’ he continued, ‘I fought, bled and came away. If General Cass saw any live, fighting Indians at the battle of the Thames, where he served as aide-de-camp to General Harrison, it was more than I did, but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry. Mr. Speaker,’ added Mr. Lincoln, ‘if I should ever conclude to doff whatever our Democratic friends may suppose there is of black-cockade Federalism about me, and thereupon they shall take me up as their candidate for the Presidency, I protest they shall not make fun of me as they have of General Cass, by attempting to write me into a military hero.’[293] “Mr. Lincoln received hearty congratulations at the close, many Democrats joining the Whigs in their complimentary comments. The speech was pronounced by the older members of the House almost equal to the celebrated defense of General Harrison by Tom Corwin, in reply to an attack made on him by a Mr. Crary of Ohio.” APPENDIX NO. 2. JEFFERSON DAVIS IN THE BLACK HAWK WAR. In the year 1832, when the State of Illinois was but fourteen years of age, there was to be found on the south bank of Rock River, sixty-five miles above its mouth, a frontier post called Dixon’s Ferry. It was an unpretentious affair, consisting of a solitary tenement laid east and west, in three sections, and built of logs–a cozy but rambling affair ninety feet in length. At this point the great “Kellogg’s trail,” run by O.W. Kellogg in the year 1827, crossed the river, and John Dixon, from whom the ferry derived its name and its existence, had lived here with his family since early in the year 1830, entertaining travelers, operating the ferry and trading with the “suckers” who journeyed to and from the mining district and Indians. This famous old trail was then the route pursued by the argonauts of all the southern country in search of sudden wealth in the mines. It was the great thoroughfare from Peoria, then more commonly referred to as Fort Clark, to Galena, sought by those from the St. Louis country on the southwest and the old Vincennes country to the southeast, and followed on northwesterly past Dixon’s Ferry to Galena, where the crowds dispersed and scattered for the “diggings” over northwestern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin, then a part of Michigan Territory. Later the Government mail route changed the old trail to a straighter course between Galena and Dixon’s Ferry, thence leaving it for an easterly direction through DeKalb, Kane, DuPage and Cook counties the route continued to Chicago. Famous old days were those in the West and famous men traveled that trail in those old days! From the miner and prospector to the merchant; from the mail carrier to the soldier; from the circuit preacher to the circuit law rider following a peripatetic court. From Peter Cartwright, the energetic Methodist preacher, who swam swollen streams and rivers to keep his word, and who, if rumor be true, brought in more than one obstreperous recruit with a flogging, to Col. James M. Strode, the then noted but erratic criminal lawyer of Galena; from Lieut.-Col. Zachary Taylor, who afterward became President of the United States, and Gen. Winfield Scott, who wanted to be, to Lieut. Jefferson Davis, who was President of the Southern Confederacy, and Capt. Abraham Lincoln, who dissolved it, we find them all associated with the old trail and eating and lodging with mine host Dixon, singly and together; those who were later to become Cabinet Ministers, United States Senators, Representatives, Governors, and soldiers and statesmen without number. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: LIEUT. JEFFERSON DAVIS.] White men and Indians alike made their pilgrimages along that trail, stopping over with Mr. Dixon to strengthen the inner man and replenish their stock of supplies. With the Indians he was particularly popular, insomuch that he became their counselor and arbitrator, and likewise their banker. In turn, as a recognition of his many and kindly offices, the Winnebagoes adopted him into their tribe, naming him Na-chu-sa (long hair white). This affection for the old patriarch was equally manifested by the whites, and when the time came to bespeak it there was left no uncertainty respecting the judgment. His silent influence became so potent that in the year 1840, with Galena the political and commercial power of the Northwest, he took from her to his own town the United States Land Office. When the subject of removal was first broached it appeared so ridiculously impossible that nothing in Galena but laughter protested, but John Dixon’s tavern was stronger than the politics and commercial prestige of the giant philistine, and her haughty pride was humbled. Singly he journeyed on to Washington, and for the simple asking, the office, the most potential factor in the politics of that day, was ordered removed to Dixon–the miracle of the century in Illinois politics. The man’s venerable personality, his charming sweetness of disposition, his rugged honesty, and possibly his little account book, were altogether too powerful for the antagonists of those rugged days, and before passing that same little account book it may be well to run hastily over its pages. Colonel Strode was exceedingly familiar with them; one might say that he took liberties with them. First we find Colonel Strode Dr.–To Cash–$10.00, and again Strode was Dr.–To Cash–$5.00; invariably cash, running clear through from cover to cover. Col. William S. Hamilton, son of General Alexander Hamilton, whose business ventures were as varied as they were numerous, was favored with merchandise to the extent of many pages and many hundreds of dollars, and so, by the by, was Col. Zachary Taylor, only to more modest amounts. One entry characteristic of the times is laughable enough. Here it is: “Col. Z. Taylor–To Md’se. (including a shirt pattern), $6:50,” and then follows its liquidation in a still more laughable manner: “Settled by note.” There is humor for you! The hero of more than one war and President of the United States settling an account of $6.50 by note of hand! But the note was paid in due time, we are assured by Miss F. Louise Dixon, the owner of the little book with such historic credits and debits. Even the dignity of Gen. Winfield Scott was not above the acceptance of the hospitality of those friendly pages, for we find entries which tell of the manner they had obliged him, but the punctilio observed by him in the discharge of those little accounts was manifested by the same precision one would expect from the dignified old soldier, who was nothing if not precise. Men came and traded, traveled afar off and returned to settle, sometimes a year from date and sometimes at a still longer date, but they returned, and the score at Mr. Dixon’s was never forgotten. Today the debtor was a miner; tomorrow he might be a contractor, and later he might be a lawyer, but in meeting his obligations he was always a man. On one occasion we find this same Colonel Hamilton, who had contracted two hundred steers to be delivered to the Government agency at Green Bay, Wisconsin, driving them from Springfield, Illinois, through Chicago, and thence northward to his destination. In the same month he was operating “Hamilton’s diggings,” and subsequently he was defending a noted Mormon at Nauvoo, Illinois, charged with the commission of a crime, and yet again he was commanding a band of Menominee Indians in the Black Hawk War; always strenuous and always unqualifiedly successful. Backward and forward the people came, forgetting never to stop over with genial Mr. Dixon. Travel was constant, and in a general sense men were prosperous, particularly in the mines. Though freely encroaching on the land of the Winnebagoes, no troubles had ensued since the “Winnebago scare” of 1827, when Red Bird was captured for an unwarranted attack upon the whites. A little riffle was caused in 1831 by Black Hawk, but nothing serious arose to disturb the tranquillity of the settlements until the year 1832. Possibly if the affair of 1831 had been more serious the one of 1832 would have been less disastrous. In the spring of the year 1832, Black Hawk and his “British band,” as it was denominated, of the Sac tribe of Indians, disregarding all former treaties, one of them so late as the preceding summer, crossed the Mississippi in search of trouble. He had traveled up Rock River, stopping one day with Mr. Dixon, and then continued to a point some thirty miles above, where Stillman and his militia in attempting later to dislodge them, were signally defeated, and in consequence consternation spread over the entire West. Then it was the log cabin of John Dixon took on a national reputation, which its memory has ever since maintained, and which must stand by it so long as our country endures, and then, indeed, the account books took on an importance seldom acquired in the affairs of bookdom. Then the tide turned, too, from lawyers and “suckers” to soldiers, and the flower and chivalry of the State and Nation went forth to concentrate at Dixon’s Ferry to contest the advance of Black Hawk and his mercenaries, who had fought the Americans at every opportunity from the beginning of the century. [Illustration: LIEUT. J.J. ABERCROMBIE. U.S.A] [Illustration: LIEUT. GEORGE WILSON. U.S.A] [Illustration: COL. NATHAN BOONE.] [Illustration: LIEUT. ROBERT ANDERSON, U.S.A. (Copyrighted, as stated in index.) ] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ In addition to those named there were Gen. Hugh Brady, Gen. Henry Atkinson, Col. Nathan Boone, son of Daniel Boone, Capt. W.S. Harney, Robert Anderson, Jefferson Davis, N.J. Eaton, Albert Sidney Johnston, Joseph E. Johnston, Bennet Riley, W.M. Graham, George Wilson, Kearney, Abercrombie, Gardenier, William Whistler, M.L. Clark, of the regular army, and of the militia, Capt. Abraham Lincoln, Gen. Henry Dodge, Gen. George W. Jones, Gov. John Reynolds, Gen. E.D. Baker, O.H. Browning, John A. McClernand, John Dement, Harrison Wilson, James D. Henry, Sidney Breese, Jacob Fry, Samuel Whiteside, Adam W. Snyder and others without number, who became famous in the history of the country at subsequent periods. The regulars stationed at Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis) started under Atkinson up the Mississippi for Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), from which point the General, with a small detachment, proceeded further up to Fort Crawford (Prairie du Chien), to secure the assistance of the troops stationed there under Lieut.-Col. Zachary Taylor, and those at Fort Winnebago (Portage, Wisconsin) under Lieut.-Col. Enos Cutler. Those under Taylor returned with Atkinson to Fort Armstrong to meet the militia of the State of Illinois, then gathering at Beardstown, preparatory to moving up to the mouth of Rock River, where a junction was to be formed with the regulars. Other troops under General Scott were subsequently ordered from Fortress Monroe. Others under Brady were ordered to Dixon’s Ferry from Detroit, taking in the Fort Winnebago men, the whole finally making an army formidable enough to annihilate all the Indians in the West if Indians could have been drawn into a general engagement. On the 12th of May, 1832, the militia under Governor Reynolds and Gen. Samuel Whiteside arrived, almost simultaneously with a company of troops from the mining district under the intrepid Gen. Henry Dodge. On the 17th the regulars under General Atkinson arrived, and on this day Jefferson Davis assisted in mustering into the United States service the newly-formed Fifth Regiment, of which James Johnson of Macon County had been made Colonel just before. In this first campaign of 1832 Lincoln was captain of a company of militia composed of sixty-nine as intractable and headstrong men as could be found at that very independent period, extravagantly opposed to discipline, acknowledging no superior, yet managed with skill and credit to all by the captain, who, under ordinary circumstances, chafed under restraint much less severe than that which military authority imposed and which few western men respected. The age was one of independence, and that, more than anything else, was the cause of Stillman’s defeat. Private differences were settled without the assistance of courts, which were few and far between. One man was as good as his neighbor, and if anyone disputed the proposition it generally cost him a sore head. Those men who had fought in the war of 1812, without the assistance of the general Government, looked with profound contempt on the gold trappings of the regular officer and his tedious routine, and Governor Reynolds, diplomat that he was in handling western character, was put to the limit of his ability and endurance in smoothing over the difficulties which were needlessly created by this miserable spirit of independence. But by appointing officers of the regular establishment on his personal staff, requesting General Atkinson to accept some of the militia on his staff,[294] which he cheerfuly did, and finally instructing others in the gentle art of “mixing” he was finally able to overcome almost every obstacle which arose. Officers of the militia were invited to mess with the regulars, and vice versa, and through the friendly offices of the Governor, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were brought together for the first time and “messed” at Mr. Dixon’s table. Albert Sidney Johnston, then a second lieutenant, accompanied the expedition from Jefferson Barracks and was appointed on the Governor’s staff with Robert Anderson. Lieutenant Johnston’s journal, kept regularly during the entire campaign, and which is fortunately preserved to us at this day, is a valuable and entertaining document. When Atkinson was ordered to the front, Lieut. Robert Anderson was at Jefferson Barracks making an inspection. Asking and obtaining leave to accompany the expedition, he was appointed Assistant Inspector-General of the militia, and, as before stated, made a member of the Governor’s staff, with the rank of Colonel. Gen. W.S. Harney, then a captain, and Jefferson Davis, then a lieutenant, were both absent on furlough when Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi, but on hearing of his purpose, each at once returned, rejoined his regiment at the mouth of Rock River and continued throughout the campaign to its close.[295] The season was unusually rainy, and by the time the troops had reached Dixon’s Ferry they were nearly exhausted with fording creeks and towing the unmanageable keel boats up the river, many times wading waist deep in mire and water to propel them. Stillman had been defeated on the 14th, and by the time General Atkinson’s forces reached the ferry the militia and its officers were a panicky lot. The War Department at Washington shows that Lieut. Jefferson Davis applied for a leave of absence and left Fort Crawford to go upon the same on the 26th day of March, 1832, and that he formally rejoined his command from leave August 18th, 1832, sixteen days after the battle of the Bad Axe, the last engagement of the campaign, which would inferentially indicate that he was absent from duty all the time between those dates and inferentially not in the campaign. In a letter written by Mr. Davis on the 8th day of August, 1882, from Beauvoir, Mississippi, to Gen. George W. Jones of Dubuque, Iowa, he stated: “In the spring of 1832 I was relieved by Lieut. I.R.B. Gardenier, as private matters required me to go to Mississippi, my home. * * *” So far there is no conflict. But while his official letter acknowledging his return to his regiment is not dated till August 18th, he was present in flesh and blood from start to finish, delaying that perfunctory duty until he was once more back to quarters and relieved of the fatigues and manifold annoyances of a campaign through swamps and bogs and innumerable privations. And while touching upon the general subject of war records, I beg to state that I attended the funeral of an officer killed at the battle of Shiloh–literally shot to pieces–yet there stands to this day against his name in the Adjutant-General’s reports this “record:” “Absent on furlough.” The officer had no opportunity to take the furlough, and it took the affidavits of half the town to make the department believe he was not actually alive. The facts in the case are exactly stated by Col. William Preston Johnston, late President of Tulane University, in his very interesting “Life of General A.S. Johnston,” at page 36: “Jefferson Davis, who was with General Gaines in his operations in 1831, was absent on furlough in Mississippi when the Black Hawk war broke out, but gave up his furlough, and, joining his company, served in the campaign.” This was told him by Mr. Davis himself when Colonel Johnston was writing the book, as well as many other little incidents, including one of Stillman’s defeat, and should be regarded as conclusive for all time. But as various writers, with more regard for revenue than right, have sought to discredit the truth because a negative inference from the record gave them the opportunity of avoiding a little labor, I have collected from various sources a complete detail of Mr. Davis’ movements during the campaign. On the 17th day of May, when General Atkinson arrived at Dixon’s Ferry, the militia were discontented, disconcerted and on the verge of insubordination. Governor Reynolds had on the morning of the 15th issued a call for two thousand more troops to rendezvous at Hennepin, and only by the most frantic appeals had he been able to hold the others together until Atkinson arrived. It is true the provisions had been exhausted and the volunteers were living on less than half rations, but it is equally true that this was due entirely to their own improvidence and wastefulness. The troops under Stillman, after their defeat on the 14th, had consented to remain in the service to protect the frontier until a new levy could be raised. Accordingly, so soon as they returned from the burial of their dead, on the 16th, the Fifth Regiment was organized, and on the following day, when the troops under the commanding general arrived, the regiment was sworn into the United States service. On the 15th Strode, who was colonel and commander of the militia of Jo Daviess County, had been instructed to hasten back to the mines and organize his forces to protect that very important frontier, which all recognized as the one to suffer from the attacks of the Indians at almost any hour. He quickly returned, but, being utterly unable to manage the intractable spirits of that locality, he had declared martial law. This act inflamed the people to a high degree of passion and rumors of its effects had reached the ears of Governor Reynolds. General Atkinson was consulted at once on his arrival, and Lieut. Jefferson Davis and two or three other officers were detailed to go post haste to Galena and, if possible, bring order out of the chaos which Strode had precipitated. The departure of Lieutenant Davis on the 17th and his mission to Galena have been related to me by Mr. Dixon on more than one occasion. Fortunately, others remembered the circumstance and reduced it to writing, making a mistake impossible on that point. Among the many documents which have come to my attention in connection with this search is an old yellow letter in the possession of Gen. John C. Smith of Chicago, written to him years ago by H. Hezekiah Gear, who was a captain and served throughout the Black Hawk campaign. Captain Gear was a man of character and influence in the community and his memory or veracity has never yet been called into question. This letter details this very visit in a concise yet luminous fashion: “I had a partial acquaintance with Lieut. Jefferson Davis. I had a partial acquaintance with him when this whole domain was under savage rule, except ten miles square about Galena and western garrisons. He was, I _think_, at the Winnebago disturbance in 1827. He was at Fort Winnebago on the Wisconsin River, and in 1832 stationed at Prairie du Chien, in the then Colonel Taylor’s regiment. “He came at the commencement of the Sauk and Fox war to Galena to counsel with us in relation to defense, with a number of officers, his superiors, for a day or so. “At the same time the Governor of Illinois, by proclamation, called every able-bodied man into the field. Came to Galena on Saturday; all in commotion. Colonel Strode commanding. “We held a council of war, yet had no arms. I urged them to have spontoons forged. He gave me the order to have 250 manufactured, I remember, and on Monday morning I brought them into quarters, when I then mounted my horse to go to the diggings, when I was accosted by the Colonel: ‘Where are you going, Gear?’ ‘To plant my potatoes.’ ‘What, leave us here to take care of your family?’ ‘No, I act as a picket guard,’ having my rifle on my shoulder. “‘Gear, we cannot spare you.’ ‘Why?’ said I. He said, ‘The Governor had called every able-bodied man into the field.’ I looked along the crowd and he had a company of about sixty.[296] ‘Are these all?’ was my reply. ‘Yes,’ was his answer. ‘Why,’ said I, ‘I can raise more men at the sound of a whistle. Now there is but one to command and the balance to obey, Colonel, if we are in such danger. Now would you dare declare martial law, as General Jackson did at New Orleans?’ He then said as Nathan said to David, ‘Thou art the man; make out your order now and I will see it obeyed.’ I dismounted at once, armed and equipped, shortly reporting at his headquarters, where his order was handed me, countersigned by the adjutant. I, reading, replied, ‘It was a good order, but do you suppose a soul will obey me? No, not one, unless I have a force sufficient to carry it out. Will you give me a sergeant’s guard?’ ‘I will.’ ‘Will you give me that fife and drum?’ ‘I will.’ ‘I will see it carried to the extent of my life.’ “I that day raised 240 recruits, was appointed officer of the day, had sixty-four to mount for guard; got quarters for my men and rations and part of their blankets, and refused other blankets that would not pass muster by me as a soldier’s blanket; put the commissary in mud in the streets of Galena, for endeavoring to pass them on my men, and the next day received a pair of blankets for all. Well, the last round: I told the boys we would have some sport. “Mrs. Barnes kept a bakery house on Brush street, which was the quarters of several officers of the United States Army. “B. Miller, Esq., called the Chesterfield of the bar of Illinois, was there cracking jokes, and I halted at their quarters, requesting orders to report. He said to fall into line. ‘What are you going to do with us?’ ‘The army wants just such men as you. Now we will find a place for you.’ I then made my bow to Captain Kearney, or Major Harney, I do not know which. ‘Will you and your brother officers fall into line? We belong to the United States Army.’ ‘Well, then, read them the Governor’s proclamation and the order from Colonel Strode of the Twenty-seventh Regiment declaring martial law. Now, gentlemen, you know my duty, and if you hail General Jackson you will march. Now I cannot discharge my duty by leaving you behind, but the Colonel can dispose of you after you arrive in headquarters.’ So we all fell into line, and under double-quick marched to quarters. “Now their names were as follows, to wit: Captain Harney, Captain Kearney, Lieutenant Anderson, Lieutenant Gardenier, Lieutenant Jeff Davis.” Those companies were formed at Galena on the 19th day of May, and the presence of Lieut. J.R.B. Gardenier on that day, as mentioned by Captain Gear, is substantiated by reference to page 138 of a “Record of the Services of Illinois soldiers in the Black Hawk War,” published by the Adjutant-General of Illinois in 1882, where it will be found that Lieut. J.R.B. Gardinier acted as commandant of Nicholas Dowling’s company from May 19th to July 14th, “by request.” Captain Gear takes considerable credit unto himself for the accomplishment of this muster, but that is a latitude allowed every person who narrates a statement of fact so prominent, and especially when so successful. He has the detail of Strode’s order a trifle confused, but that is of no consequence when the story is considered as a whole. He has given the days of the week with such accuracy that there remains no reason to doubt the statement of John Dixon, which it confirms. Mr. John K. Robison was at the time a resident of Galena. Subsequently he removed to Dixon, and later removed to Melugin’s Grove, in the same county, where he passed most of his long and honored life. He was fourth sergeant in Captain Gear’s company. In his lifetime I had many conversations with him about the campaign and his famous comrades, in the course of which he has more than once alluded to this meeting of Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Gardenier at Galena while they were encountering such trouble with Colonel Strode and his pig-headed tactics. He also told me of meeting Lieutenant Davis on several occasions thereafter, particularly at the time Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor’s troops, with others, crossed the Wisconsin River on the march to the Bad Axe, where Black Hawk was overtaken and his band annihilated. From Galena Lieutenant Davis and his companions, with the exception of Lieutenant Gardenier, returned to Dixon’s Ferry, where, with the exception of scouting duty from time to time, and the march up Rock River, the troops under Taylor remained until the 27th day of June at 12 o’clock, when the militia under General Henry and the regulars under Atkinson and Brady started up the east bank of Rock River for the head-quarters of Black Hawk among the morasses of the river above Lake Koshkonong. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Illustration: CAPT. H. HEZEKIAH GEAR.] [Illustration: SERGT. JOHN K. ROBISON.] [Illustration: GEN. GEORGE W. JONES.] [Illustration: GEN. A.C. DODGE.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ It was during that period of over one month at Dixon’s Ferry that Mr. Dixon became so well acquainted with Lieutenant Davis and his companions that error was impossible. He with others were guests at Mr. Dixon’s house. They traded with him, buying his merchandise and paying for it or “having it charged.” They hunted the wild duck, the grouse, the squirrel, the deer and the wild bee trees, and they fished and trapped and enjoyed life with a zest allowed no man of the present day of dirty pavements, crowded streets and dusty roads. For weeks they were present, conversing, dining, playing, romping the prairies like so many schoolboys just dismissed from the termination of a long and arduous term of school. And thus were the images of those army officers impressed upon the memory of John Dixon, who, by the by, continued with them clear through the campaign, as army guide and contractor, till the battle of the Bad Axe ended the campaign. After wearisome efforts around the Koshkonong country to dislodge the enemy, Henry and Dodge found his trail leading to the west, in a final effort to escape destruction, which was so surely coming upon him. Taylor’s division, including Lieutenant Davis, who was Taylor’s adjutant, marched immediately for the Wisconsin River and the Blue Mounds, and thence on to the Bax Axe. After this engagement, the troops marched to Fort Crawford, their headquarters, and there, freed from the dangers and fatigue of the campaign, Lieutenant Davis formally wrote out a letter notifying the department of his return to duty. From that point the Illinois troops were marched back to Dixon’s Ferry and mustered out by Capt. Zalmon C. Palmer. During this period of five weeks, while Taylor remained at Dixon’s Ferry, he was constantly on the alert, intercepting marauding bands of Indians, assisting the volunteers who had temporarily offered their services while the new levy was forming at Hennepin and Fort Wilbourn, and generally protecting the frontiers, and in this connection it may be said that the bloodiest and most destructive skirmishes were made between the Ferry and Galena during this period. It may also be recorded that while the little account book was at all times open to the service of the officers there stationed, Mr. Dixon always laughingly spoke of the fact that, while he often sold them bills of goods, yet Lieutenant Davis and Lieutenant Anderson were always cash customers. In the fullness of time, Mr. Dixon, who had never taken thought for the morrow, particularly when his fellow man was in need or distress, came to an age when he felt constrained to marshal all of his resources and call in his few overlooked accounts. Among them was a large one against the United States Government, which of right should have been paid years before, but being in no immediate need, it had slipped along without attention. He finally applied for a land warrant for a quarter section of land to recompense him in a measure for the many and valuable services he had rendered his country during the Black Hawk War. A bill was introduced in Congress, passed by the Lower House, and in the Senate was referred to the usual committee for consideration. This committee reported adversely on the bill, and when it was reported to the Senate for final action, Senator Trumbull, who well knew the merit of the case and greatly desired the passage of the measure, dispatched a message at once to Dixon to inquire if Mr. Dixon did not know of some friend in the Senate, as he did in the House, who would assist in its passage. On a moment’s thought he replied to a friend, “Why, yes, there is Lieutenant Davis,” whereupon the attention of Senator Jefferson Davis was called to the bill, and here is the record of what transpired: From the Congressional Globe, First Session. 36th Congress.–June 8th, 1860, page 2751: “JOHN DIXON. “The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, next proceeded to consider the bill (H.R. No. 236) for the relief of John Dixon, which had been reported adversely from the Committee on Public Lands. It directs the Secretary of the Interior to issue a bounty land warrant for one hundred and sixty acres to John Dixon, of Dixon’s Ferry, in the State of Illinois, for services rendered in the Black Hawk war. “Mr. Trumbull: I ask that the bill may be put upon its passage. I will remark that the Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, with whom I had a conversation on the subject, stated that he reported adversely on this bill to grant a land warrant to Mr. Dixon, for the reason that the testimony before the Committee did not seem to be sufficient of his having rendered any service. He was not enlisted in the service, but he performed valuable service in the Black Hawk war–furnished supplies and acted as a guide and interpreter. He is an old man, over eighty years of age, and is now in very reduced circumstances. Some of his friends have made this application to get the old man a land warrant, and comes, I think, within the spirit of the law. The Senator from Mississippi (Mr. Davis), who served in the war, knows him personally, and perhaps he would make a statement to the Senate of his knowledge of the services for which it is proposed to grant a land warrant to this poor old man.’ “Mr. Davis: ‘As stated by the Senator from Illinois, I do know this individual personally and believe him to be a very honest man, and I should have great confidence in his statement. He was one of the first pioneers in the country near what is now the town of Dixon, formerly known as Dixon’s Ferry. He lived there in an isolated position when I first knew him. His house was reached by crossing a wide prairie country inhabited only by Indians. He was of great service in the first settlement of the country. He was of service to the troops when they ascended the Rock River in the Black Hawk campaign. For some time a post was established at or near his house. He was of service at that time in furnishing supplies and giving information in regard to the country, and afterwards in taking care of the sick. In a liberal spirit toward camp followers, we have since that time provided for packmen, for teamsters and for clerks, giving them bounty land warrants equally with the soldiers who were serving in the same campaign. I think the only objection in this case is the want of testimony, but I have such confidence in the individual, together with my recollection of the circumstances, that I would say that he was within the spirit of the law, and I should be glad, because of his many services in the first settlement of that country, to see him thus rewarded.’” After a few exchanges of explanations, the bill passed the Senate, and the recollections of Senator Jefferson Davis of the days he spent at and about Mr. Dixon’s log cabin saved the day for the bill. It is not to be considered by any intelligent person that Mr. Davis would state on the floor of the United States Senate those facts, “from my recollection of the circumstances,” if he had not been present in that campaign and witnessed them with the pleasantest of memories. The little old log tavern-store-house of the 1832 campaign came back to him with all its memories and Senator Davis saved the bill, as the record of the proceedings show. The days when a man of years was young and his associations are never forgotten, and if any association under Heaven will evoke assistance from one to another it is an appeal to those early associations. And so it was with Senator Davis and Mr. Dixon. Among others of subsequent prominence in the history of the State of Illinois, who formed the acquaintance of Mr. Davis during that campaign, and particularly while Taylor was stationed at Dixon’s Ferry, was Col. John Dement, later a resident of the city of Dixon, where he died. For fifty years Colonel Dement was one of the foremost men of Illinois, and whenever he made a statement it carried conviction. He it was who fought the battle of Kellogg’s Grove in that campaign, one of the fiercest of the many which occurred between Dixon’s Ferry and Galena, retiring only after his clothing had been pierced with bullets and the Indians thoroughly checked from further molestation of the northwestern frontier. Colonel Dement many times told me of his acquaintance with Lieutenant Davis and how it ripened into a strong friendship as the campaign progressed, and which continued for all time thereafter. He many times in his lifetime spoke of Lieutenant Davis during that campaign, in public; and in the form of historical narrative he reduced the same statements to writing, one of which I have. At the breaking out of hostilities, Colonel Dement was State Treasurer, which station naturally carried with it considerable prestige in more ways than one, as proved to be the case a little later when he won for his bride the daughter of Gen. Henry Dodge, later Governor of Wisconsin and United States Senator, and, by the by, one of the most famous Indian fighters that ever lived. Lieutenant Davis knew them both, bride and groom, from the early day, all through life, and at the death of the Colonel wrote to Mrs. Dement the following touching letter, in which the friendship of that famous old campaign is alluded to: “Beauvoir, Miss., Feb. 4th, 1883. “My Dear Friend: Of the many who will offer you condolence in your recent bereavement, there is not one who sympathizes more deeply with you than he who long years ago claimed the privilege of the sacred name of friend. “Widely and long we have been separated, but your image has not been dimmed by time and distance. “The gallantry and noble bearing of your deceased husband was known to all who, like myself, were on the frontier of Illinois during the campaign against Black Hawk, and from your brother, Augustus, and your friend, General Jones, I heard of him in after years. “As your husband, he was to me the object of special interest, and it was a great gratification to me to learn that he was so worthy to be your life companion. “If you have preserved enough of the pleasant memories of one springtime to care for one who flitted with you over the flowers of youth’s happy garden, it will give me sincere gratification to hear from you and to learn of the welfare of yourself and children. “With cordial regard for you and yours, and renewed assurance of my deep sympathy, I am ever, “Faithfully your friend, “JEFFERSON DAVIS.” The term “garden” is appropriately applied to the spring of the year 1832 and its successor, 1833. The summer of 1831 had been dry, and crops and vegetation had failed; the prairies had been left parched and brown, and but for the open-handed manner of the pioneer in helping his distressed brother, there had indeed been great suffering. But in 1832, barring the scare of the Indian campaign then carried on, the people were permitted to revel in a luxury of vegetation. Rains descended and the foliage of the trees was beautiful beyond description. The wild grape and cherry and plum, and the bee tree, laden with honey, were all free to him who cared to gather. Wild deer, turkeys, ducks, geese, grouse and squirrels were everywhere present in abundance for the huntsman, while the streams were plentifully stocked with fish. The wild rose spread out its blossoms over the prairies, and if man, though never so weary, could not revel in his surroundings he was sordid enough. The pathway of the pioneer was hard and coarse, but a thoughtful God seasoned his toil with many a blessing denied to us of the crowded city. General Harney, in the latter years of his life, was very fond of speaking of those same beautiful days of springtime and the famous men he soldiered with at Dixon’s Ferry and on through the campaign, and in all those reminiscences failed never to allude to Lieut. Jefferson Davis, beginning with him at the mouth of Rock River, when they began their march up to Dixon’s Ferry. Reavis, in his biography, makes frequent quotations from those days and events in which both Harney and Davis took such active and conspicuous parts. In a recent correspondence with Mrs. John M. Harney of St. Louis I am told that full reliance can be placed upon the statements made by Mr. Reavis in that biography, and, furthermore, all statements contained in the same as emanating from General Harney were made in the presence of herself and Mr. Harney, and, independently of the book, Mrs. Harney confirms the presence of Lieutenant Davis in that campaign from General Harney himself, who in his lifetime so asserted many times. Gen. John A. McClernand, the last living member of that famous band which gathered at Dixon’s Ferry, wrote me, a very short time before his death, which but recently occurred, that he well knew it to be true that Lieutenant Davis was present and participated in the campaign to its close. Later on, when Lieutenant Davis became Secretary of War, Colonel Strode, who had then removed to Woodstock, Illinois, and traveled the circuit from that point, was exceedingly fond of alluding to Jefferson Davis as his companion in arms during the Black Hawk War, and upon that point I have the correspondence, confirming the making of those claims at all times and upon all occasions, from so eminent an authority as Hon. H.W. Blodgett, for so many years United States Judge of this District. Gen. George W. Jones, the first Senator in Congress from the State of Iowa, was a classmate of Jefferson Davis in their days of young manhood at Transylvania, and at his death was one of Mr. Davis’ pallbearers. The college days, so dear to every man who has a soul, brought them together as only college days can bring men together, and if subsequent events should ever bring them together again, after separating to start out in life, it can scarcely be said that either could be mistaken in any material point concerning the history of the occasion. Certainly General Jones could not, and here is what he has written above his signature about the presence of Lieut. Jefferson Davis, his classmate, in the Black Hawk campaign: Dubuque, Jan. 16th, 1896. Mr. F.R. Dixon. My Dear Sir: Your letter of the 14th was received yesterday and I answer with pleasure. My acquaintance with Mr. Jefferson Davis was formed at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, from 1821 to 1824; renewed in 1828 after he was graduated at West Point and commissioned Second Lieutenant of Infantry, U.S.A, when he served under Col. Zachary Taylor, at Fort Crawford, Wisconsin. I, as Gen. Henry Dodge’s aid-de-camp, served with Lieutenant Davis throughout the Black Hawk war, from its _inception_ to its _close_. Later, we were brother United States Senators, and an intimate friendship existed between us throughout his life. I knew your grandfather intimately, as also Colonel Dement, and esteemed them both highly. * * * Trusting that the foregoing is a satisfactory reply to your inquiry, I am, Yours very sincerely, GEO. W. JONES. And here is what Gen. A.C. Dodge of Iowa, Senator in Congress with Jefferson Davis, has written on the subject: “In 1832 we became associated in the famous Black Hawk war, he (Lieutenant Davis) as lieutenant of infantry, and I as aid-de-camp to Gen. Henry Dodge, commanding the militia of Michigan Territory. I often accepted his invitation to partake of his hospitality, as well as that of Gen. (then Captain) William S. Harney and Col. Zachary Taylor, who often divided their rations with me, as we volunteers were frequently in want of suitable food. “The regulars were much better provided for than we volunteers were at the time. They were not only furnished with better rations and more of them, but they had tents, while we had none; and I shall never forget the generous hospitality of Lieutenant Davis, Col. Zachary Taylor, Capt. W.S. Harney and others of my brave and generous comrades of those days.”[297] There was no point in the material or political growth of that part of the then Michigan Territory (now Wisconsin), where Lieutenant Davis was stationed, that Generals Jones and Dodge were not identified with and thoroughly familiar. They were on the staff of General Dodge during the campaign, by reason of which and the exalted position of General Dodge they were upon terms of intimacy with the army officers of the war, beginning with Gen. Winfield Scott, who was chief in command after his arrival at Prairie du Chien. In 1866, after the conclusion of the Civil War, and when the prominent men on both sides were in the minds of everyone, Rev. W.W. Harsha, then of Dixon, but later President of the Presbyterian Theological College at Omaha, Nebraska, was about to take a journey to New York City, at which point Gen. Robert Anderson was to be found, recovering from a very severe illness. Commenting on the proposed trip to Mr. Dixon, the latter expressed a desire to have Mr. Harsha call upon the General, and, if remembered by him, to convey to him the very best wishes of Mr. Dixon for his speedy recovery, and, in view of the prominence of Lieutenant Anderson, Lieutenant Davis and others who served in the Black Hawk campaign, recall the incidents of that early day and inquire if General Anderson remembered them. Mr. Harsha, upon his arrival, true to his promise, made the call, and the following letter, written at the time, gives the substance of the interview: Chicago, April 29th, 1866. My Dear Friend: Being recently in New York City on business, and finding myself one day in the neighborhood of General Anderson’s residence, it occurred to me to call, and, partly on your account and partly on my own, make his acquaintance. I did so, and as soon as I told the General that I had lived eight years in Dixon, and I mentioned your name, he expressed himself greatly pleased to see me. He entered immediatly upon a minute and interesting detail of his experiences in Illinois and confirmed the statement which I had heard from you of his meeting Davis and Lincoln at your house at “Dixon’s Ferry.” He was very glad to hear that you were living and inquired affectionately after your health and the condition of your family. He seemed distressed to learn of your bereavements, and showed himself a man of true feeling. He is, as you know, very much broken down in health. * * * On parting from him the General says: “Tell my old friend, Mr. Dixon, that I shall probably not see him in this life again, but I hope to meet him in Heaven.” * * * Yours truly, W.W. HARSHA. To John Dixon, Dixon, Illinois. Isaac N. Arnold, Lincoln’s friend and biographer, specifically recalls a conversation with Lincoln, wherein the latter remembers and mentions the presence of Mr. Davis in that campaign. Ben Perley Poore frequently heard Lincoln tell of Davis’ presence in that campaign, and he has particularly told us so on page 218 of “Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln.” After leaving Dixon’s Ferry to march up the left bank of Rock River, the route became one of privation and hardship, particularly after reaching the bogs and swamps about Lake Koshkonong, where men fell ill by the score, and where others became so exhausted that they were sent back to the Ferry, to be later discharged. In many cases, detachments sent out among the swamps to chase the phantom Indian or guard some particular settlement against apprehended attack had nothing but pickled pork and a course dough for subsistence. The rains made the streams impassable, and many times, as at the Wisconsin, just before the battle of that name, the entire army, after making wearisome forced marches without sleep, were compelled to remain standing all night long before the battle, in a drenching rain, awaiting the hour in the morning when the attack might be made. Thus, day after day, the troops marched in clothing soaked with water, many falling by the wayside, to be carried to the rude hospitals improvised for the occasion, and even so rugged and powerful a man as General Henry, who won both the battle of the Wisconsin and the Bad Axe, sickened and died from the exposures of that campaign.[298] Through all these vicissitudes Davis and Anderson and Johnston and Eaton were cheerful and buoyed up the men with encouraging words until back once more at Fort Crawford, where a more fearful enemy than exposure was met–the Asiatic cholera. Anderson and Johnston were stricken and suffered a long time the frightful agonies of that dread disease. There at his old and familiar quarters, Lieutenant Davis performed the duty demanded of him, of formally reporting himself back with his regiment for duty, August 16th, 1832. Later, Black Hawk, Neapope, the Prophet and the other Indian leaders were captured and handed over to Lieut.-Col. Zachary Taylor as prisoners of war. Robert Anderson, in a letter to Hon. E.B. Washburne, has stated that he was designated as their custodian to take them to Jefferson Barracks, but that the fateful cholera prevented. In that he was mistaken; he took the second installment of prisoners. We know from every man who served in that campaign and from every record that those prisoners were handed by Colonel Taylor to Lieut. Jefferson Davis to be taken to Jefferson Barracks. Following is from The Galenian of September 5th, 1832: “September 4th General Street, the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, arrived to-day on board the steamboat Winnebago with about one hundred Sac prisoners, guarded by an escort of troops under command of Lieut. Jefferson Davis. Among the prisoners are the celebrated Black Hawk, the Prophet and La-ce-o-souck (The Thunder), son of Black Hawk; the latter was delivered on the night of the 3d. The prisoners were brought in by the Winnebagoes and the Sioux. “The Winnebagoes came in, as we learn, so late on the night of the 3d with the prisoners, and the steamboat being there in waiting for them, General Street, instead of delivering them to Colonel Taylor, as heretofore, delivered them over to the charge of Colonel Anderson, who went on that commission, and who is now on his way to Rock Island with them.”[299] From the Galenian, a paper published in Galena, we find “locals” noting the presence of the noted prisoners and their guard, Jefferson Davis, at every point containing a newspaper, at which they stopped. No reasonable person can believe that so honorable and responsible a post would have been given Lieutenant Davis had he not participated in the campaign with distinction. With the most frightful epidemic of cholera at Fort Armstrong which they passed; with cholera about him in the boat, he reached Jefferson Barracks thoroughly exhausted, and feeling that he was entitled to the leave of absence which he had given up to enter this campaign, he applied for another and, receiving it, as he did in due time, he returned to Mississippi to enjoy it. The experience gained in that campaign suggested his name for the command of a regiment of Mississippi troops in the war with Mexico, where he gained such fame as to bring forth the hearty thanks of Gen. Zachary Taylor on the field. In conclusion, I wish to add a conversation which Mr. Aldrich, Curator of the Historical Department of Iowa, had with Mr. Davis about two years before the death of the latter. Mr. Davis, in the course of this conversation, said much about Black Hawk and that campaign and his participation in it, and here is his narrative verbatim, of the Battle of the Wisconsin, in which he was engaged, taken down by Mr. Aldrich at the time: “We were one day pursuing the Indians, when we came close to the Wisconsin River. Reaching the river bank, the Indians made so determined a stand, and fought with such desperation, that they held us in check. During this time the squaws tore bark from the trees, with which they made little shallops, in which they floated their papooses and other impedimenta across to an island, also swimming over the ponies. As soon as this was accomplished, half of the warriors plunged in and swam across, each holding his gun in one hand over his head, and swimming with the other. As soon as they reached the opposite bank, they also opened fire upon us, under cover of which the other half slipped down the bank and swam over in like manner. This,” said Mr. Davis, “was the most brilliant exhibition of military tactics that I ever witnessed–a feat of most consummate management and bravery, in the face of an enemy of greatly superior numbers. I never read of anything that could be compared with it. Had it been performed by white men, it would have been immortalized as one of the most splendid achievements in military history.” Black Hawk in his book, page 107, states the facts of that retreat pretty much as Mr. Davis did to Mr. Aldrich, excepting only to take no especial credit to himself or his braves for strategy. As Black Hawk was taken down the Mississippi by Lieutenant Davis, the two were in frequent conversation, and naturally each studied the other more or less, and while Mr. Davis, in after years, always spoke of his prisoner in the very highest terms, it may be interesting to know what Black Hawk had to say about his captor when he came to write his autobiography the following year: “We remained here a short time, and then started for Jefferson Barracks in a steamboat, under charge of a young war chief (Jefferson Davis), who treated us with much kindness. He is a good and brave young chief, with whose conduct I was much pleased. On our way down we called at Galena and remained a short time. The people crowded to the boat to see us, but the war chief would not permit them to enter the apartment where we were, knowing from what his feelings would have been if he had been placed in a similar position, that we did not wish to have a gaping crowd around us.” Little can be said for the negative of this question and less can be proven, and with such a unanimity of testimony in favor of his presence, from those who saw him and there formed his acquaintance and friendship, it cannot be perceived how an assumption, an “interpretation” can be allowed to rob him of that honor. [Illustration: MAJ. GEN. ALEXANDER MACOMB, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, U.S.A. ] [Illustration: WA-PEL-LO, CHIEF OF THE FOXES.] [Illustration: FORT WINNEBAGO; ERECTED LARGELY BY LIEUT. JEFFERSON DAVIS.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ INDEX Abercrombie, J.J., 120 Account of Manner of Enlistment, 119 Adair, William (Capt.), 194 Adair, William (L’t.-Col.), 190 Adams County, 117, 125 Adams, John G. (Capt.), 125, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 141, 145, 148 Adams, John G., Mrs., 135 Adams, Parker, 140 Adams, Samuel (Col.), 191 Adopted Son Story, 43 Aird, James, 54 Albany, N.Y., 263 Aldenrath, Benj. J., 142 Aldrich, Charles, Introduction and 2d Appendix Alexander County, 195 Alexander, David C., 126 Alexander, Milton K. (Gen.), 93, 98, 191, 195, 202, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 222, 223, 228, 287 Alexander, of Russia, 48 Alexander, T.L., 111, 120 Allen, William, 200 Al-lo-tah, 98 Ament, John L., 192 American Phrenological Journal, 19 American Temperance House, 245 Ames, Orestes, 118 Amhurstburgh, 68 An-a-wash-queth, 64 Anderson, Fannie (Mrs.), 270 Anderson, George (L’t.), 120 Anderson, Robert (L’t.), 126, 172, 173, 175, 189, 226, 227, 286, 293, 294, 299, 304 Anderson, Stinson B., 190 Anderson, T.G. (Capt.), 67 Annoyances, 81 Annuities of Sacs and Foxes, 84 An-o-wart, 64 Appel, Henry, 182 Apple River, 131, 174, 183, 186 Apple River Fort, 172, 183, 184, 185, (battle) and 186, 187, 286 A-qua-o-sa, 64 Arabian Nights, 96 Archambeau, Mr., 56 Archer, Col. William B., 191, 224 Arenz, Francis, 93 Argyle, 209 Armstrong, Aaron (Capt.), 193 Armstrong, Elizabeth (Mrs.), 186 Armstrong, Gen. John, 66 Armstrong, John, 278, 281, 282 Armstrong, Perry A., 59 Arnett, J.T. (Capt.), 194, 202 Arnold, John (Capt.), 191 A-sam-e-saw, 98 Ashton, Capt. Eliakem, 169 Asiatic Cholera, 242 As-shaw-e-qua, 268, 272, 273, 274 Atkins, A., 93 Atkinson, Henry (Gen.), 106, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 120, 121, 127, 141, 142, 145, etc., 157, 161, 163, 169, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 188, 189, 197, 202, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 228, 230, 234, 238, 240, 247, 259, 261, 283, 284, 293, 294 Atkinson’s Report Bad Axe, 228 Atlas, Ill., 119 Attack on the “Oliver H. Perry” and Consort, in 1827, 73, 74, 75 Aubrey, William, 180 Ausbery, Griffith, 82 Autobiography of Black Hawk, 19, 31 Aztalan, 217 Bache, Hartman (Capt.), 247 Backus, Electus (L’t.), 189 Bad Axe River, 20, 73, 223, 226, 227, 295 Bad Axe Battle, 167, 168, 223, 295 Bailey, Maj. David, 113, 125, 126, 130, 141, 145, 193, 204 Bailey, Capt. Alexander, 169 Bailly, Joseph, 55 Bain, John L., 82 Baird, Scipio, 124 Baker, Daniel (L’t. Col.), 120, 193 Baker, Edward D. (L’t.), 2d Appendix Baker, Mrs. E.B., 176 Baker, James, 123 Baldridge, David, 194 Ball, Azel F. (Capt.), 125, 145, 193 Ball, Japhet A. (Capt.), 125 Baltimore, 261, 264 Band, James B., 200 Bankson, Andrew (Capt.), 194 Bannon, Aaron (Capt.), 194 Banquet at Ft. Madison, 270 Barker, Thomas (Capt.), 120 Bark River, 209 Barlow, L’t. Col. J.W., 191 Barnes, David W. (Capt.), 125, 135, 145 Barnes, John (Capt.), 191 Barnes, Robert (Capt.), 159 Barney, Benj. (Capt.), 120, 125 Barnhart, Peter, 159 Barnsback, Julius L. (Capt.), 124 Barrel, John, 82 Barrett’s Ferry, 226, 236 Barron, Joseph, 30 Barrott, 55 Bartlett, Michael, 82 Batman, M.W. (L’t.), 120 Battle of 1800, 23 Battle of the Wisconsin Heights, 218, 221 Baylor, Dr., 189 Bays, Capt. John, 190 Beach, Maj. John, 40 Beall, Alexander (Maj.), 123, 194 Beall, Thomas J., 126, 145 Beardstown, 85, 93, 117, 154, 157, 160, 188, 278, 279, 282, 283 Beauchamp, 73, 74, 75 Beauty of Rock Island, 95 Beckwith, L’t. Col. Daniel W., 169 Beggs, Rev. S.R., 167 Belleville, 159 Bells, Mr., 154, 156 Beloit, 205 Beltrami, J.C., 17, 67 Benett, Louis, 55 Bennett, Hiram C., 118, 123 Bennett, Redding, 142 Bequette, Paschal, 131, 183 Beresford, James, 203 Berry, E.C., 94, 116 Berry, Thomas G. (Col.), 160 Best, ––, 55 Biggerstaff, Ardin (Capt.), 190 Big Indian Creek, 147 Big Sioux River, 100 Birch, Benjamin, 124 Birth of Black Hawk, 17 Bivens, John, 143 Black Hawk, Bones, 274 Black Hawk, Burial, 273 Black Hawk, Capacities, 20 Black Hawk, Death, 272 Black Hawk, Grave Robbed, 273 Black Hawk, Not a Chief, 21, 80 Black Hawk, Village, See V. | Black, James, 200 Black, Samuel, 183 Blackburn, James M. (Col.), 191, 224 Blackmaars, Mich., 256 Blackwell, J.A., 123 Blackwell, John H., 94 Blackwell, Robert, 124, 139 Black Snake Hills, 103 Black Thunder, 87 Blair, F.P., 230 Bliss, John (Maj.), 94, 98, 106, 107, 120, 121, 145, 161, 224 Blondeaux, Maurice, 61 Blodgett, H.W., 303 Bloomington, Ill., 159 Blue Earth River, 101 and affair there, 102, 103 Blue Mounds, 143, 153, 154, 180, 183, 212, 219, 220, 221, 236 Bogart, Maj. Samuel, 193 Bolen, Hypolite, 30 Bond, Benjamin, 194 Bond County, 117, 125, 164, 194 Bones of Black Hawk, 18 Boone, Levi D. (Capt.), 125 Boone, Nathan (Col.), 2d Appendix Boston, 263 Bouchard, Edward D., 183 Bounty Land Warrants, 77 Boutillier, Francois., 54 Bowers, Maj. George, 191 Bowman, Capt. ––, 130 Bowman, James (Capt.), 190 Bowman, Samuel (L’t.), 204, 224 Bowyer, George P. (Capt.), 190, 191 Boxley, James, 187 Boyce, W.M. (L’t.), 120 Boyd, Col. George, 234, 235 Boyd, James M. (L’t.), 235 Boyd’s Grove, 130 Bracken, Charles, 131, 181, 183 Bradley, H., 245 Brady, Gen. Hugh, 120, 181, 189, 193, 195, 202, 203, 209 Bradford, Abner, 200 Branson, Dr. Milton K., 194 Brazhere, William, 82 Breese, Sidney (L’t. Col.), 194, 211 Briggs, Josiah S. (Capt.), 194, 205, 206, 218 Briggs, Benjamin (L’t.), 145 Brigham, Ebenezer, 143, 181 Brigham, Sylvester, 192 Brimberry, Samuel (Capt.), 191 Brishois, ––, 54 Bristol, John E., 136 Bristol, R.C. (Capt.), 244 Bristow, George, 93 Bristow, George F. (Capt.), 194 British, 40, 42, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 66, 67 British Agents, 25, 26, 32, 38, 41, 44, 46 British Band, 39, 48, 55, 63 (including Rock River Sacs), 64, 88, 97, 103, 114 British Flags, 31, 58 British Indians, 26, 41 Broken Shoulder, 114 Brooke, L’t. F.J., 120 Brooks, Col. Edward, 256, 257, 258 Brown, A.C., 136 Brown, Brig. Gen., 254, 256, 257, 258 Brown, Gust. (L’t.), 243 Brown, Jacob (Capt.), 120 Brown, Reuben (Capt.), 195 Brown, William, 191 Brown, William G., 93, 123 Browne, Thomas C., 189 Browning, O.H., 117, 118 Browning, O.H., Diary of, 117 Brown’s Creek, 287 Bruff, J., 30 Brush Creek, 170 Buchanan, L’t., 248 Buckmaster, Nathaniel (Maj.), 94, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125, 132, 162, 163, 167, 169, 193, 284, 285 Buffalo Grove, 131, 142, 169, 176, 200, 202 Buffalo, N.Y., 242, 243, 263 Buisson, Louis, 55 Bunts, Samuel, 183 Burbank, Sid. (L’t.), 126 Bureau Creek, 130, 148, 192, 197 Bureau County, 154, 157 Burlington Hawk Eye, 19 Burlington, Iowa, 78, 270 Burner, Edward, 82 Burnett, J.P., 226 Burning of Black Hawk’s Bones, 274 Burns, James (Capt.), 194 Burnt Village, 209, 210 Burr Oak Grove, 156, 176 Burton, Thomas, 124 Butler, Nathaniel, 94 Butler, Peter (Capt.), 193 Butler, Walter (Capt.), 194 Cady, Albert (L’t.), 120 Caldwell, Billy (Chief), 166, 189, 204, 205 Call of May 15, 139 Calumet River, 100 Campaign of 1831, 92 Closed, 95 Campbell, John (L’t.), 49, 50, 51 Campbell, John, His Battle, 49, 50 Campbell, L’t. Col ––, 190 Camp Whitewater, 234 Camp Wisconsin, 219 Canada, 26 Cap au Gris, 49, 55 Carlin, Thomas (Capt.), 93, 125 Carnes, William, 183 “Caroline,” Steamboat, 160, 188 Caron, J.B., 64 and Caron, 236 Carondelet, 55 Carpenter, William, 123 Car-ra-ma-na, 231 Cartwright, Rev. Peter, 195, 281, 290 Case, Jonah H., 82 Casey, Zadock, 190, 199, 200 Cas-kup-wa, 64 Cass County, 154, 157 Cass, Lewis (Gen.), 100, 106, 238, 255, 265, 285 Cassell, Henry K., 159 Cassville, 143, 236 Castle Garden, 262 Catch-e-nack-e-seo, 61 Catlin, George, 84 Chadwick, Joseph M., 122, 130 Cha-e-ter, 229, 231, 232 Cha-go-sort, 61 Cha-kee-pax-he-pa-ho, 98 Chapman, Ammyson, 83, 84 Chapman, Thomas, 124 Charless, Joseph, 64 Che-ka-qua, 61 Cherokees, 22, 23 Chicago, 38, 42, 167, 169, 193, 242, 243, 254, 256, 257, 258, 290, 292 Chicago Historical Society, 244 Chic-hon-sic, 72, 76 Chick-a-ka-la-ko, 98 Childs, Tyrus M., 135 Chippewa, Battle, 42 Chippewas, 24, 72, 100, 105 Cholera, See Scott’s Expedition. | Chouteau, Auguste,| 30, 60, 61, 63, 64 Chouteau, Pierre, 30, 61 Christy, Samuel C., 93, 94, 116 Cintajah, 101 Clament, 103 Clark, B.A., 190 Clark, Capt. ––, of Wis., 209 Clark County, 191 Clark, I., Jr. (Capt.), 120, 180 Clark, James N. (Capt.), 190 Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 120, 189 Clark, William (Gov. and Gen.), 38, 47, 48, 50, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 154, 156, 261 Clark, Gov. William, Boat, 48, 50 Clary, Royal, 278 Clary, William, 278 Clary’s Grove Boys, 278 Clay County, 103, 190 Clay, Henry, 273 Clay, Henry, The–A Boat, 242 Claywell, Jesse (Capt.), 194 Cleveland, Loren, 177 Clinton County, 194 Coffey, Achilles (Capt.), 190 Coles County, 191 Collins, Charles O. (L’t.), 253 Collins, James (Col.), 194, 196, 214, 216, 218 Collins, Thomas, 93 Columbia, Mo., 160 Co-mee, 148, 149, 157 Conditions of Early Settlers, 78 Congress Hall Hotel, 19 Connor, James (Capt.), 194 Conrod, John (L’t.), 120 Constant, William, 123 Converse, Daniel, 61 Cook, Horace, 82 Cook, William, 124 Cooke, P. St. George (L’t.), 120 Cornelius, J.M. McT., 123, 178, 179 Cornstalk, 20 Correspondence of 1831, 83 to 89 inc. Council of 1831, 92 Council of Sept. 25, 1831, 107 Covell, M.L. (Capt.), 125, 137, 145, 159 Cowen, William (L’t.-Col.), 159 Cox, Alexander D. (Capt.), 164 Cox, John, 39 Craig, B.B. (Capt.), 196, 282 Craig, Capt. ––, of War 1812, 56 Craig, Capt. James, War 1812, 190 Craig, Capt. James, Jo Daviess Co., 142, 184, 215 Craig, Capt. Jonathan, 142 Craig, N.B., 184 Crain, James W., 126 Cranberry Lake, 215 Crane, Col, 243 Crawfish River, 217 Crawford County, 76, 191 Crocker, Thomas, 117 Crooked Creek, 117, 279 Cross, L’t. ––, 240 Crossman, G.H. (L’t.), 120, 204 Crow, David, 118, 125 Cuivre River, 55 Cummings, Col. ––, 243 Cummings, Mr. –– , 167 Curran, Catherine Buckmaster–Introduction. Cutler, Enos (L’t. Col.), | 121 Cutright, Temperance, 150 Dad Joe’s Grove, 130 Dakotas, 72, 73 Dale, George W., 119 Dalles of Wisconsin, 229, 231 Danforth, Joseph, 82, 98 Danville, 189 Davenport, George, 110, 259 Davenport, William (Maj. and Col.), 120, 121, 188, 193, 208, 265 Davis, Alexander, 150 Davis, Jefferson (L’t.), 120, 122, 141, 142, 192, 198, 240, 284, Appendix, 290 Davis, Jimmie, 157 Davis, Maj. ––, 255 Davis, Robert, 123 Davis, Thomas, 82 Davis, William, 147 Davitts, ––, 221 Dawson, John, 125 Day, Hannibal (Lt.), 246 Deace, Capt, 47 De Camp, Samuel G.I. (Surgeon), 246 Decatur, Ill., 159 Decori, which includes “One-eyed Decori”, 210, 228, 231, 232 Dee Sulhorst, Justus, 143 De Kalb County, 130 De Hart, William C. (L’t.), 243 De Lassus, Gov., 171 De Lassus, Pierre C., 171 Delauney, D., 30 Dement, John (Maj.), 93, 125, 130, 140, 164, 187, 190, 192, 197, 198, 208, 209, 301 Dement, Mrs. John, 302 Dement’s Battle, 200, 201 Dennis, John H., 84 Desertion from British Army, 42 Des Moines Rapids, 37, 111 Des Moines River, 37, 38, 54, 57, 100, 268, 272, 273 Des Plaines River, 167, 188 Detroit, 42, 254, 256, 257, 258, 263 Devees’ or Devies’, 183, 209 Devil’s Creek, 268 Dewey, Stephen, 84 De Witt, A.B. (Col.), 123, 146 Diamond Grove, 143 Dickson, Joseph (Capt.), 209, 217, 223, 224 Dickson, Robert, 41, 42, 47, 48, 54 Dimmick, Ziba, 192 Disobedience of Officers, 214 Disorders, 162 Dixon, Frederick, 185 Dixon, F. Louise (Miss), 292 Dixon, John, 129, 140, 174, 176, 222, 290, 300 Dixon, John (Mrs.), 130 Dixon Land Office, 140 Dixon’s Ferry, 35, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 141, 142, 146, 161, 163, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 181, 185, 188, 189, 192, 195, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 211, 247, 248, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 290, _et seq._ Dobbins, William N. (Capt.), 190 Dodge, A.C. (Gen.), 78, 304 Dodge, Henry (Col.), 131, 140, 142, 143, 156, 169, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 230, 246, 255, 301, 302 Dodge, Henry L., 78, 131 Dodge, Mrs. Henry, 182, 200 Dodgeville, 143, 236 Donaldson, Dr., 134 Door Prairie, 256, 257 Doris, Martin W., 194 Dorr, Gustavus (L’t.), 120 Dorrance, L’t., 248 Dorsey, Charles S. (Capt.), 159 Doty, Capt., 160 Doty, James, 134, 135 Doty, James D. (Judge), 76 Dougherty, John, 103 Douglas, Stephen A., 175 Dover, 192 Dowling, Nicholas (Capt.), 120 Doyle, Edward, 123, 142, 298 Drakeford, L’t., 55 Draper, Joseph, 135, 136 Draper, L.C., 108 Draper, –– (Capt.), 193 Drayton, Thomas F. (L’t.), 120 Drum, R.C. (Gen.), 162 Drummond’s Island, 67 Dubuque, 102 Dubuque Mines, 47, 102, 120 Dulaney, William H., Dr., 118, 123, 164 Duncan, Asa, 183 Duncan, Enoch, 143 Duncan, Joseph (Gen.), 93-96 Duncan, Matthew, 124 Dunlap, Adams, 123 Dunlap, Samuel, 191 Dunn, Charles (Capt.), 190, 191, 208, 210, 211, 287 Dunnivan, William L., 203 Du Page River, 145, 161, 167, 188 Du Page Settlements, 191 Durley, James, 123 Durley, William, 142, 169 Durman, Jonathan (Capt.), 190, 191 Eads, Abner, 125, 133, 137, 145 Eames, Charles, 183, 184 Early, Jacob M. (Capt.), 175, 196, 210, 211, 286, 287 Eaton, John H., 91 Eaton, Nathaniel J., 111, 120 Ebey, Jacob, 125 Eckles, Hon. James H., 149 Edgar County, 191 Eddy, Henry (Col.), 116 Eddy, John M., 123 Edgerton, Mr., the Phrenologist, 18 Edwards, Abraham (L’t.-Col.), 258 Edwards County, 191 Edwards, Cyrus, 122 Edwards, Ninian (Gov.), 55, 60, 61, 63, 64 Eldon, Iowa, 273 Election, Dodge vs. Posey, 201 Elizabeth, Illinois, 183, 286 Elk Grove, 143 Elkin, William F., 93 Ellis, Bird W., 135, 136 English Prairie, 236 England, 25, 38 Engle, James (L’t.), 121 English, Levin N., 123 English, The, 26, 57 Epperson, Elijah, 165 Estes, Capt. ––, 219, 220 Eubanks, William (Maj.), 191 Eustis (Col.), 246, 247, 248, 249, 260 Evans, James (Maj.), 193 Ewing, John (Col.), 127, 139, 190, 211, 287 Ewing, W.L.D. (Maj.), 195, 216, 217, 218, 223, 224 Ewing, Trammel (L’t.), 200, 202 Exeter, 194, 209 Fairmount, 262 Fanchier, G.B., 287 Fal-sa-voine, 47, 55, 57 Farnham & Davenport, 251 Farris, Joseph B., 135 Fayette County, 125, 195 Feaman, Jacob (Capt.), 194 Fevre River, 154 Field, Alex. P., 193 Fitch, M.G., 183 Fitzpatrick, William, 123 Flack, 185 Flannagan, Dr. George, 191 Flood, Wm. G., 117, 125 Floyd, Aquilla, 169 Fonda, John H., 108 Force, George (L’t.), 183 Ford, Capt. ––, 248 Ford, Thomas (Gov.), 95, 158, 184, 220 Forristal, James G., 192 Forsythe, Thomas, 67, 80, 169 Fortieth Regiment, 159 Fortress Monroe, 242-260 Foster, Amos (L’t.), 121 Foster, John F., 123 Four Lakes, 205, 206, 221 Four Lakes Conference, 143 Fourth Lake, 217 Fowler, John, 169, 170, 171, 181 Fowlers, Phrenologists, 19 Fox River, Ill., 145, 148, 161, 177, 181, 189, 202, 203, 285 Fox River, Wis., 27, 35 Foxes Attacked by Menominees, 102 France, 24, 25, 58 Franklin County, 190, 193 Franks, Jacob, 54 Fraser, Upton S. (Capt.), 253 Freeman, Elam S., 117, 118, 123 Freeman, Jonathan (L’t.), 120 French and English War, 26 French, Charles, 82 Frenchtown, 42 Fry, Jacob (Col.), 93, 117, 123, 146, 164, 172, 188, 194, 196, 205, 206, 210, 214, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223 Ft. Armstrong, 66, 67, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107, 115, 121, 126, 141, 145, 166, 171, 238, 239, 248, 249, 263, 264, 265, 273 Ft. Beggs, 167 Ft. Clark, 62, 290 Ft. Crawford, 104, 107, 112, 114, 121, 126, 168, 204, 230, 295 Ft. Dearborn, 119, 243, 257, 258 Ft. Dearborn Massacre, 41 Ft. Defiance, 143, 180, 181 Ft. Deposit, 140, 188, 189 Ft. Dixon, 161, 198 Ft. Gratiot, 242, 243, 247 Ft. Hamilton, 143, 170, 181, 183, 200, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211 Ft. Harmar, 32 Ft. Howard, 55, 56 Ft. Independence, 52 Ft. Jackson, 143 Ft. Johnston, 172, 189, 192 Ft. Koshkonong, 212, 220, 221 Ft. Madison, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 268, 270 Ft. Meigs, 42 Ft. Ottawa, 196 Ft. Payne, 247, 258 Ft. Selby, Including Capture and Loss, 47, 48, 51 Ft. Snelling, 72, 73 Ft. Stephenson, 42 Ft. Union, 143 Ft. Wayne, 38 Ft. Wilbourn, 140, 159, 172, 188, 189, 194, 196, 204, 205, 286 Ft. Winnebago, 112, 114, 121, 189, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 235, 287 Fulton County, 125, 132, 169, 193 Fulton, Judge A.R., 108 Funk, Mr. ––, of McLean Co., 198 Gagnier, Louisa, 76 Gagnier, Madame, 72, 73 Gagnier, Registre, 72, 73, 75, 76 Gaines, Gen. Edmund P., 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 238 Gale, Levin (Lt.), 120 Galena, 120, 129, 141, 142, 154, 156, 169, 170, 172, 176, 177, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 197, 198, 204, 209, 211, 215, 239, 247, 286 Gallatin County, 189, 190, 193 Galt, P.H. (L’t.), 243, 247, 249, 253 Gardiner, Thomas, 82 Gardenier, J.R.B. (L’t.)–This officer’s name has been written throughout the work “I.” R.B., because the early prints so had it; but by reference to the old army register, “J.” is now found to be correct, 120, 142, 204, 295 Garland, John (Maj.), 260, 261, 264, 266 Gatewood, Jeff. (L’t.-Col.), 190 Gear, H.H. (Capt.), 142, 296, 297 Gentry, James H., 131, 143, 183, 209 Gentry, Maj.-Gen., 160 General Order of Gen. Wood, 160 George, Henry, 148 Gillespie, Joseph, 94, 164, 177 Gillham, Isom M., 93 Gillham, James (L’t.-Col.), 193 Gillham, John F., 94 Gillham, William, 93, 194 Gillispie, Capt. I.M., 169 Givens, William T. (Capt.), 125 Goble, Benjamin, 82 Gooden, Levi W. (Capt.), 125, 184 Gordon, George, 124 Gordon, William (Capt.), 194, 205 Governor’s Call of May 15, 139 Graham, Duncan, 54, 57, 58, 60 Graham, John A., 262 Graham, Mr. ––, 39 Graham, W.M. (L’t.), 120 Grand Mascatin, 80 Grant, Alex. F., 193 Gratiot, Charles, 30 Gratiot, Henry (Col.), 90, 91, 114 (His Rescue), 115, 131, 143, 153, 180 Gratiot, J.R.B. (Capt.), 143, 180 Gratiot’s Grove, 114, 129, 143, 153, 180, 181 Grave Robbed, 273 Graves, Ward, 159 Gray Tail, The, 101 Great Britain, 25 Great Butte des Morts, 236 Great Eagle, 18 Greathouse, John S., 98 Green Bay, 41, 42, 47, 226, 234, 235, 263, 292 Green, Emerson, 183 Green, Royal P., 281 Green, Sion R., 124 Greene County, 117, 125, 164, 194 Greenough, J.K. (L’t.), 94, 120 Greer, Abner (Capt.), 191 Gregoire, Marie P., 171 Gregory, Charles (L’t.-Col.), 118, 123 Gregory, James (Capt.), 169 Gridley, Asahel (L’t.), 137 Griffin, John, 30 Griffin, Robert (Capt.), 191 Grigneau Bros. (Grignon meant), 54 Grignon, Sr., Augustin, 235 Grignon, Jr., Charles (Capt.), 235 Grignon, Robert (L’t.), 235 Grizzly Bear, 236 Guirano, Guyol de, 65 Gulf of Mexico, 109 Gunn, Aaron, 192 Hackleton, Mr. ––, 132 Hail, David B., 82 Haines, Alfred, 130 Haines, James, 130 Haines, John, 93 Haines, Jonathan, 130 Hale, Ozias (Capt.), 194 Hale, William, 169, 170, 171 Hall, Alex. P., 190 Hall, Edward H., 150, 153, 154 Hall, Elizabeth, 150 Hall, Greenbury, 150 Hall, James (Capt.), 190 Hall, John W., 149, 150, 153, 154 Hall, Mary J.R., 150 Hall, Oliver W., 134, 136 Hall, Rachel and Sylvia, 149 _et seq._, 180 Hall, Reason, 153 Hall, William, 147, 150, 181 Halsted, C.V., 194 Hamilton and Bigelow, 158 Hamilton, Alexander, 132, 205 Hamilton County, 190 Hamilton, Thomas (L’t.), 39, 40, 58 Hamilton, William S., 131, 132, 143, 146, 181, 182, 209, 210, 234, 235, 291, 292 Hamilton’s Diggings, 292 Hancock County, 125, 193 Hardin, John J. (Col.), 93, 164, 279 Hargrave, Willis (Col.), 190 Harney, Mrs. John M., 303 Harney, W.S. (Capt.), 120, 122, 126, 141, 161, 211, 212, 224, 294, 302 Harris, John, 125 Harrison, George, 287, 288 Harrison, Jesse M., 124 Harrison, Thomas, 125 Harrison, William Henry (Gov.), 26, 27, 29, 33, 38 Harsha, Rev. W.W., 304 Hart, Nathan, 194 Hash-e-quar-hi-qua, 27, 30, 31 Haskins, Moses, 124 Hatton, Capt., 248 Havana, Ill., 288 Hawley, Aaron, 169, 170 Haws, William (Capt.), 159 Hawthorn, John (Sg’t.-Maj.), 194 Hawthorn, John (Surgeon), 194 Haynes, John (Capt.), 191 Hayse, Dr. B.M., 159 Hazleton, ––, 203 Headen, William, 124 Heans, William, 82 Helena, Wis., 221, 222 Hempstead, Charles S., 76 Hempstead, L’t., 53 Henderson, John and J.H., 147 _et seq._ Henderson, L’t. ––, 50 Henderson River, 84, 118, 192, 197, 279, 280 Henderson, Vawter, 124 Henry, James D. (Gen.), 79, 93, 123, 125, 127, 141, 164, 173, 174, 175, 193, 198, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 228, 287 Henry, William, 82 Herclerode, George W., 187 Hewitt, ––, 118 Heyl, Serg’t. ––, 244 Hickman, Benj. F., 193 Hickory Creek, 167, 188 Hickory Point, 181 Hicks, B. (Q.M.), 190 Higbee, Charles, 94 Higginbotham, Alex, 169, 183 Highsmith, William (Capt.), 191 Hill, Dr. Allen, 183 Hinman, William, 119 Hitchcock, E.A. (Capt.), 120 Hoard, Capt. ––, 143, 181 Hodges, J., 192 Hoffman, William (L’t.), 120 Hogan, John S.C. (L’t.), 119 Holderman Settlement, 148 Hollenback, George B., 166 Hollenback, George M., 166, 167, 202 Hollenback’s Grove, 167 Holliday, Joel (Capt.), 190 Hollingsworth, Samuel, 125 Holman, Armstead (Capt.), 190 Holmes R. (L’t.), 120, 189, 204 Hood, John, 183, and see p. 224 Hook, Cornelius, 193 Hook, James H. (Capt.), 120 Horine, Michael, 124 Horn, Reddick (Rev. and Maj.), 122, 140, 154, 188, 189, 194 Horn, W.S., 150, 154 Horney, Samuel, 123 Houston, Alex. (Capt.), 191 How, Mr. –– of Platt, 227 Howard, Allen, 147, 150 Howard, Benj., 124 Howard, Gen., 48 Howard, Stephen P., 183, 184 Hubbard, Gurdon S. (L’t.), 169 Hull, ––, Surrender of, 41 Hulls, M.S., 82 Hunt, Richard, 159 Hunter, Charles W., 65 Hunter, John T. (Q.M.), 191 Hunter, Solomon (Capt.), 191 Huron, Lake, 38 Hussey, Nathan, 193 Hustisford, 215 Huston, A. (Col.), 257, 258 Huston, James (Maj.), 190 Huston, Samuel (Capt.), 195 Hutching, Private ––, 224 Hutt, Corbin R. (Capt.), 169 Hutter, George C., 111, 120 Iles, Elijah (Capt.), 145, 164, 172, 177, 286 Illinois Rapids, 188, 195, 197 Illinois River, 26, 27, 35, 62, 77, 111, 116, 139, 140, 146, 148, 188 Indian Creek, 146, 148, 202, 203 Indian Creek Massacre, 119, 146, 149 _et seq._, 160, 167 Indian Creek, Mich., 256 Indian Maiden at Fort Madison, 40 Indiana, 25, 258 Ingalls, Boone, 65 Interim Regiment, 164 Iometah, 236 Iowa River, 80, 106, 109, 224 Iowa Village, 103, 269 Iowa Village, Battle at, 69, 70 Iowas, 57, 69, 70, 100, 272, 273 Irwin, Alex. J., 235 Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58, 60, 193, 212, 242, 260, 261, 273 Jackson, Capt. ––, 255, 256, 258 Jacksonville, 194 James, Benj., 125, 164, 194 James, John, 124 James, Thomas (Maj.), 124, 125, 146, 161 Jarrot, Vital, 122 Jarrott, Francis, 164, 178 Jefferson Barracks, 89, 110, 121, 225, 240, 294 Jefferson County, 190 Jefferson, Thomas, 27 Jeffreon River, 32 Jenkins, A.M. (Capt.), 196 Jenkins, Thomas, 183 Jo Daviess County, 19, 140, 142 Jo Daviess Militia, 131 Johnson, George (Capt.), 235 Johnson, James (Capt. and Col.), 125, 126, 145, 157, 189 Johnson, James F. (Q.M.), 190 Johnson, John, 38 Johnson, John W. (Capt.), 61 Johnson, Seth (Capt.), 246 Johnston, Albert Sidney (L’t.), 111, 120, 140, 147, 161, 162, 189, 195, 196, 197, 205, 211, 225, 248, 286, 293, 294 Johnston, John D., 287 Johnston, Joseph E., 253 Johnston, L. (L’t.), 67 Johnston, Nathan, 178 Johnston, N.C., 124 Johnston, N.H., 193 Johnston, William P. (Col.), 295 Johnston, William P. (Mrs.), Introduction Jones, Armstead, 218 Jones, C. (L’t.-Col.), 191 Jones, Edward, 93 Jones, Gabriel (Col.), 194, 206, 210, 216, 218 Jones, George W., 170, 171, 187, 208, 209, 295, 302, 303 Jones, James S. (Maj.), 191 Jones, Richard, 123 Jones, Capt. ––, of Randolph Co., 195 Jonesville, 254 Jordan, Elias (Capt.), 191 Jordan, James H., 272, 273, 274 Jordan, Mr., 69 Jordan, W., 94 Jouett, William R. (Capt.), 120 Julien, Mr. ––, 39 Ka-non-e-kah, 76 Ka-ra-zhon-sept-kah, 76 Ka-ta-ka, 61 Ka-ka-kew, 98 Ka-ke-ka-mah, 98 Ka-ke-me-ka-pes, 98 Kar-lun-da-wa-na, 263 Kas-kas-kias, 24, 26 Kellogg’s Grove, 156, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184, 187, 192, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 208, 300 Kellogg, O.W., 129, 176, 290 Kellogg’s Trail, 113, 129, 165, 176, 290 Ke-me-a-lo-sha, 64 Kendle, Samuel F., 94 Kennedy, George F., 94 Kennedy, Aid-de-Camp, 47 Kenney, John W., 193 Kenney, Thomas, 169 Kent, Erastus, 82 Kentucky, 25, 48, 58, 77, 78 Kent Township, 177 Ke-o-kuk, 20, 23, 44, 45, 79, 80, 81, 88, 107, 108, 112, 113, 228, 239, 240, 248, 251, 259, 261, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271 Ke-o-kuk’s Village, and Scenes There, 109, 110 Ke-o-sa-tah, 98 Ke-o-ta-she-ka, 64 Kee-tee-see, 98 Kercheval, Gholson, 119 Kesh-e-yi-va, 32 Kettle, 102, 108 Kee-was-see, 158 Keyes Lake, 217 Kick-a-poos, 55, 57, 90, 97, 238, 239 Kickapoo River, 222 Kincaid, James (Capt.), 194 Kincaid, Hiram, 94 Kingsley, Alpha (L’t.), 37, 38 Kingsbury, J.W. (L’t.), 120 Kingsbury, Julius J.B. (L’t.), 246 Kinney, Mr. ––, 127 Kinzie, John, 114 Kirker’s Farm, 181 Kirkpatrick, Wm., 164, 172, 278, 279 Kirkpatrick, R.H., 183 Kirkpatrick, ––, at Apple River Fort, 185, 187 Kish-wau-kee, 131, 205, 284 Knox County, 193 Koe-ko-skee, 98 Kosh-ko-nong, Lake, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 287 Kot-te-ken-ne-kak, 107 Kreeps, David, 135 Krupp, John, 94 La Croix, Cerre M., 65 La Croix, Joseph, 55 La Croix, Mitchell, 55 Lafayette County, 114 La Gouthrie, Edward, 41, 54, 58 Lagoterie, 41, 54, 58 Lake We Live On, 206 Lake House, 217 Lamotte, Lieut. ––, 104 Lamotte, ––, 236 Land Warrants, 77 Lane, Levin, 190 Lane, Will Carr, 111 Larned, Brig. Gen. ––, 255 La Saillier, 55 La Salle, 140 La Salle County, 159 Lasley’s, 117 Lawrence, W. (L’t.-Col.), 66 Lawrence County, 191 Lawhead, Benj., 183 Lay-ow-vois, 27, 30 Lead Mines, 100, 187 Leavenworth, Cantonment, 103, 121, 188, 193 Le Claire, Antoine, 19, 92, 98, 251, 259 Leech, Levin, 183 Leech, Samuel (Col.), 190 Lee County, 130 Leighton, Jonathan, 124, 164 Lemonweir Valley, 229 Lena, 177 Levers, Thomas (L’t.-Col.), 61 Lexington, Iowa, 275 Lieb, Daniel, 94 Lillard, 117 Lincoln, Abraham, 125, 140, 164, 173, 175, 196, 198, App., 277 Linden, H.S.J. (L’t.), 120 Lindsay, Allen F. (Capt.), 73, 195 Lipcap, Solomon, 72, 73, 76 “Little Bear”, 169, 170, 171 Little, Josiah, 124 Little Medicine Man, 114 Little Priest, 114, 180 Little Thunder, 215, 216 Little Turtle, 20 Little Vermilion River, 188 Lockwood, James H., 103, 105, 108 Logan, 20 Logan, Dr. J.B., 194 Loomis, G. (Capt.), 228 Long, Edward R. (L’t.), 246 Long, Thomas (Maj.), 116, 124, 125, 141, 161, 163, 280 Loraine, John, 94 Lorton, John, 93 Louisiana, 24, 29 Lovell, Michael, 184 Lovitt, Thomas, 82 Lowe, Gideon (Capt.), 106, 121, 212 Lower Cuivre Ferry, 56 Lower Iowa R., 111 Lowry, Private ––, 224 Lucas, Gov. ––, 18, 274 Lundy, John, 136 Luziére, 171 Lynnville, 194 Lyon, Elijah (Capt.), 253 Little Mascoutille, 58 Mackinac or Mackinaw, 47 Mackinac, Fall of, 41 Mackinaw Company, 47 Mackinaw Fencibles, 47 Mackitee, Andrew, 123 Macomb, Maj.-Gen. Alex, 228 Macomb, Ill., 193 Macon County, 125, 159 Macoupin County, 125, 194 Madding, Champion S. (Capt.), 191 Madison County, 125, 191, 194 Madison, Wis., 217 Madam Black Hawk, 268, 272, 273, 274 Mah-na-at-ap-e-kah, 76 Ma-ka-tai-she-kia-kiak, 17, 64, 98 Malden, 88, 238, 258 Mandeville, Jack, 75 Manner of Enlistments, 119 March, Enoch C. (Col.), 93, 94, 116, 140, 188, 193, 195, 212, 222 March to Rock River Mouth, in 1831, 92 March to the Wisconsin, 216 March to Yellow Banks in 1832, 118, etc. Marie de Ogee, 128 Marion County, 190 Marsh, John, 102 Marshall, Humphrey (L’t.), 245 Marshall, Thomas I. or J., 124 Marsac, Joseph F. (Capt.), 255 Martin, Capt. ––, 257 Martin, Philip W., 117, 118, 123 Ma-sha-she, 64 Mash-co, 64 Mason, R.B. (Capt.), 120, 225 Mason, Stevens T. (Gov.), 254, 256 Masonic Temple, 35 Massey, L’t. ––, 55 Match-e-qua-wa, 64 Mathews, H., 93 Mathews, Cyrus (Capt.), 159, 188, 195, 196 Matthews, Samuel T. (Col.), 193, 196 Maughs, Milton M. (Capt.), 19, 142 Mauvisterre River, 194 Maynadier, William (Capt.), 247 Mayo, Jonathan (Capt.), 191 Mayo, Walter M. (Q.M.), 191 Me-al-es-e-ta, 64 Meau-eus, or Mee-au-mese, 147, 157 Me-caitch, 61 Mecomsen, William B., 177, 178 Medals, 32, 67 Men-a-con, 98 Menard, Peter (Capt.), 159, 164, 177, 205 Mendinall, Zadock, 135 Menominees, 67, 100, 102, 103, 110, 230, 235, 249, 259 Menominees, Murder of, 103, 104, 107, 110, 113, 234 _et seq._ Merameg River, 22 Merryman, Dr. E.H., 194, 215 Messersmith, John, Jr., 183 Methode, 72, 76 Mexico, Gulf of, 109 Michigan Militia in the War, 254 Military Tract, 77 Miller, Albert S., 120 Miller, Col., 58 Miller, Gov. of Mo., 160 Miller, G.V., 82 Miller, Solomon, 94, 159 Miller, William, 94 Miller, William (Maj.), 194 Million, Bennett, 181 Mills, Benj., 113 Milton, James, 135 Milwaukee River, 234 Mineral Point, Wis., 131, 143, 181 Miners’ Journal, 76 Missouri, 58; Excitement in, 160 Missouri River, 44, 60, 61, 100, 103 Mitchell, E.G. (L’t.), 120 Moffett, Thomas (Capt.), 195 Mograine, Noel, 61 Molansat, 98 Monroe County, 125 Montgomery County, 117, 125, 194 Montreal, 17, 26 Moore Benj., 130 Moore, David H. (Q.M.), 195 Moore, Isaac R. (Col.), 169, 189 Moore, James, 124 Moore, James B. (Capt.), 61 Moore, J. Milton, 124 Moore, Jonathan, 124 Moore, Risdon, 124 Moore, Risdon Marshall, 124 Moore, William, 94, 124 Morgan County, 125, 140, 159, 188, 194, 195 Morgan, Joshua C., 126 Morgan, Willoughby (Col.), 98, 101, 104, 106, 107 Morgan, A. Brave, 106 Morris, Achilles (L’t.-Col.), 93, 123, 172 Morris, F.M., 183 Morrison, James, 123 Morrison, Wm. L.E., 123 Morrison’s Grove, 180 Morse, Jedediah, 67 Mosley, Roland, 159 Mower, Surgeon Thomas G., 243 Mud Lake, 205 Munroe, John (Capt.), 243, 253 Munson, Gideon, 134, 135 Munson, William, 150, 154 Murder of Rev. Adam Payne, 166, 167 Murder of Rev. James Sample, 166 Murphy, Wm. C. (Sgt.), 224 Musick, David (Capt.), 55, 56 Myers, William, 159 McAdams, William, 164 McBride, David, 229 McCall, Daniel, 126 McCall, Gentry, 82 M’Call, George A., 98 McClure, Robert, 125, 145 McCormick, Andrew, 218, 224 McClernand, John A., 190, 303 McClernand, E.J. (Col.) J., 190 McConnel, Murray, 123, 193, 215, 218, 224 McCown, John (Capt.), 191 McCoy, Charles, 142 McDonald, John, 186 McDonough County, 118 McDow, Thomas, 125, 281 McDaniel, Benj., 178 McDuffie, Franklin (L’t.), 243 McFadden, Geo. (Capt.), 157, 159, 202, 203 McGill, Hugh, 189 McGraw, Dominick, 183 McHatton, A., 123 McHenry, William (Maj.), 191, 212 McIlvaine, Caroline M., Introduction McIlwaine, Murder of, 181 McKay, Wm. (Col.), 48, 67, 68 McKenney, Thomas L., 73 McLean County, 125, 136, 150, 159 McLean Hist. Society, 136 McMillen, Meredith S., 218 McMurtry, William (Capt.), 193 McNair, John, 218 M’Nair, L’t. ––, 55 McNeil, H., 82 McRee, Capt. ––, 212 Nabb, Mr. ––, 39 Na-chu-sa, 291 Na-i-o-gui-man, 67 Na-kis-ka-wa, 98 Na-ma-che-wa-na, 61 Na-match-e-sa, 64 Na-ma-we-nan-e, 64 Name of Black Hawk, 17 Na-mee, 98 Nam-e-qua, 268 Na-na-ma-kee, 17 Na-ni-sa, 239 Na-noch-aa-ta-sa, 61 Naper, Joseph (Capt.), 157, 167, 188 Naperville, 247, 257 Na-pe-ta-ka, 64 Napoleon, 24, 48 Napoleon Boat, 258 Na-sa-war-ku, 64 Na-she-as-kuk, 18 Nashville, 58 Na-som-see, 268 Neal, Moses, 190 Neale, Thomas M., 93 Neapope, 109, 130, 218, 224, 229, 238, 239, 240 Neepeek, 98 Nes-se-as-kuk, 268 Ne-sho-ta, 61 Neutral Strip, 101 Newcomb, F.D. (L’t.), 120 Newhall, Dr. Horatio, 142 New Salem, 278, 280, 281, 288 New York City, 262, 263 Niblo’s Garden, 263 Nichols, John (L’t.), 120 Niles, Mich, 256, 258 Noel, Thomas, 111, 120 Norfolk, 260 Norris, Robert, 148 Norvell, Joshua, 64 Nott, Royal A. (Capt.), 191 Nowlin, Bennett (Capt.), 194 Nute, Levi M. (L’t.), 120 Nutting, James, 187 Offutt, Mr., 278, 281 Ogee, Joseph, 129 Ohio, 25 Old Man’s Creek, 132, 137, 138 Old Mission, 203 Old Shullsburg, 143 Oliphant, E.P., 164 Omahas, 103, 108 O’Melvany, John, 194 O’Neal, John F. (Capt.), 143 Oneidas, 235 Onstott, John (Capt.), 190 Order No. 12, 126 Order No. 13, 126 Order No. 14, 126 Order No. 15, 128 Order No. 16, 128 Order No. 21, 146 Order No. 22, 161 Order Special No. 11, 161 Order of May 24, 163 Order No. 26, 172 Order No. 41, 195 Order No. 43, 195 Order No. 44, Defining Divisions and Duties, 203 Order No. 45, to L’t. Bowman, 204 Order No. 46, for Subsistence, 204 Order No. 48, Urging Obedience, 206 Order No. 49, 209 Order to Maj. Long, 116 Order to Maj. Stillman, 131 Orear, George, 123 Oregon, Wis., 209 Organization of Army, 1831, 93 Orr, Joseph, 194 Osages, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 103 Oshkahenahniew, 236 Oshkosh, 236 Oquawka, 116 Otoes, 103 Ottawa, 136, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 167, 169, 172, 188, 189, 193, 194, 202, 203, 204, 282, 285 Ottawas, 100 “Otto,” Steamboat, 188 Ouilmette, Louis, 130, 131, 149 Out-che-qua-ha, 27, 30, 31 Palmer, James (Capt.), 169 Palmer, Zalmon C. (Capt.), 111, 120, 299 Pa-ma-ke-tah, 98 Pan-se-na-nee, 98 Parish, Thomas J., 143 Parish’s Fort, 143 Parker, Leonard B. (Q.M.), 191 Parkinson, Daniel M., 143, 183, 209, 218 Parkinson, Peter, Jr., 183 Parrish, Dr. J.J., 191 Parmenter, Isaac, 191 Pa-she-ko-mack, 64 Pa-she-pa-ho, 27, 30, 31, 33, 40, 68, 69, 70, 79, 98, 264, 265, 266, 267 Pash-qua-mee, 107 Patterson, Gershom (Capt.) ––, 194, 204 Patterson, J.B., 19, 66, 240 Patrick, Samuel, 183 Paul, R., 64 Paul, T., 61 Pa-we-sheek, 98 Paw Paw Grove and Village, 130, 285 Payne, Rev. Adam, 166, 167, 168, etc. Payne, Aaron, 168, 224 Payne, Morgan L. (Capt.), 169, 188, 189, 191, 193 Pearce, Hosea (Col.), 191 Pearson, Ed. L., 117 Pecatonica, 286 Pecatonica, The, 170, 181, 209 Pecatonica, The Battle of, 182 Pekin, 130 Pem-e-see, 98 Peoria, 55, 113, 116, 129, 176, 192, 288 Peoria County, 125, 159 Pekin, 159, 288 Perkins, Isaac, 135 Perkins, L’t. ––, 47 Perkins, Joseph, 64 Penrose, James W. (L’t.), 246 “Perry, Oliver H., The”, 73 Perry County, 194 Peru, 77, 140, 288 Peru Road, 140 “Petit Boeuff”, 76 Petition to Gov. Reynolds, 82, 83 Petty, Elisha, 125 Petersburg, 194 Pettigrew, William, 147 Penn, William, The, 242 Pe-wau-te-not, 236 Philip of Pokonoket, 20 Philleo, Addison, 143, 217 Phillips Ferry, 119 Phillips, Elijah, 192, 197 Phrenological Comments, 18, 19 Pickett, John (L’t.), 253 Pierce, Earl (Capt.), 160 Pierce, Samuel C., 93 Pike, Benjamin F., 82, 83, 84, 98 Pike County, 119, 125, 194 Pike, Zebulon M. (L’t.), 31, 32, 37 Pillsbury, Samuel, 126 Pinckney, Ninian (Capt.), 37, 38 Plainfield, 167, 169 Platoff, 48 Platteville, 143 Plum River, 170, 202, 205, 208 Po-ca-ma, 61 Poe-go-nah, 236 Poin-a-ke-ta, 64 Polo, 142, 176 Pontiac, 20, 80 Poore, Ben Perley, 279, 284 Pope County, 190 Poquette, Pierre, 215, 216 Portage des Sioux, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63 Portage des Sioux, Treaty of, 60 Portage, The, Wis., 229, 236 Posey, Alexander (Gen.), 190, 192, 193, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228, 287 Posey, John F., 124 Pottowatomies, 32, 35, 68, 82, 90, 97, 130, 132, 133, 143, 146, 147, 205, 238, 239 Pottowatomie Council at Rock Creek, 166; Village, 285 Powell, Alanson, 195 Powell, Daniel (Capt.), 191 Powell, William (L’t.), 235, 236 Prairie la Crosse, 230 Prairie du Chien, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 58, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 89, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 112, 219, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 231, 237, 240, 249 Pratt Seth (Capt.), 125, 145 Prentiss, James (L’t.), James H., 253 Preuitt, Solomon, 94, 122 Price, Daniel, 125 Price, Thomas, 183 Prickett, David, 122 Prince, William, 30 Proclamation Opening Lands Ceded by 1804 Treaty, 79 Prophet’s Village, 35, 114, 126, 127, 128, 163, 284 Prosper, Samuel M., 123 Pryor, Nathaniel (L’t.), 38 Pugh, Isaac C. (Capt.), 125, 145 Putnam County, 159 Py-e-sa, 17, 22, 23 Pype-gee, 148, 166 Quash-qua-me, 27, 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 44, 61, 80, 87 Quesh-qua-ing, 107, 108 Quincy, 18, 117, 140, 274 Ralls, William C. (Capt), 125, 164 Ramsay, Robert, 57 Ramsay, Robert (Mrs.), 57 Randall, Peter, 124 Randolph County, 194, 218 Randolph, Marcus, 200 Rankin, ––, 183 Rattan, M.E., 124 Raum, John (Maj.), 190 Rawlings, Marshall, 190 Rector, L’t. and Capt. ––, 49, 50, 53, 54 Red Bird, 72, 75, 76, 77 Red Cedar River, 100 Reed, Thomas B., 133 Reed, Michael, 159 Remann, Frederick, 195 Return to Ft. Armstrong, 267 Revell, Wallace, 138 Reynolds, John, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 113, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 130, 132, 139, 140, 141, 157, 161, 162, 169, 189, 192, 210, 245, 280, 284, 293, 294 Reynolds, Gov., Appeal for Troops, 113, 117 Reynolds’ Proclamation, May 15, 139 Rhodes, Mr., 156 Richardson, Asa, 111, 120, 248 Richardson, John F. (Capt.), 191 Riggs, Henry S., 194 Riggs, L’t., 49, 50 Riley, Bennet, 110, 120, 126, 177, 179, 192, 197 Rious, Senor, 24 Ritner, L’t. ––, 226, 228 Robison, John K., 298 Robinson, Chief Alex, 166 Roberts, Milton B., 193 Roberts, Calvert, 118 Roberts, Calvin, 123 Rochelle’s Village, 148 Rock Creek, 166 Rock Island, 48, 66, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 95, 194, 230, 232, 240 Rock Island County, 193 Rockport, 94 Rock Lake, 217 Rock River, 17, 18, 31, 41, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 112, 115, 119, 120, 126, 129, 146, 156, 161, 166, 180, 187, 189, 203, 205, 209, 211, 212, 214, 238, 248, 271, 281, 283, 290, _et seq._ Rock River Sacs, 103 and see “British Band.” Rogers, Jason, 111, 120, 248 Roman, Richard, 94, 123, 164, 177, 178 Rose, Edwin (L’t.), 253 Ross, Thomas B. (Capt.), 191 Ross, William, 119, 122, 125 Roundtree, Hiram (Capt.), 194 Roundtree, John H., 143 Rousseau, Gus S. (Lieut.), 120 Rowland, Isaac (Capt.), 255 Royster, Thomas J., 111, 120 Rushville, 117, 278, 279, 282 Russia, 48 Russell, William (Col.), 55, 56 Russell, David B. (Capt.), 190, 191 Russell, Col. of Mich., 258 Rutledge, Dr. John B., 164 Sain, John (Capt.), 193 Sakaegan Lake, 27 Sa-kee-too, 64 Saline, Mich., 256 Salter, William, 208 Salt River, 31 Sample, Rev. James, 165 Sanders, Hiram, 83, 84 Sandford, Isaac (Capt.), 191 Sangamon County, 93, 125, 164, 169, 195 Sangamon River, 194 Santeaux, 71 Sash-au-quash, 158 Sauk-e-nuk–Black Hawk’s Village, 17, 41, 52, 57, 67, 77, 81, 84, 94, 95, 101, 130, 165 Sauk Trail, 165 Sawyer, James, 65 Scales, S.H. (Capt.), 142 Schermerhorn, ––, 203 Schuyler County, 117-125, 159-164 Schwankovsky, Julie, 171 Scott, Benj., 178, 179 Scott, John, 76 Scott, John W., 164 Scott, Moses, 65 Scott, Winfield (Gen.), 168, 173, 212, 221, 228, 232, 238, 239, 291, 292, 304 Scott’s Expedition, 242 _et seq._ Schwarz, Col., 256 Searight, Joseph D. (L’t.), 111, 120 Searles, Murder of, 181 Semple, James, 94, 122, 164, 177 Senecas, The, 263 Sessions, Capt. Holden, 193 Seven Mile Bluff, 229 Sevier, Robert (L’t.), 120 Sha-a-toc, 157 Sha-bo-na or Shab-bo-na, 20, 133, 147, 148, etc., 157, 166, 189, 204 Sha-bo-na’s Village, 128, 130 Sha-ma-ga, 61 Shambaugh, Prof. B.F.Introduction and, 269 Sharp, Powell H. (L’t.-Col.), 194 Shaw, John (Col.), 254 Shaw, Nineveh, 191 Shelby County, 125 Shelledy, Stephen B., 191 Shelton, Joseph (Maj.), 190 Shem-e-non, 157 Sherman, John (Capt.), 143 She-she-qua-nas, 98 Shields, Alexander, 123 Short, Thomas J., 218 Simpson, Gideon, 124 Singing Bird, 268, 272, 273, 274 Sink Hole Battle, 46, 55, 56 Sinsinawa Mound, 187 Sioux, The, 47, 72, 100, 101, 102, 103, 224, 227, 229, 259 Skinner, Private ––, 224 Slaughter’s Farm, 217 Smart, Josiah, 110 Smith, Adam, 93 Smith, Alex. (Capt.), 194 Smith, Brig.-Gen. ––, 58 Smith, Chester, 167 Smith, David (Capt.), 191, 194, 195 Smith, George F. (Mrs.), 135 Smith, Henry (Capt.), 111, 120, 212, 224, 225, 248 Smith, Henry B. (Q.M.,) 191 Smith, James, 142 Smith, Jeremiah, 125, 194, 214, 215 Smith, John C. (Gen.), 296 Smith, Robert R., 224 Smith, Samuel, 93, 124, 164 Smith, Theophilas W. (Col.), 193 Smith, Thomas A. (Gen.), 66 Smith, Vincent, 142 Smith, William B., 125 Snelling, Fort, 72, 73 Snelling, Josiah (Col.), 72, 75 Snelling, William J., 75 Snock-wine, 157 Snyder, Adam W. (Capt.) | 122, 164, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 192 Snyder, Dr. J.F., Introduction and, 273 Solomon, Samuel, 61, 64 Soulard, James G., 227 Souligny, 236 Spafford’s Farms, 230 Spafford, Murder of, 181 Spain, 24, 25, 29 Spanish Father, 23, 24, 26 Spears, Edward (L’t.), 56 Speech on Military Coat-tails, 288 Spencer, J.W., 82 Spencer, Murder of, 181 Spotted Arm, 180 Springfield, 215 Sprouce, William, 123 Stahl, Fred. (Serg’t.), 142, 169 Stambaugh, Col. ––, 226, 235 _et seq._ Stambaugh’s Expedition, 234 Stampede at Ft. Winnebago, 213 Stapp, James T.B., 122, 130 Stapp, Wyat B., 130 Starkey, John, 122 Starr, William E., 122 Stennett John (Capt.), 159 Stephenson County, 177, 184 Stephenson, James W., 127, 131, 141, 142, 143, 180, 181, 184, 187, 209 Stephenson, James W., Battle of, 184 Stephenson, W.J. (Capt.), 190, 191 Stewart, ––, 74 Stewart, Dr. ––, 49 Stewart, Hart L. (Col.), 257 Stewart, William M. (Capt.), 159 Stillman, Isaiah, 113, 125, 126, 128, 130, 139, 141, 145, 161, 199, 284, 292 Stillman’s Defeat, 119, 125, 132 _et seq._, 143, 163, 183, 201, 205, 218, 238, 254, 257, 294 Stillman’s Defense, 137 Stockbridges, The, 235 Stockton, Brig.-Gen., 255 Stoddard, Amos (Capt.), 30, 34 Stone, Clack (Capt.), 142, 185 Storm, L’t.-Col. ––, 190 Stout, Thomas (Capt.), 194 Strawn, Jeremiah, 159 Strawn, John (Col.), 159 Street, Joseph M. (Gen.), 98, 105, 226, 228, 230, 239, 241, 272 Strode, James M. (Col.), 113, 127, 131, 140, 142, 184, 185, 187, 283, 290, 296 Stuart, John T., 93, 164, 175, 281, 286 Ste. Genevieve, 76 St. Ange, 24 St. Charles, 55 St. Clair County, 93, 159, 164 St. Joseph, 254, 258 St. Joseph Island, 38 St. Louis, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 44, 56, 140, 154, 188, 266 St. Peter’s Indian Agency, 101, 102 St. Peter’s River, 101, 102 St. Pierre, Ensign, 50 St. Vrain, Felix, 86, 87, 88, 98, 106, 107, 169, 170; Death of, 171, 173, 180, 181, 238, 251 Sublet, Thomas, 184 Sublets, Mr., 156 Sugar River, 183, 209, 236 Sullivan, John (Capt.), 47, 48 Summers, John, 124 “Sun, The”, 76 Superior, The–-Boat, 242 _et seq._ Swett, Leonard, 280 Sybald, Samuel, 123 Sycamore Bluff, 137 Sycamore Creek, 137, 139, 156, 161, 162, 204, 205, 238, 285, 286 Tah-sau-gah-now, 102 Ta-ko-na, 98 Taliaferro, Law, 102, 106 Tate, John, 124 Tavar, P.G., 65 Taylor, E.D., 93 Taylor, James, 178 Taylor, Zachary, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 112, 120, 121, 126, 128, 145, 161, 162, 172, 173, 179, 192, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 290, 291 Taylor’s Battle, 53, 54 Tazewell Co., 113, 125, 159 Te-cum-seh, 20, 41, 42, 80, 109 Tennessee, 58, 77 Ten Eycks, 255 Te-pa-kee, 32 Terra Coupa Prairie, 257, Terrell, Dr. William H., 194 Thames, Battle,| 42 Third Lake, 216, 217 Thomas, Henry, 165 Thomas, John (Col.), 122, 146, 164, 177, 179 Thomas, John B. (Capt.), 169 Thomas, William (Capt.), 191 Thomas, William (Col.), 93, 122 Thompson, Elias (Maj.), 159 Thompson, James (Capt.), 194 Thompson, James (Private), 218 Thompson, Joel, 82 Thompson, John, 187 Thompson, J.L., 124 Thompson, Samuel M. (Col.), 123, 279 Thompson, The–Boat, 242 Thompson, the Wrestler, 282 Thornton, W.A. (L’t.), 253 Thrall, Dr. Aaron, 191 Throckmorton, Capt., 222, 227 Throckmorton’s Report, 227 Thwaites, R.G., Introduction Timms, J.B., 176 Timms’ Grove, 176 Ti-or-nay, 107 To-mah, 104 To-po-kia, 98 To-qua-mee, 148, 149, 157, 158 Townsend, H.S., 183 Tradition of Rock Island, 66 Treaty of 1783, 25, 47 Treaty of 1789, 32 Treaty of 1804, 21, 27, 31, 34, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 80, 100 Treaty of 1815, 60, 61, 62 Treaty of 1816, 63, 80 Treaty of Ghent, 55, 60, 63, 64 Treaty of 1824, 71 Treaty of 1825, 71, 100, 106, 107 Treaty of 1830, 101 Treaty of 1831, 92, 96 Treaty of 1832, 250 Tunnell, Luther, 118 Turcot, Commissioner, 58 Turner, Dr. ––, 274 Turney, James, 122, 193 Turtle Creek, 205, 287 Turtle Village, 205 Twiggs, David E. (Maj.), 120, 243 Ullman, Capt. —, 257 Union Co., 282 Upper Iowa River, 100, 228 Van Derveer, J.S., 111, 120 Vandruff, J., 82 Vandruff, S., 82 Vandruff’s Island, 94 Vansburgh, L.P., 142 Van Swearengen, J., 111, 120 Van Waggoner, 183 Vasquez, Burony (L’t.), 39 Vaughan, James W., 124 Vermillion County Regiment, 159, 169 Village of Black Hawk, 17, 41, 52, 57, 67, 77, 81, 84, 90, 94, 95, 101, 130, 165 Vincennes, 38 Wabash County, 191 Wabash Tribes, 26, 27 Wabasha Village, 73, 227 Wa-bo-ki-e-shiek–the Prophet, 87, 89, 91, 109, 112, 114, 130, 229, 231, 232, 233, 238, 240, 259, 262 Waddam’s Grove, 184 Wah-pa-koo-tas, 101, 102 Wakefield, John A., 127, 139, 195, 208, 209 Waldron, Thomas R., 164 Walker, A. (Capt.), 243 Walker, George E., 158, 166, 204 Walker, James (Capt.), 160, 167, 193 Walker, Wilbur, 157 Wallace, William M., 190 “Wallace, William,” Steamboat, 118 Walters, John, 135 Waniga, 176 Wa-pa-la-mo, 64 Wa-pa-mak-qua, 64 Wa-pa-qunt, 98 Wa-pel-lo, or Wa-pel-la, or Wau-pel-la, 79, 88, 98, 112, 113, 228, 264, 265, 266 War of 1812, 38, 41 Warnick, William (Capt.), 159 Warnsing, Dr. John, 194 War-pa-lo-ka, 64 Warrell, Vigo, S., 30 Warren County, 118, 193 Warren, Daniel and Ezekiel, 203 Warren, Peter, 125 Warrick, Montgomery, 124 Warrior, The–Steamboat, 222, 225, 227, 239, 248 Wash, R., 61, 64 Washburne, E.B., 114 Wash-e-own, 46 Washington, 259, 261, 265, 268 Washington County, 194 Wash-ut, 98 Was-sek-e-ne-qua, 64 Waters, G.W., 120 Watson, John B., 123 Wau-ban-se, or Wau-ban-see, or Wa-ban-se, 133, 147, etc., 189 Waukon Decori, 232 Wau-koo-kah, 76 Wau-nau-ko, 236 Wa-wap-o-la-sa, 98 Wayne County, 190 Weatherford, William, 94, 123, 193 Webb, Henry L. (Capt.), 195 Webb, Stephen H. (Capt.), 202 Wee-sa-ka, 61 We-kau, 72 Welch, Edmund, 185 Wells, Albert, 82 Wells, Alexander, 94 Wells, Asaph, 82 Wells, Berryman G. (Capt.), 190 Wells, Eli, 82 Wells, Huntington, 82 Wells, Joel, 82 Wells, John, 82 Wells, Joseph, 218 Wells, Levi, 82 Wells, Samuel, 82 Wells, Samuel, of Wisconsin, at Pecatonica, 183 Wentworth, John, 244 West, A.S., 98 West, Obediah (Capt.), 190, 191 West Bureau Timber, 165 Westerfield Scare, 169 Wethers, Enoch B., 93 Wharton, Clifton (Capt.), 120 Wheeler, Erastus (Capt.), 94, 125 Wheelock, E.L.R., 118, 123 Wheelwright, W., 111, 189, 248 Whipple, Charles W., 257 Whirling Thunder, 114, 153, 180 Whistler, William (Maj.), 246, 257, 258 White, Alexander (Capt.), 164 White Beaver, 240, 241 White Cloud, 209 White County, 191 White Crow, 114, 152, 180, 209, 230 White Elk, 68 White, James, 125, 145 White. James (Capt.), of Hancock County, 193 White, John, 218, 224 White Oak Springs, 143, 153, 156 White Otter, 260 White Pawnee, 215, 216 Whiteside County, 35 Whiteside, Samuel, 53, 54, 61, 94, 98, 116, 118, 122, 125, 126, 127, 132, 145, 146, 161, 163, 164, 177, 178 Whiteside, William B.,| 53, 54, 94 Whitewater River, 209, 210, 211, 212, 287 Whitlock, James, 124 Whittlesey, Col., 198 Wick-a-up, 81 Wickliffe, W.N., 120 Wilbourn, John S., 140, 159, 160, 188 Willard, George (Sergt.), 224 Will County, 160, 167 Williams, J.R. (Gen.), 254, 255, 256, 257, 258 Williams, J.S., 111, 120 Williams, William (L’t.), 161 Willis, George B. (Capt.), 159 Wilson, Alexander, 190 Wilson, Bluford (Col.), 190 Wilson, Harrison (Capt.), 190 Wilson, H.A. (L’t.), 253 Wilson, James H. (Gen.), 190 Wilson, J.M., 258 Wilson, Moses G., 123, 125, 283 Wilson, William L., 283 Winchester, P.H., 94 Wingville, 143 Winnebagoes, 35, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, 57, 73, 76, 82, 91, 97, 100, 114, 132, 143, 146, 180, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 226, 229, 231, 232, 238, 239, 250, 260 Winnebago Outbreak, 71, 72 Winnebago Squaws Debauched, Denied, 76 “Winnebago, The”–Steamboat, 188 Winnebago Swamps, 197 Winneshiek, 226 Winnette, James (Maj.), 67 Winona, 73 Winstanley, John, 124 Winters, John D., 142 Winters, Nathan, 125 Wiota, 143 Wisconsin, 26, 100, 221 Wisconsin Bottoms, 218 Wisconsin Heights, Battle of, 218, 220, 221 Wisconsin River, 27, 29, 35, 50, 87, 213, 217, 218, 222, 226, 228, 232 Witter, Dan S., 98 Wood, E.K. (Surgeon), 193 Wood, John D. (Maj.) | 194 Woodbridge, W.W., 143, 183, 215, 216 Woodrow, Hugh, 126 Woodson, Joseph C., 124 Worth, Joseph S. (L’t.), 120 Worth, W.J. (Col.), 243 Wren, Johnson (Maj.), 190 Wright, David, 94 Wright, Thomas, 111 Wyatt, R.M., 287 Wyatt, William (L’t.-Col.), 191 Yeizer, Capt., 47, 48, 50 Yellow Banks, 116, 118, 119, 120, 248, 278, 279, 280, 282 Yellow River, 184 Young, Joseph L., 224 Young, Richard M., 113, 158 Ypsilanti, 255, 256 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ +----------+ | PRESS OF | +----------+ | BLAKELY | |PRINTING | | COMPANY | +----------+ | CHICAGO | +----------+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Footnotes ----- Footnote 276: Fulton’s “Red Men of Iowa,” 222. Footnote 277: Annals of Iowa, May, 1902. Footnote 278: Page 164, Vol. 3, Smith’s Wis. Foot note by W.R. Smith, the author: “I can vouch myself that I came up the Mississippi in a steamboat, on board of which was Black Hawk, his wife and son and a number of his warriors, in July, 1837, and that Black Hawk was apparently particularly fond of brandy, as he often indulged himself with it at the bar on board of the boat; but to this act, it must be confessed, he was always invited by the white passengers.” Footnote 279: Copied from “The Iowa News,” Vol. 1, No. 29, June 6, 1838. Footnote 280: Bilious fever. Footnote 281: The Indian trader, beloved of Black Hawk and his family. Fulton, p. 117. Footnote 282: Magazine of American History, Vol. XV, No. 5, p. 494 _et seq._ Footnote 283: It has been said these were given him respectively by Pt. Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Ex-Pt., and the City of Boston. If the latter made such a present it must have been during his last visit east, because he did not go to Boston during his first trip. Footnote 284: Fulton, on page 228, insists that the head was first stolen, but being frightened, Turner threw it into his saddle-bags and ran away to return later and procure the body; but as a discrepancy exists as to his dates, it is possible he was mistaken in other details. Footnote 285: A story has been told that Capt. Lincoln’s first command was answered by being told to “go to the devil.” Footnote 286: Another volunteered at Beardstown, April 29th, and another at Dixon’s Ferry, May 19, making the total strength of the company seventy men. Footnote 287: Journal O.H. Browning. Footnote 288: His strength was full three-fourths of the company. Footnote 289: Nicolay and Hay. Footnote 290: Lamon 110. Footnote 291: Lt. Robert Anderson mustered Private Lincoln into that company. Footnote 292: Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, p. 219. Footnote 293: Mr. Poore was not exact in his quotations from that speech, but near enough the truth to escape the charge of error. Footnote 294: Col. E.C. March and others. Footnote 295: Flagler’s Rock Island Arsenal, p. 21. Footnote 296: Stephenson’s. Footnote 297: Jefferson Davis, a memoir by his wife. Vol. 1, p. 133. Footnote 298: He died of consumption incited and accelerated by that exposure. Footnote 299: Robert Anderson did take the second installment as far as Ft. Armstrong, where he was compelled to enter the hospital, from cholera. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcriber’s Note: Minor errors or inconsistencies of punctuation or formatting have been corrected silently. Where it seems most likely that spelling errors were made by the printer, they have been corrected as noted below. Most quoted material is not noticeably lax in this regard, perhaps because the author made his own corrections. However, spelling of proper names can vary and are generally allowed to stand, even where the Index disagrees with the referred text. For instance, the index entry ‘Blackmaars, Mich.’ refers to the possessive form ‘Blackmaar’s’ in the text. It is not clear whether the reference is to a village or merely the residence of a family of that name. Similarly, the entry for ‘Davitts ——’ refers to ‘Davitt’s’. A less trustworthy entry for ‘Dee Sulhorst, Justus’ refers to 'the farm of Justus DeSeelhorst’. The latter spelling is borne out by historical records, but the index has not been corrected. The entry for ‘Phillipps Ferry’ (‘Phillip’s Ferry’ in the text), was considered an error and corrected by removing the redundant letter. The index entry for ‘Guyol de Guirano’ appears as ‘Guirano, Guyolde’ which has been deemed an error and corrected. The entry for ‘Na-i-o-gui-man omits the page reference to p. 67. The entry for Wallace Revell also omitted the reference to p. 138, n. 125. The entry for ‘Order No. 45, to L’t. Lowman’, refers to a Lt. Samuel Bowman, and has been corrected. In the appendix, p. 293 seems to have been missed during the editing of the original text. On that page, O.H. Browning is listed in the printed text as ‘O.S. Browning’ (which was hand-corrected in the text), referring to the future Senator O.H. Browning. The correction has been retained. Handwritten notes in the text also point out that a number of references on p. 293 were missed in the compilation of the index (for Joseph E. Johnson, John A. McClernand, and Capt. Harrison Wilson). Given that there may be other omissions, these were not added and are merely noted here. The caption for the image of Rachael Munson between pp. 154 and 155 misspelled her first name (as ‘Rachel’), which was corrected for consistency. As noted below this variant appeared also on p. 152. This table summarizes any corrections which were made to the text. p. 32 n. 14 Am. State Papers, V, 689, 690, _Sic._ 693? [663] p. 40 sudden[t] halt Removed. p. 58 gen[e]ral orders Added. p. 101 This forty-mile [s]trip Added. p. 107 [“]‘Chiefs and Warriors of the Added. Sacs and Foxes: “[‘]It becomes our duty, Added. p. 126 General Atkinson is[s]ued Added. p. 131 with ma[ura/rau]ding bands and Corrected. murderers. p. 145 the foll[o]wing day Added. p. 150 [“]We passed on to the creek Added. p. 152 out of Rach[a]el’s head Added. p. 168 a harm[l]ess child Added. p. 193 sett[t]lers Removed. p. 204 rat[i]ons per man Added. p. 210 but th[o]roughly discouraged Added. p. 229 [“]For two whole days Added. p. 305 a [course] dough for _Sic._ subsistence *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BLACK HAWK WAR INCLUDING A REVIEW OF BLACK HAWK'S LIFE *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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