CHAPTER XXVII

REALISM IN FRANCE Gustave Courbet and the modern painting of artisan life.--Alfred Stevens and the painting of "Society."--His followers Auguste Toulmouche, James Tissot, and others.--In opposition to the Cinquecento the study of the old Germans, the Lombards, the Spaniards, the Flemish artists, and the _Rococo_ masters becomes now a formative influence.--Gustave Ricard, Charles Chaplin, Gaillard, Paul Dubois, Carolus Duran, Léon Bonnat, Roybet, Blaise Desgoffe, Philippe Rousseau, Antoine Vollon, François Bonvin, Théodule Ribot 391 BIBLIOGRAPHY 435 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES IN COLOUR PAGE LESLIE: My Uncle Toby and the Widow Wadman _Frontispiece_ ROMNEY: Serena 53 LAWRENCE: Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of George IV 60 MACLISE: The Waterfall, Cornwall 64 MORLAND: Horses in a Stable 69 LANDSEER: Jack in Office 76 FROMENTIN: Algerian Falconers 132 ROTTMANN: Lake Kopaïs 234 TURNER: The old Téméraire 268 CONSTABLE: Willy Lott's House 275 BONINGTON: La Place de Molards, Geneva 290 COROT: Landscape 316 MILLET: The Wood-Sawyers 370 IN BLACK AND WHITE ACHENBACH, ANDREAS. Sea Coast after a Storm 247 Fishing Boats in the North Sea 249 ADAM, ALBRECHT. Albrecht Adam and his Sons 112 A Stable in Town 113 BAADE, KNUT. Moonlight Night on the Coast 253 BECKER, JACOB. A Tempest 165 BERGE, CHARLES DE LA. Landscape 263 BOILLY, LEOPOLD. The Toilette 2 The Newsvendor 3 The Marionettes 4 BONHEUR, ROSA. The Horse-Fair 351 Ploughing in Nivernois 353 BONINGTON, RICHARD PARKES. The Windmill of Saint-Jouin 290 Reading Aloud 291 Portrait of Richard Parkes Bonington 293 BONNAT, LÉON. Adolphe Thiers 423 Victor Hugo 424 BONVIN, FRANÇOIS. The Cook 427 The Work-Room 428 BRETON, ÉMILE. The Return of the Reapers 225 The Gleaner 226 BRION, GUSTAVE. Jean Valjean 221 BUNBURY, WILLIAM HENRY. Richmond Hill 9 BÜRKEL, HEINRICH. Portrait of Heinrich Bürkel 143 Brigands Returning 144 A Downpour in the Mountains 145 A Smithy in Upper Bavaria 146 BUSCH, WILHELM. Portrait of Wilhelm Busch 29 CABAT, LOUIS. Le Jardin Beaujon 264 CALAME, ALEXANDRE. Landscape 250 CHAPLIN, CHARLES. The Golden Age 418 Portrait of Countess Aimery de la Rochefoucauld 419 CHARLET, NICOLAS TOUISSAINT. Un homme qui boît seul n'est pas digne de vivre 95 CHINTREUIL, ANTOINE. Landscape: Morning 343 CONSTABLE, JOHN. Portrait of John Constable 274 Church Porch, Bergholt 275 Dedham Vale 277 The Romantic House 278 The Cornfield 279 Cottage in a Cornfield 283 The Valley Farm 285 COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON. The Death of the Earl of Chatham 65 COROT, CAMILLE. Portrait of Camille Corot 306 The Bridge of St. Angelo, Rome 307 Corot at Work 308 Daphnis and Chloe 309 Vue de Toscane 310 At Sunset 311 The Ruin 312 Evening 313 An Evening in Normandy 314 The Dance of the Nymphs 315 A Dance 316 La Route d'Arras 317 COURBET, GUSTAVE. Portrait of Gustave Courbet 393 The Man with a Leather Belt. Portrait of Himself as a Youth 394 A Funeral at Ornans 395 The Stone-Breakers 397 The Return from Market 400 The Battle of the Stags 401 A Woman Bathing 402 Deer in Covert 403 Girls lying on the Bank of the Seine 404 A Recumbent Woman 405 Berlioz 406 The Hind on the Snow 407 My Studio after Seven Years of Artistic Life 409 The Wave 412 COX, DAVID. Crossing the Sands 286 The Shrimpers 287 CROME, JOHN (OLD CROME). A View near Norwich 273 CRUIKSHANK, GEORGE. Monstrosities of 1822 6 DANHAUSER, JOSEF. The Gormandizer 179 DAUBIGNY, CHARLES FRANÇOIS. Portrait of Charles François Daubigny 335 Springtime 336 A Lock in the Valley of Optevoz 337 On the Oise 338 Shepherd and Shepherdess 339 Landscape: Evening 341 DAUMIER, HONORÉ. Portrait of Honoré Daumier 37 The Connoisseurs 38 The Mountebanks 39 In the Assize Court 40 "La voilà ... ma Maison de Campagne" 41 Menelaus the Victor 42 DEBUCOURT, LOUIS PHILIBERT. In the Kitchen 33 The Promenade 34 DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE. The Swineherd 127 Coming out from a Turkish School 129 The Watering-Place 131 DEFREGGER, FRANZ. Portrait of Franz Defregger 208 Speckbacher and his Son 209 The Wrestlers 210 Sister and Brothers 211 The Prize Horse 213 Andreas Hofer appointed Governor of the Tyrol 215 DÉTAILLE, EDOUARD. Salut aux Blessés 111 DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO. Portrait of Narcisse Diaz 328 The Descent of the Bohemians 329 Among the Foliage 331 The Tree Trunk 332 Forest Scene 333 DUBOIS, PAUL. Portrait of my Sons 421 DUPRÉ, JULES. Portrait of Jules Dupré 318 The House of Jules Dupré at L'isle-Adam 319 The Setting Sun 320 The Bridge at L'isle-Adam 321 Near Southampton 322 The Punt 323 Sunset 324 The Hay-Wain 325 The old Oak 326 The Pool 327 DURAN, CAROLUS. Portrait of Carolus Duran 422 ENHUBER, CARL. The Pensioner and his Grandson 163 ERHARD, JOHANN CHRISTOPH. Portrait of Johann Christoph Erhard 21 A Peasant Scene 22 A Peasant Family 23 FLÀMM, ALBERT. A Summer Day 251 FLÜGGEN, GISBERT. The Decision of the Suit 186 FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL. Poverty and Wealth 89 FROMENTIN, EUGÈNE. Portrait of Eugène Fromentin 133 Arabian Women returning from drawing Water 134 The Centaurs 135 GAILLARD, FERDINAND. Portrait 420 GAVARNI (SULPICE GUILLAUME CHEVALIER). Portrait of Gavarni 43 Thomas Vireloque 44 Fourberies de Femmes 45 Phèdre at the Théâtre Français 48 "Ce qui me manque à moi? Une t'ite mère comme ça, qu'aurait soin de mon linge" 49 GILLRAY, JAMES. Affability 5 GRÉVIN, ALFRED. Nos Parisiennes 51 GRÜTZNER, EDUARD. Twelfth Night 219 GUILLAUMET, GUSTAVE. The Séguia, near Biskra 136 A Dwelling in the Sahara 137 GURLITT, LUDWIG. On the Sabine Mountains 245 GUYS, CONSTANTIN. Study of a Woman 50 HARPIGNIES, HENRI. Moonrise 344 HÉBERT, ERNEST. The Malaria 123 HESS, PETER. The Reception of King Otto in Nauplia 114 A Morning at Partenkirche 142 HÜBNER, CARL. July 187 HUET, PAUL. Portrait of Paul Huet 265 The Inundation at St. Cloud 266 HUGO, VICTOR. Ruins of a Mediæval Castle on the Rhine 261 JACQUE, CHARLES. The Return to the Byre (Etching) 355 A Flock of Sheep on the Road 356 Millet at Work in his Studio 365 Millet's House at Barbizon 366 KAUFFMANN, HERMANN. Woodcutters Returning 154 A Sandy Road 155 Returning from the Fields 156 KEENE, CHARLES. The Perils of the Deep 17 From "Our People" 19 KIRNER, JOHANN. The Fortune Teller 162 KLEIN, JOHANN ADAM. A Travelling Landscape Painter 20 KNAUS, LOUIS. Portrait of Louis Knaus 195 In great Distress 196 The Card-Players 197 The Golden Wedding 199 Behind the Scenes 201 KOBELL, WILLIAM. A Meeting 141 KOCH, JOSEPH ANTON. Portrait of Josef Anton Koch 231 KRAFFT, PETER. The Soldier's Return 170 LANDSEER, SIR EDWIN. A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society 72 The last Mourner at the Shepherd's Grave 73 High Life 74 Low Life 75 LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS. Mrs. Siddons 57 Princess Amelia 58 The English Mother 59 The Countess Gower 61 LEECH, JOHN. The Children of Mr. and Mrs. Blenkinsop 11 Little Spicey and Tater Sam 11 From "Children of the Mobility" 12 LELEUX, ADOLPHE. Mot d'ordre 181 LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT. Sancho and the Duchess 87 LESSING, CARL FRIEDRICH. Portrait of Carl Friedrich Lessing 239 The Wayside Madonna 240 MACLISE, DANIEL. Noah's Sacrifice 67 Malvolio and the Countess 68 MADOU, JEAN BAPTISTE. In the Ale-house 172 The Drunkard 173 MARCHAL, CHARLES. The Hiring Fair 223 MARCKE, EMILE VAN. La Falaise 354 MARILHAT, PROSPER. A Halt 132 DU MAURIER, GEORGE. The Dancing Lesson 13 A Recollection of Dieppe 14 Down to Dinner 15 A Wintry Walk 16 MEISSONIER, ERNEST. Portrait of Ernest Meissonier 101 1814 103 The Outpost 105 MEYERHEIM, FRIEDRICH EDUARD. Portrait of Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim 157 Children at Play 158 The King of the Shooting Match 159 The Morning Hour 160 The Knitting Lesson 161 MICHEL, GEORGES. A Windmill 262 MILLAIS, SIR JOHN EVERETT. George du Maurier 12 MILLET, JEAN FRANÇOIS. Portrait of Himself 361 The House at Gruchy 363 The Winnower 367 A Man making Faggots 368 The Gleaners 369 Vine-dresser Resting 371 At the Well 373 Burning Weeds 375 The Angelus 377 The Shepherdess and her Sheep 378 The Shepherd at the Pen at Nightfall 379 A Woman feeding Chickens 380 The Shepherdess 381 The Labourer Grafting a Tree 383 A Woman Knitting 384 The Rainbow 385 The Barbizon Stone 387 MONNIER, HENRI. A Chalk Drawing 35 Joseph Proudhomme 36 MORGENSTERN, CHRISTIAN. A Peasant Cottage (Etching) 243 MORLAND, GEORGE. The Corn Bin 69 Going to the Fair 70 The Return from Market 71 MULLER, WILLIAM. Prayer in the Desert 138 The Amphitheatre at Xanthus 288 MULREADY, WILLIAM. Fair Time 88 Crossing the Ford 91 DE NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE. Portrait of Alphonse de Neuville 107 Le Bourget 109 NEWTON, GILBERT STUART. Yorick and the Grisette 83 OBERLÄNDER, ADOLF. Variations on the Kissing Theme. Rethel 30 Variations on the Kissing Theme. Gabriel Max 30 Variations on the Kissing Theme. Hans Makart 31 Portrait of Adolf Oberländer 31 Variations on the Kissing Theme. Genelli 32 Variations on the Kissing Theme. Alma Tadema 32 PETTENKOFEN, AUGUST VON. A Hungarian Village (Pencil Drawing) 224 PRELLER, FRIEDRICH. Portrait of Friedrich Preller 235 Ulysses and Leucothea 237 RAEBURN, SIR HENRY. Sir Walter Scott 63 RAFFET, AUGUSTE MARIE. Portrait of Auguste Marie Raffet 96 The Parade 97 1807 98 Polish Infantry 99 The Midnight Review 100 REID, SIR GEORGE. Portrait of Charles Keene 18 RIBOT, THÉODULE. The Studio 429 At a Norman Inn 430 Keeping Accounts 431 St. Sebastian, Martyr 432 RICARD, GUSTAVE. Madame de Calonne 417 RICHTER, LUDWIG. Portrait of Ludwig Richter 24 Home 25 The End of the Day 26 Spring 27 After Work it's good to rest 28 RIEDEL, AUGUST. The Neapolitan Fisherman's Family 124 Judith 125 ROBERT, HUBERT. Monuments and Ruins 259 ROBERT, LEOPOLD. Portrait of Leopold Robert 119 Fishers of the Adriatic 120 The Coming of the Reapers to the Pontine Marshes 121 ROMNEY, GEORGE. Portrait of George Romney 55 Lady Hamilton as Euphrosyne 56 ROTTMANN, KARL. Portrait of Karl Rottmann 232 The Coast of Sicily 233 ROUSSEAU, THÉODORE. Portrait of Théodore Rousseau 295 Morning 296 Landscape, Morning Effect 297 The Village of Becquigny in Picardy 299 La Hutte 301 Evening 302 Sunset 303 The Lake among the Rocks at Barbizon 304 A Pond, Forest of Fontainebleau 305 ROWLANDSON, THOMAS. Harmony 7 SCHIRMER, JOHANN WILHELM. An Italian Landscape 241 SCHNETZ, VICTOR. An Italian Shepherd 122 SPITZWEG, CARL. Portrait of Carl Spitzweg 147 At the Garret Window 148 A Morning Concert 149 The Postman 151 STEVENS, ALFRED. The Lady in Pink 413 La Bête à bon Dieu 414 The Japanese Mask 415 The Visitors 416 TASSAERT, OCTAVE. Portrait of Octave Tassaert 182 After the Ball 183 The Orphans 184 The Suicide 185 TIDEMAND, ADOLF. The Sectarians 167 Adorning the Bride 169 TROYON, CONSTANT. Portrait of Constant Troyon 345 In Normandy: Cows Grazing 346 Crossing the Stream 347 The Return to the Farm 348 A Cow scratching Herself 349 TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM. Portrait of J. M. W. Turner 267 A Shipwreck 268 Dido building Carthage 269 Jumièges 270 Landscape with the Sun rising in a Mist 271 Venice 272 VAUTIER, BENJAMIN. Portrait of Benjamin Vautier 202 The Conjurer 203 The Dancing Lesson 205 November 207 VERNET, HORACE. The Wounded Zouave 93 VOLLON, ANTOINE. Portrait of Antoine Vollon 425 A Carnival Scene 426 WALDMÜLLER, FERDINAND. The First Step 171 WALLANDER, WILHELM. The Return 227 WEBSTER, THOMAS. The Rubber 85 WEST, BENJAMIN. The Death of Nelson 64 WIERTZ, ANTOINE. The Orphans 189 The Things of the Present as seen by Future Ages 191 The Fight round the Body of Patroclus 192 WILKIE, DAVID. Blind-Man's-Buff 77 A Guerilla Council of War in a Spanish Posada 79 The Blind Fiddler 80 The Penny Wedding 81 The First Earring 82 DE WINT, PETER. Nottingham 289