introduction of gas, ii. 182-185.

Lottery, ii. 414; two kinds in Europe, _ib._; _Congiaria_ of the Romans resembled our lotteries, _ib._; shopkeepers in the middle ages sold wares in the manner of a lottery, ii. 416; established at Florence, ii. 417; brought from Italy to France, ii. 418; lottery for giving portions to young women, ii. 419; others for similar purposes, _ib._; lotteries, properly so called, when established, ii. 420; lottery proposed by Tonti, _ib._; French lotteries, ii. 421; origin of the name, ii. 422; first in England, ii. 423; at Amsterdam, ii. 425; in Germany, _ib._; Genoese lottery, ii. 426; Art-Unions, the only lottery existing in England, ii. 428. Machine for noting down music, i. 12; one invented in Germany by Unger, _ib._; another, constructed by Hohlfeld, _ib._; Dr. Burney ascribes this invention to the English, i. 13. Madder, ii. 108; known to the ancients, ii. 110; in the middle ages, ii. 111; its property of colouring the bones, _ib._; cultivation of, ii. 113, 114. Mad-houses, where first established, ii. 461. Magnetic cures, i. 43; external use of the magnet in curing the tooth-ache, known in the 6th century, i. 44; mentioned by writers in the 15th and 16th centuries, _ib._; effect of on the bodies of animals, _ib._; properties of, i. 45. Maize brought from America, i. 497. Manganese, ii. 235; employed in glass-making, _ib._; frees glass from dirt, ii. 236; use of it retained, ii. 239; brought from Piedmont and Perigord, in France, ii. 240. Mantles of the knights bordered with furs, ii. 319. Mantles of the clergy covered with silk nets, ii. 359. Manuscripts, ancient, ruled with lead, ii. 389. Mills, history of, i. 147; East Indian oil-mills, i. 148; philosophical mill, by whom invented, i. 150; water-mills, when invented, i. 151; floating mills, i. 155; wind-mills, i. 158. Mirrors, ii. 56; the oldest of metal, ii. 57; known in the time of Moses, _ib._; ancient mirrors of silver, _ib._; of copper, brass, and gold, ii. 62; how cleaned, ii. 63; chemical examination of the metal, _ib._; mirrors made of stones, ii. 65; mirrors of the native Americans, ii. 68; mirrors of glass made at Sidon, ii. 69; mirrors in the twelfth century, ii. 75; first certain mention in the thirteenth century, ii. 76; manner in which the oldest were made, _ib._; process for silvering them described, ii. 79; Venetian mirrors esteemed till the seventeenth century, _ib._; establishment of glass-houses in France, _ib._; invention of casting glass plates for mirrors, ii. 80; advantage and disadvantage of this, ii. 81; abandoned for the old method of blowing, ii. 82; ingenious process for silvering glass, ii. 83. Mosaic work, i. 130. Natural curiosities, collections of, i. 282; deposited by the ancients in their temples, i. 283; an account of different articles of this kind, and where kept, i. 283-284; collection formed by Augustus, i. 285; natural bodies preserved in ancient times by means of salt, _ib._; dead bodies among the Scythians, Assyrians and Persians covered with wax, i. 287; fish and apples transported in wax, i. 288; origin of wrapping up dead bodies in wax cloth, _ib._; books found in the grave of Numa, how preserved, i. 289; where collections were first formed by private persons, i. 290; first private collections in the 16th century, _ib._; oldest catalogues of such collections, i. 291; collections in England, i. 293. Night-watch, ii. 185; among the ancients, _ib._; when calling the hours began to be practised, ii. 186; rich people kept servants to announce certain periods of the day, _ib._; methods of watching in time of war, ii. 187; ancient watchmen carried bells, ii. 188; night-watching established early at Paris, _ib._; at Berlin, ii. 189; in Germany, ii. 190; watchmen stationed on steeples and towers, _ib._; watchmen posted on towers among the Chinese, ii. 192; watchmen in times of feudal alarm, ii. 193; modern system of, ii. 194. Ordeal, account of, ii. 123. Odometer, i. 5; supposed to be mentioned by Capitolinus, _ib._; figure of one on the ducal palace of Urbino erected in 1482, _ib._; one made by Paul Pfinzing, _ib._; odometer with which Augustus elector of Saxony measured his territories, i. 7; odometers of Rodolphus II., _ib._; Butterfield’s odometer, _ib._; Meynier’s, i. 8; Hohlfeld’s, _ib._; Payne’s, i. 11. Orphan-houses, ii. 449; first formed by Trajan, _ib._; inspector of orphans, an office at the court of Byzantium, ii. 454. Painters, ancient, often poor slaves, ii. 261. Paper-hangings, i. 379; velvet paper, how prepared, i. 380; invented by Jerome Lanyer, _ib._; called at first Londrindiana, i. 381; Audran, his invention, i. 382; art of imprinting gold and silver figures on paper invented by Eccard, _ib._; oldest account of such hangings in Germany, _ib._; new improvement in, i. 383; metallic dust invented at Nuremberg, _ib._; silver-coloured glimmer, i. 384. Paving of streets, i. 269; first by the Carthaginians, i. 270; Thebes paved, _ib._; whether Jerusalem was paved not known, _ib._; when Rome began to be paved uncertain, i. 271; information by Livy, _ib._; pavement of Herculaneum and Pompeii, i. 272; Cordova paved in the ninth century, _ib._; Paris not paved in the twelfth century, _ib._; cause of its being paved, _ib._; London not paved in the eleventh century, i. 273; Smithfield-market, when paved, i. 274; German cities, when paved, _ib._; citizens of Paris obliged in 1285 to repair and clean the streets, i. 275; reason why no swine were suffered about the streets, i. 276; privies erected in France by an order from government, i. 278; earlier in Germany than Paris, i. 279; wooden pavement, i. 281. Pearls, artificial, i. 258; art of forcing shell-fish to produce, known to the ancients, i. 260; how the Chinese cause mussels to produce pearls, _ib._; invention of Linnæus for the same purpose, i. 261; how pearl-fishers know shells which contain pearls, i. 263; different kinds of artificial pearls, i. 264; invention of Jaquin for preparing them, i. 265. Pilgrimages, the cause of hospitals, ii. 456. Plague, origin of, i. 374. Poison, secret, i. 47; mentioned by Plutarch and Quintilian, i. 48; dreadful poison of the Indians, _ib._; secret poison known to Theophrastus, i. 49; invention of it falsely ascribed to Thrasyas, _ib._; when known at Rome, _ib._; employed by Sejanus and Agrippina, _ib._; secret poison, supposed to have been given to Regulus, _ib._; ancients unacquainted with mineral poisons, i. 51; Toffania invented a kind of secret poison, i. 51, 52; detected and strangled, i. 53; Marchioness de Brinvillier’s poisonings, i. 55; seized and beheaded, i. 56; _chambre de poison_ established at Paris, i. 57; Count Corfitz de Ulfeld intended to poison the king of Denmark, _ib._; Charles XI., king of Sweden, poisoned, _ib._; ingredients of, i. 60, 61; antidote, i. 61; powst, a kind of secret poison used in the East Indies, i. 63. Prince Rupert’s drops, ii. 241; not known till the seventeenth century, ii. 242; first experiments with, _ib._; brought to England by prince Rupert, ii. 244. Pumps, by whom invented, ii. 245. Quarantine, i. 373; origin of, obscure, _ib._; said to have been established by the Venetians, _ib._; account by Le Bret, i. 376; institution of the council of health, i. 377; when letters of health were first written, _ib._ Quicksilver used for purifying gold ore, i. 14; how recovered afterwards, i. 15. Quills for writing, antiquity of, i. 405; scarcity of, i. 413. Ribbon-loom, ii. 527; construction of it, _ib._; attempts made to suppress it, ii. 528; such looms invented by the Swiss, _ib._; loom seen by Anthony Moller at Dantzic, _ib._; inventor of it put to death, ii. 529; weaving machine mentioned by Boxhorn, _ib._; ribbon-looms prohibited in Holland, ii. 530; prohibited also in the Spanish Netherlands and at Cologne, _ib._; prohibited by imperial authority, ii. 531; loom burnt publicly at Hamburg, _ib._; prohibition of this kind annulled in Germany, _ib._ Rubies, artificial, how to make, i. 125. Saddles, i. 431; coverings, when introduced, _ib._; order of Theodosius a proof of their antiquity, i. 433; prohibition of Leo I. that no one should ornament them with precious stones, i. 434; conjecture that they were invented by the Salii, _ib._; invented by the Persians, i. 435. Saffron, i. 175; medicinal use of, i. 176; employed by the Romans for perfuming apartments, _ib._; scented salves made with it, _ib._; used by the ancients for seasoning dishes, _ib._; introduced into Spain by the Arabs, i. 178; by whom brought to France, i. 179; introduced into England in the reign of Edward III., _ib._; when cultivated in Austria, _ib._; an important article in husbandry in the fifteenth century, _ib._; adulteration of it, i. 180. Sal-ammoniac, ii. 396; whether known to the ancients, ii. 397; first traces in the works of the Arabians, ii. 402; recipe for its preparation, ii. 404; invention of aqua regia, ii. 405; obtained from Egypt, _ib._; brought also from the East Indies, ii. 406; first works for making it in Europe, _ib._ Saltpetre, gunpowder, aquafortis, ii. 482; saltpetre, properties of, ii. 483; native saltpetre, where found, ii. 484; name _nitrum_, of great antiquity, ii. 487; difference between mineral alkalies, when defined, ii. 489; _nitrum_ of the ancients an impure alkali, but not saltpetre, ii. 491; was a real lixivious salt, ii. 492; red _nitrum_, ii. 502; saltpetre, when first mentioned, ii. 503; gunpowder invented in India, ii. 505; used by Indians and Arabians before Europeans, ii. 506; first account of aquafortis, _ib._; said to have been employed at Venice for separating the noble metals, ii. 508; saltpetre regale, ii. 509; when abolished, ii. 511. Saw-mills, i. 222; ancient method of making boards, _ib._; our saw not known to the Americans, _ib._; by whom invented, i. 223; bone of the saw-fish used by the old inhabitants of Madeira, i. 224; ancient saws, i. 224, 225; invention of saw-mills, i. 225; the first saw-mills in Norway, i. 228; first saw-mill in Holland, _ib._; the first in England erected by a Dutchman, i. 229; saw-mill at Limehouse destroyed by the mob, _ib._; saw-mill at Leith in Scotland, i. 230. Sealing-wax, i. 137; substances used by the ancients, _ib._; wax employed in the earliest ages, i. 140; red, green, and black sealing-wax, _ib._; impressions made on paste, i. 141; how public acts have been forged, i. 143; East Indian and Turkish sealing-wax, _ib._; oldest known seal on a letter written from London, i. 144; oldest printed receipt for making sealing-wax, i. 145; Spanish wax, i. 146; antiquity of wafers, _ib._ Ships at first were a kind of rafts, i. 455. Sowing-machines, ii. 230; Locatelli considered as the inventor, ii. 231; his machine described by Evelyn, ii. 232; honour of this invention disputed by the Italians, ii. 233. Snow, used by the ancients for cooling liquors, ii. 142. Soap, ii. 92; invented by the Gauls, _ib._; used at Rome as a pomade, ii. 93; Germans dyed their hair with it, _ib._; oldest method of washing, ii. 95; alkaline water in Armenia, _ib._; urine employed for washing, ii. 97; tax upon it, ii. 98; saponaceous plants, ii. 98-102; bran, ii. 102; fullers-earth, _ib._; manufactory in England, ii. 107, 108. Spangles, how made, and when invented, i. 423. Speaking-trumpet, i. 93; speaking-trumpet of Alexander the Great, i. 94; ear-trumpet older than the speaking-trumpet, i. 96; invention of the latter disputed by Sir S. Morland and Kircher, _ib._; ear of Dionysius described, i. 97; Kircher constructed an ear-trumpet in the Jesuits’ College at Rome, i. 99. Stamped paper, i. 230; whether introduced by Justinian, _ib._; Romans marked their runaway slaves, i. 231; stamped paper invented in Holland, i. 233; introduced into Saxony, _ib._; used in Denmark and other countries, _ib._ Stamping works, ii. 333; ancients acquainted with the art of stamping ores, _ib._; remains of mills used for that purpose, _ib._; modern stamping-mills, ii. 334; invention of, _ib._; process of sifting and wet stamping, ii. 335; wet stamping said to have been invented in 1505, ii. 336. Steel, ii. 324; its properties, _ib._; invention very old, ii. 325; two methods of making, ii. 327; art of hardening it, ii. 328; supposed hardening water, ii. 329; invention of converting bar-iron into steel, ii. 330; three kinds of steel now principally manufactured, ii. 333. Stirrups, i. 435; no traces of any such invention in ancient works, i. 436; no term for them in Greek or Latin, i. 437; warriors had a projection on their spears for resting the foot, while getting on horseback, i. 439; first certain account of stirrups, i. 440; Isidore in the seventh century speaks of them, i. 441; appear in a piece of tapestry of the 11th century, i. 442; pride of the clergy in causing kings to hold their stirrups, _ib._ Surgeons, in the time of the Trojan war, unknown, 491. Telescope, invention of it made metal mirrors necessary, ii. 60. Tin, ii. 206; employed in the time of Homer and Moses, _ib._; oldest mention in the Scriptures, ii. 207; _stannum_ of the ancients not our tin, ii. 209; as an article of commerce, ii. 212; tin of the ancients mixed with lead, ii. 220; names of such mixtures, _ib._; tinning seldom employed by the Romans, ii. 221; according to Pliny, invented by the Gauls, ii. 222; ancient vessels of cast tin dug up in England, ii. 223; tin, where procured by the ancients, ii. 223, 224; tin mines in Germany, ii. 226; invention of tinning plate iron, ii. 227; East Indian tin, ii. 228; produce of the Cornish mines, ii. 229. Tourmaline, i. 86; supposed to be the _lyncurium_ of the ancients, _ib._; probably belongs to the carbuncles, i. 88; tourmaline brought from Ceylon about the end of the last century, i. 89; first described in Germany, _ib._; its electrical properties first known to Linnæus, i. 92; investigated by Æpinus, _ib._; Huygens’ discovery, _ib._ Trees, how raised from leaves, ii. 200. Tulips, i. 22; came from Turkey, _ib._; effects produced by cultivation, _ib._; how called by the Turks, i. 23; first described by Gesner, i. 24; origin of the name, _ib._; first introduced into England, _ib._; tulipomania, i. 25; the tulip-trade and stock-jobbing compared, i. 29; lesser tulipomania, i. 30; anecdotes, _ib._ Turf, i. 205; use of, discovered by the earth catching fire, _ib._; known to the Chauci, i. 206; whether known to the Dutch in the thirteenth century, _ib._; invention ascribed to Erasmus, i. 207; Williams’ patent, i. 211. Turkeys, i. 487; not known in Europe before the discovery of America, i. 490; first mentioned by Oviedo, _ib._; called by Lopez de Gomara _galloparones_, i. 491; still found wild in America, _ib._; earliest account of Turkeys in Italy, i. 492; in England, i. 493; in France, _ib._; in Germany, &c., i. 495; in Asia and Africa, i. 496. Ultramarine, i. 467; how prepared from lapis lazuli, _ib._; price of ultramarine, i. 469; origin of the name, i. 473; oldest mention of, _ib._; preparation of it found out in England, i. 476; artificial method of making, i. 477. Vanes, weathercocks, ii. 281; the oldest nations distinguished the four principal winds only, _ib._; Æolus first made navigators acquainted with the winds, ii. 282; names given by Charles the Great, _ib._; means for indicating the winds invented early, ii. 283; Varro’s apparatus, ii. 285; similar apparatus at Constantinople, _ib._; when constructed, ii. 286; wind-indicator at Emessa, ii. 287; weathercocks in the ninth century, _ib._; in France, in the twelfth century, none but noblemen allowed to have vanes on their houses, ii. 288; flags or vanes on ships, _ib._; Norman fleet had vanes at the tops of the masts, ii. 289; anemoscopes and anemometers described, _ib._ Verdigris, method of making, i. 171; used in early periods for plasters, i. 172; made formerly in Cyprus and Rhodes, i. 174; why called Spanish green, _ib._ Vitriol, white, when first known, ii. 38. Water-clocks, i. 82; invention ascribed to Ctesibius of Alexandria, i. 83; Clepsydræ, when introduced at Rome, _ib._; modern water-clock described, _ib._; by whom invented, i. 84; latest improvements, i. 85. Wheat, attempts to plant it in the time of Sir F. Bacon, ii. 234. Windows in Russia, how cleaned when frozen, ii. 154. Wire-drawing, i. 414; earliest use of gold threads for dresses, _ib._; cloth of Attalus embroidered with the needle, i. 415; wire-drawing not known in Italy in the time of Charlemagne, i. 416; brought to great perfection at Nuremberg, i. 420; art of wire-making, when known in England, i. 422; in France, _ib._; filigrane work, antiquity of, i. 423. Writing-pens, i. 405; instruments used by the ancients, _ib._; still in Persia for writing, i. 406; use of quills said to be as old as the 5th century, i. 409; oldest certain account of them, _ib._; mentioned by Alcuin, i. 410; used in the 9th, 11th and 12th centuries, _ib._; substitution of steel pens, i. 413. Zinc, ii. 32; unknown to the ancients, _ib._; furnace-calamine, ii. 34; use of in making brass, known to Albertus Magnus, ii. 36; first brought in use at the furnaces of Rammelsberg, ii. 37; the name _zinc_ occurs first in Paracelsus, ii. 40; procured from calamine, ii. 42; imported from the East Indies, ii. 43; origin of its different names, ii. 44; zinc works in England, ii. 45. Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. Transcribers’ Notes Text contains Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and astronomical symbols. Equipment that cannot display these characters may substitute question marks or other placeholders. Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. Words spelled differently in quoted text than elsewhere were not changed. 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