1801. It was formerly inscribed, "For the Protestant Religion and for

the Liberty of England." It is in the upper canton of all British ensigns. At the main it is the proper flag of an admiral of the fleet; and was thus flown by Lord Howe at the battle of June 1, 1794. UNION DOWN. When a ship hoists her ensign upside down it is a signal of distress or of mourning. UNION-JACK. The union flag used separately; in the merchant service it must have a broad white border. UNLIMBER, TO. With a gun on a travelling-carriage, to release it from the limber, by lifting the trail off the pintle and placing it on the ground, thus bringing it to the position for action. UNLIVERY. Expenses of unlivery and appraisement are a charge in the first instance against the captors of a prize, to be afterwards apportioned by them ratably against the cargo. UNMANAGEABLE. When a vessel refuses to answer her helm, has lost her rudder, or is crippled in masts or sails. UNMOORED. Having one anchor weighed; lying at single anchor. UNREEVING. The act of withdrawing a rope from any block, thimble, dead-eye, &c., through which it had formerly passed. (_See_ REEVE.) UNRIG, TO. To dismantle a ship of her standing and running rigging.--_To unrig the capstan_ is to take out the bars. UNROOMAGED. An antiquated sea term, which, from its application by Sir W. Raleigh, in his account of Sir R. Granville's action, may mean "out of trim." UNROVE HIS LIFE-LINE. Departed this life. UNSERVICEABLE TICKET. This is made out in the same manner, and requires the same notations, as a _sick-ticket_ (which see), only that no inventory of clothes and other effects is necessary. UNSHIP, TO. The opposite of _to ship_. To remove any piece of timber from its situation in which it is generally used, as "unship the oars," lay them in the boat from the rowlocks; "unship the capstan bars," &c. UNWHOLESOME SHIP. One that will neither hull, try, nor ride, without labouring heavily in a sea. Also applied to a sugar ship diverted from her former trade, and not properly cleansed, even before taking in a cargo of timber. UP ALONG. Sailing from the mouth of the channel upwards. UP ANCHOR. Pipe to weigh; every man to his station. UP AND DOWN. The situation of the cable when it has been hove in sufficiently to bring the ship directly over the anchor. (_See_ RIGHT UP AND DOWN.) UP-AND-DOWN TACKLE. A purchase used in bowsing down the eyes of the lower rigging over the mast-heads; lifting objects from the hold; getting anchors over the side, &c. UP BOATS! The order to hoist the boats to the stern and quarter davits. UP COURSES! The order to haul them up by the clue-garnets, &c. UPHAND-SLEDGE. A large sledge-hammer used in blacksmith's work, and lifted with both hands, in contradistinction to the short stroke by the master smith. UPHROE. _See_ UVROU. UPMAKING. Pieces of plank or timber piled on each other as filling-up in building, more especially those placed between the bilge-ways and ship's bottom preparatory to launching. UPPER COUNTER. The counter between the wing transom and the rail. (_See_ COUNTER.) UPPER DECK. The highest of those decks which are continued throughout the whole length of a ship without falls or interruptions, as the quarter-deck, waist, and forecastle of frigates, &c. UPPER FINISHING. _See_ FINISHINGS. UPPER MASTS. The top-mast, topgallant-mast, and royal-mast; any spars above these are termed poles. (_See_ POLE-MASTS.) UPPER STRAKE OR WASH OF BOATS. A strake thicker than those of the bottom, wrought round the gunwales, and lined within the poppets. UPPER OR TOP-RIDER FUTTOCKS. These timbers stand nearly the same as _breadth-riders_, and very much strengthen the top-side. UPPER TRANSIT. The passage of a circumpolar star over the meridian above the pole; the opposite of the _lower transit_. UPPER-WORKS. That part of a ship which rises from the water's surface when she is properly trimmed for a voyage. UP SCREW! The order in steamers to lift the screw on making sail. UP WITH THE HELM. Put it a-weather; that is, over to the windward side, or (whichever way the tiller is shipped) so as to carry the rudder to leeward of the stern-post. URANOGRAPHY. The delineation of constellations, nebulae, &c., on celestial charts or globes. URANOSCOPUS. _See_ SKY-GAZER. URANUS. A superior planet discovered by the elder Herschel in 1781; it has four known satellites, but possibly six, according to the impression of the discoverer. URCA. An armed Spanish fly-boat. URSA MAJOR. One of the ancient northern constellations. URSA MINOR. An ancient northern constellation, in which the north polar star is situated. USAGES. Besides the general laws of merchants, there are certain commercial and seafaring usages which prevail in particular countries with the force of law. Underwriters are bound by usages; and they are legal precedents, binding in courts-martial. USHANT TEAM. The sobriquet given to that portion of the Channel fleet which blockaded Brest. UTLAGHE. An outlaw; whence by corruption _laggers_, people transported by sentence of law. UVROU. The circular piece of wood, with holes in it, by which the legs of a crow-foot are extended for suspending an awning. V. VACUUM. A space utterly empty, even of air or vapour. VADMEL. Coarse woollen manufacture of the Orkneys. (_See_ WADMAREL.) VAIL, TO. An old word signifying to lower, to bend in token of submission; as, "Vail their top-gallants." Thus in the old play _George a-Green_, "Let me alone, my lord; I'll make them vail their plumes." VAKKA. A large canoe of the Friendly Islands, with an out-rigger. VALE, OR DALE (which see). Also, gunwale.--_To vale_, was an old term for "dropping down," as in a river. VALUATION. In cases of restitution after property has been sold, and account of sales cannot be obtained, it may be taken at the invoice price, and 10 per cent profit; but this mode of estimating it does not include freight, even though the ship and cargo belong to the same person. VALUED POLICY. Is where a value has been set upon the ships or goods insured, and this value inserted in the policy in nature of liquidated damages, to save the necessity of proving it, in case of a total loss. VALVES. See under their respective particular names. VAMBRACE. Armour for the front of the arm. VAN [formerly _vant_, contracted from _avant_]. That part of a fleet, army, or body of men, which is advanced in the first line or front.--_Vanguard._ The advanced division. VANE. A piece of buntin extended on a wooden stock, which turns upon a spindle at the mast-head; it shows the direction of the wind.--_A distinguishing vane_, denotes the division of a fleet to which a ship of the line belongs, according to the mast on which it is borne.--_Dog-vane._ A small light vane, formed of thin slips of cork, stuck round with feathers, and strung upon a piece of twine. It is usually fastened to the top of a half-pike, and placed on the weather side of the quarter-deck, in order to show the helmsman the direction of the wind. VANES. The sights of cross-staffs, fore-staffs, quadrants, &c., are pieces of brass standing perpendicularly to the plane of the instrument; the one opposite to the fore horizon-glass is the foresight-vane, the other the backsight-vane. VANE-SPINDLE. The pivot on which the mast-head-vane turns; it should never be made of metal, lest it attract lightning, unless the masts be fitted with Sir W. Snow Harris's conductors. VANFOSSE. A wet ditch at the outer foot of the glacis. VANG. A rope leading from the end of the gaff to the rail, one on each side, so that the two form guys attached to the outer ends of the gaffs to steady them, and when the sails are not set keep them amidships. VANGEE. A contrivance for working the pumps of a vessel by means of a barrel and crank-breaks. VAPOUR, OR SMOKE. In polar parlance, a peculiar but natural result of the conversion of water into ice, which is too often supposed to indicate open water. VARIABLES. Those parts of the sea where a steady wind is not expected. VARIABLE STARS. Those which are found to exhibit periodical fluctuations of brightness; of which Algol and Mira Ceti are notable examples. VARIATION. A term applied to the deviation of the magnetic needle or compass, from the true north point towards either east or west; called also the _declination_. The variation of the needle is properly defined as the angle which a magnetic needle suspended at liberty makes with the meridian line on a horizontal plane; or an arc of the horizon, comprehended between the true and the magnetic meridian. (_See_ ANNUAL VARIATION.) VARIATION CHART. The well-known chart produced by Halley, whereon a number of curved lines show the variation of the compass in the places they pass through. The admiralty variation chart has been brought to great perfection. VARIATION OF THE MOON. An inequality in the movement of our satellite, amounting at certain times to 37' in longitude: it was the first lunar inequality explained by Newton on the principles of gravitation. VARIATION OF THE VARIATION. Is the change in the declination of the needle observed at different times in the same place. VEDETTE. One or two cavalry soldiers stationed on the look-out. VEER, TO. To let out, to pay out, to turn or change. Also, to veer or wear, in contradistinction from tacking. In tacking it is a necessary condition that the ship be brought up to the wind as close-hauled, and put round against the wind on the opposite tack. But in veering or wearing, especially when strong gales render it dangerous, unseamanlike, or impossible, the head of the vessel is put away from the wind, and turned round 20 points of the compass instead of 12, and, without strain or danger, is brought to the wind on the opposite tack. Many deep-thinking seamen, and Lords St. Vincent, Exmouth, and Sir E. Owen, issued orders to wear instead of tacking, when not inconvenient, deeming the accidents and wear and tear of tacking, detrimental to the sails, spars, and rigging. VEER A BUOY IN A SHIP'S WAKE, TO. To slack out a rope to which a buoy has been attached, and let it go astern, for the purpose of bringing up a boat, or picking up a man who may have fallen overboard. VEER AND HAUL, TO. To gently tauten and then slacken a rope three times before giving a heavy pull, the object being to concentrate the force of several men. The wind is said to veer and haul when it alters its direction; thus it is said, to veer aft, and haul forward. VEER AWAY THE CABLE, TO. To slack and let it run out. VEERING CABLE, THE. That cable which is veered out in unmooring, and not unspliced or unshackled in clearing hawse. VEGA. {a} Lyrae. The bright lucida of the old northern constellation Lyra. VEIN. The clear water between the openings of floes of ice. The same as _ice-lane_. Also, a very limited current of wind--a cat's-paw. VELOCITY. In naval architecture, designing for velocity is giving that form to a ship's body by which she will pass through the water in the quickest space of time. VELOCITY OF TIDE OR CURRENT, depends on several circumstances. First, the tide varies with the state of the moon, running strongest at the springs, and the force of the ebb is much increased by rains, land freshes, &c. The currents also vary, especially when wind and tide combine to accelerate their action. VENDAVAL [Sp. south wind, _tiempo di vendavales_]. A stormy time on the coast of Mexico, in the autumn, with violent thunder, lightning, and rain. VENDUE MASTER. A commercial and marine auctioneer. VENE-SEANDES. The old commercial term for Venetian sequins. VENT. In artillery, the small aperture near the breech by which the fire of the priming is communicated to the charge. VENT-BIT. A peculiar augur or screw gimlet used for clearing the vent of a gun when obstructed. VENT-FIELD OF A GUN. The raised tablet in the metal near the breech in which the vent is bored. VENTILATOR. The name of various machines contrived to expel the foul air from the store-rooms and hold, and introduce fresh in its stead. VENT-PIECE. The movable fitment which closes the breech and contains the vent in Armstrong breech-loading guns. VENT-PLUG. A fid or stopple made of leather or oakum fitting in the vent of a piece to stop it against weather, &c. VENTRAL FIN. The posterior pair of fins under the body of fishes, corresponding to the hind legs of terrestrial quadrupeds. VENUS. One of the inferior planets, and the second in order of distance from the sun. (_See_ TRANSIT OF VENUS.) VERIFICATION OF SHIP'S PAPERS. In this necessary process it is declared that papers of themselves prove nothing, and require to be supported by the oaths of persons in a situation to give them validity. VERITAS. A register of shipping established in Paris, on the principle of Lloyd's List. VERNAL EQUINOX. The point where the sun crosses the equator, going north. It is opposite the place of the autumnal equinox. (_See_ EQUINOXES.) VERNIER, OR NONIUS. A graduated scale for the measurement of minute divisions, especially on the arcs of astronomical instruments, sextants, &c. The thousandth part of a degree can be taken by the naked eye; the ten thousandth by a microscope. VERSED SINE. In geometry, is the part of the radius intercepted between the arc and its sine. VERTEX. The zenith, the point overhead; the apex of a conical mountain. VERTICAL ANGLES. Opposite angles made by two lines cutting or crossing each other, and are always equal. (_See_ ANGLE OF THE VERTICAL.) VERTICAL CIRCLES. Great circles of the sphere intercepting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. VERTICAL FIRE. In artillery, that directed upward at such an angle as that it will fall vertically, or nearly so, to its destination. It includes all elevations above 30 deg., though the most usual is 45 deg. It is very effective with shells; but with small balls, as proposed by Carnot and others, who have ill reckoned the retardation by the atmosphere, it is insignificant. VERTICAL FORCE. The centre of displacement is also that of the centre of vertical force that the water exerts to support the immersed vessel. Also, the dip of the magnetic needle, measured by vibrations of the dipping needle over certain arcs, and referable to some fixed position, as Greenwich, where corresponding observations with the same needle have been previously, as well as subsequently, made. VERTICAL PLAN. _See_ ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION. VERTICITY. The tendency of the loadstone to point towards the magnetic north and south. VESSEL. A general name for all the different sorts of ships, boats, &c., navigated on the ocean or on rivers and canals. VETAYLE. An archaism for victuals. VIA LACTEA. That well-known irregular luminous band, stretching across the sky from horizon to horizon: it consists of myriads of small stars, and has passed under the names of Milky Way, Galaxy, Jacob's Ladder, Watling-strete, &c. VICE-ADMIRAL. The rank in the fleet next to that of an admiral; he carries his flag at the fore. VICE-ADMIRALTY COURTS. Branches of the High Court of Admiralty, instituted for carrying on the like duties in several of our colonies, prize-courts, &c. (_See_ ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF.) VICE-CONSUL. An officer appointed in sea-ports to aid the consul in affairs relating to merchant vessels. If there be a resident consul, the vice-consul is appointed and paid by him. Vice-consuls wait on commanders, consuls on captains, captains on consuls-general--the naval authority providing boats. VICE-NAIL. A screw. VICTUALLER. A vessel which carries provisions. In the early age of the navy, each man-of-war had a victualler especially attached to her; as, in Henry VIII.'s reign, we find the _Nicholas Draper_, of 140 tons and 40 men, was victualler to the _Trinity Sovereign_; the _Barbara_ of Greenwich to the _Gabriel Royal_, and so on. VICTUALLING-BILL. A custom-house document, warranting the shipment of such bonded stores as the master of an outward-bound merchantman may require for his intended voyage. VICTUALLING-BOOK. A counterpart of the ship's open list, which is kept by the purser, to enable him to make the necessary entries in it. VICTUALLING-YARDS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY. Large magazines where provisions and similar stores are deposited, conveniently contiguous to the royal dockyards. The establishments in England and Ireland are at Deptford, Gosport, Plymouth, and Cork; and abroad at Malta, Gibraltar, Cape of Good Hope, Jamaica, Halifax, Trincomalee, and Hongkong. VIDETTE. _See_ VEDETTE. VI ET ARMIS. With force of arms. VIGIA [Sp. look-out]. A hydrographical warning on a chart to denote that the pinnacle of a rock, or a shoal, may exist thereabout. VINTINER [from _vigintinarius_]. An officer in our early fleet who commanded a company of twenty men. VIOL, OR VOYOL. A large messenger formerly used to assist in weighing an anchor by the capstan. VIOL OR VOYOL BLOCK. A large single-sheaved block through which the messenger passed when the anchor was weighed by the fore or jeer capstan; its block was usually lashed to the main-mast. This voyol-purchase was afterwards improved thus: the voyol-block was securely lashed to the cable at the manger-board, the jeer-fall rove through it, and brought to the jeer-capstan, and the standing part belayed to the bitts; thus a direct runner purchase instead of a dead nip was obtained. It was only used when other means failed, and, after the introduction of Phillipps' patent capstan, was disused. VIOLENCE. The question in tort, as to the amount of liability incurred by the owners for outrages and irregularities committed by the master. VIRE. The arrow shot from a cross-bow; also called a quarril. VIRGILIAE. A denomination of the Pleiades. VIRGO. The sixth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 21st August. Spica, {a} Virginis, is a star of the first magnitude. VIS INERTIAE. That physical property in all bodies by which they resist a power that endeavours to put them in motion, or to change any motion they are possessed of; it is in proportion to their weight. VIS INSITA. The innate force of matter; another name for _vis inertiae_. It is that by which a vessel "keeps her way." VISITATION AND SEARCH. The law of nations gives to every belligerent cruiser the right of visitation and search of all merchant ships; wherefore, resistance to such search amounts to a forfeiture of neutrality. VISNE. A neighbouring place; a term often used in law in actions of marine replevin. VIS VIVA. The whole effective force or power of acting which resides in a given moving body. VITRY. A light and durable canvas. VITTORY. A fine canvas, of which the waist-cloths were formerly made. VIVANDIERE. A kind of female sutler. In the French army they are attached to regiments, which they accompany, sometimes even into the skirts of action. VIVIER. A French fishing-boat, the same as the _well-boats_ of the English coasts, in having a well amidships in which to keep the fish alive until arrival in port. VIZY, OR VIZE. An old name for the muzzle-sight on a musket. VOCABULARY. The system of naval signals based on Sir Home Popham's improvements. VOES. Arms or inlets of the sea, or sounds, in the Shetland and Orkney Isles. Also applied to creeks and bays. VOGOVANS. From _voguer_ and _avant_, chief rowers in the galleys. VOLANT. A piece of steel on a helmet, presenting an acute angle to the front. VOLCANO. A burning mountain or vent for subterranean fire; also applied to one which vomits only mud and water. VOLLEY. The simultaneous discharge of a number of fire-arms. VOLLIGUE. A small boat used on the shores of Asia Minor. VOLUME. The contents of the globe of a planet, usually given in its proportion to that of the earth; or any named mass, solid, fluid, or vaporous. VOLUNTARY CHARGE. A document delivered with the purser's accounts respecting provisions. VOLUNTARY STRANDING. The beaching or running a vessel purposely aground to escape greater danger; this act is treated as particular average loss, and not a damage to be made good by general contribution. VOLUNTEER. One who freely offers himself for a particular service. Formerly, in the army, a gentleman who, without any certain post or employment, served in the hope of earning preferment, or from patriotism. Latterly, also a civilian who has enrolled himself in a corps of volunteers, for organization and training for the defence of the country. VOLUNTEERING FROM A MERCHANTMAN INTO THE NAVY. Any seaman can leave his ship for the purpose of forthwith entering into the royal navy; and thus leaving his ship does not render him liable to any forfeiture whatever. VOLUTE. _See_ SCROLL-HEAD. VOLVELLE. The contrivance of revolving graduated circles, for making calculations, in old scientific works. VORTEX. A whirlwind, or sudden, rapid, or violent motion of air or water in gyres or circles. VOUCHER. A written document or proof, upon which any account or public charge is established. VOYAGE. A journey by sea. It usually includes the outward and homeward trips, which are called passages. VOYOL. _See_ VIOL. VRACH. Sea-weed used as a manure in the Channel Islands. Also, a Manx term for the mackerel. VULFE. A rapid whirlpool or race on the coast of Norway. W. WABBLE, TO [from the Teutonic _wabelen_]. To reel confusedly, as waves on a windy day in a tide-way. It is a well-known term among mechanics to express the irregular motion of engines or turning-lathes when loose in their bearings, or otherwise out of order. A badly stitched seam in a sail is wabbled. It is also applied to the undulation of the compass-card when the motion of the vessel is considerable and irregular. WAD. A kind of plug, closely fitting the bore of a gun, which is rammed home over the shot to confine it to its place, and sometimes also between the shot and the cartridge: generally made of coiled junk, otherwise a rope grommet, &c. WADE, TO. An Anglo-Saxon word, meaning to pass through water without swimming. In the north, the sun was said to wade when covered by a dense atmosphere. WAD-HOOK. An iron tool shaped like a double cork-screw on the end of a long staff, for withdrawing wads or charges from guns; called also a _worm_. WADMAREL. A hairy, coarse, dark-coloured stuff of the north, once in great demand for making pea-jackets, pilot-coats, and the like. WAFT [said to be from the Anglo-Saxon _weft_], more correctly written _wheft_. It is any flag or ensign, stopped together at the head and middle portions, slightly rolled up lengthwise, and hoisted at different positions at the after-part of a ship. Thus, at the ensign-staff, it signifies that a man has fallen overboard; if no ensign-staff exists, then half-way up the peak. At the peak, it signifies a wish to speak; at the mast-head, recalls boats; or as the commander-in-chief or particular captain may direct. WAFTORS. Certain officers formerly appointed to guard our coast fisheries. Also, swords blunted to exercise with. WAGER POLICY. An engagement upon interest or no interest; the performance of the voyage in a reasonable time and manner, and not the bare existence of the ship or cargo, is the object of insurance. WAGES OR PAY OF THE ROYAL NAVY is settled by act of parliament. In the merchant service seamen are paid by the month, and receive their wages at the end of the voyage. WAGES REMITTED FROM ABROAD. When a ship on a foreign station has been commissioned twelve calendar months, every petty officer, seaman, and marine serving on board, may remit the half of the pay due to them to a wife, father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, brother, or sister. WAGGON. A place amidships, on the upper deck of guard-ships, assigned for the supernumeraries' hammocks. WAGGONER. A name applied to an atlas of charts, from a work of this nature published at Leyden in 1583, by Jans Waghenaer. WAIF. Goods found and not claimed; derelict. Also used for _waft_. WAIST. That portion of the main deck of a ship of war, contained between the fore and main hatchways, or between the half-deck and galley. WAIST-ANCHOR. An additional or spare anchor stowed before the chess-tree. (_See_ SPARE ANCHOR.) WAIST-BOARDS. The berthing made to fit into a vessel's gangway on either side. WAIST-CLOTHS. The painted canvas coverings of the hammocks which are stowed in the waist-nettings. WAISTERS. Green hands, or worn seamen, in former times stationed in the waist in working the ship, as they had little else of duty but hoisting and swabbing the decks. WAIST-NETTINGS. The hammock-nettings between the quarter-deck and forecastle. WAIST-RAIL. The channel-rail or moulding of the ship's side. WAIST-TREE. Another name for _rough-tree_ (which see). WAIVE, TO. To give up the right to demand a court-martial, or to enforce forfeitures, by allowing people who have deserted, &c., to return to their duties. WAIVING. The action of dispensing with salutes--by signal, by motion of the hand to guards, &c., and to vessels, which may be, in accordance with old custom, passing under the lee to be hailed and examined. WAIVING AMAIN. A salutation of defiance, as by brandishing weapons, &c. WAKE. The transient, generally smooth, track impressed on the surface-water by a ship's progress. Its bearing is usually observed by the compass to discover the angle of lee-way. A ship is said to be in the wake of another, when she follows her upon the same track. Two distant objects observed at sea are termed in the wake of each other, when the view of the farthest off is intercepted by the one that is nearer. (_See_ CROSSING A SHIP'S WAKE.) WALE-REARED. Synonymous with _wall-sided_. WALES. The thickest strakes of wrought stuff in a vessel. Strong planks extending all along the outward timbers on a ship's side, a little above her water-line; they are synonymous with _bends_ (which see). The channel-wale is below the lower-deck ports, and the main-wale between the top of those ports and the sills of the upper-deck ports. WALK AWAY! The order to step out briskly with a tackle fall, as in hoisting boats. WALK BACK! A method in cases where a purchase must not be lowered by a round turn, as "Walk back the capstan;" the men controlling it by the bars and walking back as demanded. WALKER'S KNOT. _See_ MATTHEW WALKER. WALKING A PLANK. An obsolete method of destroying people in mutiny and piracy, under a plea of avoiding the penalty of murder. The victim is compelled to walk, pinioned and blindfolded, along a plank projecting over the ship's side, which, canting when overbalanced, heaves him into the sea. Also, for detecting whether a man is drunk, he is made to walk along a quarter-deck plank. WALKING AWAY WITH THE ANCHOR. Said of a ship which is dragging, or _shouldering_, her anchor; or when, from fouling the stock or upper fluke, she trips the anchor out of the ground. WALKING SPEAKING-TRUMPET. A midshipman repeating quarter-deck orders. WALK SPANISH, TO. To quit duty without leave; to desert. WALK THE QUARTER-DECK, TO. A phrase signifying to take the rank of an officer. WALK THE WEATHER GANGWAY NETTING. A night punishment in a man-of-war for those of the watch who have missed their muster. WALL. A bank of earth to restrain the current and overflowing of water. (_See_ SEA-BANK.) WALL-KNOT, OR WALE-KNOT. A particular sort of large knot raised upon the end of a rope, by untwisting the strands, and passing them among each other. WALL-PIECE. A very heavy powerful musket, for use in fortified places. WALL-SIDED. The sides of a ship continuing nearly perpendicular down to the surface of the water, like a wall. It is the mean between _tumbling home_ and _flaring out_. WALRUS [Dan. _hval-ros_]. The _Trichecus rosmarus_, a large amphibious marine animal, allied to the seals, found in the Arctic regions. Its upper canines are developed into large descending tusks, of considerable value as ivory. It is also called morse, sea-horse, and sea-cow. This animal furnished Cook, as well as our latest Arctic voyagers, with _Arctic beef_. The skin is of the utmost importance to the Esquimaux, as well as to the Russians of Siberia, &c. WALT. An old word, synonymous with _crank_; or tottering, like a sprung spar. WANE. In timber, an imperfection implying a want of squareness at one or more of its corners; under this deficiency it is termed _wane-wood_. WANE-CLOUD. _See_ CIRRO-STRATUS. WANGAN. A boat, in Maine, for carrying provisions. WANY. Said of timber when spoiled by wet. WAPP, OR WHAP. A name formerly given to any short pendant and thimble, through which running-rigging was led. Also, a rope wherewith rigging was set taut with wall-knots, one end being fast to the shroud, and the other brought to the laniard. But any shroud-stopper is a _wapp_. WAR. A contest between princes or states, which, not being determinable otherwise, is referred to the decision of the sword. It may exist without a declaration on either side, and is either _civil_, _defensive_, or _offensive_. WAR-CAPERER. A privateer. WARDEN. _See_ LORD WARDEN. WARD-ROOM. The commissioned officers' mess-cabin, on the main-deck in ships of the line. WARD-ROOM OFFICERS. Those who mess in the ward-room, namely: the commander, lieutenants, master, chaplain, surgeon, paymaster, marine-officers, and assistant-surgeons. WARE, TO. _See_ VEER. WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. The use of bonding places under charge of officers of the customs, in which goods may be deposited, without any duty upon them being exacted, until they be cleared for home use, or for exportation. WAR ESTABLISHMENT. Increased force of men and means. WARM-SIDED. Mounting heavy metal, whether a ship or a fort. WARNER. A sentinel formerly posted on the heights near sea-ports to give notice of the approach of vessels. Also, beacons, posts, buoys, lights, &c., warning vessels of danger by day as well as by night. WARNING-SIGNAL. Hoisted to warn vessels not to pass a bar. Also, to warrant higher pay to watermen plying between Portsmouth and Spithead, &c., according to severity of weather. WARP. A rope or light hawser, employed occasionally to transport a ship from one place to another in a port, road, or river. Also, an east-coast term for four herrings. Also, land between the sea-banks and the sea.--_Warp of lower rigging._ A term used in the rigging-loft, as, before cutting out a gang of rigging, it is warped. Also, to form the warp of spun-yarn in making sword-mats for the rigging-gripes, slings, &c.--_To warp._ To move a vessel from one place to another by warps, which are attached to buoys, to other ships, to anchors, or to certain fixed objects on shore. Also, to flood the lands near rivers in Yorkshire. WARPING AND FRAMING THE TIMBERS. Putting in the beam-knees, coamings, &c., and dividing the spaces between the beams for fitting the carlines. WARPING-BLOCK. A block made of ash or elm, used in rope-making for warping off yarn. WARRANT. A writ of authority, inferior to a commission; in former days it was the name given to the deed conferring power on those officers appointed by the navy board, while those granted by the admiralty were styled commissions. Also, a document, under proper authority, for the assembling of a court-martial, punishment, execution, &c. Also, a tabulated regulation for cutting standing and running rigging, as well as for supply of general stores, as warranted by the admiralty.--_Brown-paper warrants._ Those given by a captain, and which he can cancel. WARRANT-OFFICER. Generally one holding his situation from particular boards, or persons authorized by the sovereign to grant it. In the royal navy it was an officer holding a warrant from the navy board, as the master, surgeon, purser, boatswain, gunner, carpenter, &c. In the year 1831, when the commissioners of the navy, or navy board, were abolished, all these powers reverted to the admiralty, but the commissions and warrants remain in effect the same. WARRANTY. The contract of marine insurance, expressing a certain condition on the part of the insured, upon which the contract is to take effect; it is always a part of the written policy, and must appear on the face of it. In this it differs from _representation_ (which see). WARREN-HEAD. A northern term for a dam across a river. WAR-SCOT. A contribution for the supply of arms and armour, in the time of the Saxons. WAR-SHIP. Any ship equipped for offence and defence; whereas _man-of-war_ generally signifies a vessel belonging to the royal navy. WARTAKE. An archaic term for a rope-fast, or spring. In that early sea-song (_temp._ Henry VI.) which is in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, the skipper of the ship carrying a cargo of "pylgryms" exclaims, "Hale in the wartake!" WARTH. An old word signifying a ford. Also, a flat meadow close to a stream. WASH. An accumulation of silt in estuaries. Also, a surface covered by floods. Also, a shallow inlet or gulf: the east-country term for the sea-shore. Also, the blade of an oar. Also, a wooden measure of two-thirds of a bushel, by which small shell-fish are sold at Billingsgate, equal to ten strikes of oysters.--_Wash_, or _a-wash_. Even with the water's edge. WASH-BOARD, OR WASH-STRAKE. A movable upper strake which is attached by stud-pins on the gunwales of boats to keep out the spray. Wash-boards are also fitted on the sills of the lower-deck ports for the same purpose. WASH-BOARDS. A term for the white facings of the old naval uniform. WASHERMAN. A station formerly for an old or otherwise not very useful person on board a man-of-war. WASHERS. Leather, copper, lead, or iron rings interposed at the end of spindles, before a forelock or linch-pin, to prevent friction, or galling the wood, as of a gun-truck. Also used in pump-gear. WASHING-PLACE. In 1865, baths and suitable washing-places were fitted for personal use in the ships of the royal navy. Both hot and cold water are supplied. Shades of Drake, Frobisher, and Raleigh, think of that! WASHING THE HAND. A common hint on leaving a ship disliked. WASH-WATER. A ford. WATCH. The division of the ship's company into two parties, one called the starboard, and the other the larboard or port watch, alluding to the situation of their hammocks when hung up; these two watches are, however, separated into two others, a first and second part of each, making four in all. The crew can also be divided into three watches. The officers are divided into three watches, in order to lighten their duty; but it is to be borne in mind that the watch may sleep when their services are not demanded, whereas it is a crime, liable to death, for an officer to sleep on his watch. In a ship of war the watch is generally commanded by a lieutenant, and in merchant ships by one of the mates. The word is also applied to the _time_ during which the watch remains on deck, usually four hours, with the exception of the dog-watches.--_Anchor-watch._ A quarter watch kept on deck while the ship rides at single anchor, or remains temporarily in port.--_Dog-watches._ The two reliefs which take place between 4 and 8 o'clock P.M., each of which continues only two hours, the intention being to change the turn of the night-watch every twenty-four hours.--_First watch._ From 8 P.M. till midnight.--_Middle-watch._ From midnight till 4 A.M.--_Morning-watch._ From 4 to 8 A.M.--_Watch_ is also a word used in throwing the deep-sea lead, when each man, on letting go the last turn of line in his hand, calls to the next abaft him, "Watch, there, watch!" A buoy is said to _watch_ when it floats on the surface of the water. WATCH AND WATCH. The arrangement of the crew in two watches. WATCH-BILL. The pocket "watch and station bill," which each officer is expected to produce if required, and instantly muster the watch, or the men stationed to any specific duty. WATCHET. A light blue, or sky-coloured cloth worn formerly by English sailors, especially by the boats' crews of men-of-war. WATCH-GLASSES. The half-hour glasses employed to measure the periods of the watch, so that the several stations therein may be regularly kept and relieved, as at the helm, pump, look-out, &c. (_See_ GLASS.) WATCHING A SMOOTH. Looking for a temporary subsidence of the waves of a head-sea, previous to easing down the helm, in tacking ship. WATCH-SETTING. In the army, retreat, or the time for mounting the night-guards. WATCH-TACKLE. A small luff purchase with a short fall, the double block having a tail to it, and the single one a hook. Used for various purposes about the decks, by which the watch can perform a duty without demanding additional men. WATER, TO. To fill the casks or tanks; to complete water. WATERAGE. The charge for using shore-boats. WATER-BAILIFF. An officer in sea-port towns for the searching of vessels. WATER-BALLAST. Water when used to stiffen a ship, whether carried in casks, tanks, bags, or otherwise. The iron screw-colliers of the present day have immense tanks constructed in their floors, on the upper part of which the coals rest; when they are discharged, the tanks are allowed to fill with water, which acts as ballast for the return voyage, and is pumped out by the engine as the coals are taken in. WATER-BARK. A small decked vessel or tank, used by the Dutch for carrying fresh water. WATER-BATTERY. One nearly on a level with the water--_a fleur d'eau_; a position of much power when vessels cannot get close to it. WATER-BEWITCHED. Bad tea, _geo-graffy_, 5-water grog, and the like greatly diluted drinks. WATER-BORNE. When a ship just floats clear of the ground. Also, goods carried by sea, or on a river. WATER-CROW. The lesser cormorant, or shag. WATER-DOG. _See_ WATER-GALL. WATER-FLEAS. The groups of crustaceous organisms classed as _Entomostraca_. WATER-GAGE. A sea wall or bank. Also, an instrument to measure the depth of inundations. WATER-GALL. A name of the _wind-gall_ (which see). Shakspeare, in the _Rape of Lucrece_, uses the term thus:-- "And round about her tear-distained eye Blue circles stream'd, like rainbows in the sky. These water-galls in her dim element Foretell new storms to those already spent." WATER-GAVEL. A rent paid for fishing in some river, or other benefit derived therefrom. WATER-GUARD. Custom-house officers employed to prevent fraud on the revenue in vessels arriving at, or departing from, a port. WATER HIS HOLE. A saying used when the cable is up and down, to encourage the men to heave heartily, and raise the shank of the anchor so that the water may get down by the shank, and relieve the anchor of the superincumbent mud. WATER-HORSE. Cod-fish stacked up in a pile to drain, under the process of cure. WATER-LAID ROPE. The same as _cablet_; it coils against the sun, or to the left hand. WATER-LINE. In former ships of war, a fine white painted line or bend, representing the deep line of flotation, on the coppered edge.--_Load water-line._ That which the surface of the water describes on a ship when she is loaded or ready for sea. WATER-LINE MODEL. The same as _key-model_ (which see). WATER-LOGGED. The state of a ship full of water, having such a buoyant cargo that she does not sink. In this dangerous and unmanageable situation there is no resource for the crew except to free her by the pumps, or to abandon her by taking to the boats; for the centre of gravity being no longer fixed, the ship entirely loses her stability, and is almost totally deprived of the use of her sails, which may only operate to accelerate her destruction by over-setting her, or pressing her head under water. Timber-laden vessels, water-logged, frequently float for a very long period. WATER-PADS. Fellows who rob ships and vessels in harbours and rivers. WATER-PLOUGH. A machine formerly used for taking mud and silt out of docks and rivers. WATER-SAIL. A _save-all_, or small sail, set occasionally under the lower studding-sail or driver-boom, in a fair wind and smooth sea. WATER-SCAPE. A culvert, aqueduct, or passage for water. WATER-SHED. A term introduced into geography to denote the dividing ridges in a hilly country. In geology, it implies that the water is shed thence naturally, by the inclination, to the valley base. As regards nautical men in search of water, it is therefore expedient to look for the depressed side of the strata. WATER-SHOT, OR QUARTER-SHOT. When a ship is moored, neither across the tide, nor right up and down, but quartering between both. WATER-SHUT. An old name for a flood-gate. WATER-SKY. In Arctic seas, a dark and dull leaden appearance of the atmosphere, the reflected blue of the sea indicating clear water in that direction, and forming a strong contrast to the pale _blink_ over land or ice. WATER-SNAKES. A group of snakes (_Hydrophis_), whose habitat is the sea. Some of them are finely coloured, and generally very like land-snakes, except that their tails are broader, so as to scull or propel them through the water. WATER-SPACE. The intervening part between the flues of a steamer's boiler. WATER-SPOUT. A large mass of water collected in a vertical column, and moving rapidly along the surface of the sea. As contact with one has been supposed dangerous, it has been suggested to fire cannon at them, to break the continuity by aerial concussion. In this phenomenon, heat and electricity seem to take an active part, but their cause is not fully explained, and any facts respecting them by observers favourably placed will help towards further researches into their nature. (_See_ WHIRLWIND.) WATER-STANG. A spar or pole fixed across a stream. WATER-STEAD. An old name for the bed of a river. WATER-STOUP. A northern name for the common periwinkle. WATER-TAKING. A pond, the water of which is potable. WATER-TANKS. _See_ TANK. WATER-TIGHT. Well caulked, and so compact as to prevent the admission of water. The reverse of _leaky_. WATER-WAYS. Certain deck-planks which are wrought next to the timbers; they serve to connect the sides of a ship to her decks, and form a channel to carry off any water by means of scuppers. WATER-WAR. A name for the bore or hygre of the Severn. WATER-WITCH. A name of the dipper. WATER-WRAITH. Supposed water-spirits, prognosticating evil, in the Shetland Islands. WATH. A passage or ford through a river. WATTLES. A kind of hair or small bristles near the mouth and nostrils of certain fish. Also, hurdles made by weaving twigs together. WAVE [from the Anglo-Saxon _waeg_]. A volume of water rising in surges above the general level, and elevated in proportion to the wind. WAVESON. Such goods as after shipwreck appear floating on the waves. (_See_ FLOTSAM.) WAVING. Signals made by arm or otherwise to a vessel to come near or keep off. WAY. Is sometimes the same as the ship's _rake_ or _run_, forward or backward, but is most commonly understood of her sailing. _Way_ is often used for _wake_. Thus when she begins her motion she is said to be _under way_; and when that motion increases, to have _fresh-way_ through the water. Hence, also, she is said to have _head-way_ or _stern-way_, to _gather way_ or to _lose way_, &c. (_See_ WIND'S-WAY.)--_Gangway_, means a clear space to pass. The gangway is the side space between the forecastle and quarter-deck. 'WAY ALOFT! OR 'WAY UP! The command when the crew are required aloft to loose, reef, furl sails, or man yards, &c. WAY-GATE. The tail-race of a mill. WAYS. Balks laid down for rolling weights along.--_Launching-ways._ Two parallel platforms of solid timber, one on each side of the keel of a vessel while building, and on which her cradle slides on launching. WEAL. A wicker basket used for catching eels. WEAR. _See_ WEIR.--_To wear._ (_See_ VEER.) WEAR AND TEAR. The decay and deterioration of the hull, spars, sails, ropes, and other stores of a ship in the course of a voyage. WEATHER [from the Anglo-Saxon _waeder_, the temperature of the air]. The state of the atmosphere with regard to the degree of wind, to heat and cold, or to dryness and moisture, but particularly to the first. It is a word also applied to everything lying to windward of a particular situation, hence a ship is said to have the weather-gage of another when further to windward. Thus also, when a ship under sail presents either of her sides to the wind, it is then called the _weather-side_, and all the rigging situated thereon is distinguished by the same epithet. It is the opposite of _lee_. To weather anything is to go to windward of it. The land to windward, is a weather shore. WEATHER-ANCHOR. That lying to windward, by which a ship rides when moored. WEATHER-BEAM. A direction at right angles with the keel, on the weather side of the ship. WEATHER-BITT. Is that which holds the weather-cable when the ship is moored. WEATHER-BOARD. That side of the ship which is to windward. WEATHER-BOARDS. Pieces of plank placed in the ports of a ship when laid up in ordinary; they are in an inclined position, so as to turn off the rain without preventing the circulation of air. WEATHER-BORNE. Pressed by wind and sea. WEATHER-BOUND. Detained by foul winds; our forefathers used the term _waeder faest_. WEATHER-BREEDERS. Certain appearances in the heavens which indicate a gale, as wind-galls, fog-dogs, &c. WEATHER-CLOTHS. Coverings of painted canvas or tarpaulin, used to preserve the hammocks when stowed, from injury by weather. WEATHER-COIL. When a ship has her head brought about, so as to lie that way which her stern did before, as by the veering of the wind; or the motion of the helm, the sails remaining trimmed. WEATHER-COILING. A ship resuming her course after being taken aback; rounding off by a stern-board, and coming up to it again. WEATHER-EYE. "Keep your weather-eye open," be on your guard; look out for squalls. WEATHER-GAGE. A vessel has the weather-gage of another when she is to windward of her. Metaphorically, to get the weather-gage of a person, is to get the better of him. WEATHER-GALL:-- "A weather-gall at morn, Fine weather all gone." (_See_ WIND-GALL.) WEATHER-GLASS. A familiar term for the barometer. WEATHER-GLEAM. A peculiar clear sky near the horizon, with great refraction. WEATHER-GO. The end of a rainbow, as seen in the morning in showery weather. WEATHER-HEAD. The secondary rainbow. WEATHER-HELM. A ship is said to carry a weather-helm when she is inclined to gripe, or come too near the wind, and therefore requires the helm to be kept constantly a little to windward. WEATHER-LURCH. A heavy roll to windward. WEATHERLY. Said of a well-trimmed ship with a clean bottom, when she holds a good wind, and presents such lateral resistance to the water, that she makes but little lee-way while sailing close-hauled. WEATHER ONE'S DIFFICULTIES, TO. A colloquial phrase meaning to contend with and surmount troubles. WEATHER-ROLLS. Those inclinations, so inviting to coming waves, which a ship makes to windward in a heavy sea; the sudden rolls which she makes to leeward being termed lee-lurches. WEATHER-ROPES. An early term for those which were tarred. WEATHER-SHEETS. Those fast to the weather-clues of the sails.--"Haul over the weather-sheets forward," applies to the jib when a vessel has got too close to the wind and refuses to answer her helm. WEATHER-SHORE. The shore which lies to windward of a ship. WEATHER-SIDE. That side of a ship on which the wind blows; it is the promenade for superior officers. (See also its synonym WINDWARD.) WEATHER THE CAPE, TO. To become experienced; as it implies sailing round Cape Horn, or the Cape of Good Hope. WEATHER-TIDE. The reverse of _lee-tide_. That which, running contrary to the direction of the wind, by setting against a ship's lee-side while under sail, forces her up to windward. WEATHER-WARNING. The telegraphic cautionary warning given by hoisting the storm-drum on receiving the forecast. WEATHER-WHEEL. The position of the man who steers a large ship, from his standing on the weather-side of the wheel. WEAVER. One of the popular names of the fish _Trachinus vipera_. WEDGE [from the Anglo-Saxon _wege_]. A simple but effective mechanical force; a triangular solid on which a ship rests previous to launching. Many of the wedges used in the building and repairing of vessels are called _sett-wedges_. WEDGE-FIDS. For top and top-gallant masts; in two parts, lifting by shores and sett-wedges. (_See_ SETTING-UP.) WEDGE-SHAPED GULF. One which is wide at its entrance, and gradually narrows towards its termination, as that of California. WEDGING UP. Gaining security by driving wedges. WEED, TO. To clear the rigging of stops, rope-yarns, and pieces of oakum. WEEKLY ACCOUNT. A correct return of the whole complement made every week when in harbour to the senior officer. Also, a sobriquet for the white patch on a midshipman's collar. WEEL. A kind of trap-basket, or snare, to catch fish, made of twigs and baited; contrived similarly to a mouse-trap, so that fish have a ready admittance, but cannot get out again. WEEPING. The oozing of water in small quantities through the seams of a ship. WEEVIL [from the Anglo-Saxon _wefl_]. _Curculio_, a coleopterous insect which perforates and destroys biscuit, wood, &c. WEFT. _See_ WAFT. WEIGH, TO [from the Anglo-Saxon _woeg_]. To move or carry. Applied to heaving up the anchor of a ship about to sail, but also to the raising any great weight, as a sunken ship, &c. WEIGHAGE. The charge made for weighing goods at a dock. WEIGH-SHAFT. In the marine-engine, the same as _wiper-shaft_. WEIGHT-NAILS. Somewhat similar to deck-nails, but not so fine, and with square heads; for fastening cleats and the like. WEIGHT OF METAL. The weight of iron which the whole of the guns are capable of projecting at one round from both sides when single-shotted. (_See_ BROADSIDE WEIGHT.) WEIR. An old word for sea-weed. Also, a fishing inclosure; and again, a dam, or strong erection across a river, to divert its course. WELD, TO. To join pieces of iron or other metal by placing in contact the parts heated almost to fusion, and hammering them into one mass. WELKIN [from, the Anglo-Saxon, _weal can_]. The visible firmament. "One cheer more to make the welkin ring." WELL [from the Anglo-Saxon _wyll_]. A bulk-headed inclosure in the middle of a ship's hold, defending the pumps from the bottom up to the lower deck from damage, by preventing the entrance of ballast or other obstructions, which would choke the boxes or valves in a short time, and render the pumps useless. By means of this inclosure the artificers may likewise more readily descend into the hold, to examine or repair the pumps, as occasion requires. WELL, OR TRUNK OF A FISHING-VESSEL. A strong compartment in the middle of the hold, open to the deck, but lined with lead on every side, and having the bottom perforated with small holes through the floor, so that the water may pass in freely, and thus preserve the fish alive which are put into it. Lobster-boats are thus fitted. WELL-CABINS. Those in brigs and small vessels, which have no after-windows or thorough draught. WELL-END. _See_ PUMP-FOOT. WELL FARE YE, MY LADS! An exclamation of approbation to the men at a hard heave or haul. WELL FOUND. Fully equipped. WELL-GROWN. A term implying that the grain of the wood follows the shape required, as in knee-timber and the like. WELL OFF, TO. A mode of shutting off a leak by surrounding it by timbers screwed home through the lining to the timbers, and carrying up this trunk, like a log-hut, above the water-line. WELL-ROOM OF A BOAT. The place in the bottom where the water lies, between the ceiling and the platform of the stern-sheets, from whence it is baled into the sea. WELL THERE, BELAY! Synonymous with _that will do_. WELSHMAN'S BREECHES. _See_ DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. WEND A COURSE, TO. To sail steadily on a given direction. WENDING. Bringing the ship's head to an opposite course. Turning as a ship does to the tide. WENTLE. An old term signifying to roll over. WENTLE-TRAP. The _Scalaria pretiosa_, a very elegant univalve shell, much valued by collectors. WEST-COUNTRY PARSON. A fish, the hake (_Gadus merluccius_), is so called, from a black streak on its back, and from its abundance along our western coast. WESTER, OR WASTER. A kind of trident used for striking salmon in the north. WESTING. This term in navigation means the distance made by course or traverses to the westward; or the sun after crossing the meridian. WESTWARD [Anglo-Saxon _weste-wearde_].--_Westward-hoe._ To the west! It was one of the cries of the Thames watermen. WEST WIND. This and its collateral, the S.W., prevail nearly three-fourths of the year in the British seas, and though boisterous at times, are very genial on the whole. WET. The owners and master of a ship are liable for all damage by wet. (_See_ STOWAGE.) WET-BULB THERMOMETER. One of which the bulb is kept moist by the capillary attraction of cotton fibres from an attached reservoir. WET-DOCK. A term used for _float_ (which see), and also _dock_. WETHERS. The flukes or hands of a harpoon. WETTING A COMMISSION. Giving an entertainment to shipmates on receiving promotion. WHALE. A general term for various marine animals of the order _Cetacea_, including the most colossal of all animated beings. From their general form and mode of life they are frequently confounded with fish, from which, however, they differ essentially in their organization, as they are warm-blooded, ascend to the surface to breathe air, produce their young alive, and suckle them, as do the land mammalia. The cetacea are divided into two sections:--1. Those having horny plates, called baleen, or "whalebone," growing from the palate instead of teeth, and including the right whales and rorquals, or finners and hump-backs (see these terms). 2. Those having true teeth and no whalebone. To this group belong the sperm-whale, and the various forms of bottle-noses, black-fish, grampuses, narwhals, dolphins, porpoises, &c. To the larger species of many of these the term "whale" is often applied. WHALE-BIRD. A beautiful little bird seen hovering in flocks over the Southern Ocean, in search of the small crustaceans which constitute their food. WHALE-BOAT. A boat varying from 26 to 56 feet in length, and from 4 to 10 feet beam, sharp at both ends, and admirably adapted to the intended purpose, combining swiftness of motion, buoyancy, and stability. WHALE-CALF. The young whale. WHALE-FISHERIES. The places at which the capture of whales, or "whale-fishery," is carried on. The principal are the coasts of Greenland and Davis Straits, for the northern right whale; Bermuda, for hump-backs; the Cape of Good Hope and the Australian seas, for the southern right whale; the North Pacific, for the Japanese right whale; and various places in the intertropical and southern seas, for the sperm-whale. But the constant persecution to which these animals are subjected causes a frequent change in their habitats. They have been nearly exterminated, or rendered so scarce as not to be worth following, in many districts where they formerly most abounded, and in order to make the trade remunerative, new grounds have to be continually sought. Maury's "whale charts" give much valuable information on this subject. WHALER. A name for a vessel employed in the whale-fisheries. WHALE'S FOOD. The name given in the North Sea to the _Clio borealis_, a well-known mollusk, on which whales feed. WHANGERS, OR COD-WHANGERS. Fish-curers of Newfoundland. An old term for a large sword. WHAPPER. The largest of the turtle kind, attaining 7 or 8 cwts., off Ascension. [The name is supposed to be derived from _guapa_, Sp., grand or fine.] (_See_ LOGGERHEAD.) WHARF, OR QUAY. An erection of wood or stone raised on the shore of a road or harbour for the convenience of loading or discharging vessels by cranes or other means. A wharf is of course built stronger or slighter in proportion to the effort of the tide or sea which it is intended to resist, and the size of vessels using it.--_Wharf_, in hydrography, is a scar, a rocky or gravelly concretion, or frequently a sand-bank, as Mad Wharf in Lancashire, where the tides throw up dangerous ripples and overfalls. WHARFAGE DUES. The dues for landing or shipping goods at a wharf; customs charges in particular. Thus for goods not liable to duty, and forcibly taken for examination, wharfage charges are demanded even from a ship of war! WHARFINGER. He who owns or keeps a wharf and takes account of all the articles landed thereon or removed from it, for which he receives a certain fee. WHARF-STEAD. A ford in a river. WHAT CHEER, HO? Equivalent among seamen to, _How fare ye?_ WHAT SHIP IS THAT? A question often put when a _jaw-breaking_ word has been intrusively uttered by _savants_. WHAT WATER HAVE YOU? The question to the man sounding, as to the depth of water which the lead-line gives. WHAUP. The larger curlew, _Numenius arquatus_. WHEAT. An excellent article for sea-diet; boiled with a proportion of molasses, it makes a most nutritious breakfast. As it stows well, and would even yield nearly the same weight in bread, it should be made an article of allowance. WHEEL. A general name for the helm, by which the tiller and rudder are worked in steering the ship; it has a barrel, round which the tiller-ropes or chains wind, and a wheel with spokes to assist in moving it. WHEEL AND AXLE. A well-known mechanical power, to which belong all turning or wheel machines, as cranes, capstans, windlasses, cranks, &c. WHEEL-HOUSE. A small round-house erected in some ships over the steering-wheel for the shelter of the helmsman. WHEEL-LOCK. A small machine attached to the old musket for producing sparks of fire. WHEEL-ROPES. Ropes rove through a block on each side of the deck, and led round the barrel of the steering-wheel. Chains are also used for this purpose. WHEELS. _See_ TRUCKS. WHEFT. More commonly written _waft_ (which see). Although _wheft_ is given in the official signal-book, bibliophilists ignore the term. WHELK. A well-known shell-fish, _Buccinum undatum_. WHELPS. The brackets or projecting parts which rise out of the barrel or main body of the capstan, like buttresses, to enlarge the sweep, so that a greater portion of the cable, or whatever rope encircles the barrel, may be wound about it at one turn without adding much to the weight of the capstan. The whelps reach downwards from the lower part of the drumhead to the deck. The pieces of wood bolted on the main-piece of a windlass, or on a winch, for firm holding, and to prevent chafing, are also called whelps. WHERE AWAY? In what bearing? a question to the man at the mast-head to designate in what direction a strange sail lies. WHERRY. A name descended from the Roman _horia_, the _oare_ of our early writers. It is now given to a sharp, light, and shallow boat used in rivers and harbours for passengers. The wherries allowed to ply about London are either scullers worked by one man with two sculls, or by two men, each pulling an oar. Also, a decked vessel used in fishing in different parts of Great Britain and Ireland: numbers of them were notorious smugglers. WHETHER OR NO, TOM COLLINS. A phrase equivalent to, "Whether you will or not, such is my determination, not to be gainsaid." WHICH WAY DOES THE WIND LIE? What is the matter? WHIFF. The _Rhombus cardina_, a passable fish of the pleuronect genus. Also, a slight fitful breeze or transient puff of wind. WHIFFING. Catching mackerel with a hook and line from a boat going pretty fast through the water. WHIFFLERS. The old term for fifers, preceding the body of archers who cleared the way, but more recently applied to very trifling fellows. Smollett named Captain Whiffle in contempt. WHIMBREL. The smaller species of curlew, _Numenius phaeopus_. WHIMSEY. A small crane for hoisting goods to the upper stories of warehouses. WHINYARD. A sort of hanger, serving both as a weapon and a knife. An archaism for a cutlass. See the Gentleman in the _Cobler of Canterburie_, 1590:-- "His cloake grew large and sid, And a faire winniard by his side." WHIP. A single rope rove through a single block to hoist in light articles. Where greater and steadier power is demanded, a block is added, and the standing part is made fast near the upper block. Thus it becomes _a double whip_.--_To whip._ To hoist by a whip. Also, to tie twine, whipping fashion, round the end of a rope to prevent its untwisting. WHIP, OR WHIP-STAFF. A strong staff fastened into the helm for the steersman to move the rudder thereby. WHIP-JACK. An old term, equivalent to fresh-water sailor, or a sham-shipwrecked tar. (_See_ TURNPIKE-SAILORS.) WHIPPERS. Men who deliver the cargoes of colliers in the river Thames into lighters. WHIPPING-TWINE. Used to whip the ends of ropes. WHIP-RAY. A ray with a long tail ending in a very fine point. It is armed with a dangerous serrated spine, jagged like a harpoon. Called also _sting-ray_ and _stingaree_. WHIP-SAW. The largest of that class of useful instruments, being that generally used at the saw-pit. WHIP UPON WHIP. A sort of easy purchase, much used in colliers. It consists of one whip applied to the falls of another. WHIRL, OR ROPE-WINCH. Small hooks fastened into cylindrical pieces of wood which communicate by a leather strap with a spoke-wheel, whereby three of them are set in motion at once. Used for spinning yarn for ropes. Now more commonly made of iron. WHIRLER, OR TROUGHTON'S TOP. An ingenious instrument invented by Troughton, and intended to serve as an artificial horizon at sea; but it was found that its centrifugal force was incapable of counteracting the ordinary motion of a ship. WHIRLPOOL. An eddy or vortex where the waters are continually rushing round. In rivers they are very common, from various accidents, and are usually of little consequence. In the sea they are more dangerous, as the classical Charybdis, and the celebrated Maelstrom and Saltenstrom, both on the coast of Norway. WHIRLWIND. A revolving current of wind of small diameter that rises suddenly, but is soon spent. WHISKERS. Two booms, half-yards, or iron spars projecting on each side before the cat-heads; they are for spreading the guys of the jib-boom, instead of having a spritsail-yard across. In many vessels the sprit-sail (then termed spread-yard) is lashed across the forecastle so as to rest before the cat-heads on the gunwale, and the guys rove through holes bored in it, and set up in the fore-channels. WHISTLE. From the Ang.-Sax. _wistl_. (_See_ CALL.) WHISTLE FOR THE WIND, TO. A superstitious practice among old seamen, who are equally scrupulous to avoid whistling during a heavy gale.--_To wet one's whistle._ To take a drink. Thus Chaucer tells us that the miller of Trumpington's lady had "Hir joly whistle wel ywette." WHISTLING PSALMS TO THE TAFFRAIL. Expending advice to no purpose. WHITE BAIT OR BITE. The _Clupea alba_, a well-known fish caught in the Thames, but strictly a sea-fish, erroneously held to be mere fry till 1828, when Yarrell raised it to the rank of a perfect fish. WHITE BOOT-TOP. A painted white line carried fore and aft on the hammock-netting base. It gives a longer appearance to a ship. WHITE CAPS. Waves with breaking crests, specially between the east end of Jamaica and Kingston; but obtaining generally when the sea-breeze, coming fresh over the waves, and travelling faster, turns their tops: termed also _white-horses_. WHITE FEATHER. The figurative symbol of cowardice: a white feather in a cock's tail being considered a proof of cross-breeding. WHITE-FISH. A fish of the salmon family, found in the lakes of North America; also a name of the _hard-head_ (which see). It is a general name for ling, cod, tusk, haddock, halibut, and the like, and for roach, dace, &c., from the use of their scales to form artificial pearls. Also applied to the beluga or white whale (_Beluga leucas_), a cetacean found in the Arctic seas and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is from 12 to 15 feet long. WHITE-HERRING. A pickled herring in the north, but in other parts a fresh herring is so called. WHITE-HORSE. A name of the _Raia fullonica_. (_See also_ WHITE CAPS.) WHITE-LAPPELLE. A sobriquet for a lieutenant, in allusion to his former uniform. (_See_ LAPPELLE.) WHITE-ROPE. Rope which has not been tarred. Manilla, coir, and some other ropes, do not require tarring. WHITE SQUALL. A tropical wind said to give no warning; it sweeps the surface with spoon-drift. WHITE-TAPE. A term amongst smugglers for hollands or gin. WHITE-WATER. That which is seen over extensive sandy patches, where, owing to the limpidity and shallowness of the sea, the light of the sky is reflected. WHITING. The name given in Cumberland to the _Salmo albus_, or white salmon. Also the _Gadus merlangus_, both split or dried. WHITTLE [from the Anglo-Saxon _hwytel_]. A knife; also used for a sword, but contemptuously.--_To whittle._ To cut sticks. WHITWORTH GUN. A piece rifled by having a twisted hexagonal bore, and throwing a more elongated shot with a sharper twist than the Armstrong gun, with results experimentally more beautiful, but not yet so practically useful. WHO COMES THERE? The night challenge of a sentry on his post. WHOLE-MOULDING. The old method of forming the principal part of a vessel. Boats are now the only vessels in which this method is practised. WHOLESOME SHIP. One that will try, hull, and ride well, without heavy labouring in the sea. WHOODINGS. Those ends of planks which are let into the rabbets of the stem, the stern-posts, &c. (_See_ RABBET and HOOD-ENDS.) WHO SAYS AMEN? Who will clap on with a will? WHO SHALL HAVE THIS? An impartial sea method of distributing the shares of short commons. One person turns his back on the portions, and names some one, when he is asked, "_Who shall have this?_" WICH. A port, as Harwich, Greenwich, &c. WICK [Anglo-Saxon _wyc_]. A creek, bay, or village, by the side of a river. WICKET. A small door in the gate of a fortress, for use by foot-passengers when the gate is closed. WIDDERSHINS. A northern term signifying a motion contrary to the course of the sun. The Orkney fishermen consider themselves in imminent danger at sea, if, by accident, their vessel is turned _against the sun_. WIDE-GAB. A name of the _Lophius piscatorius_, toad-fish, or fishing-frog. WIDOWS' MEN. Imaginary sailors, formerly borne on the books as A.B.'s for wages in every ship in commission; they ceased with the consolidated pay at the close of the war. The institution was dated 24 Geo. II. to meet widows' pensions; the amount of pay and provisions for two men in each hundred was paid over by the paymaster-general of the navy to the widows' fund. WILD. A ship's motion when she steers badly, or is badly steered. A _wild roadstead_ implies one that is exposed to the wind and sea. WILDFIRE. A pyrotechnical preparation burning with great fierceness, whether under water or not; it is analogous to the ancient Greek fire, and is composed mainly of sulphur, naphtha, and pitch. WILD-WIND. An old term for _whirlwind_. WILL, WITH A. With all zeal and energy. WILL. A term on our northern shores for a sea-gull. WILLICK. A northern name for the _Fratercula arctica_, or puffin. WILLIE-POURIT. A northern name for the seal. WILLIWAW. A sort of whirlwind, occurring in Tierra del Fuego. WILLOCK. A name for the guillemot, _Uria troile_. WIMBLE. The borer of a carpenter's centre-bit. WINCH [from the Anglo-Saxon _wince_]. A purchase formed by a shaft whose extremities rest in two channels placed horizontally or perpendicularly, and furnished with cranks, or clicks, and pauls. It is employed as a purchase by which a rope or tackle-fall may be more powerfully applied than when used singly. A small one with a fly-wheel is used for making ropes and spun-yarn. Also, a support to the windlass ends. Also, the name of long iron handles by which the chain-pumps are worked. Also, a small cylindrical machine attached to masts or bitts in vessels, for the purpose of hoisting anything out of the hold, warping, &c. WINCH-BITTS. The supports near their ends. WIND [precisely the Anglo-Saxon word]. A stream or current of air which may be felt. The horizon being divided into 32 points (_see_ COMPASS), the wind which blows from any of them has an assignable name. WINDAGE. The vacant space left between a shot and the bore of the piece to which it belongs, generally expressed by the difference of their diameters; it is for facility of loading, but the smaller it is the better will be the performance of the gun. WIND AND WATER LINE. That part of a ship lying at the surface of the water which is alternately wet and dry by the motion of the waves. WIND A SHIP OR BOAT, TO. To change her position by bringing her stern round to the place where the head was. (_See_ WENDING.) WIND AWAY, TO. To steer through narrow channels. WIND-BANDS. Long clouds supposed to indicate bad weather. WIND-BOUND. Detained at an anchorage by contrary winds. WIND-FALL. A violent gust of wind rushing from coast-ranges and mountains to the sea. Also, some piece of good luck, a turtle, fish, vegetables, or a prize. WIND-GAGE. _See_ ANEMOMETER. WIND-GALL. A luminous halo on the edge of a distant cloud, where there is rain, usually seen in the wind's eye, and looked upon as a sure precursor of stormy weather. Also, an atmospheric effect of prismatic colours, said likewise to indicate bad weather if seen to leeward. WINDING A CALL. The act of blowing or piping on a boatswain's whistle, to communicate the necessary orders. (_See_ CALL.) WINDING-TACKLE. A tackle formed of one fixed triple three-sheaved block, and one double or triple movable block. It is principally used to hoist any weighty materials, as the cannon, into or out of a ship. WINDING-TACKLE PENDANT. A strong rope made fast to the lower mast-head, and forming the support of the winding-tackle. WIND IN THE TEETH. Dead against a ship. WINDLASS [from the Ang.-Sax. _windles_]. A machine erected in the fore-part of a ship which serves to ride by, as well as heave in the cable. It is composed of the carrick-heads or windlass-heads, which are secured to all the deck-beams beneath, and backed by long sleeper knees on deck. The main-piece is whelped like the capstan, and suspended at its ends by powerful spindles falling into metal bearings in the carrick or windlass heads. Amidships it is supported by chocks, where it is also furnished with a course of windlass-pawls, four taking at separate angles on a main ratchet, and bearing on one quadrant of the circumference. The cables have three turns round this main-piece (one cable on each side): holes are cut for the windlass-bars in each eighth of the squared sides. The windlass may be said also to be supported or reinforced by the pawl-bitts, two powerful bitt-heads at the centre.--_Spanish windlass._ A machine formed of a handspike and a small lever, usually a tree-nail, or a tree-nail and a marline-spike, to set up the top-gallant rigging, heave in seizings, or for any other short steady purchase. WINDLASS-BITTS. _See_ CARRICK-BITTS. WINDLASS-CHOCKS. Those pieces of oak or elm fastened inside the bows of small craft, to support the ends of the windlass. WINDLASS-ENDS. Two pieces which continue the windlass outside the bitt-heads. WINDLASS-LINING. Pieces of hard wood fitted round the main-piece of a windlass to prevent chafing, and also to enable the cable to hold on more firmly. WINDLESTRAY. A sort of bent or seaside grass. WINDLIPPER. The first effects of a breeze of wind on smooth water, before waves are raised. WIND-RODE. A ship is wind-rode when the wind overcomes an opposite tidal force, and she rides head to wind. WINDS. _Local_ or _peculiar_.--_Trade-winds_ occur within and beyond the tropical parallels. They are pretty regular in the North Atlantic, as far as 5 deg. N., where calms may be expected, or the south-east trade may reach across, depending on the season; but when near land they yield to the _land and sea breezes_. Thus at 10 deg. N. the land-breeze will be at E. from 11 P.M. until 6 A.M., then calm intervenes up to 10 A.M., when the sea-breeze sets in, probably W., and blows home fresh. Yet at 20 miles off shore the trade-wind may blow pretty strong from N.E. or E.N.E.--The _harmattan_ is a sudden dry wind blowing off the coast of Africa, so charged with almost impalpable dust that the sun is obscured. It sucks up all moisture, cracks furniture and earthenware, and prostrates animal nature. The rigging of vessels becomes a dirty brown, and the dust adhering to the blacking cannot be removed.--The _tornado_ lasts for a short time, but is of great force during its continuance.--The _northers_ in the Gulf of Mexico, or off the Heads of Virginia, are not only very heavy gales, but are attended with severe cold. On a December day, off Galveston, the temperature in a calm was at sunset 86 deg. The norther came on about midnight, and at 8 A.M. the temperature had fallen to 12 deg., and icicles were hanging from the eaves of the houses. The _Tiempo di Vendavales_, or southers of Western America, is an opposite, blowing heavily home to the coast. The _taifung_ of China, or typhoon of the Indian seas, is indeed precisely similar to the hurricane of the West Indies. WIND-SAIL. A funnel of canvas employed to ventilate a ship by conveying a stream of fresh air down to the lower decks. It is suspended by a whip through the hatchways, and kept open by means of hoops; the upper part is also open on one side, and guyed to the wind. Ships of war in hot climates have generally three or four of these wind-sails. WIND-TAUT. A vessel at anchor, heeling over to the force of the wind. WIND-TIGHT. A cask or vessel to contain water is said to be wind-tight and water-tight. WINDWARD. The weather-side; that on which the wind blows; the opposite of _leeward_ (which see). Old sailors exhort their neophytes to throw nothing over the weather-side except ashes or hot water: a hint not mistakable. WINDWARD SAILING, OR TURNING TO WINDWARD. That mode of navigating a ship in which she endeavours to gain a position situated in the direction whence the wind is blowing. In this case progress is made by frequent tacking, and trimming sail as near as possible to the wind. WINDWARD SET. The reverse of _leeward set_. WINDWARD TIDE. _See_ WEATHER-TIDE. WINE OF HEIGHT. A former perquisite of seamen on getting safely through a particular navigation. WING. The projecting part of a steamer's deck before and abaft each of the paddle-boxes, bounded by the _wing-wale_. WING-AND-WING. A ship coming before the wind with studding-sails on both sides; also said of fore-and-aft vessels, when they are going with the wind right aft, the fore-sail boomed out on one side, and the main-sail on the other. WINGERS. Small casks stowed close to the side in a ship's hold, where the large casks would cause too great a rising in that part of the tier. WINGS. Those parts of the hold and orlop-deck which are nearest to the sides. This term is particularly used in the stowage of the several materials contained in the hold, and between the cable-tiers and the ship's sides. In ships of war they are usually kept clear, that the carpenter and his crew may have access round the ship to stop shot-holes in time of action. Also, the skirts or extremities of a fleet, when ranged in a line abreast, or when forming two sides of a triangle. It is usual to extend the wings of a fleet in the daytime, in order to discover any enemy that may fall in their track; they are, however, generally summoned by signal to form close order before night. In military parlance, the right and left divisions of a force, whether these leave a centre division between them or not.--_Wing-transom._ The uppermost transom in the stern-frame, to which the heels of the counter-timbers are let on and bolted. WING UP BALLAST, TO. To carry the dead weight from the bottom as high as consistent with the stability of a ship, in order to ease her quick motion in rolling. WING-WALE. A thick plank extending from the extremity of a steamer's paddle-beam to her side; it is also designated the _sponson-rim_. WINNOLD-WEATHER. An eastern-county term for stormy March weather. WINTER-FISH. This term generally alludes to cured cod and ling. WINTER-QUARTERS. The towns or posts occupied during the winter by troops who quit the campaign for the season. Also, the harbour to which a blockading fleet retires in wintry gales. In Arctic parlance, the spot where ships are to remain housed during the winter months--from the 1st October to the 1st July or August. WINTER-SOLSTICE. _See_ CAPRICORNUS. WIPER. A cogged contrivance in machinery by which a rotatory motion is converted into a reciprocating motion. WIPER-SHAFT. An application to the valve equipoise of a marine-engine: their journals or bearings lie in bushes, which are fixed upon the frame of the engine. WIRE-MICROMETER. An instrument necessary for delicate astronomical measurements. It contains vertical and horizontal wires, or spider-lines, acting in front of a comb or scale for distances, and on a graduated circle on the screw-head for positions. WIRE-ROPE. Rigging made of iron wire galvanized, and laid up like common cordage. WISBUY LAWS. A maritime code which, though framed at a town in the now obscure island of Gothland, in the Baltic, was submissively adopted by Europe. WISHES [from the British _usk_, water]. Low lands liable to be overflowed. WISHY-WASHY. Any beverage too weak. Over-watered spirits. "His food the land-crab, lizard, or the frog; His drink a wish-wash of six-water grog." WITH. An iron instrument fitted to the end of a boom or mast, with a ring to it, through which another boom or mast is rigged out and secured. Also, in mechanics, the elastic withe handles of cold chisels, set-tools, &c., which prevent a jar to the assistant's wrist. WITH A WILL. Pull all together. WITHERSHINS. _See_ WIDDERSHINS. WITHEYS. Any low places near rivers where willows grow. WITHIN-BOARD. Inside a ship. WITHOUT. Outside, as, studding-sail without studding-sail; or, _without board_, outside a ship. WITH THE SUN. Ropes coiled from the left hand towards the right; but where the sun passes the meridian north of the observer, it is of course the reverse. WITNESSES, OR TEMOINS, are certain piles of earth left in digging docks, or other foundations, to judge how many cubic feet of earth have been removed. WITTEE-WITTEE. The ingeniously-constructed fish-hook of the Pacific islanders, made of mother-of-pearl, with hair tufts, serving at once both as hook and bait. WOARE. An old term for sea-weed. Also, the shore margin or beach. WOBBLE, TO. In mechanics, to sway or roll from side to side. (_See_ WABBLE.) WOLD. An extensive plain, covered with grass and herbs, but bare of trees. WOLF. A kind of fishing-net. WOLF-FISH. _Anarhichas lupus_, also called cat-fish. A fish of the northern seas, from 2 to 3 feet long, with formidable teeth, with which it crushes the shells of the crustaceans and mollusks on which it feeds. WOLYING. The old way of spelling _woolding_. WONDER-CHONE. An old term, mentioned by Blount as a contrivance for catching fish. WONGS. A term on our east coast, synonymous with low lands or _wishes_ (which see). WOOD, TO. A gun is said to wood when it takes the port-sills or port-sides, or the trucks the water-ways.--_To wood._ When wooding-parties are sent out to cut or procure wood for a ship. WOOD AND WOOD. When two pieces of timber are so let into each other as to join close. Also, when a tree-nail is driven through, its point being even with the inside surface. WOODEN BUOYS. Buoyant constructions of wood of various shapes, with a ring-bolt at each end, to which vessels can make fast for a time. (_See_ DOLPHIN.) WOOD-ENDS. _See_ HOOD-ENDS. WOODEN WALLS. A term signifying the fleet, and though thought to be peculiarly English, was used by the Delphic oracle, when applied to by the Athenians on the Persian invasion: "Defend yourselves by wooden walls." WOODEN-WINGS. The lee-boards, for keeping barges to windward. WOOD-LOCKS OF THE RUDDER. Pieces of timber sheathed with copper, in coppered ships, placed in the throating or scores of the stern-post, to prevent the rudder from rising or unshipping. WOOD-MULLS. Large thick hose worn by the men in coasters and fishing-boats. WOOD-SHEATHING. All plank applied to strengthen a vessel. (_See_ DOUBLE.) WOOF. A northern name of the gray gurnard. WOOLDERS. Bandages. The bolt of a Spanish windlass is called a woolder. WOOLDING. The act of winding a piece of rope about a mast or yard, to support it where it is fished, or when it is composed of several pieces. Also, the rope employed in this service. WOOL-PACKS. In meteorology, light clouds in a blue sky. WORD. The watch-word; the parole and countersign, which, being issued to the authorized persons at guard-mounting, become a test whereby spies or strangers are detected. WORK, TO. Said of a ship when she strains in a tempestuous sea, so as to loosen her joints. WORK ABACK. This is said of a steam-engine if reversed, to propel the vessel astern. WORK A SHIP, TO. To adapt the sails to the force and direction of the wind. WORK DOUBLE-TIDES, TO. Implying that the work of three days is done in two, or at least two tides' work in twenty-four hours. WORKING A DAY'S WORK. Reducing the dead-reckoning and meridian altitudes to noon of each day. WORKING A LUNAR. Reducing the observations of the sun and moon, or moon and stars, in order to find the longitude. Also, a phrase used when a man sleeps during a conversation. WORKING AN OBSERVATION. Reducing the altitudes or distances of heavenly bodies by calculation. WORKING PARTIES. Gangs of hands employed on special duties out of the ship or dockyard. WORKING TO WINDWARD. Sailing against the wind by alternate tacks. (_See_ BEATING.) WORKING UP. The keeping men at work on needless matters, beyond the usual hours, for punishment. WORKS. All fortificational constructions, whether permanent, field, or makeshifts of the moment; from the most solid bastion to the rudest rifle-pit. WORK UP JUNK, TO. To draw yarns from old cables, &c., and therewith to make foxes, points, gaskets, sinnet, or spun-yarn. WORM. An iron tool shaped like a double cork-screw on the end of a long staff, for withdrawing charges, ignited remains of cartridges, &c., from fire-arms. Called also a wad-hook in artillery. (_See also_ TEREDO NAVALIS.)--_To worm._ The act of passing a rope spirally between the lays of a cable; a smaller rope is wormed with spun-yarn. Worming is generally resorted to as a preparative for serving. (_See_ LINK WORMING.) WORM-EATEN, OR WORMED. The state of a plank or of a ship's bottom when perforated by a particular kind of boring mollusk, _Teredo navalis_, which abounds in the tropics. WORMS. Timber is preserved against worms by several coats of common whale-oil, or by the patents of Payne, Sir W. Burnett, Kyan, and others. WRACK. The English name for the fucus; the sea-weed used for the manufacture of kelp, and in some places artificially grown for that purpose. WRACK-RIDER. A species of brandling faintly barred on both sides. WRAIN-BOLT. A ring-bolt with two or more forelock-holes in it, occasionally to belay or make fast towards the middle. It is used, with the wrain-staff in the ring, for _setting-to_ the planks. WRAIN-STAFF. A stout billet of tough wood, tapered at its ends, so as to go into the ring of the wrain-bolt, to make the necessary setts for bringing-to the planks or thick stuff to the timber. WRASSE. The _Crenilabrus tinca_, a sea-fish, sometimes called old-wife. WRECK. The destruction of a ship by stress of weather, rocks, &c.; also the ruins of the ship after such accidents; also the goods and fragments which drive on shore after a ship is stranded. It is said that the term is derived from the sea-weed called _wrack_, denoting all that the sea washes on shore as it does this weed. A ship cast on shore is no wreck, in law, when any domestic animal has escaped with life in her. The custody of the cargo or goods belongs to the deputy of the vice-admiral, and they are restored to the proprietors without any fees or salvage, but what the labour of those who saved them may reasonably deserve. WRECKAGE. Spars, rigging, or goods floating about after a wreck. WRECKERS. A name which includes both meritorious salvors of ships in distress, and the felonious brutes who merely hasten to wrecks for plunder. One of our British colonies deemed it so entirely a legal procedure to make a wreck of or cripple a vessel on the reef, that a naval officer was threatened with legal proceedings by a lawyer whom he prevented from carrying out his practice afloat. WRECK-FREE. Is to be exempt from the forfeiture of shipwrecked goods and vessels: a privilege which Edward I. granted by charter to the barons of the Cinque Ports. WRIGHT'S SAILING. Synonymous with _Mercator's sailing_. WRING A MAST, TO. To bend, cripple, or strain it out of its natural position by setting the shrouds up too taut. The phrase, _to wring_, is also applied to a capstan when by an undue strain the component parts of the wood become deranged, and are thereby disunited. The head of a mast is frequently wrung by bracing up the lower yards beyond the dictates of sound judgment. WRONG, TO. To out-sail a vessel by becalming her sails is said to wrong her. WRONG WAY. When the ship casts in the opposite direction to that desired. Also, a ship swinging in a tide's way, out of the direction which would keep her hawse clear. WRUNG-HEADS. An old term for that part of a ship near the floor-heads and second futtock-heels, which, when she lies aground, bears the greatest strain. X. XEBEC, OR ZEBEC. A small three-masted vessel of the Mediterranean, distinguished from all other European vessels by the great projection of her bow and overhanging of her stern. Being generally equipped as a corsair, the xebec was constructed with a narrow floor, for speed, and of great breadth, to enable her to carry a great press of sail. On the Barbary coast the xebec rig was deemed to vary from the felucca, which in hull is the same, by having the fore-mast square-rigged. XERAFEEM. A Malabar coin of the value of 1_s._ 4_d._ sterling. XEROONITZ. A Russian coin of two roubles, or 9_s._ sterling. XERO-POTAMO. A term common on the coasts of Greece for fiumare, or torrents, which are dry at certain seasons. XUGIA. The second bank of rowers in an ancient trireme. XYLOSTROMA. Oak-leather, a peculiar fungus found within growing oaks. Y. YACHT. A vessel of state or pleasure: the former is usually employed to convey great personages. One of the designs of a yacht being accommodation, they are usually fitted up with great comfort; their propulsion is by sails or steam. Small yachts, rigged as sloops, were formerly used by the commissioners of the navy; they were originally royal yachts, and one at Chatham was renowned as the yacht of Queen Elizabeth, the same plate being in use in her up to a very late date. Private pleasure-boats, when sufficiently large for a sea voyage, are also termed yachts. (_See_ ROYAL YACHT.) YACHT CLUB, ROYAL. An institution embodied by a number of noblemen and gentlemen about the year 1820, to which certain privileges are attached. It was originally established at Cowes, but several ports, as well as the Thames, have their special clubs, and similar privileges. YAM. The tubers of the _Dioscorea sativa_, and others; a valuable vegetable on long voyages. _D. aculeata_ frequently produces tubers 3 feet long, and weighing 30 lbs. Also, the West India word for food; "Toko for yam," the negro's punishment--blows but no food. YANKEE. An appellation often erroneously given to North Americans in general, whereas it is strictly applicable to those of the New England states only; it is not used complimentarily in the back settlements. YARD. A measure of length, consisting of 3 feet. YARD [Anglo-Saxon _gyrde_]. A long cylindrical timber suspended upon the mast of a vessel to spread a sail. They are termed square, lateen, or lug: the first are suspended across the masts at right angles, and the two latter obliquely. The square yards taper from the middle, which is called the slings, towards the extremities, which are termed the yard-arms; and the distance between is divided by the artificers into quarters, called the first, second, third quarters, and yard-arms. The middle quarters are formed into eight sides, and each of the end parts is figured like the frustum of a cone: on the alternate sides of the octagon, in large spars, oak battens are brought on and hooped, so as to strengthen, and yet not greatly increase, the weight.--_To brace the yards._ To traverse them about the masts, so as to form greater or lesser angles with the ship's length. (_See_ BRACE.)--_To square the yards._ (_See_ SQUARE.) YARD-ARM. That part of a yard outside the quarter, which is on either side of the mast beyond the battens, when it lies athwart the ship. It generally means the extremity of the yard, and it is fitted with sheave-holes for reeving sheets through. YARD-ARM AND YARD-ARM. The situation of two ships lying alongside one another, so near that their yard-arms nearly touch each other, or even cross. The term implies close action and no mistake. YARD-ARM CLEATS. Wooden wedges fixed on the yards at those points where they support the lifts and braces, and where the head-earings are secured. The reef-cleats on the topsail-yards are beyond the lifts and braces. YARD-ARM PIECE. An octagonal piece of timber supplied to replace a yard-arm if shot away. It is one-third the length of the main-yard. YARD-ROPE. Is only used for temporary purposes; the most usual application of the term is that by which a yard is hoisted for crossing, or sent down. Also, rove for execution. The yard-rope of the lighter yards is the halliards, which, when the yard is crossed, is made into tie and halliards by a peculiar mode of toggling on the halliard purchase, as in the order, "Toggle the halliards!" YARDS. _See_ DOCKYARDS. YARDS APEEK. When they are topped, so as to resemble St. Andrew's cross; it is done as a token of mourning, or for convenience when vessels lie alongside of each other, as in the docks. YARD-TACKLES. Tackles attached to the fore and main yards of a ship, whereby, with the assistance of the stay-tackles, the boats and other weights are hoisted in and out. Yard-tackles are sometimes hooked to a pendant, which is secured to the top-mast head, and hauled out to the yard-arm by means of a small tackle, until the yard-tackle plumbs the spot where it is wished to work. YARE [Ang.-Sax. for dexterous or quick]. It was formerly a favourite nautical phrase, as "Be yare at the helm;" and is used by Shakspeare's boatswain in the _Tempest_. YAREMLEK. A silver Turkish coin of 20 paras, or 9_d._ sterling. YARMOUTH CAPON. A red herring; a bloater. YARMOUTH HERRING-BOAT. A clincher-built vessel with lug-sails, similar to the drift or mackerel boats. YARN. One of the threads of which ropes are composed. A number of these are twisted together to form a strand, in proportion to the size of the proposed rope. Three strands are then twisted into one another, which completes the process of ordinary rope-making; but cables, hawsers, and other ground tackling, are composed of three strands, each of which is formed of three lesser ones. (_See_ CABLE, HAWSER, &c.)--_A tough yarn._ A long story, or tale, hard to be believed. YARN-SPINNING. A figurative expression for telling a story. YATAGHAN. A crooked sabre used in the Levant. Also, the knife-swords of India. YAUGH. An archaic term for a little bark, pinnace, or yacht. YAW. The quick movement by which a ship deviates from the direct line of her course towards the right or left, from unsteady steering. YAWL. A man-of-war's boat, resembling the pinnace, but rather smaller; it is carvel-built, and generally rowed with twelve oars. The yawl in the Customs Act is a carvel-built vessel of the cutter class, but having a jigger or mizen lug, the boom-mainsail being curtailed, so that its boom traverses clear of the mizen-mast: used also by yachts. Also, a small fishing-vessel. YAW-SIGHTED. A nautical term for those who squint. YAW-YAW. A nickname for the seamen of the shores of the Baltic. YEAR. The duration of the earth's revolution round the sun, or of the apparent revolution of the sun in the ecliptic. YELL. An old sea-term to express a rolling motion. YELLOW ADMIRAL. A retired post-captain, who, not having served his time in that rank, is not entitled to his promotion to the active flag. YELLOW-BELLY. A name given to a person born in the fens along our eastern shores: also occasionally to half-castes, &c. YELLOW FEVER. A cant term for drunkenness at Greenwich Hospital; the sailors when punished wearing a parti-coloured coat, in which yellow predominates. YELLOW-FLAG. The signal of quarantine. YELLOWING. The passing over of captains at a flag promotion. YELLOW-TAIL. A well-known tropical fish, often in company with whip-rays; it is about 4 feet long, with a great head, large eyes, and many fins. _Leiostomas_. YEO-HEAVE-YEOING. The chant or noise made at the windlass and purchase-falls in a merchantman, to cheer and lighten labour, but not permitted in a man-of-war. YEOMAN. An experienced hand placed in charge of a store-room, who should be able to keep the accounts of supply and expenditure. YESTY [from the Anglo-Saxon _gist_]. A foaming breaking sea. Shakspeare in _Macbeth_ gives great power to this state of the waters:-- "Though the yesty waves Confound, and swallow navigation up." YOKE. A transverse board or metal bar, a substitute for the tiller, which crosses the head of a boat's rudder, and having two lines extending from its opposite extremities to the stern-sheets of the boat, whereby she is steered. YOKE-LINES. The ropes by which the boat's steerage is managed. YOUNG. A word often used for uninitiated.--_Young gentlemen_, a general designation for midshipmen, whatever their age. YOUNG FLOOD. _See_ FLOOD. YOUNG ICE. Nearly the same as bay-ice, except that it is only applied to ice very recently formed, or of the present season. YOUNGSTER, OR YOUNKER [an old term; from the Anglo-Saxon _junker_]. A volunteer of the first-class, and a general epithet for a stripling in the service. YOUNG WIND. The commencement of the land or sea breeze. YOU, SIR! The irritating mode in which some officers address the seamen. The late Lord Collingwood never permitted it. YOW-YOW. A smaller kind of Chinese sampan. Y'S OF AN INSTRUMENT. The Y-shaped bearings for the telescope axis, on the precision of which the value of an astronomical observation much depends: similar to the bearings of steam-engines, &c. Z. ZAFAR. A coil of Spanish rope. ZAMBO. A term on the Spanish Main for a race produced by the union of the negro and the Indian; it literally means _bow-legged_. ZEAL. A quality essentially requisite in forming the character of an efficient officer, since it comprehends ardour for the service, prompt obedience to orders, cheerful disposition, and a studious application to professional science. ZECCHINO [from _zecca_, a mint]. A gold coin of Italy; average value, 9_s._ 6_d._ ZECHIN. A Turkish coin. (_See_ SEQUIN.) ZENITH. The pole of the horizon, or that point in the heavens directly overhead, as nadir is that which is directly under our feet. ZENITH-DISTANCE. The angular distance of any celestial object from the zenith at the time of observation. In navigation the meridional zenith-distance of a heavenly body is much used for finding the latitude. ZEPHYR. The west wind, but generally considered to apply to any light pleasant breeze. ZERO. The cypher or nought at the beginning of a graduated arc. ZETETIC. The analytic method of investigating a mathematical problem. ZIG-ZAG. The winding trench of approach of a besieger, directed by short turns alternately right and left of the defences of the place, to avoid being enfiladed by them. Called also a _boyau_. ZIG-ZAG COURSE. Working to windward by very short tacks or angular turning boards. ZODIAC. A broad zone or belt of the heavens, the middle of which is the ecliptic, extending 9 deg. on either side of it. It is divided into twelve signs, each measuring 30 deg. along the ecliptic. ZODIACAL LIGHT. A pyramidal cone of light, apparently emanating from the rising and setting sun, commonly seen in the tropics; in higher latitudes most visible about the time of the equinoxes. ZOLL, OR SAUL. An Indian timber, much used in the construction of country vessels. ZONE. _See_ BELT. ZONE OF DECLINATION. A belt of the heavens included between certain parallels of declination. ZONES, IN GEOGRAPHY, are longitudinal belts into which the surface of the earth is divided, according to their various relation to the sun's apparent motion. They are--the _torrid_ or _equatorial zone_, bounded by the two _tropics_ (which see), to every part of which, at some time or other, the sun is vertical; the _frigid zones_, from the poles to the polar circles, to every part of which in succession, periodically, the sun is at mid-day below the horizon; and the _temperate zones_, intermediate between the two former, to all of which the sun rises every day in the year. ZOOPHYTE. A term compounded of two Greek words, signifying animal-plant, vaguely applied to various low forms of animal organizations, as the sea-anemones and coral animals, which present a certain superficial resemblance to plants. ZOPISSA. Tar or pitch scraped off the bottoms of old ships, and thought to be astringent and good for ulcers. Also, a highly preservative varnish in use by the ancients for ships' bottoms, sarcophagi, &c. ZUHN. A species of Indian rush, from which an inferior kind of cordage and canvas is made. ZUMBRA. A Spanish skiff or yawl. GLASGOW: W. G. BLACKIE AND CO., PRINTERS, VILLAFIELD. Transcriber's Notes and Amendments: In keeping with the original publication, whether due to typographical limitations or for ease of reference, accented capital letters do not appear in the text. Hyphenation has been standardised. Compound words heading a definition in the text have been taken to be the preferred form in most cases. Additionally, where one form of a compound word has been used in a clear majority of instances, the least common form has been amended. Hyphenation remains as printed when used for emphasis or humourous effect, within quotations, or when no clear preference exists. Several invalid links between definitions existed in the original text. Such errors caused by confusion between singular and plural forms, or word order, have been corrected without note. Significant amendments, unresolved invalid links and further notes have been listed below. P. 14, ABOX, 'BRACE-ABOX' amended to _BRACE ABACK_. P. 15, ACATER, 'Devil of an Ass' amended to _The Devil is an Ass_. P. 16, ACKER, 'EAGOR' amended to _AIGRE_. P. 23, AFFECTIONATE FRIENDS, 'Phil..more' amended to _Phillimore_. P. 24, AFTER, 'mizzen' amended to _mizen_; AFTER-FACE, 'BACK OF THE STERN-POST' amended to _BACK OF THE POST_. P. 29, ALBACORE, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_. P. 32, ALMURY, duplicate, out-of-sequence entry removed. P. 35, AMAIN, 'STRIKING' amended to _STRIKE_; 'WAVE' amended to _WAVING_. P. 37, AMPHOTEROPLON, 'HETOROPLON' amended to _HETEROPLON_. P. 38, ANCHOR, 'grappling' amended to _grapling_. P. 41, ANEMONE, 'SEA-ANEMONE' amended to _ANIMAL FLOWERS_; ANGLE, invalid links: '_curvilinear_' and '_rectilinear_'. P. 42, ANGULAR CRAB, 'Gonophlex angulatus' amended to _Goneplax angulata_. P. 45, ANTICHTHONES, originally 'ANTICTHONES'. P. 46, APAGOGE, originally 'APAGOG'. P. 52, ARM, 'tressel-trees' amended to _trestle-trees_. P. 54, ARREST, 'her Majesty service' amended to _Her Majesty's service_. P. 59, ATAGHAN, originally 'ATAGAN'; 'YATAGAN' amended to _YATAGHAN_. P. 62, AUTOMATIC BLOW-OFF APPARATUS, originally 'AUTOMIC ...'; 'BLOWING-OFF' amended to _BLOW-OFF-PIPE_. P. 64, AWNING, 'EUPHRAE' amended to _EUPHROE_. P. 67, BACKSTAYS, 'salvigee' amended to _selvagee_. P. 68, BAD-RELIEF, invalid link: 'ONE-BELL'. P. 69, BAIDAR, 'KAIACK' amended to _KAYAK_. P. 70, BALANCE, 'COMPENSATION' amended to _CHRONOMETER_. P. 74, BANANA, 'Musa paradisaica' amended to _Musa paradisiaca_; BANG, 'amuk' amended to _amok_. P. 76, BANK OF OARS, 'DOUBLE-BANK' amended to _DOUBLE-BANKED_. P. 80, BAROMETER, 'foretel' amended to _foretell_. P. 84, BASTARD-MACKEREL, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_. P. 85, BATTENING THE HATCHES, 'BATTENS' amended to _BATTENS OF THE HATCHES_. P. 86, BATTERING GUNS, 'GARRISON ARTILLERY' amended to _GARRISON GUNS_. P. 90, BEAR, 'rowsed' amended to _roused_. P. 97, BERMUDA SAILS, ''MUGIAN' amended to _'MUDIAN_. P. 98, BIBBS, 'tressel-trees' amended to _trestle-trees_. P. 99, BILBO, 'Bilboa' amended to _Bilbao_. P. 102, BIRD'S-FOOT SEA-STAR, 'Arteriadae' amended to _Asterinidae_; BIRD'S NEST, invalid link: 'EDIBLE BIRD'S NEST', see AGAL-AGAL. P. 105, BLADDER-FISH, 'tetrodon' amended to _tetraodon_. P. 110, BLUBBER, invalid link: 'SEA-BLUBBER', see JELLY-FISH. P. 113, BOATSWAIN-BIRD, 'Phaeton [oe]thereus' amended to _Phaethon aethereus_. P. 116, BOLSTERS, 'tressel-trees' amended to _trestle-trees_. P. 118, BOOK, 'muslins, bastas' amended to _muslin, bast_. P. 120, BORE, 'Hoogley' amended to _Hooghly_. P. 123, BOUND, 'NEAP' amended to _NEAPED_. P. 125, BOWSE, 'pullies' amended to _pulleys_. P. 126, BOXING, invalid link: 'BOXING OF RUDDER'. P. 127, BRAB, 'sinnot' amended to _sinnet_; BRACE ABACK, 'COUNTER-BRACING' amended to _COUNTER-BRACE_. P. 130, BREADTH, 'TOP BREADTH' amended to _TOP-TIMBER BREADTH_; BREAKERS, 'BARECA' amended to _BAREKA_. P. 136, BRISMAK, 'Brosmus vulgaris' amended to _Brosmius vulgaris_. P. 137, BROCAGE, invalid link: '_brokerage_'; BROCLES, invalid link: 'STRAKE-NAILS'. P. 141, BUILDING, 'rabetting' amended to _rabbeting_. P. 142, BULK-HEADS, 'rabetted' amended to _rabbeted_. P. 147, BURGOO, 'SKILLAGALEE' amended to _SKILLY_; BURNETTIZE, originally 'BURNETIZE'; BURTON, 'pullies' amended to _pulleys_. P. 148, BUSY AS THE DEVIL IN A GALE OF WIND, 'Fidgetty' amended to _Fidgety_; BUTESCARLI, '_the_ EQUIPMENT OF' amended to _EQUIPMENT_. P. 149, BYRTH, 'BIRTH or BERTH' amended to _BURDEN or BURTHEN_. P. 151, CABLE, TO COIL A, 'CACKLING, KECKLING' amended to _KECKLING_; CABONS, 'KABURUS' amended to _KABURNS_. P. 155, CAMP, 'LEAVING THE CAMP' amended to _DECAMP_. P. 156, CANNON, 'pomelion' amended to _pommelion_. P. 157, CANTEEN, 'suttling-house' amended to _sutling-house_. P. 159, CAPE-HEN, 'MOLLY-MOK' amended to _MOLLY-MAWK_. P. 160, CAP-SHORE, 'tressle-tree' amended to _trestle-tree_. P. 161, CAPSTAN-BARS, 'hiccory' amended to _hickory_. P. 162, CAPTAIN OF THE PORT, invalid link: 'PORT-CAPTAIN'. P. 164, CARL, 'FEMBLE' amended to _FEMALE_. P. 165, CARR, 'KARR' amended to _CAR_. P. 169, CASTLE, 'AFTER-CASTLE' amended to _AFT-CASTLE_. P. 170, CAST OF THE LEAD, 'HEAVE and SOUND' amended to _HEAVE THE LEAD and SOUNDING_; CASTOR AND POLLUX, 'COMPOSANT and CORPO SANTO' amended to _COMPASANT and CORPOSANT_. P. 174, CENTINEL, 'SENTRY' amended to _SENTINEL_. P. 175, CETINE, 'Heyschius' amended to _Hesychius_. P. 177, CHALDRICK, 'Haemantopus ostralegus' amended to _Haematopus ostralegus_; CHAMBER, 'MURTHERER' amended to _MURDERER_. P. 178, CHAMFER, originally 'CHAMPFER'. P. 179, CHART, invalid link: '_globular charts_'. P. 182, CHEEKS OF THE MAST, 'TRESTLE-TREE BIBS' amended to _BIBBS_. P. 183, CHEST-ROPE, 'GUEST-ROPE' amended to _GUESS-WARP_; CHEWING OF OAKUM, 'SPACE' amended to _SEAM_. P. 187, CIPHERING, 'SYPHERING' amended to _SYPHERED_; CIRCLES, 'LESS' amended to _LESSER_. P. 188, CLAMS, 'DEEP-SEA CLAM' amended to _CLAM_. P. 189, CLASP-HOOK, invalid link: 'SPAR-HOOK'; CLEAN DONE, invalid link: 'WEATHERED'. P. 190, CLEAR THE PENDANT, invalid link: 'UP AND CLEAR THE PENDANT'. P. 192, CLOSE-BUTT, 'rabbetted' amended to _rabbeted_; CLOSE PACK, 'PACK' amended to _PACK-ICE_. P. 194, CLOY, 'NAIL and SPIKE' amended to _NAILING and SPIKING_; CLUBBOCK, 'Gunellus vulgaris' amended to _Gunnellus vulgaris_. P. 195, CLUMP-BLOCKS, invalid link: 'TACK-AND-SHEET'. P. 196, COAST-BLOCKADE, 'SEA FENCIBLES' amended to _FENCIBLES_. P. 198, COCOA-NUT TREE, 'PALMA' amended to _PALMETTO_. P. 199, COD-FISHER'S CREW, invalid link: 'FISHERIES'. P. 202, COMBUSTION, invalid link: 'SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION'. P. 204, COMMUNICATION, invalid link: 'LINE OF COMMUNICATION'. P. 210, CONTACT, 'MEASUREMENT BY SEXTANT' amended to _SEXTANT_. P. 212, COOP, invalid link: 'HEN-COOP'. P. 213, CORACORA, 'KORACORA' amended to _KOROCORA_. P. 215, COSTS AND DAMAGE, invalid link: 'EXPENSES'. P. 222, CREPUSCULUM, invalid link: 'TWILIGHT'. P. 225, CROW-FOOT, 'uvrow' amended to _uvrou_; CROWNING, 'WALL' amended to _WALL-KNOT_. P. 227, CUDBERDUCE, 'Farn Isles' amended to _Farne Isles_; CUMULO-CIRRO-STRATUS, originally 'CUMULO-CIRRUS-STRATUS'. P. 232, CYPHERING, 'SYPHERING' amended to _SYPHERED_. P. 235, DEAD-EYE, 'uvrows' amended to _uvrous_. P. 236, DEAD-RISING, invalid link: 'RISING-LINE'. P. 239, DECKS, assuming the accuracy of the rest of the table, the final figures in the lbs. column, originally '3960' and '1980', have been corrected to _3920_ and _1960_; DECK-STOPPER, 'STOPPER' amended to _STOPPER OF THE CABLE_. P. 246, DIAGONAL BRACES, 'TRUSSING' amended to _DIAGONAL TRUSSING_. P. 248, DILLOSK, 'DULSE' amended to _DULCE_. P. 252, DISTINGUISHING PENDANT, 'SIGNALLING' amended to _SIGNALS_. P. 258, DORNICLE, 'vivaparous' amended to _viviparous_. P. 262, DRAGOON, 'TROOPER' amended to _TROOP_. P. 263, DREW, 'Fucus lorcus' amended to _Fucus loreus_; DRIFT-ICE, 'ICE' amended to OPEN ICE. P. 265, DROPS, 'munions' amended to _munnions_; DRUMHEAD COURT-MARTIAL, 'PROVOST MARTIAL' amended to _PROVOST-MARSHAL_. P. 273, EEKING, 'EIKING' amended to _EKEING_. P. 274, EJECTAMENTA MARIS, 'JETSOM' amended to _JETSAM_. P. 277, ENGINE, MARINE, 'STEAM-ENGINE' amended to _MARINE ENGINES_. P. 280, ERRATIC WINDS, 'VARIABLE WINDS' amended to _VARIABLES_. P. 284, EYELET-HOLES, 'robans' amended to _robands_; EYE OF THE WIND, invalid link: 'WIND'S-EYE'; EYE-SPLICE, 'SPLICED-EYE' amended to _SPLICE_; EYGHT, 'alluvian' amended to _alluvial_. P. 287, FALLING OUT, 'flairing' amended to _flaring_. P. 290, FAUSSEBRAYE, 'counter-gard' amended to _counterguard_. P. 293, FIDDLE-BLOCK, 'LONG-TACKLE BLOCKS' amended to _LONG-TACKLES_. P. 296, FINE, invalid link: 'FYEN'. P. 298, FIRE-BUCKETS, 'sinnett' amended to _sinnet_. P. 299, FIRST QUARTER OF THE MOON, 'QUARTER' amended to _QUARTER, FIRST_; FISHERMAN'S BEND, invalid link: 'STUDDING-SAIL BEND'. P. 308, FLOW, 'tideology' amended to _tidology_. P. 309, FLUE, 'FLUKE OF ANCHOR' amended to _FLUKES_. P. 312, FOLLOWING, 'QUADRANT OF DOUBLE-STARS' amended to _QUADRANT_. P. 316, FORERUNNERS, 'LOG' amended to _LOG-LINE_. P. 318, FORMING THE ORDER OF SAILING, 'SAILING' amended to _SAILING, ORDER OF_. P. 320, FOUL HAWSE, 'ELBOW AND HAWSE' amended to _ELBOW IN THE HAWSE_; FOX, invalid link: 'SPANISH FOX'. P. 323, FRESH, 'WIND, FORCE OF' amended to _FORCE_; FRESHEN HAWSE, 'CACKLING' amended to _KECKLING_. P. 324, FRESH WATER, 'ICE' amended to _ICEBERG_. P. 325, FRIGATE, 'Physalis pelagica' amended to _Physalia pelagica_. P. 326, F.R.S., 'siglae' amended to _sigla_. P. 332, GALLEY-FOIST, 'FUSTE' amended to _FUST_. P. 333, GALLIGASKINS, 'Sap to the Divell' amended to _Supplication to the Divell_. P. 335, GARNET, 'CLUE GARNET-BLOCK' amended to _CLUE-GARNETS_. P. 338, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, 'POSITION' amended to _POSITION, GEOGRAPHICAL_. P. 340, GIRT, 'RIDING' amended to _RIDE_; GIVE A SPELL, 'SPELL-O!' amended to _SPELL_. P. 343, GONDOLA, 'rostrique tridentibus' amended to _rostrisque tridentibus_. P. 346, GRAIN UPSET, 'buccles' amended to _buckles_. P. 347, GRAPPLE, 'Duillius' amended to _Duilius_; GRASS, 'FEED' amended to _FEED OF GRASS_; GRATINGS OF THE HEAD, invalid link: 'HEAD-GRATINGS'. P. 348, GRAYLING, 'UMBER' amended to _OMBRE_; GREAT-LINE FISHING, invalid link: 'LINE-FISHING'; GREEN, 'Pandulp' amended to _Pandulph_; P. 352, GAUGE, originally 'GUAGE'; 'guage' amended to _gauge_; re-indexed (p. 337); GAUGE-ROD, originally 'GUAGE-ROD'; re-indexed as above. P. 354, GUIDOR, 'condor' amended to _conder_. P. 355, GULF-WEED, 'crustaceae' amended to _crustacea_. P. 358, GUN-PORTS, 'PORT-HOLES' amended to _PORTS_. P. 361, HADDOCK, 'Gadus aegilfinus' amended to _Gadus aeglefinus_; HAKE, 'Gadus merlucius' amended to _Gadus merluccius_. P. 363, HAMACS, 'HAMMOCKS AND HAMMACS' amended to _HAMMOCK_. P. 364, HAMMOCK, 'Caribbs' amended to _Caribs_. P. 366, HANGING-KNEES, 'loding-knees' amended to _lodging-knees_. P. 369, HARPER-CRAB, invalid link: 'TOMMY HARPER'. P. 370, HATCH, invalid link: 'HECK'. P. 371, HAUL, 'ROWSE' amended to _ROUSE_. P. 384, HOIST, 'SWAYING' and 'WHIPPING' amended to _SWAY_ and _WHIP_; invalid link: 'TRACING-UP'. P. 385, HOLD, 'TRIM' amended to _TRIM OF THE HOLD_; HOLDING ON THE SLACK, invalid link: 'EYELIDS'; HOLDING WATER, 'ROWING' amended to _ROW_. P. 392, HORSE-MUSSEL, invalid link: 'DUCK-MUSSEL'. P. 393, HOUNDS, 'tressel-trees' amended to _trestle-trees_; HOUSING, 'THUMB-LINE, IRISH TWINE' amended to _TWINE_. P. 394, HOWE, originally 'HOW'. P. 398, ICE-TONGUE, 'TONGUE OF ICE' amended to _TONGUE_. P. 399, ILET, 'EYELET' amended to _EYELET-HOLES_. P. 407, JACK-PINS, 'Tackspins' amended to _Tack-pins_. P. 408, JACK-STAYS, 'staystails' amended to _staysails_. P. 409, JAVA POT, 'Alcyonum' amended to _Alcyonium_. P. 410, JERME, originally 'JEROME'. P. 411, JIB, 'GYBE' amended to _GYBING_. P. 413, JOHN DORY, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_; JOHNNY RAW, invalid link: 'RAW'. P. 414, JUFFER, 'UPHER' amended to _UPHROE_. P. 415, JUNCO, 'PURR' amended to _PURRE_; JUNK, 'sinnot' amended to _sinnet_. P. 417, KAYU-PUTIH, 'putih' usually translates as 'white', however the translation of 'oil' has been retained; K.C.B., 'siglae' amended to _sigla_. P. 424, KNAGGY, 'Crochetty' amended to _Crotchety_. P. 426, KNUCKLE-TIMBERS, 'flair' amended to _flare_. P. 432, LAP'S COURSE, 'LOBS-SCOUSE' amended to _LOBSCOUSE_. P. 436, LEAD, SOUNDING, 'HAND LEAD-LINE' amended to _HAND-LINE_; 'DEEP-SEA LEAD-LINE' amended to _DEEP-SEA LINE_. P. 438, 'LEE-GUAGE' amended to _LEE-GAUGE_. P. 440, LET GO UNDER FOOT, 'ANCHOR UNDER FOOT' amended to _UNDER FOOT_. P. 441, LICENSE, invalid link: 'RUNNER, LICENSED'. P. 444, LIFTS, 'TOPPING' amended to _TOPPING-LIFTS_; LIGHT-HORSEMAN, invalid link: 'WALLMIA'. P. 451, LOBSTER-TOAD, invalid link: 'DEEP-SEA CRAB'. P. 455, LONG STERN-TIMBERS, invalid link: 'STERN-TIMBERS'. P. 458, LUFF AND TOUCH HER!, 'TOUCH' amended to _TOUCHING_. P. 462, MADE, 'MASTS' amended to _MADE MASTS_; MAGELLANIC CLOUDS, 'Nebiculae' amended to _Nubeculae_. P. 465, MAKE WATER, invalid link: 'FOUL WATER'. P. 466, MANCHE OF MANGALORE, 'patamirs' amended to _patamars_; MANGONEL, 'balista' amended to _ballista_. P. 467, MAN-OF-WAR BIRD, 'Frigata aquila' amended to _Fregata aquila_; 'Pelicanidae' amended to _Pelecanidae_; MANSIONS OF THE MOON, invalid link: 'LUNAR MANSIONS'; MAON, 'MAHONE, PORT OF' amended to _MAHONE_. P. 471, MAST, 'JURY' amended to _JURY-MAST_. P. 474, MAUL, 'trenails' amended to _tree-nails_; MAY, 'VENDABALES' amended to _VENDAVAL_. P. 480, MISCHIEF, 'MASTER OF MISCHIEF' amended to _MASTER OF MISRULE_. P. 481, MOCCASIN, originally 'MOCCASSIN'. P. 486, MOTHER CARY'S GOOSE, 'Quebranta-huessos' amended to _Quebranta huesos_. P. 487, MUCK, 'AMOCK' amended to _AMOK_. P. 488, MUD-SHORES, 'Guiyana' amended to _Guiana_. P. 491, NAILING A GUN, 'SPIKE' amended to _SPIKING_; NARROWING, 'RISING HALF-BREADTH' amended to _HALF-BREADTH OF THE RISING_. P. 496, NEGRO-BOAT, 'ALMODIE' amended to _ALMADIA_; NET AND COBLE, 'sassine' amended to _sasses_. P. 503, OAR-PROPULSION, invalid link: 'STERN-OAR'; OAZE, invalid link: 'OOZE'. P. 504, OE, 'Ferroe Islands' amended to _Faeroe Islands_. P. 506, OLICK, 'Gadus callaris' amended to _Gadus callarias_; OLPIS, 'CONDOR' amended to _CONDER_. P. 508, ORDER OF SAILING, 'SAILING' amended to _SAILING, ORDER OF_. P. 510, OTSEGO BASS, 'Corregonus otsego' amended to _Coregonus otsego_. P. 513, OVER-SETTING, invalid link: 'UPSET'; OVERSLAUGH, 'roaster' amended to _roster_; OXYRINCHUS, originally 'OXYRHINCUS'. P. 524, PEON-WOOD, invalid link: 'POON-WOOD'. P. 525, PERIWINKLE, originally 'PERRIWINKLE'; re-indexed (p. 524). P. 527, PICKLING, 'BURNETIZE' amended to _BURNETTIZE_; PILCHARD, 'Clupea pilcardus' amended to _Clupea pilchardus_. P. 530, PIT, invalid link: 'SAW-PIT'. P. 536, POLES, 'SCUDDING' amended to _SCUD_; 'TRYING' amended to _TRY_. P. 537, POOR JOHN, 'baccalao' amended to _bacalao_. P. 539, PORTE, invalid link: 'SUBLIME PORTE'. P. 540, PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR, 'Physalis pelagica' amended to _Physalia pelagica_. P. 546, PROFILE OF A FORT, 'ORTHOGRAPHY' amended to _ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION_. P. 547, PROSPECTIVE, invalid link: 'SPY-GLASS'. P. 550, PURSER'S STOCKING, 'SHEW A LEG' amended to _SHOW A LEG_. P. 557, RACKING A TACKLE, 'LANNIARD' amended to _LANIARD_. P. 558, RAILS OF THE STERN, invalid link: 'STERN-RAILS'. P. 563, REBATE, invalid link: 'DISCOUNT'. P. 570, RETURNS, invalid link: 'SUPPLIES AND RETURNS'. P. 573, RIGGING-STOPPER, 'STOPPERS' amended to _STOPPER OF THE CABLE_. P. 574, RIMER, 'REEMER' amended to _REEMING_. P. 575, RIPPING-IRON, 'REEMER' amended to _REEMING_; RIPPS, 'TIDE-RIPPS' amended to _TIDE-RIP_. P. 576, RITTOCH, 'Sterna hirnudo' amended to _Sterna hirundo_. P. 581, ROUND SEIZING, originally split into two entries when carried over to the next page. P. 583, ROVE, 'sheeve-hole' amended to _sheave-hole_. P. 590, SAINT CUTHBERT'S DUCK, 'Feroe Islands' amended to _Farne Islands_; SAINT SWITHIN, '6th of July' amended to _15th of July_. P. 593, SARDINE, 'Engraulus maletta' amended to _Engraulis meletta_, although this applies to the anchovy. P. 594, SAW-FISH, 'Pritis antiquorum' amended to _Pristis antiquorum_; SCALE, 'GUNTER'S SCALE' amended to _GUNTER'S LINE_. P. 595, SCENOGRAPHY, originally 'SCHENOGRAPHY'; re-indexed; SCHEDAR, 'Cassiopaea' amended to _Cassiopeia_. P. 596, SCOTCHMAN, 'skotch' amended to _scotch_. P. 599, SEA, 'flotsom and jetsom' amended to _flotsam and jetsam_. P. 601, SEA-GAUGE, invalid link: 'WATER-BOTTLE'. P. 602, SEA-LAWS, 'Wisboy' amended to _Wisbuy_. P. 603, SEA-POACHER, 'Cataphractus schonveldii' amended to _Cottus cataphractus_. P. 604, SEA-SLEECH, originally 'SEA-SLETCH'; re-indexed; link likewise amended. P. 606, SECTION, 'logitudinally' amended to _longitudinally_. P. 607, SELLOCK, 'SILLUK' amended to _SILLOCK_. P. 616, SHINER, invalid link: '_dace_'. P. 617, SHIP, 'MERCHANT' amended to _MERCHANTMAN_; SHIP-LOG, 'LOG' amended to _LOG-BOOK_. P. 618, SHIPPER, 'SCHIPPER' amended to _SKIPPER_. P. 622, SHOVELL, 'Spathulea clypeata' amended to _Spatula clypeata_. P. 623, SHROUDS, 'CHANNEL' amended to _CHAINS_. P. 624, SHURGEE, originally 'SHURQEE'. P. 627, SIMOOM, 'klamsin' amended to _kamsin_; SISTER-KEELSONS, 'SIDE KEELS' amended to _SIDE-KEELSONS_. P. 629, SKIP-JACK, 'boneta' amended to _bonito_. P. 632, SLING-DOGS, 'SPAN-DOGS' amended to _DOG_. P. 636, SNAKING, 'WORMING' amended to _WORM_; SNOOK, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_. P. 641, SPECK-BLOCKS, 'FLENSING' amended to _FLENSE_. P. 649, STAMP AND GO!, 'topsail-haliards' amended to _topsail-halliards_. P. 654, STEAM-PIPE, invalid link: 'WASTE STEAM-PIPE', see SAFETY-VALVE. P. 662, STRETCHER, invalid link: 'SHEER-POLE', see SHEER-BATTEN. P. 663, STUBB, 'wearer' amended to _weather_. P. 666, SUN-STAR, 'Solaster paposa' amended to _Solaster papposus_. P. 667, SURF-BOAT, 'MASSOOLAH-BOAT' amended to _MASULAH BOATS_. P. 670, SWORD-FISH, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_. P. 674, TANG, 'Fucus digitata' amended to _Fucus digitatus_. P. 680, THROAT-BRAILS, invalid link: 'TOPMAST-STAYSAILS'; THROUGH-PIECES, invalid link: 'GRAVING-PIECES'. P. 686, TOP, 'bibs' amended to _bibbs_. P. 687, TOP-GALLANT QUARTER-BOARDS, invalid link: 'QUARTER-BOARDS'. P. 689, TORTUE DE MER, 'gabare' amended to _gabarre_. P. 699, TROPIC-BIRD, 'Phaeton aetherius' amended to _Phaethon aethereus_. P. 700, TRUCKS, 'PARREL' amended to _PARRALS_. P. 702, TUNNY, 'Scomberidae' amended to _Scombridae_; TURBOT, 'icthyophagi' amended to _ichthyophagi_. P. 703, TUSK, 'Brosmus vulgaris' amended to _Brosmius vulgaris_. P. 707, UNLIMBER, 'pintail' amended to _pintle_. P. 712, VERTICAL PLAN, 'ORTHOGRAPHY' amended to _ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION_. P. 715, WAFT, 'recals' amended to _recalls_. P. 717, WALL-SIDED, 'flairing' amended to _flaring_. P. 723, WAY, invalid link: 'WIND'S-WAY'. P. 727, WEST-COUNTRY PARSON, 'Gadus marlucius' amended to _Gadus merluccius_. P. 728, WHAUP, 'Numenius arcuatus' amended to _Numenius arquatus_. P. 729, WHIMBREL, 'Numenius phaepus' amended to _Numenius phaeopus_. P. 730, WHISTLE, 'BOATSWAIN'S CALL' amended to _CALL_. P. 736, WOLF-FISH, 'Anarrichas lupus' amended to _Anarhichas lupus_. P. 738, WORK UP JUNK, 'sinnit' amended to _sinnet_. 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