Chapter 1

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines Author: T. H. Pardo de Tavera Translator: Jerome Beers Thomas Release date: August 22, 2008 [eBook #26393] Most recently updated: January 4, 2021 Language: English Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26393 Credits: Produced by Bryan Ness, Jeroen Hellingman, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print project.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES *** Produced by Bryan Ness, Jeroen Hellingman, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print project.) +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NOTICE | | | | The medical knowledge represented in this book is over a century | | old. The publication of this book is for historical interest only, | | and is not to be construed as medical advice by Project Gutenberg | | or its volunteers. Medicinal plants should not be used without | | consulting a trained medical professional. Medical science has made | | considerable progress since this book was written. Recommendations | | or prescriptions may have been superseded by better alternatives, | | or invalidated altogether. | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ Medicinal Plants of the Philippine Archipelago The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines By T. H. Pardo De Tavera Doctor en Medicina de la Facultad de Paris, Comisionado Cientifico de S. M. en las Islas Filipinas y Delegado General en las Mismas de la Société Académique Indo-Chinoise de Francia, Miembro Fundador Correspondiente de la Sociedad Española de Higiene, Etc. Translated and Revised by Jerome B. Thomas, Jr., A.B., M.D. Captain and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. V. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. 1012 Walnut Street. 1901 Copyright, 1901, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. This translation was undertaken with the especial object of facilitating the study of the native medicinal plants by the numerous medical officers stationed at small posts throughout the Philippines. In order to aid in the recognition of these plants, the botanical descriptions have been revised to the extent of adding, where possible, the size and shape of the plant, English name, length of leaves, color of flowers, etc., in many instances supplying the entire botanical description where it had been omitted on account of general familiarity with the plant. Comparing the few analyses that I have had an opportunity to make with corresponding ones in the native works from which Dr. Tavera has taken his botanical descriptions, I am impressed with the necessity for a revision of the Botany of the Philippines. However, as the therapeutic properties of the flora are of foremost interest to the medical profession I have not hesitated to publish the book in its present form as an entering wedge, leaving to those better fitted the great work of classifying the flora of these islands in accordance with modern botanical science. Dr. Tavera has faithfully described the Malay and Hindu therapeutics of the present day, enriching his description by observations founded on a long practice in Paris and in his own native Luzon. From this potpourri of scientific therapeutics and ignorant, superstitious drugging the interested physician will elicit not a few useful data concerning the treatment of disease in the tropics, and at the same time gain a more intimate knowledge of both the people and plants of our new Asiatic possessions. I take this occasion to gratefully acknowledge my obligations to Mr. A. P. Tonielli, stenographer and translator of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, for typewriting the manuscript of this translation. Jerome B. Thomas, Jr. Manila, P. I. PREFACE. Commissioned by His Majesty's Government to study the medicinal plants of my native country, I returned there and spent two years in collecting data regarding the use that the Filipinos make of their plants in the treatment of disease. At the same time I collected and carefully preserved some with the purpose of taking them to Europe, to study their chemical composition in the laboratories of Paris under the direction of the eminent men who had been my instructors in medicine. The work I did in the Philippines was preliminary, a preparation for the more extended study of the subject which I wished to make in Paris, where I went with my notes and collection. Unfortunately, upon leaving Manila, I confided the mounting and pressing of my plants to an inexperienced person who stupidly placed in the midst of them several succulent tubers which decomposed during the voyage and spoiled the other plants. At the same time I received in Paris an important collection of the vegetable drugs of the Philippines, sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, and destined for the World's Fair of 1889. I opened with great pleasure the wood and zinc box in which the collection came, anticipating that I should be able to carry out my plan of study and at the same time win for my friend, Garcia, a well-deserved premium. Imagine my disappointment upon finding that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had arrived in the same condition as mine, having also been packed with tubers of ubi, gabi, etc., and several cocoanuts which had decomposed. Many times since then I have tried to obtain from Manila, through exchange or payment of money, a similar collection, but have been unable to secure a single leaf of the plants I so desired. If in the future I have the good fortune to procure any, I shall make a study of those at hand and publish the results. I herewith publish the results of my investigations and experiments in Manila, where, especially in the neighboring towns of San Mateo and San Miguel, I often had opportunities for using, with good results, the plants of which this volume treats. I may add that in spite of the limited means at my disposal in Manila and the short time left me by my regular occupations I was able to conduct a few laboratory experiments owing to which this work contains some personal observations reinforcing those quoted from medical literature. The flora of the Archipelago is known to-day through the works of Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Villar and Naves, and of the engineers Jordano, the brothers Vidal and Soler and others who have brought such honor to Spanish science, preparing the way for the study of the therapeutic and industrial applications of that wonderfully rich plant life with which our islands have been endowed. Their works help us to recognize the plants whose medicinal virtues are herein described and it is to them I owe the botanical descriptions in this treatise. Father Blanco, in describing certain plants, mentions their medicinal uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are few and very deficient as one would expect in a work of the scope of his Flora. A Jesuit of some reputation, Father Clain, published in Manila in 1712 a book entitled "Remedios fáciles para diferentes enfermedades?" in which he speaks of the medicinal virtues of some of the indigenous plants, almost the same ones that appear in another work, a frank and pleasing little treatise written by Father Santa Maria. Father Mercado is the only one who has written a special treatise on the subject and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augustinian Fathers of Manila published it in the last edition of Father Blanco's "Flora"; but neither this work nor those of Clain or Santa Maria are useful to a physician, nor are they as accurately written as works of a scientific character should be. From time to time superficial articles have appeared in the Manila papers regarding the virtues of some plant or other and these books and articles comprise the whole literature on the subject up to this time. Some physicians regard with small favor the therapeutic application of plants by the Filipino "herb-doctors" (curanderos) as being entirely empirical. This disparagement is unjustified because in all the most rational and scientific remedies that we make use of, the first step towards the final development of their relative position among remedies is due to empiricism which is founded on daily experience, on observation of results obtained in specific cases, facts that are handed down from father to son for generations. The scientific explanation is lacking, but those first ideas frequently owing their origin to chance, or, perhaps, to superstition, have often been based upon the observation of facts which, although fortuitous, are none the less positive. Many of the plants mentioned in this book are official in the Pharmacopoeia of India and we see no reason why their use should be proscribed in the Philippines. Filipino physicians not only can but should employ many indigenous plants in their therapeutics; in many instances they would find them more useful than the exotics, which are not always fresh and are commonly reduced in strength by long keeping or damaged by some circumstance of voyage or climate. The price is another argument in favor of the use of native drugs. If the pharmacists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the crude drugs most in demand the public would gain a great advantage and the druggists be well repaid for their labor. Physicians and pharmacists will surely understand these advantages and when finally one considers that the patients generally prefer to be treated with native plants, I feel justified in the hope that their use will spread rapidly in the Philippines. To employ therapeutically the drugs described in this work is not to experiment "in anima vilis," as some would have us believe. To experiment is to employ unknown remedies of unknown virtues and properties. In this treatise I am not attempting to fix the indications for this or that product, but simply make known the diseases in which the Filipinos and the natives of other countries employ the products. Any physician has a perfect right to prescribe these drugs, as have also the "curanderos" and even the laity, with this difference, however, that the physician is capable of observing results and guiding himself by the physiologic action of the drugs. His knowledge of the physiologic and anatomo-pathologic problems of the human body, will enable the physician to make scientific inferences that would be hidden from the common "curandero." As neither the Manila nor the provincial physicians keep these medicinal plants in stock, with the exception of those that are official in the European and American pharmacopoeias, it will be necessary for the physician who wishes to use them, to busy himself with seeking them and laying in a sufficient stock to serve him when the opportunity presents itself. It is necessary to preserve them by drying and this is best done by exposing them several days to the fresh air in a dry place--for example, the corridors of the house--being careful not to expose them to the rays of the sun, in which latter event the fleshy and juicy plants which do not desiccate rapidly, putrefy or ferment. A convenient way to get them is to visit the Binondo Square where there has been market for native drugs from time immemorial. The gardeners from the neighboring towns, especially those from Pasay and Singalon, regularly offer the plants for sale and will undertake to supply you with any that may not be on hand. Inasmuch as the common names of the plants lead to many mistakes and much confusion, it is indispensable to acquaint one's self with the description of the plant and be sure that the actual product conforms in all respects to the description. For this purpose it is well to obtain flowering specimens, and bearing this fact in mind I have been careful to indicate the flowering season of each plant. By making excursions to the towns of San Mateo and Angono I have obtained an abundance of whatever I sought and at the same time have learned by talking with the mountaineers and "curanderos," what uses they make of their plants. The "curanderos" know a great deal concerning these uses, but become very reticent as soon as they are questioned about them. Whether it is dread of ridicule or selfishness or fear that silences them, the fact remains that it is no easy matter to glean any useful facts from them. And yet by tact and friendliness one may elicit much more information from them than first impressions would lead one to hope. Leaves should be gathered when fully developed, rejecting the old, dried and worm-eaten ones. The best time to gather bark is one month before the period of inflorescence, when it is rich in sap. The flowers are best gathered when about half expanded. The fruit is gathered green or ripe according to the active principle sought. The seeds should always be mature. Not all parts of the plant are equally provided with the active principle which may be localized in the root or the flower; or distinct principles may exist in different parts of the same plant. Therefore the part indicated, and only that part, should be employed. In the root the active substance usually resides in the bark, sometimes in the parenchyma that envelopes the woody tissue and rarely in the woody tissue itself, as, for example, in "rhubarb" and "pareira brava." The stem bark is also a frequent seat of the active principle, of which the outer portion contains the greater amount, according to the valuable experiments of Howard. Some plants owe their therapeutic importance to their wood, others to their leaves or flowers, and regarding the localization of the active principle in these parts we have nothing especial to indicate. The fruit, however, may have a pericarp consisting of mucilage, starch, sugar and gum, etc., while the seeds contain fatty matter, fixed or essential oils or alkaloids, as is the case with coffee and cacao. In view of these facts, we repeat that it is indispensable to use that part of each plant which I have indicated as applicable to a determined case or condition. I earnestly hope that the physicians and pharmacists practising in the Philippines may undertake investigations and experiments regarding the therapeutic properties of the plants of my native land, and that my endeavors may have acted as a stimulus or inspiration to the loyal and earnest study of the subjects that are now awakening such interest, not only in Europe and America, but in India and Japan. I should be pleased to receive notes, plants or reports of researches from any one interested in the subject matter of this book, and I shall consider it a pleasure, as well as a duty, to devote my forces, small as they may be, to aiding any one who may do me the honor to claim my assistance. T. H. P. de Tavera. Paris, April, 1892. CONTENTS. Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous. Dilleniaceæ--Tetracera macrophylla 17-18 Magnoliaceæ--Illicium anisatum, Michelia Champaca 18-20 Anonaceæ--Artabotrys odoratissimus, Anona squamosa, A. reticulata, A. muricata 20-22 Menispermaceæ--Tinospora crispa, Anamirta Cocculus, Cissampelos Pareira 22-27 Nymphæaceæ--Nymphæa Lotus, Nelumbium nucifera 27-28 Papaveraceæ--Argemone Mexicana 29-30 Cruciferæ--Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus 30-31 Capparidaceæ--Cleome viscosa, Cratæva religiosa 31-32 Bixineæ--Bixa Orellana, Pangium edule 32-34 Portulacaceæ--Portulaca oleracea 34 Guttiferæ--Garcinia mangostana, G. venulosa, G. Cambogia, G. morella, Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, Calophyllum Inophyllum, Mesua ferrea 35-40 Dipterocarpeæ--Dipterocarpus turbinatus 40-42 Malvaceæ--Sida carpinifolia, Abutilon Indicum, Urena sinuata, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, H. tiliaceus, H. Rosa-Sinensis, Thespesia populnea, Gossypium herbaceum, Bombax malabaricum, Eriodendron anfractuosum 42-51 Sterculiaceæ--Sterculia foetida, S. urens, Kleinhovia hospitata, Helicteres Isora, Abroma fastuosa, Theobroma Cacao 51-57 Geraniaceæ--Oxalis corniculata, Biophytum sensitivum, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola 58-61 Rutaceæ--Ruta graveolens, Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Murraya exotica, M. Koenigi, Citrus acida, Bigaradia decumana, Ægle decandra, Feronia elephantum 61-70 Simarubaceæ--Samadera Indica 71-72 Burseraceæ--Garuga pinnata, Canarium commune 72-75 Meliaceæ--Melia Azedarach, Dysoxylum Blancoi, Sandoricum Indicum, Carapa Moluccensis, Cedrela Toona 75-80 Celastraceæ--Celastrus paniculata 80-81 Rhamnaceæ--Zizyphus Jujuba, Rhamnus Wightii 81-82 Anacardiaceæ--Mangifera Indica, Anacardium occidentale, Odina Wodier 82-86 Moringeæ--Moringa pterygosperma 86-88 Leguminosæ (Papilionaceæ)--Agati grandiflora, Abrus precatorius, Mucuna pruriens, Erythrina Indica, Clitoria ternatea, Pterocarpus santalinus, P. Indicus, P. erinaceus, Pongamia glabra 88-95 Leguminosæ (Cæsalpineæ)--Cæsalpinia Bonducella, C. Sappan, C. pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, C. alata, Tamarindus Indica, Bauhinia malabarica 96-106 Leguminosæ (Mimoseæ)--Entada scandens, Parkia Roxburghii, Acacia Farnesiana 106-109 Crassulaceæ--Kalanchoe laciniata 109-110 Combretaceæ--Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, Quisqualis Indica 110-113 Myrtaceæ--Psidium pomiferum, Eugenia Jambolana 113-116 Melastomaceæ--Melastoma malabatrichum 116-117 Lythraceæ--Ammannia vesicatoria, Lawsonia alba, Punica Granatum 117-122 Onagraceæ--Jussiæa suffruticosa 122-123 Passifloraceæ--Carica Papaya 123-127 Cucurbitaceæ--Trichosanthes palmata, T. anguina, T. cucumerina, Lagenaria vulgaris, var. Gourda, var. courgourda, var. clavata, Luffa Ægyptiaca, Momordica balsamina, M. charanta, Citrullus Colocynthis 127-134 Ficoideæ--Trianthema monogyna 134 Umbelliferæ--Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Carum copticum, Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum 134-138 Cornaceæ--Alangium Lamarkii 138-139 Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous. Rubiaceæ--Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Ixora coccinea, Coffea Arabica, Morinda citrifolia bracteata, M. tinctoria, Pæderia foetida. 140-149 Compositæ--Eupatorium Ayapana, Blumea balsamifera, Sphoeranthus Indicus, Spilanthes Acmella, Artemisia vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius 149-155 Plumbagineæ--Plumbago Zeylanica 155-156 Sapotaceæ--Achras Sapota, Mimusops Elengi 156-158 Oleaceæ--Jasminum Sambac 158-159 Apocynaceæ--Allamanda cathartica, Thevetia nerifolia, Cerbera Odallam, Plumeria acutifolia, Alstonia scholaris, Nerium odorum 159-167 Asclepiadaceæ--Calotrops gigantea, Tylophora asthmatica 167-170 Loganiaceæ--Strychnos Ignatii 171-173 Boraginaceæ--Ehretia buxifolia 173 Convolvulaceæ--Ipomoea hederacea, I. pes-capræ, I. Turpethum 174-176 Solanaceæ--Solanum nigrum, Capsicum fastigiatum, Datura alba, Nicotiana Tabacum 176-182 Scrophulariaceæ--Limnophila menthastrum 182-183 Bignoniaceæ--Oroxylum Indicum 183-184 Pedaliaceæ--Sesamum Indicum 184-185 Acanthaceæ--Acanthus ilicifolius, Barleria Prionitis, Justicia Gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Rhinacanthus communis 185-190 Verbenaceæ--Lippia nodiflora, Tectona grandis, Vitex trifolia, V. Negundo, Clerodendron infortunatum 190-194 Labiatæ--Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Coleus aromaticus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anisomeles ovata, Leucas aspera 195-199 Plantaginaceæ--Plantago erosa 199 Nyctaginaceæ--Mirabilis Jalapa 199-200 Amaranthaceæ--Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes obtusifolia 200-202 Chenopodiaceæ--Chenopodium ambrosioides 202-203 Aristolochiaceæ--Aristolochia Indica 203-204 Piperaceæ--Piper Betle, P. nigrum 204-207 Chloranthaceæ--Chloranthus officinalis 207-208 Lauraceæ--Cinnamomum pauciflorum, C. tamala, Cassytha filiformis 208-210 Euphorbiaceæ--Euphorbia pilulifera, E. neriifolia, E. Tirucalli, Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. Niruri, P. urinaria, Jatropha Curcas, Aleurites Moluccana, Croton Tiglium, Acalypha Indica, Echinus Philippensis, Ricinus communis 210-223 Urticaceæ--Artocarpus integrifolia, Laportea gaudichaudiana 223-225 Casuarineæ--Casuarina Sumatrana 225-226 Monocotyledons. Musaceæ--Musa paradisiaca, M. sapientum 227-228 Zingiberaceæ--Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Elettaria Cardamomum 228-231 Amaryllidaceæ--Crinum Asiaticum 231-232 Liliaceæ--Aloes Barbadensis, Allium sativum, A. Cepa 232-234 Palmæ--Areca Catechu, Cocos nucifera, Nipa fruticans 234-238 Cyperaceæ--Cyperus rotundus 239 Gramineæ--Zea Mays, Andropogon Schoenanthes, Saccharum officinarum, Oriza 240-243 Bambuseæ 243-244 EXPLANATION. For the common words of the different Filipino dialects I have adopted the orthography which in my various treatises on those dialects I have demonstrated to be the easiest, most rational and convenient. I should be inconsistent as to my own theories and convictions if I continued to follow the old form of spelling. For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the matter I will state that the consonants are pronounced as follows: g always as in get. h gutturalized aspirate. k as in English. w always as initial w in English, win, wan. ng as ng in sing, hung, etc. ABBREVIATIONS. Bic.--Bicol. Eng.--English. Iloc.--Ilocan. Indo-Eng.--Indo-English. Pam.--Pampango. Pan.--Pangasinan. Sp.--Spanish. Sp.-Fil.--Spanish-Filipino. Tag.--Tagalog. Vis.--Viscayan. MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES DICOTYLEDONOUS, POLYPETALOUS. DILLENIACEÆ. _Tetracera macrophylla, Vall._ (_T. monocarpa_, _T. sarmentosa_, Blanco.) Nom. Vulg.--_Malakatmón_, Tag. Uses.--The wood of _malakatmón_ is one of the best known and popular drugs of the Binondo [1] market place. It is used as an infusion internally in the hæmoptysis of consumptives, and externally in the treatment of sore throat, its action being due to the large amount of tannin it contains. It is also employed in Malabar in the form of an infusion of the leaves of the species, _T. Rheedi_, to treat sore throat, mixing it with a decoction of rice called _cange_. The Filipinos do not distinguish this species from the _T. Assa_. Both are called _malakatmón_, and are employed indiscriminately to accomplish the same results. The silicious concretion obtained from the leaves is used as a polish in the form of polish paper. Dose.--In infusion for internal use, 4 grams of wood to 1 liter of water; as a gargle, 10 to 15 grams to the liter. Botanical Description.--A shrub with leaves alternate, oval, serrate, finely dentate with very short and stiff hairs. Flowers of a strong, rather agreeable odor, axillary, in panicles. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals. Stamens indefinite, expanding at the upper end and bearing 2 anthers. Carpels 3, with ovules indefinite in two series. Seeds with red arils. Habitat.--In the vicinity of Manila. Blooms in July. MAGNOLIACEÆ Magnolia Family. _Illicium anisatum, L._ Nom. Vulg.--_Anis estrellado_, _Badiana_, Sp.; _Sangki_, Tag.; _Star Anise_, Eng. Uses.--Although this plant does not grow in the Philippines, the use of its fruit is so common there that it demands a place in this work. It is employed chiefly as a condiment in the preparation of food, and its essential oil is used to prepare the native "anise cordial" by mixing it with alcohol obtained from the palm or from sugar cane. The decoction of the fruit is given after meals as a tea-like beverage, to aid digestion or for its carminative effect in flatulent colic. Star anise has an aromatic taste, slightly bitter and acrid, and a very marked perfume of anise which with its star-like form gives the plant one of its names. It is a very useful stimulant, tonic, stomachic and carminative. It is official in all Pharmacopoeias and the pericarp is the part employed. The dose is from 1 to 2 grams to 100 of water in infusion, to be taken in one draught. According to Schlegel it contains the following substances: An essential oil 4.675; a green waxy material which melts at 51°, a resin, a gum and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) identical with that of anise from which it is impossible to distinguish it chemically. The only difference is that the former has a blander odor and solidifies at 1°.25 instead of 10°, as does the oil of anise. Botanical Description.--The plant grows in the mountains of Yunnan, China, and in Tonquin. The part used in the Philippines is the fruit, being indeed the only part known here. This is composed of 8 woody follicles arranged about a central column in the form of a star. These follicles open at maturity and reveal the seeds, which are shining, smooth, ovoid, hard, of a pretty chestnut-red color. In the Philippines they are sold even in the smallest food-vending shops. _Michelia Champaca, L._ Nom. Vulg.--_Tsampaka_, _Sampaka_, Tag.; _Champaca_, Fil.-Span. Uses.--The bark of the trunk is well known as a febrifuge and emmenagogue in India. It is slightly bitter and aromatic. Dr. H. Folliat has used it with success in the Island of Mauritius in the treatment of the common intermittent fevers; he administered the infusion (bark 30 grams, water 600 cc.)--or the decoction (bark 30 grams, water 1,200 cc.); boil till reduced to 600 cc.--giving a wine-glassful every hour just before and after the paroxysm. An astringent decoction made from the leaves is used as a gargle in sore throat. The root is emmenagogue and the seeds are used in the treatment of anal fissure. Dr. Hooper has found the following substances in the bark of the _Champana_: a volatile oil with a pine-like odor; a fixed oil, insoluble in alcohol, melting at 15° and forming soap with soda; a resin extremely bitter, acrid, brown in color; tannin; sugar; a bitter principle, albuminoids, coloring matters, mucilage and starch. Botanical Description.--A tree 15-18° high; leaves alternate, 6 × 2', stipulate, simple. Flowers fragrant, saffron-colored, hermaphrodite, solitary and axillary. The receptacle, conical at its base, becomes narrow, lengthens and then enlarges, forming a column which is bare at its narrow part. At its base is inserted the perianth composed of 6 overlapping leaflets arranged in two series. Stamens indefinite, fixed in the base of the column of the receptacle on the superior portion of which are inserted the ovaries which contain many ovules arranged in two vertical series. Habitat.--Common in all parts (of the islands). ANONACEÆ. Custard-Apple Family. _Artabotrys odoratissimus_, R. Br. (_A. hamatus_, Bl.; _Uvaria Sinensis_ and _Unona uncinata_, Blanco.) Nom. Vulg.--_Ilang-ilang de China_, Sp.-Fil.; _Alang-ilang Son-son_, Tag. Uses.--A decoction of the leaves of this species is used to treat cholera in some of the islands of the Malay group; in the island of Java they use for the same purpose a decoction of the leaves of the species _A. suaveolens_, Bl., which is commonly called _Susong Damulog_ in the Pampanga dialect. The active principles of these plants are so powerful that one must beware of giving a large dose, as hemorrhages, nervous phenomena and abortion may follow. Botanical Description.--A tree 15-18° high with leaves alternate, lanceolate, glabrous, and petioles very short. Flowers very sweet, axillary, solitary. Petals 6, fleshy, concave at the base. Stamens indefinite, closely packed, overlapping. Peduncle curved like a crook. Habitat.--Cultivated in gardens. _Anona squamosa_, L. (_A. tuberosa_, Rumph.) Nom. Vulg.--_Ates_, Tag.; _Custard Apple_, Eng. Uses.--The fruit of the mature ates is edible and is one of the most delicious that grows in the Philippines; its white and delicately perfumed pulp has a delicious flavor. The unripe fruit is exceedingly astringent. The fermented juice of the ripe pulp is used in certain parts of America to prepare a popular drink. The powdered seeds make a useful parasiticide especially when used on the scalp, but it is necessary to avoid getting any of the drug in the eyes on account of its irritant effect. Botanical Description.--Tree 8 or 9° high with leaves alternate, oblong, the edges pubescent. Flowers greenish-yellow, axillary, solitary; peduncle not curved. Petals 6, convergent. Stamens crowded, indefinite. Fruit fleshy, covered with scales or rather rounded tubercles; beneath is the white and fragment pulp, covering the long-oval seeds. _A. reticulate, L._ Nom. Vulg.--_Anonas_, Sp.-Fil. Uses.--The fruit of this species is neither as much prized nor as abundant in the Philippines as that of the ates. When unripe it possesses the same properties as the latter. The large proportion of tannin which both species contain in their unripe state, makes them very useful in treating diarrhoea and dysentery. They are administered in the form of a decoction, by enema. The sap of the trunk is very irritating. The roots are used by the American Indians to treat epilepsy. Lemon juice is the antidote for the sap of this species. I wish to call attention to the similarity of the common name of this plant to another entirely distinct species commonly used in the Tagalo therapeutics; namely, the _anonang_ (Cordia), with which it must not be confused. Botanical Description.--Tree 10° high with leaves lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in a sort of umbel. Corolla like that of _A. squamosa_. Fruit without the plainly visible tubercles of the foregoing species, their presence being merely suggested by a sort of net traced on the surface. _A. muricata_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Guanábano_, _Goyabano_, Sp.-Fil. Uses.--The ripe fruit possesses antiscorbutic properties; the unripe fruit is used in treating dysentery. It is said that the ripe fruit is used in diseases of the liver. Botanical Description.--Tree with leaves oval, alternate and glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal, whitish. The fruit is much larger than that of the other species, is covered with scales that end in a soft point or thorn and has a very pronounced acid taste. Habitat.--All three species are common in all parts of the Archipelago. MENISPERMACEÆ. Moonseed Family. _Tinospora crispa_, Miers. (_Menispermum crispum_, L.; _M. rimosum_, Blanco; _Cocculus crispus_, DC.) Nom. Vulg.--_Makabuhay_, Tag. Uses.--Makabuhay is one of the most widely known and used plants in the Philippines; a sort of panacea applied to all bodily afflictions. Its Tagalo name means literally "you may live." A shoot deprived of roots and dropped in some moist place is soon covered with bright green leaves and adventitious roots. This peculiarity of the plant made it possible for me to take a large number of sprouts from Manila to Paris where they arrived perfectly fresh after a voyage of forty days, during which they lay almost forgotten in the ship and the cars. The stem is the part employed in medicine. A decoction is given internally in the various forms of malarial fever and of dyspepsia. Externally it is most useful as a wash for ulcers of all kinds, rapidly improving their appearance. In India the species _T. cordifolia_ is used; it differs but little from _T. crispa_. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia and has been introduced into Europe. _T. cordifolia_ has given excellent results in the mild forms of intermittent fever; in general debility following long and severe cases of illness; in chronic rheumatism, and in the second stage of syphilis. As the two species are so much alike we shall add the preparations and dose of _T. cordifolia_ which we have used on several occasions with good results. Tincture of T. cordifolia.--Stems of the dried plant, 100 grams. Alcohol 21° (Cartier), 500 cc. Macerate seven days in a closed vessel stirring from time to time. After decanting add enough alcohol (21°) to bring the quantity up to 500 cc., and filter. Dose.--4-8 grams. Maceration.--Fresh stems cut in small pieces, 30 grams, water 300 grams. Macerate for two hours and filter. Dose.--30-90 cc. a day. Extract.--Dry makabuhay in small pieces 500 grams. Water 2 1/2 liters. Macerate for twelve hours, filter the liquid and express the macerated drug which is then macerated a second time in 2 1/2 liters of water. Express again, unite the two liquids and filter. Evaporate in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass. Dose.--1/2-1 1/2 grams a day in fractional doses. Botanical Description.--A vine whose runners entwine themselves among the tops of the highest trees, giving off many adventitious roots which seek the earth. The stem is covered with projecting tubercles. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire with five well-marked nerves. Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious, growing in axillary racemes. The male flowers have a corolla of six petals, the three smaller ones arranged alternately. In the female flower the stamens are represented by three glands situated at the base of the petals. Fruit, an elliptical drupe. _Anamirta Cocculus_, Wight & Arn. (_Menispermum Cocculus_, (L.) Blanco; _M. lacunosum_, Famk; _Cocculus lacunosus_, _C. suberosus_, DC.) Nom. Vulg.--_Laktang_, _Liktang_, _Suma_, _Lanta_, _Lintang bagin_, _Tuba_, _Balasin_, _Bayati_, Tag., Vis., Pam. Uses.--One of the uses to which the India berries (_Cocas de Levante_) are put in the Philippines, is to throw them into small sluggish streams or into lakes with the object of intoxicating the fish which soon come to the surface and float there as if dead. This custom is very extensive in Malaysia, in India and even in Europe, where, in order to avoid the cases of poisoning which this practice has occasioned in the consumers of fish taken in this way, it has been found necessary to forbid the sale of the berries except in the pharmacies. These restrictions are practiced in France. In the Binondo market in Manila the root of this plant may be found in abundance; it is yellow and very bitter. The natives use the infusion (5-10 grams to 300 cc. of water) in fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual derangements. In India also the root is used in the same complaints. The fruit contains the highly toxic principle _picrotoxin_, and others as follows: _Menispermin_ (C_18_H_24_N_2_O_2_) is an alkaloid which crystallizes in pyramidal prisms, is soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble in water. Hot nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid and a yellow substance of a resinous appearance. _Picrotoxin_ (C_30_H_24_O_13_) is not an alkaloid as may be seen from its formula. Its properties are not well known at the present time. It crystallizes in small quadrilateral prisms, white and transparent, or in needles grouped in stars. No odor, taste bitter, insoluble in water, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, freely soluble in acids and alkalies. A solution in concentrated sulphuric acid has a saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid transforms it into oxalic acid. _Picrotoxinin_ exists in picrotoxin in the proportion of 32 to 100, and may be separated by boiling in benzine. It is bitter, poisonous, reduced by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. Sixty-six per cent. of _picrotoxin_ consists of another bitter substance, non-poisonous--_picrotin_, which is insoluble in benzine and is reduced by Fehling's solution and nitrate of silver. Lastly, _anamirtin_ is found in the mother water of picrotoxin; it is not bitter, not poisonous, and not reducible by the aforementioned reagents. The fruit of the _anamirta_, the "coca de Levante" is an acrid, narcotic poison, which may not be employed internally; its uses are limited to external medication. In the Pharmacopoeia of India is given the formula for a parasiticide ointment, highly recommended in the treatment of pediculi: _Unguentum anamirtæ_: 4 grams Cocculus berries, powdered, 30 grams Vaseline. M. Fiat unguentum. In applying this ointment it is necessary to make sure that there is no wound or abrasion of the skin through which absorption might take place. Botanical Description.--A vine with leaves alternate, entire, glabrous, broadly oval, pointed, with 5 nerves which unite at the base, long petioles. Flowers dioecious, in compound racemes. Male flowers consist of a perianth without corolla, the sepals arranged by threes in two or three whorls. The end of the receptacle expanded like a bead, bears a large number of stamens in 6 vertical series, with anthers sessile and 4-lobed. Female flowers analogous as regards the perianth, with 6-9 sterile stamens. Carpels formed of 5 ovaries, free, unilocular, containing one ovule each. Fruit, a drupe of a purple color, the size of a filbert, kidney-shaped, the albumen horny. _Cissampelos Pareira_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Sansawsansawan_, Tag.; _Chinchaochinchauan_, Sp.-Fil. Uses.--Although this plant formerly bore the Portuguese name of _Pareira brava_, the U. S. P. and B. P. recognize now under this title only the root of _Chondrodendron tomentosum_. It is diuretic and tonic and apparently exercises an astringent and sedative action upon the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs. The root is used in acute and chronic cystitis. In Brazil it is used as a diaphoretic and as such is employed in cases of venomous snake bites. It is also used there as an emmenagogue and diuretic, in intermittent fevers, dropsy and suppression of the lochia in women recently confined. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India. Decoction.--Root of cissampelos, small pieces, 50 grams. Water 600 grams. Dose.--30-100 grams. Boil 15 minutes; filter and add enough water to bring the total bulk up to 600 cc. Extract.--Root of cissampelos in powder 500 grams. Water 5 liters. Dose.--.5-1 gram. Digest the powder for 24 hours in 500 cc. water, pour the mixture into a filter and add water gradually until the percolate amounts to 5 liters. Evaporate the percolate in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass. Fluid Extract.--This is prepared in the same manner as the extract and is allowed to remain in the bath until reduced in bulk to 400 grams. It is then removed and 100 grams of alcohol (36°) are added. Dose.--1.75-7 cc. Chemical Composition.--Flückiger has isolated a bitter principle analogous to berberin; also _buxine_ and _paracine_, which latter received the name _pelosine_ from Wiggers in 1839. The former chemist proposed the name buxine for all these analogous principles. Pelosine or buxine is precipitated by a concentrated solution of HCl, by sal ammoniac, by potassium nitrate and potassium iodide. He also discovered a neutral substance, _deyamitin_, which crystallizes in microscopic tablets; sulphuric acid added to these gives a pretty dark blue color which changes to green. Botanical Description.--A climbing shrub with cylindrical woody stem, with leaves simple, alternate, entire, petiolate, ovoid, broad at the base. The inferior surface of the leaf is pubescent, especially in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers dioecious, small, racemose. Calyx of 12 sepals arranged in 3 whorls, the inner ones broad and petaloid. Corolla of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens sterile or rudimentary in the pistillate flower, the staminate flower bearing 6; anthers innate, 2-celled. Drupes oval, 2 or 3 cm. long, black, closely resembling a grape seed. NYMPHÆACEÆ. Water-Lily Family. _Nymphæa Lotus_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Lawas_, _Talaylo_, _Tunas_, _Gaway-gaway_, Tag., Vis., Pam.; _Water Lily_, Eng. Uses.--The anaphrodisiac virtues attributed to this plant and to all the water-lily family are purely imaginary. Its juice being slightly bitter and astringent is used in decoction as an injection in gonorrhoea. It possesses mild narcotic properties, for which some use the juice of the whole plant, rubbing the forehead and temples with it to produce sleep. Botanical Description.--An aquatic plant, with leaves solitary, terminal, floating on the water, dentate, glabrous, broad, deeply cleft at the base, with a very long petiole. Flowers solitary, persistent in the ripe fruit, oval. Stamens indefinite in fine whorls or verticils. Habitat.--Common on the shores of the Laguna de Bay. _Nelumbium nucifera_, Gaertn. (_N. speciosum_, Willd.; _N. Asiaticum_, Rich.; _Cyamus Nelumbo_, Sm.; _C. mysticus_, Salis.) Nom. Vulg.--_Bayno_, Tag.; _Sukaw_, Iloc.; _Sacred Lotus_, Eng. Uses.--An infusion of the flowers is used internally in dysentery. In India they use, for diarrhoea and vomiting, the viscid juice obtained from the petioles and the peduncles of the flowers. The rootstock contains a large quantity of starch which has been utilized for food in the periods of famine which have desolated India and Egypt. This flower was the Sacred Lotus of the Egyptians and the people of India have dedicated it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity. Infusion.--Petals, dried 5 grams. Water 250 grams. Sig. To be taken during 24 hours. Botanical Description.--An aquatic plant with fleshy rootstock which creeps along the muddy bottoms; from its nodes spring the stalks of the leaves and flowers. Its leaves are alternate, polymorphous, some above and some below the surface of the water, concave in the center whence ribs separate, shield-shaped. Petioles very long, bearing soft, short spines. The flowers white or pink, solitary; peduncle long and, like the petioles, covered with soft, short spines. Calyx of 4-5 unequal sepals, imbricated. Corolla with an indefinite number of unequal petals, the inner ones shorter. Stamens indefinite, inserted in the base of the receptacle. Receptacle expanded above the androecium, in the form of an inverted cone, containing a large number of alveoli with circular openings. PAPAVERACEÆ. Poppy Family. _Argemone Mexicana_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Kasubhang-aso_, Iloc. Uses.--Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant "is used by the natives (Filipinos) to treat fissures of the corners of the eyes." The negros of Senegal use the decoction of the root to cure gonorrhoea. The milky juice to which Blanco refers is used in different countries to treat various skin diseases, including the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and leprosy; to remove warts, and as an eye wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis. The English physicians of India state that it is dangerous to use the milky juice as an application to the eye, although Dymock claims the contrary. The flowers are narcotic by virtue of a principle resembling morphine, perhaps identical with that alkaloid. The seeds yield a fixed oil on expression, which is laxative and relieves the pains of colic, probably by virtue of its narcotic properties. Physicians in India praise this oil highly; not only is it a sure and painless purgative, but it is free from the viscidity and disgusting taste of castor-oil; besides it has the advantage of operating in small doses, 2-4 grams. Its activity is proportionate to its freshness. Dr. W. O'Shaughnessy does not value this oil highly, but the experience of many distinguished physicians of India has proved the purgative and other properties that have just been mentioned. Possibly the differences of opinion may arise from the fact that oils from different plants were used in the trials. The seeds yield a fixed oil, yellow, clear, of sweet taste, density 0.919 at 15°; it remains liquid at -5°; is soluble in an equal volume of alcohol at 90°; characterized by an orange-red color on adding nitric acid. From its soap Frolicher has obtained acetic, valerianic, butyric and benzoic acids. Charbonnier claims to have found morphine in its leaves and capsules. Dragendorf has isolated from the seeds an alkaloid which presents the principal characters of morphine. It is, then, probable that morphine is the narcotic principle possessed by this plant, which is not hard to believe when one considers the family to which it belongs. Botanical Description.--A plant of American origin nowadays acclimated in almost all warm countries. Its stem is green, pubescent, 30-40 centimeters high. Leaves alternate, thin, sessile, lanceolate, covered with rigid green thorns. Flowers hermaphrodite, terminal, yellow. Calyx, 3 sepals with conical points. Corolla, 6 rounded petals. Stamens indefinite, free, hypogynous. Ovary free, triangular. Capsule expanded, oblong, angular, thickly set with prickles: it opens inferiorly by 5 valves. CRUCIFERÆ. Mustard Family. _Brassica juncea_, Hook. & Thom. (_Sinapis juncea_, L.) Nom. Vulg.--_Mostaza_, Sp.; _Mustard_, Eng. Uses.--The seeds are used in the same way as those of white or black mustard (_Sinapis alba_ and _S. nigra_, L.). Botanical Description.--Plant with a glabrous stem, leaves sessile, glabrous, lanceolate, the upper ones serrate, the lower ones almost entire. Flowers in racemes. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 rounded, unguiculate petals. Stamens 6, two of them short and the other four longer and united in pairs. Ovary flattened. Seed vessel quadrangular, nodular, glabrous, containing many oval seeds. _Raphanus sativus, L._ Nom. Vulg.--_Rábano_, Sp.; _Radish_, Eng. Uses.--Used principally as food; it possesses the antiscorbutic properties common to the greater part of the Cruciferæ. It is an herbaceous plant, the root of which is so commonly known that its description would be useless. CAPPARIDACEÆ. Caper Family. _Cleome viscosa_, L. (_C. icosandra_, L.; _Polanisia viscosa_, DC.) Nom. Vulg.--_Balabalanoyan_, _Apoyapoyan_, Tag.; _Wild Mustard_, Eng. Uses.--The seeds possess the same properties as those of mustard and are used in place of the latter in Manila. In America the leaves are used as a poultice in otitis, their action being rubefacient. In India the seeds are given internally for their anthelmintic and carminative effect; the dose is one teaspoonful twice a day. The juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used in the form of eardrops in suppurative otitis. The natives give the same common name to the _Gynandropsis pentaphylla_, DC. (_Cleome pentaphylla_, L.; _C. altiacea_ or _C. alliodora_, Blanco), which is distinguished from the former by its six stamens inserted on the pistil and its violet-colored stem. Its therapeutic properties are identical with those of the _Cleome viscosa_. Dr. Sir W. Jones believes that the plant possesses antispasmodic properties, basing his belief on its odor, which resembles _asafetida_, though not so disagreeable. In India the juice of the leaves is a popular remedy for earache. It is also used there as a rubefacient. Botanical Description.--An annual, the stem channeled and bearing glandular hairs. Leaves compound, alternate; leaflets lanceolate with glandular hairs. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, yellow. Stamens 14-16, encircling the pistil. Seed vessels cylindrical, with channels and glandular hairs. The whole plant is sticky and emits a garlicky odor. _Cratæva religiosa_, Forst. Nom. Vulg.--_Salingbobog_, Tag.; _Balay-namuk_, Iloc. Uses.--It is in common use in India as a tonic and stomachic. It seems also to possess laxative and diuretic properties. In Concan the juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used as a liniment in rheumatism. Infusion.--Leaves, fresh 50 grams. Water 500 grams. Dose.--50-100 grams a day as a tonic or stomachic. Botanical Description.--A shrub 15-20° high with compound trifoliate leaves with long petioles; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, dark green. Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 4 unguiculate petals, between white and straw color, 1' long. Stamens indefinite, violet-colored. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Berry spherical with many seeds buried in pulp. Habitat.--Blanco has seen the plant growing in Ilocos and Imus. BIXINEÆ. _Bixa Orellana_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Atsuiti_, _Achuiti_, Tag.; _Achiote_, _Achuete_, Sp.-Fil.; _Annatto_, Eng. Uses.--The principal use of the seeds is in cookery and everybody knows the yellow color which Filipino cooks impart to almost all their dishes. In medicine the fine powder that covers the seeds is used as a hæmostatic and internally as a stomachic. On account of the astringent qualities of the coloring matter it is used in some countries to treat dysentery, a fact which suggests its possible therapeutic or rather hygienic usefulness as a condiment. It seems to effect a cure in dysentery in the same manner as ipecac. In India, Brazil and the Antilles the natives make a sort of paste of achuete known under the name of _rocu_. There is a hard, odorless form of rocu and another soft, unctuous, of a delicate red color and an odor rendered highly disagreeable by the urine added to it to keep it soft. Rocu is the preparation of achuete that has been subjected to chemical analysis. Its composition is as follows: Two coloring matters, _bixin_ (C_28_H_34_O_5_), of a red color, resinous, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions and benzine, crystallizing in microscopic laminæ, quadrangular, red, of a metallic violet lustre; _orellin_, yellow in color, soluble in alcohol and in water. Botanical Description.--A well-known tree growing to a height of 5-7 meters, with leaves alternate, simple, oval, heart-shaped at the base, sharply pointed, glabrous, short petioles. Flowers in panicles. Calyx, 5 rounded sepals, tuberculate at the base, imbricated, caducous. Corolla of 5 rose-colored petals. Stamens very numerous, free, inserted on the receptacle. Capsule round, dark red, bristling with stout hairs of the same color. The seeds are covered with a fine, yellowish-red powder. _Pangium edule_, Reinw. (_Hydonocarpus polyandra_, Blanco.) Nom. Vulg.--_Pangi_, Tag. Uses.--All parts of this tree are anthelmintic. The seeds, fruit, leaves and bark all possess narcotic properties dangerous to man and the symptoms following an excessive dose are sleepiness, headache, a sort of intoxication or an attack of delirium that may end in death. These narcotic properties have been utilized in Java to stupefy the fish in the rivers by throwing the bark in the pools and quiet portions of the stream. The juice of the leaves is used in the treatment of chronic skin diseases. In Amboina the natives eat the seeds, the toxic quality of which is removed by brushing and macerating in pure water for a certain time. After such treatment they may be eaten with impunity and an oil may be extracted from them which is useful as a food. Botanical Description.--A tree with leaves 5' long, alternate, ovate, broad, entire, glabrous, palmately nerved. Petiole long with 2 persistent lateral stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male ones in panicles, the female solitary. Calyx gamosepalous, dividing unequally when the flower opens. The male flower has a corolla of 5-7 petals, violet-colored, concave, half oval, with pubescent borders; at its base a flat scale. Stamens free, numerous, thick filaments, anthers bilocular. In the female flower the perianth is the same as in the former, the stamens sterile. Ovary unilocular, with 2-4 parietal placentæ with many ovules. Fruit as large as a man's head, with thin woody pericarp and many seeds embedded within its pulp. PORTULACACEÆ. Purslane Family. _Portulaca oleracea_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Verdolagas_, Sp.; _Olasiman_, _Kolasiman_, Tag.; _Purslane_, Eng. Uses.--The entire plant is edible, in the form of a salad or as a condiment with meat or fish. The leaves are succulent and acid, and the juice expressed from them is used as an eyewash to remove corneal opacities; it is also used in superficial erysipelas and other skin affections. The bruised leaves are used as a poultice for abscesses, contusions and on the temples for headache. The juice is given internally to check hæmoptysis and in diseases of the lungs and bladder; the seeds also are used in these complaints. Botanical Description.--A plant with prostrate stem. Leaves fleshy, wedge-shaped. Flowers small, sessile, terminal, pale yellow. Calyx of 2 large teeth, deciduous. Corolla, 4-5 petals with a notch at the end. Stamens 9-14. Style of equal length with the stamens. Stigma in 4-6 divisions. The seed vessel, which dehisces horizontally, contains many small, heart-shaped seeds. Habitat.--It grows in all parts of the islands. GUTTIFERÆ. Gamboge Family. _Garcinia mangostana_, L. Nom. Vulg.--_Mangostán_, Sp.; _Mangosteen_, Eng. Uses.--The seed of the fruit is astringent and is given internally as an infusion in dysentery and chronic diarrhoea. The decoction is very useful as an injection in leucorrhoea. The following potion has given excellent results to Dr. Ed. J. Waring in chronic dysentery and the diarrhoeas of tropical countries: Dried peel of mangosteen 60 grams. Cumin seed 5 grams. Coriander 5 grams. Water 1,200 grams. Boil till reduced to 600 grams. Take 120 grams twice a day. Tincture of opium may be added. An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt demonstrated a large quantity of tannin, a resin and a crystallizable principle named _mangostin_ (C_20_H_23_O_5_) which exists in the form of fine, golden yellow laminæ, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether and the alkalies, insoluble in water. With the perchloride of iron it gives a blackish-green color, and sulphuric acid colors it red. Botanical Description.--The mangosteen grows only in the southern islands of the Archipelago and its delicious fruit is the part of the plant known in Manila. The peel is at the present time almost universally employed in medicine. The fruit is about the size of a small Manila orange, the pericarp a dark red or chocolate color, tough and thick, crowned with the remains of the calyx. On breaking it open the edible portion of the fruit is seen, consisting of 6-18 seeds covered by a white, sweet pulp, cottony in appearance, of a delicious slightly acrid flavor.