Chapter 1

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Animal Parasites of Man This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Animal Parasites of Man Author: Harold Benjamin Fantham Max Braun J. W. W. Stephens Fred. V. Theobald Contributor: Otto Seifert Release date: August 17, 2018 [eBook #57713] Language: English Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57713 Credits: Produced by Thiers Halliwell, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN *** Produced by Thiers Halliwell, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber’s notes: The text of this e-book has mostly been preserved in its original form, including inconsistent italics, capitalisation, hyphenation and diacritics; however, some infelicities have been corrected silently, e.g. missing/inconsistent punctuation, parentheses and spacing. Several footnote markers have been inserted where they were missing from the text. The _very_ long table of contents has somewhat inconsistent levels of indentation that don’t correspond accurately with headings used in the text. Some illustrations have been moved nearer to the relevant text and their locations may differ from those specified in the list of illustrations. A few illustrations that lacked an identifying number have been correctly numbered. The book contains extensive sections of quoted text but these are identified by square brackets rather than by traditional quotation marks. Two different sized fonts were used to print the original body text, a feature that is replicated in this transcription. Several short passages of text were inserted by the printer at the last minute, and these are enclosed in lightly shaded text boxes. A list of spelling corrections and inconsistencies is appended at the end of the book. THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN BY H. B. FANTHAM, M.A.Cantab., D.Sc.Lond. _Lecturer on Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine_; _Sectional Editor in Protozoology, “Tropical Diseases Bulletin,” London_, _etc._ J. W. W. STEPHENS, M.D.Cantab., D.P.H. _Sir Alfred Jones Professor of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool University, etc._ AND F. V. THEOBALD, M.A.Cantab., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S. _Professor of Agricultural Zoology, London University_; _Vice- Principal and Zoologist of the South-eastern Agricultural College_; _Mary Kingsley Medallist_; _Grande Médaille Geoffroy St. Hilaire_, _Soc. Nat. d’Acclim. de France_, _etc._ PARTLY ADAPTED FROM Dr. MAX BRAUN’S “Die Tierischen Parasiten des Menschen” (4th Edition, 1908) and an Appendix by Dr. OTTO SEIFERT. NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY MCMXX. PREFACE. The English edition of Braun’s “Die Tierischen Parasiten des Menschen,” produced in 1906, being out of print, the publishers decided to issue another edition based on the translation of Braun’s fourth German edition, which appeared in 1908, to which had been added an appendix, by Dr. Otto Seifert on Treatment, etc. When the work was considered with a view to a new edition, it was found that a vast amount of new matter had to be incorporated, numerous alterations essential for bringing it up to date were necessitated, and many omissions were inevitable. The result is that parts of the book have been rewritten, and, apart from early historical references, the work of Braun has disappeared. This is more particularly the case with the Protozoa section of the present work. The numerous additions, due to the great output of scientific literature and other delays in publication, have led to the book being somewhat less homogeneous than we desired, and have necessitated the use of appendices to allow of the presentation of new facts only recently ascertained. Many new illustrations have been added or substituted for older, less detailed ones. Some of these new figures were drawn specially for this book. The first section, on the Protozoa, has been written by Dr. Fantham, there being little of the original text left except parts of the historical portions, and thus the section on Protozoa must be considered as new. The second section, on Worms (except the Acanthocephala, Gordiidæ and Hirudinea), has been remodelled by Professor Stephens to such an extent that this, too, must not be looked upon as a translation of Braun’s book. With regard to the Arthropoda, much remains as in the last English edition, but some new matter added by Braun in his fourth German edition is included, and much new matter by Mr. Theobald has been incorporated. As regards the Appendix by Dr. Seifert, the first section has been remodelled, but the sections on the Helminthes and the Arthropoda are practically translations of the original. The authors desire to express their thanks to Miss A. Porter, D.Sc., J. P. Sharples, Esq., B.A., M.R.C.S., and H. F. Carter, Esq., F.E.S., for valuable help. They also wish to thank the authors, editors, and publishers of several manuals and journals for their courtesy in allowing the reproduction of certain of their illustrations. In this connection mention must be made more particularly of Professor Castellani, Dr. Chalmers, Professor Doflein, Dr. Leiper, the late Professor Minchin, Professor Nuttall, Dr. Wenyon, Mr. Edw. Arnold, Messrs. Baillière, Tindall and Cox, Messrs. Black, Messrs. Cassell, Dr. Gustav Fischer, Messrs. Heinemann, the Cambridge University Press, the Editors of the _Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology_, the Editors of the _Journal of Experimental Medicine_, and the Editor of the _Tropical Diseases Bulletin_. H. B. F. J. W. W. S. F. V. T. _December, 1915._ CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE iii ERRATA xxxii ON PARASITES IN GENERAL 1 Occasional and Permanent Parasitism 1 Entozoa, Endoparasites, Helminthes, Turbellaria 2 Hermaphroditism 4 Fertility of Parasites 5 Transmigrations 5 Commensals, Mutualists 6 Incidental and Pseudo-parasites 6 The Influence of Parasites on the Host 8 Origin of Parasites 10 Derivation of Parasites 19 Change of Host 20 Literature 22 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 25 *A. Protozoa* 25 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTOZOA. Class I. SARCODINA 27 Order. _Amœbina_ 27 _Foraminifera_ 27 _Heliozoa_ 27 _Radiolaria_ 28 Class II. MASTIGOPHORA 28 III. SPOROZOA 28 Sub-class 1. TELOSPORIDIA 28 Order. _Gregarinida_ 28 _Coccidiidea_ 28 _Hæmosporidia_ 28 Sub-class 2. NEOSPORIDIA 28 Order. _Myxosporidia_ 28 _Microsporidia_ 28 _Sarcosporidia_ 28 _Haplosporidia_ 29 Class IV. INFUSORIA 29 V. SUCTORIA 29 Class I. SARCODINA, Bütschli, 1882 29 Order. _Amœbina_, Ehrenberg 29 A. Human Intestinal Amœbæ 29 _Entamœba coli_, Lösch, 1875, emend. Schaudinn, 1903 32 _Entamœba histolytica_, Schaudinn, 1903 34 _Entamœba tetragena_, Viereck, 1907 38 Noc’s Entamœba, 1909 41 _Entamœba buccalis_, Prowazek, 1904 43 _Entamœba undulans_, Castellani, 1905 43 _Entamœba kartulisi_, Doflein, 1901 44 _Amœba gingivalis_, _A. buccalis_, _A. dentalis_ 44 Genus. _Paramœba_, Schaudinn, 1896 44 _Paramœba (Craigia) hominis_, Craig, 1906 45 B. Amœbæ from other Organs 45 _Entamœba pulmonalis_, Artault, 1898 45 _Amœba urogenitalis_, Baelz, 1883 45 _Amœba miurai_, Ijima, 1898 46 _Appendix_: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis Acuta” 46 Order. _Foraminifera_, d’Orbigny 47 Sub-order. _Monothalamia_ (Testaceous Amœbæ) 47 Genus. _Chlamydophrys_, Cienkowski, 1876 47 _Chlamydophrys enchelys_, Ehrenberg 47 _Leydenia gemmipara_, Schaudinn, 1896 49 Class II. MASTIGOPHORA, Diesing 50 Sub-class. FLAGELLATA, Cohn emend. Bütschli 50 Order. _Polymastigina_, Blochmann 52 Genus. _Trichomonas_, Donné, 1837 52 _Trichomonas vaginalis_, Donné 52 _Trichomonas intestinalis_, R. Leuckart, 1879 = _Trichomonas hominis_, Davaine, 1854 54 Genus. _Tetramitus_, Perty, 1852 57 _Tetramitus mesnili_, Wenyon, 1910 57 Genus. _Lamblia_, R. Blanchard, 1888 57 _Lamblia intestinalis_, Lambl, 1859 57 Order. _Protomonadina_, Blochmann 60 Family. _Cercomonadidæ_, Kent emend. Bütschli 61 Genus. _Cercomonas_, Dujardin emend. Bütschli 61 _Cercomonas hominis_, Davaine, 1854 61 _Monas pyophila_, R. Blanchard, 1895 62 Family. _Bodonidæ_, Bütschli 63 Genus. _Prowazekia_, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 63 _Prowazekia urinaria_, Hassall, 1859 63 _Prowazekia asiatica_, Castellani and Chalmers, 1910 65 _Prowazekia javanensis_, Flu, 1912 66 _Prowazekia cruzi_, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 66 _Prowazekia weinbergi_, Mathis and Léger, 1910 66 _Prowazekia parva_, Nägler, 1910 66 Family. _Trypanosomidæ_, Doflein 66 Genus. _Trypanosoma_, Gruby, 1843 67 Historical 67 General 69 Morphology 70 _Trypanosoma gambiense_, Dutton, 1902 72 _Trypanosoma nigeriense_, Macfie, 1913 76 _Trypanosoma rhodesiense_, Stephens and Fantham, 1910 76 General Note on Trypanosomes with Posterior Nuclei 83 _Trypanosoma cruzi_, Chagas, 1909 83 _Trypanosoma lewisi_, Kent, 1881 88 _Trypanosoma brucei_, Plimmer and Bradford, 1899 93 _Trypanosoma evansi_, Steel, 1885 95 _Trypanosoma equinum_, Voges, 1901 96 _Trypanosoma equiperdum_, Doflein, 1901 97 _Trypanosoma theileri_, Bruce, 1902 98 _Trypanosoma hippicum_, Darling, 1910 98 _Endotrypanum schaudinni_, Mesnil and Brimont, 1908 99 _Trypanosoma boylei_, Lafont, 1912 99 Monomorphic Trypanosomes 99 _Trypanosoma vivax_, Ziemann, 1905 99 _Trypanosoma capræ_, Kleine, 1910 100 _Trypanosoma congolense_, Broden, 1904 100 _Trypanosoma simiæ_, Bruce, 1912 100 _Trypanosoma uniforme_, Bruce, 1910 101 General Note on Development of Trypanosomes in Glossina 101 Adaptation of Trypanosomes 101 Genus. _Herpetomonas_, Saville Kent, 1881 102 Genus. _Crithidia_, Léger, 1902, emend. Patton, 1908 104 Genus. _Leishmania_, Ross, 1903 104 _Leishmania donovani_, Laveran and Mesnil, 1903 105 _Leishmania tropica_, Wright, 1903 107 _Leishmania infantum_, Nicolle, 1908 109 Genus. _Histoplasma_, Darling, 1906 112 Genus. _Toxoplasma_, Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908 112 THE SPIROCHÆTES 114 The Spirochætes of the Blood 116 _Spirochæta duttoni_, Novy and Knapp, 1906 116 _Spirochæta gallinarum_, Stephens and Christophers, 1905 (= _Spirochæta marchouxi_, Nuttall, 1905) 119 _Spirochæta recurrentis_, Lebert, 1874 120 _Spirochæta rossii_, Nuttall, 1908 122 _Spirochæta novyi_, Schellack, 1907 122 _Spirochæta carteri_, Mackie and Manson, 1907 122 _Spirochæta berbera_, Sergent and Foley, 1910 122 Other Human Spirochætes 122 Some Animal Spirochætes 122 TREPONEMATA 124 _Treponema pallidum_, Schaudinn, 1905 124 _Treponema pertenue_, Castellani, 1905 127 Class III. SPOROZOA, Leuckart, 1879 128 Sub-class. TELOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 129 Order. _Gregarinida_, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein 129 Order. _Coccidiidea_ 135 Genus. _Eimeria_, Aimé Schneider, 1875 142 _Eimeria avium_, Silvestrini and Rivolta 142 _Eimeria stiedæ_, Lindemann, 1865 145 (_a_) Human Hepatic Coccidiosis 148 (_b_) Human Intestinal Coccidiosis 148 (_c_) Doubtful Cases 149 Genus. _Isospora_, Aimé Schneider, 1881 149 _Isospora bigemina_, Stiles, 1891 149 Doubtful Species 150 Order. _Hæmosporidia_, Danilewsky emend. Schaudinn 151 The Malarial Parasites of Man 155 Development of the Malarial Parasites of Man 159 The Species of the Malarial Parasites of Man 164 _Plasmodium vivax_, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 164 _Plasmodium malariæ_, Laveran 166 _Laverania malariæ_, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 (= _Plasmodium falciparum_, Welch, 1897) 167 _Plasmodium relictum_, Sergent, 1907 (in birds) 170 Cultivation of Malarial Parasites 170 Differential Characters of the Human Malarial Parasites 171 Family. _Piroplasmidæ_, França, 1909 172 Genus. _Babesia_, Starcovici, 1893 174 Genus. _Theileria_, Bettencourt, França and Borges, 1907 178 _Theileria parva_, Theiler, 1903 178 _Theileria mutans_, Theiler, 1907 180 Genus. _Anaplasma_, Theiler, 1910 180 Genus. _Paraplasm_a, Seidelin, 1911 180 Sub-class. NEOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 181 Order. _Myxosporidia_, Bütschli 181 Order. _Microsporidia_, Balbiani 184 Order. _Actinomyxidia_, Stolč. 187 Order. _Sarcosporidia_, Balbiani 187 _Sarcosporidia_ observed in Man 193 Order. _Haplosporidi_a, Caullery and Mesnil, 1899 194 _Rhinosporidium kinealyi_, Minchin and Fantham, 1905 195 Class IV. INFUSORIA, Ledermüller, 1763 198 Genus. _Balantidium_, Claparède et Lachmann 200 _Balantidium coli_, Malmsten, 1857 200 _Balantidium minutum_, Schaudinn, 1899 204 Genus. _Nyctotherus_, Leidy, 1849 204 _Nyctotherus faba_, Schaudinn, 1899 205 _Nyctotherus giganteus_, P. Krause, 1906 205 _[Nyctotherus] africanus_, Castellani, 1905 206 THE CHLAMYDOZOA 207 PROTOZOA INCERTÆ SEDIS 210 _Sergentella hominis_, Brumpt, 1910 210 *B. Platyhelminthes (or Flat Worms)* 211 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLATYHELMINTHES. Class I. TURBELLARIA (or Eddy Worms) 212 Order 1. _Rhabdocœlida_ 212