Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes

21. 2,3) "Go into the Village over against you, and you shall find a

668 words | Chapter 57

shee Asse tyed, and her Colt with her, unty them, and bring them to me. And if any man ask you, what you mean by it, Say the Lord hath need of them: And they will let them go." They will not ask whether his necessity be a sufficient title; nor whether he be judge of that necessity; but acquiesce in the will of the Lord. To these places may be added also that of Genesis, (Gen. 3. 5) "You shall be as Gods, knowing Good and Evill." and verse 11. "Who told thee that thou wast naked? hast thou eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee thou shouldest not eat?" For the Cognisance of Judicature of Good and Evill, being forbidden by the name of the fruit of the tree of Knowledge, as a triall of Adams obedience; The Divell to enflame the Ambition of the woman, to whom that fruit already seemed beautifull, told her that by tasting it, they should be as Gods, knowing Good and Evill. Whereupon having both eaten, they did indeed take upon them Gods office, which is Judicature of Good and Evill; but acquired no new ability to distinguish between them aright. And whereas it is sayd, that having eaten, they saw they were naked; no man hath so interpreted that place, as if they had formerly blind, as saw not their own skins: the meaning is plain, that it was then they first judged their nakednesse (wherein it was Gods will to create them) to be uncomely; and by being ashamed, did tacitely censure God himselfe. And thereupon God saith, "Hast thou eaten, &c." as if he should say, doest thou that owest me obedience, take upon thee to judge of my Commandements? Whereby it is cleerly, (though Allegorically,) signified, that the Commands of them that have the right to command, are not by their Subjects to be censured, nor disputed. Soveraign Power Ought In All Common-wealths To Be Absolute So it appeareth plainly, to my understanding, both from Reason, and Scripture, that the Soveraign Power, whether placed in One Man, as in Monarchy, or in one Assembly of men, as in Popular, and Aristocraticall Common-wealths, is as great, as possibly men can be imagined to make it. And though of so unlimited a Power, men may fancy many evill consequences, yet the consequences of the want of it, which is perpetuall warre of every man against his neighbour, are much worse. The condition of man in this life shall never be without Inconveniences; but there happeneth in no Common-wealth any great Inconvenience, but what proceeds from the Subjects disobedience, and breach of those Covenants, from which the Common-wealth had its being. And whosoever thinking Soveraign Power too great, will seek to make it lesse; must subject himselfe, to the Power, that can limit it; that is to say, to a greater. The greatest objection is, that of the Practise; when men ask, where, and when, such Power has by Subjects been acknowledged. But one may ask them again, when, or where has there been a Kingdome long free from Sedition and Civill Warre. In those Nations, whose Common-wealths have been long-lived, and not been destroyed, but by forraign warre, the Subjects never did dispute of the Soveraign Power. But howsoever, an argument for the Practise of men, that have not sifted to the bottom, and with exact reason weighed the causes, and nature of Common-wealths, and suffer daily those miseries, that proceed from the ignorance thereof, is invalid. For though in all places of the world, men should lay the foundation of their houses on the sand, it could not thence be inferred, that so it ought to be. The skill of making, and maintaining Common-wealths, consisteth in certain Rules, as doth Arithmetique and Geometry; not (as Tennis-play) on Practise onely: which Rules, neither poor men have the leisure, nor men that have had the leisure, have hitherto had the curiosity, or the method to find out.

Chapters

1. Chapter 1 2. 6. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS, COMMONLY CALLED THE 3. 8. OF THE VERTUES, COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUALL, AND THEIR CONTRARY 4. 13. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND AS CONCERNING THEIR FELICITY 5. 16. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED 6. 19. OF SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION; AND OF SUCCESION 7. 29. OF THOSE THINGS THAT WEAKEN, OR TEND TO THE DISSOLUTION OF A 8. 31. OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD BY NATURE 9. 33. OF THE NUMBER, ANTIQUITY, SCOPE, AUTHORITY, AND INTERPRETERS OF THE 10. 34. OF THE SIGNIFICATION, OF SPIRIT, ANGELL, AND INSPIRATION IN THE 11. 35. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, OF HOLY, 12. 38. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, HEL, SALVATION, 13. 40. OF THE RIGHTS OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, IN ABRAHAM, MOSES, THE HIGH 14. 43. OF WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR MANS RECEPTION INTO THE KINGDOME OF HEAVEN 15. 47. OF THE BENEFIT PROCEEDING FROM SUCH DARKNESSE; AND TO WHOM IT 16. 48. A REVIEW AND CONCLUSION 17. PART I. 18. CHAPTER I. OF SENSE 19. CHAPTER II. OF IMAGINATION 20. CHAPTER III. OF THE CONSEQUENCE OR TRAYNE OF IMAGINATIONS 21. CHAPTER IV. OF SPEECH 22. CHAPTER V. OF REASON, AND SCIENCE. 23. CHAPTER VI. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS 24. CHAPTER VII. OF THE ENDS OR RESOLUTIONS OF DISCOURSE 25. CHAPTER VIII. OF THE VERTUES COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUAL; AND THEIR 26. 10. 20.) some said, "He hath a Divell, and is mad;" whereas others 27. CHAPTER IX. OF THE SEVERALL SUBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE 28. 1. Consequences from the Accidents common to all Bodies Naturall; 29. 2. PHYSIQUES, or Consequences from Qualities 30. 1. Of Consequences from the Institution of COMMON-WEALTHS, to 31. 2. Of Consequences from the same, to the Duty and Right of 32. CHAPTER X. OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR AND WORTHINESS 33. CHAPTER XI. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF MANNERS 34. CHAPTER XII. OF RELIGION 35. CHAPTER XIII. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND, 36. CHAPTER XIV. OF THE FIRST AND SECOND NATURALL LAWES, AND OF CONTRACTS 37. CHAPTER XV. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE 38. introduction of Warre; which is against the Law of Nature; and is 39. CHAPTER XVI. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED 40. PART II. 41. CHAPTER XVII. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A 42. CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION 43. 1. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government 44. 2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited 45. 3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The Institution Of The 46. 4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject 47. 5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject 48. 6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace And 49. 7. The Right of making Rules, whereby the Subject may every man know 50. 8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature And Decision Of 51. 9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best: 52. 10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers, Both Of Peace, And 53. 11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No 54. 12. And Of Honour And Order 55. CHAPTER XIX. OF THE SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION, 56. CHAPTER XX. OF DOMINION PATERNALL AND DESPOTICALL 57. 21. 2,3) "Go into the Village over against you, and you shall find a 58. CHAPTER XXI. OF THE LIBERTY OF SUBJECTS 59. CHAPTER XXII. OF SYSTEMES SUBJECT, POLITICALL, AND PRIVATE 60. CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE PUBLIQUE MINISTERS OF SOVERAIGN POWER 61. CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMON-WEALTH 62. CHAPTER XXV. OF COUNSELL 63. CHAPTER XXVI. OF CIVILL LAWES 64. 1. The Legislator in all Common-wealths, is only the Soveraign, be he 65. 2. The Soveraign of a Common-wealth, be it an Assembly, or one Man, is 66. 3. When long Use obtaineth the authority of a Law, it is not the 67. 4. The Law of Nature, and the Civill Law, contain each other, and are 68. 5. If the Soveraign of one Common-wealth, subdue a people that have 69. 6. Seeing then all Lawes, written, and unwritten, have their Authority, 70. 7. That Law can never be against Reason, our Lawyers are agreed; and 71. 8. From this, that the Law is a Command, and a Command consisteth in 72. 1. The Edicts, Constitutions, and Epistles Of The Prince, that is, of 73. 2. The Decrees Of The Whole People Of Rome (comprehending the Senate,) 74. 3. The Decrees Of The Common People (excluding the Senate,) when they 75. 4. Senatus Consulta, the Orders Of The Senate; because when the people 76. 5. The Edicts Of Praetors, and (in some Cases) of the Aediles: such as 77. 6. Responsa Prudentum; which were the Sentences, and Opinions of those 78. 7. Also, Unwritten Customes, (which in their own nature are an imitation 79. CHAPTER XXVII. OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS 80. CHAPTER XXVIII. OF PUNISHMENTS, AND REWARDS 81. CHAPTER XXIX. OF THOSE THINGS THAT WEAKEN, OR TEND TO THE DISSOLUTION OF 82. CHAPTER XXX. OF THE OFFICE OF THE SOVERAIGN REPRESENTATIVE 83. CHAPTER XXXI. OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD BY NATURE 84. PART III. 85. CHAPTER XXXII. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN POLITIQUES 86. CHAPTER XXXIII. OF THE NUMBER, ANTIQUITY, SCOPE, AUTHORITY, AND 87. 27. which was also commanded to be written on stones, in their entry 88. 22. 8 & 23. 1,2,3) 89. 14. 15. 63. 90. 126. whereby it is manifest that the Psalter was compiled, and put into 91. CHAPTER XXXIV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF SPIRIT, ANGEL, AND INSPIRATION IN 92. 8. 1. Where when the earth was covered with Waters, as in the beginning, 93. CHAPTER XXXV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF KINGDOME OF GOD, OF 94. CHAPTER XXXVI. OF THE WORD OF GOD, AND OF PROPHETS 95. 18. 1.) by an apparition of three Angels; and to Abimelech (Gen. 20. 3.) 96. 26. 24.) to Isaac in the night; (that is, in his sleep, or by dream): 97. 12. 6,7,8.) "If there be a Prophet among you, I the Lord will make my 98. 4. 2, &c) speaking expressely of the means to examine Spirits, whether 99. CHAPTER XXXVII. OF MIRACLES, AND THEIR USE 100. 13. 58.) that he wrought not many Miracles in his own countrey, because 101. 18. of Deuteronomy; That wee take not any for Prophets, that teach any 102. CHAPTER XXXVIII. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, 103. CHAPTER XXXIX. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF THE WORD CHURCH 104. CHAPTER XL OF THE RIGHTS OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, IN ABRAHAM, MOSES, 105. CHAPTER XLI. OF THE OFFICE OF OUR BLESSED SAVIOUR 106. CHAPTER XLII. OF POWER ECCLESIASTICALL 107. 24. where he saith, "As in Adam all die, so in Christ all shall be 108. 5. 39.) "Search the Scriptures; for in them yee thinke to have eternall 109. 2. of the same Chapter) "Serving of Tables," is a service done to the 110. CHAPTER XLIII. OF WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR A MANS RECEPTION INTO THE 111. 11. 30.) that "Christs yoke is Easy, and his burthen Light:" Nor that 112. 4. 2. "Every Spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the 113. PART IV. 114. CHAPTER XLIV. OF SPIRITUALL DARKNESSE FROM MISINTERPRETATION OF 115. 4. ver.3.) "Better is he that hath not yet been, than both they;" that 116. 1. 12.); and againe, (2 Sam. 3. 35.) for the death of Abner. This 117. CHAPTER XLV. OF DAEMONOLOGY, AND OTHER RELIQUES OF THE RELIGION OF THE 118. CHAPTER XLVI. OF DARKNESSE FROM VAIN PHILOSOPHY, AND FABULOUS TRADITIONS 119. CHAPTER XLVII. OF THE BENEFIT THAT PROCEEDETH FROM SUCH DARKNESSE, AND

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