CHAPTER XV. 544-584

River and coast trade of Great Britain—The _Iona_, paddle steamer—First screw collier _Q. E. D._—The _King Coal_ collier—Her dimensions and crew, _note_—Improvement in care of seamen—Leith and London traders—Dublin and Holyhead Mail-Packets—Their great speed and regularity—Dimensions, power, capacity, and cost—Dover and Calais Mail-Packets—The _Victoria_—Her speed—Proposed tunnel and other modes of crossing the Straits of Dover—Mr. Fowler’s plan—The _Castalia_—The _Bessemer_—Her swinging saloon—The cigar-ship built at Baltimore, 1858—Similar ship built on the Thames, 1864—Perkins’s economical steam-engine and proposed fast boat—The Engine of the _Comet_—Modifications in the construction of Marine Engines—Ratio of speed to power—The Compound Engine more economical than the simple—Great skill required for building perfect ships, and especial importance to England of having the best ships—But her ships not yet perfect, though great progress has been made during the last half century APPENDICES. PAGE APPENDIX No. 1 587 APPENDIX No. 2 591 APPENDIX No. 3 593 APPENDIX No. 4 594 APPENDIX No. 5 595 APPENDIX No. 6 599 APPENDIX No. 7 600 APPENDIX No. 8 601 APPENDIX No. 9 603 APPENDIX No. 10 606 APPENDIX No. 11 608 APPENDIX No. 12 609 APPENDIX No. 13 611 APPENDIX No. 14 612 APPENDIX No. 15 613 APPENDIX No. 16 614 APPENDIX No. 17 617 APPENDIX No. 18 633 APPENDIX No. 19 634 APPENDIX No. 20 635 APPENDIX No. 21 637 APPENDIX No. 22 637 APPENDIX No. 23 639 APPENDIX No. 24 641 APPENDIX No. 25 643 APPENDIX No. 26 644 APPENDIX No. 27 645 INDEX 647 ILLUSTRATIONS.[1] PAGE S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” (LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND SCALE) Frontispiece. S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” VIEW OF DECK Frontispiece. S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” WHEEL-HOUSE AND STEERING APPARATUS Frontispiece. S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” LAYING CABLE Frontispiece. S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” AT SEA Frontispiece. THE PAPER NAUTILUS 3 HERO’S STEAM CAULDRON (FIRST IDEA OF THE POWER OF STEAM, B.C. 120) 5 HERO’S STEAM ÆOLIPILE (FIRST STEAM MACHINE) 6 FIRST VESSEL PROPELLED BY WHEELS (SEVENTH CENTURY) 10 ILLYRIAN BARGE WITH OXEN DRIVING PADDLE-WHEELS 19 CURIOUS VESSEL BUILT IN ROTTERDAM, A.D. 1653 20 FIRST STEAM-BOAT (BY JONATHAN HULLS OF CAMPDEN, GLOUCESTERSHIRE), 1736 26 MURRAY RIVER STEAMER 27 WATER-WHEEL 33 MILLER’S TREBLE VESSEL, TO WHICH A STEAM-ENGINE WAS APPLIED, 1787 33 SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE S.S. “CHARLOTTE DUNDAS” 37 FIRST AMERICAN STEAM-BOAT BY JOHN FITCH, U.S., 1786 42 SECOND AMERICAN STEAM-BOAT BY JOHN FITCH, FIRST USED, 1790 44 S.S. “CLERMONT” BY ROBERT FULTON, U.S. FIRST STEAM-VESSEL USED SUCCESSFULLY IN AMERICA, 1807 51 S.S. “COMET.” FIRST PASSENGER STEAMER ON THE RIVER CLYDE, SCOTLAND, 1812 66 THAMES SAILING BARGE 75 STATIONERS’ COMPANY’S SAILING BARGE 76 S.S. “UNITED KINGDOM” (LONDON AND EDINBURGH) 81 GALLOWAY’S PATENT PADDLE-WHEEL 99 DIFFERENT FORMS OF SCREWS 101 SCREW STEAMER “ROBERT F. STOCKTON” 114 WOODCROFT’S VARYING-PITCH SCREW-PROPELLER 117 EARLY AMERICAN LAKE SCREW-PROPELLER 133 AMERICAN RIVER STEAMER “NEW WORLD” 145 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE MIDSHIP SECTIONS OF PROPOSED LARGE AMERICAN STEAMER 158, 159 FIRST CUNARD STEAM-SHIP “BRITANNIA” 182 STEAM-SHIP “GREAT BRITAIN” 188 AUXILIARY U.S. STEAM-SHIP “MASSACHUSETTS” 191 AMERICAN STEAM-SHIP “WASHINGTON” 196 COLLINS’S U.S. STEAM-SHIP “ATLANTIC” 206 CUNARD’S STEAM-SHIP “SCOTIA” 229 CUNARD’S STEAM-SHIP “BOTHNIA” 233 HARFIELD’S STEAM WINDLASS 234 SALOON CABINS S.S. “BOTHNIA” AND “SCYTHIA” 236 INMAN’S SCREW STEAM-SHIP “CITY OF MANCHESTER” 252 INMAN’S SCREW STEAM-SHIP “CITY OF CHESTER” 258 WHITE STAR STEAM-SHIP “BRITANNIC” 278 SCREW-SHAFT OF S.S. “BRITANNIC” 280 MIDSHIP SECTION OF “BRITANNIC” 281 ANCHOR LINE S.S. “VICTORIA” 289 ROYAL MAIL WEST INDIA S.S. “FORTH” 303 ROYAL MAIL WEST INDIA S.S. “AMAZON” 306 PACIFIC COMPANY’S S.S. “PERU” 319 PACIFIC COMPANY’S S.S. “CHIMBORAZO” 325 PACIFIC COMPANY’S S.S. “SANTA-ROSA” 328 S.S. “ENTERPRISE.” FIRST STEAMER THAT DOUBLED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE 340 MAP OF SUEZ CANAL AND SURROUNDING DISTRICT 364 PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL COMPANY’S S.S. “ROYAL TAR” 380 PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL COMPANY’S S.S. “KHEDIVE” 411 LEYLAND AND COMPANY’S S.S. “BAVARIAN” 420 LINDSAY’S AUXILIARY STEAM-SHIPS 429 SWIRES’ YANG-TSE STEAMER “HANKOW” 471 CHINESE TEA-BOAT 475 JAPANESE CARGO-BOAT 485 PLATFORM ON WHICH S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” WAS BUILT 497 TRANSVERSE MIDSHIP SECTION OF “GREAT EASTERN” 498 TRANSVERSE MIDSHIP SECTION OF ENGINE-ROOM OF “GREAT EASTERN” 501 GRAND SALOON CABIN OF “GREAT EASTERN” 506 S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” READY TO BE LAUNCHED 517 S.S. “GREAT EASTERN” AT SEA UNDER FULL SAIL 527 MODERN SCREW COLLIER “KING COAL” 548 CHANNEL PACKET S.S. “VICTORIA” 556 FOWLER’S PROPOSED CHANNEL STEAM FERRY 559 CHANNEL PACKET S.S. “CASTALIA” 562 CHANNEL PACKET S.S. “BESSEMER” 565 PERKINS’ PROPOSED TRANSATLANTIC STEAM-SHIP 572 TRANSVERSE MIDSHIP SECTION OF DITTO 572 ENGINE OF THE FIRST CLYDE STEAMER “COMET” 574 LATEST AND MOST IMPROVED COMPOUND SURFACE MARINE STEAM ENGINE 578 FOOTNOTES: [1] The whole of these Illustrations have been re-drawn on block, and a great many of them are original. It is, however, only due to the memory of a truly good and unassuming man to state, more especially as he was a thorough genius in the illustration of all nautical subjects, that many of the drawings are reduced copies from those of the late Edward Weedon, who, for many years, and up to his untimely death in 1874, was one of the staff of artists of the _Illustrated London News_. MERCHANT SHIPPING.