CHAPTER XVII

INVENTIONS AND PATENTS, AND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF INVENTORS AND WORKMEN There is no trade or occupation which calls forth the inventive faculty to a greater degree than the machinist's. Whether it be in the direction of making some new tool, needed in some special work, or in devising a particular movement, or mechanical expedient, the machinist must be prepared to meet the issues and decide on the best structural arrangement. Opportunities also come daily to the workers in machine shops to a greater extent than other artisans, because inventors in every line bring inventions to them to be built and experimentally tested. A knowledge of the rights and duties of inventors, and of the men who build the models, is very desirable; and for your convenience we append the following information: The inventor of a device is he who has conceived an idea and has put it into some concrete form. A mere idea is not an invention. The article so conceived and constructed, must be both _new_ and _useful_. There must be some utility. It may be simply a toy, or something to amuse. If A has an idea, and he employs and pays B to work out the device, and put it into practical shape, A is the inventor, although B may have materially modified, or even wholly changed it. B is simply the agent or tool to bring it to perfection, and his pay for doing the work is his compensation. An inventor has two years' time within which he may apply for a patent, after he has completed his device and begun the sale of it. If he sells the article for more than two years before applying for a patent, this will bar a grant. Two or more inventors may apply for a patent, provided each has contributed something toward bringing it to its perfected state. Each cannot apply separately. The patent issued will be owned by them jointly. Joint owners of a patent are not partners, unless they have signed partnership papers respecting the patent. Because they are partners in some other enterprise, disconnected from the patent, that does not constitute them partners in the patent. They are merely joint owners. If they have no special agreement with respect to the patent each can grant licenses to manufacture, independently of the others, without being compelled to account to the others, and each has a right to sell his interest without asking permission of the others. An _inventor_ is one who has devised an invention. A _patentee_ is one who owns a patent, or an interest in one, be he the inventor or not. The United States government does not grant Caveats. The only protection offered is by way of patent. A patent runs for a period of seventeen years, and may be renewed by act of Congress only, for a further term of seven years. An interference is a proceeding in the Patent Office to determine who is the first inventor of a device. The following is a brief statement of the course followed: When two or more applicants have applications pending, which, in the opinion of the Examiner, appear to be similar, the Office may declare an interference. If an applicant has an application pending, and the Examiner rejects it on reference to a patent already issued, the applicant may demand an interference, and the Office will then grant a hearing to determine which of the two is entitled to the patent. The first step, after the declaration of interference, is to request that each applicant file a preliminary statement, under oath, in which he must set forth the following: First: The date of conception of the invention. Second: Date of the first reduction to writing, or the preparation of drawings. Third: Date of making of the first model or device. Fourth: When a complete machine was first produced. These statements are filed in the Patent Office, and opened on the same day, and times are then set for the respective parties to take testimony. If one of the parties was the first to conceive and reduce to practice, as well as the first to file his application, he will be adjudged to be the first inventor, without necessitating the taking of testimony. If, on the other hand, one was the first to conceive, and the other the first to file, then testimony will be required to determine the question of invention. The granting of a patent is not conclusive that the patentee was, in reality, the first inventor. The law is that the patent must issue to the _first_ inventor, and if it can be proven that another party was the first, a new patent will issue to the one who thus establishes his right. The Commissioner of Patents has no right to take away the patent first issued. Only the Courts are competent to do this. A patent is granted for the right to _make_, to _use_ and to _vend_. An owner of a patent cannot sell the right only to make, or to sell, or to use. Such a document would be a simple license, only, for that particular purpose. A patent may be sold giving a divided, or an undivided right. A divided right is where a State, or any other particular territorial right is granted. An undivided right is a quarter, or a half, or some other portion in the patent itself. If an inventor assigns his invention, and states in the granting clause that he conveys "all his right and title in and to the invention," or words to that effect, he conveys all his rights throughout the world. If the conveyance says, "all rights and title in and throughout the United States," he thereby reserves all other countries. If a patent is issued, and the number and date of the patent are given, the assignment conveys the patent for the United States only, unless foreign countries are specifically mentioned. To convey an invention or patent, some definite number or filing date must be given in the document, with sufficient clearness and certainty to show the intent of the assignor. An invention does not depend on quantity, but on quality. It is that which produces a new and a useful _result_. In the United States patents are granted for the purpose of promoting the useful arts and sciences. In England, and in many other foreign countries, patents are granted, not on account of any merit on the part of the inventor, but as a favor of the crown, or sovereign. Originally patents were granted by the crown for the exclusive privilege in dealing in any commodity, and for this right a royal fee was exacted. >From this fact the term _royalty_ originated. An international agreement is now in force among nearly all countries, which respects the filing of an application in any country, for a period of one year in the other countries. In making an application for a patent, a petition is required, a specification showing its object, use, and particular construction, followed by a claim, or claims, and accompanied by a drawing, if the invention will permit of it, (which must be made in black, with India ink), and an oath. The oath requires the following assertions: That the applicant is the first and original inventor of the device, and that he does not know and does not believe the same was ever known or used before his invention or more than two years before his application. He must also further allege that the invention was not patented or described in any printed publication here or abroad, and not manufactured more than two years prior to the application, and that he has not made an application, nor authorized any one to do so more than two years prior to his application. The first Government fee is $15, payable at the time of filing, and the second and final fee is $20, payable at the time the patent is ordered to issue. The filing of an application for patent is a secret act, and the Patent Office will not give any information to others concerning it, prior to the issue of the patent. GLOSSARY OF WORDS USED IN TEXT OF THIS VOLUME Abrupt. Suddenly; coming without warning. Abrasive. A material which wears away. Actuate. Influenced, as by sudden motive; incited to action. Accumulate. To bring together; to amass; to collect. Acoustics. The branch of physics which treats of sound. Adhesion. To hold together; a molecular force by means of which particles stick together. Affinity. Any natural drawing together; the property or force in chemicals to move toward each other. Aggravate. To incite; to make worse or more burdensome. Alloy. A combination of two or more metals. Altitude. Height; a vertical distance above any point. Alkali. Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as lime, magnesia, and the like. Amalgam. Any compound of metal which has mercury as one of the elements. Amiss. Wrong, fault, misdeed. Annealing. A process of gradually heating and cooling metals, whereby hardness and toughness are brought about. Angle plate. A metal structure which has two bodies, or limbs, at right angles to each other. Analysis. The separating of substances into their elementary forms. Anchor bolt. A structure intended to be placed in a hole in a wall, and held there by a brew which expands a part of the structure. Apprentice. One who is learning a trade or occupation. Artificial. That which resembles the original; made in imitation of. Arbor. A shaft, spindle, mandrel, or axle. Armature. A metallic body within the magnetic field of a magnet. Arbitrary. Stubborn determination. Doing a thing without regard to consequences. Artisan. One skilled in any mechanical art. Attributable. That which belongs to or is associated with. Automatically. Operating by its own structure, or without outside aid. Augmented. Added to; to increase. Auxiliary. To aid; giving or furnishing aid. Avoirdupois. The system of weights, of which the unit is sixteen ounces. Back-saw. A saw which has a rib at its upper margin. Barleycorn. A grain of barley. Bastard. A coarse-grained file. B. T. U. British Thermal Unit. Back-gear. That gear on a lathe for changing the feed. Bevel. Not in a right line; slanting; oblique. Bibb. A form of water faucet. Bit, or bitt. A form of tool for cutting purposes on a lathe, planer, shaper, or drilling machine. Borax. A white crystalline compound, of a sweetish taste. Chemically it is sodium biborate. Buffs. Usually a wheel covered with leather or cloth, and having emery dust on it, for fine polishing purposes. Buffeted. Thrown back. Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin. Calcium. Lime. Cant. A form of lever. Carbonate. A salt of carbonic acid. Caustic. Capable of corroding or eating away. Capillary. That quality of a liquid which causes it to move upwardly or along a solid with which it is in contact. Caliper. An instrument for spanning inside and outside dimensions. Centripetal. The force which tends to draw inwardly, or to the center. Centrifugal. The outwardly-moving force from a body. Centering. To form a point equidistant from a circular line. Chloride. A compound of chlorine with one or more positive elements, such as, for instance, salt. Circular pitch. The measurement around a gear taken at a point midway between the base and end of the teeth. Circumference. The outside of a circular body. Clef. A character placed on a staff of music to determine the pitch. Clutch. A mechanical element for attaching one part to another. Chuck, Independent. A disk of metal to be attached to the live spindle of a lathe, and which has on its face a set of dogs which move radially independently of each other. Chuck, Universal. A disk to be attached as above, provided with dogs which are connected so they move radially in unison with each other. Classified. Arranged in order, in such a manner that each of a kind is placed under a suitable heading. Clearance. To provide a space behind the cutting edge of a tool which will not touch the work being cut. Consistency. Harmonious; not contradictory. Coherer. That instrument in a wireless telegraphy apparatus which detects the electrical impulses. Commutator. The cylindrical structure on the end of an armature, which is designed to change the polarity of the current. Concentrated. Brought together at one point. Coinage. The system of making money from metals. Compound. The unity of two or more elements. Constant. Being insistent and consistent; also a term to be used in a problem which never varies. Conversion. The change from one state to another. Cone. A body larger at one end than at another; usually applied to a form which is cylindrical in shape but tapering, from end to end. Compression. The bringing together of particles, or molecules. Convolute. A spiral form of winding, like a watch spring. Coiled. A form of winding, like a string wound around a bobbin. Conductivity. Applied generally to the quality of material which will carry a current of electricity; also a quality of a material to convey heat. Cohesion. The force by which the molecules of the same kind are held together. Concentric. A line which is equidistant at all points from a center. Confined. Held within certain bounds. Corpuscular. Molecular or atomic form. Converge. To come together from all points. Concave. A surface which is depressed or sunken. Convex. A surface which is raised, or projects beyond the surface of the edges. Component. One of the elements in a problem or in a compound. Coefficient. A number indicating the degree or quality possessed by a substance. An invariable unit. Cube. A body having six equal sides. Cross-section. A term used to designate that line which is at right angles to the line running from the view point. Cross slide. The metal plate on a lathe which holds the tool post, and which is controlled, usually, by a screw. Contiguous. Close to; near at hand. Countersink. The depression around a bore. Collet. A collar, clutch or clamping piece, which has jaws to hold a bar or rod. Countershaft. A shaft which has thereon pulleys or gears to connect operatively with the gears or pulleys on a machine, and change the speed. Conducive. Tending to; promotive of a result. Corundum. An extremely hard aluminum oxide used for polishing. Cold chisel. A term applied to an extremely hard chisel used for cutting and chipping metal. Combustion. The action or operation of burning. Conjunctively. Acting together. Comparatively. Similitude or resemblance, one with another. Cotter. A key to prevent a wheel turning on its shaft. Dead center. A term used to designate the inoperative point of the crank. Depicting. Showing; setting forth. Deodorant. A substance which will decompose odors. Developer. A chemical which will bring out the picture in making the film or plate in photography. Decimeter. The length of one-tenth of a meter in the metric system. Decameter. The length of ten meters in the metric system. Defective. Not perfect; wrong in some particular. Diaphragm. A plate, such as used in a telephone system, to receive and transmit vibrations. Dissolving. To change from a solid to a liquid condition. Division plate. A perforated plate in a gear-cutting machine, to aid in dividing the teeth of a wheel. Dispelled. To drive away or scatter. Disinfectant. A material which will destroy harmful germs. Diametral pitch. The number of teeth in a gear as calculated on the pitch line. Dimension. Measurement; size. Ductility. That property of metal which permits it to be drawn out, or worked. Dividers. An instrument, like a compass, for stepping off measurements, or making circles. Diverge. Spreading out from a common point. Drift. A cutting tool for smoothing a hole in a piece of metal. Duplex. Two; double. Dynamite. An explosive composed of an absorbent, like earth, combined with nitro-glycerine. Dynamometer. An instrument for measuring power developed. Eccentric. Out of center. Echoes. The reflection of sound. Effervesce. The action due to the unity of two opposite chemicals. Efficiency. The term applied to the quality of effectiveness. Ellipse. A form which is oblong, or having a shape, more or less, like the longitudinal section of an egg. Electrolytic. The action of a current of water passing through a liquid, and decomposing it, and carrying elements from one electrode to the other. Elasticity. The quality in certain substances to be drawn out of their normal shape, and by virtue of which they will resume their original form when released. Embedded. To be placed within a body or substance. Emerge. To come out of. Emphasize. To lay particular stress upon. Emery. A hard substance, usually some of the finely divided precious stones, and used for polishing and grinding purposes. Enormous. A large amount; great in size. Enunciated. Proclaimed; given out. Equalization. To put on an even basis; to make the same comparatively. Eradicator. To take out; to cause to disappear. Escapement. A piece of mechanism devised for the purpose of giving a uniform rate of speed to the movement of wheels. Essential. The important feature; the principal thing. Expansion. To enlarge; growing greater. Equidistant. The same distance from a certain point. Evolved. Brought out of; the result of certain considerations. Facet. A face. Facilitated. Made easy. Flux. Any substance which will aid in uniting material under heat. The act of uniting. Fluid. Any substance in which the particles freely interchange positions. Flour emery. Emery which is finely ground. Flexible. The quality of any material which will permit bending. Float cut. The term when applied to a tool where the cut is an easy one. Flexure. The springing yield in a substance. Foot pound. A unit, usually determined by the number of pounds raised one foot in one second of time. 550 pounds raised one foot in one second of time, means so many foot pounds. Formulate. To arrange; to put in order from a certain consideration of things. Focus. The center of a circle. Foci. One of the points of an ellipse. Formation. The structure of a machine or of a compound. Fractured. Broken. Fundamental. Basis; the first form; the original structure. Fulcrum. The resting place for a lever. Fusion. Melting. The change of a metal from a solid to a liquid state by heat. Fusible. That which is capable of being melted. Fulminate. A substance that will ignite or explode by heat or friction. Gamut. The scale of sound or light, or vibrations of any kind. Gear. A toothed wheel of any kind. Gelatine. A tasteless transparent substance obtained from animal tissues. Globular. Having the form of a globe or ball. Glazed. Having a glossary appearance. Graphite. A metallic, iron-black variety of carbon. Graduated. To arrange in steps; a regular order or series. Grinder. Any mechanism which abrades or wears down a substance. Gullet. The curved notches or grooves between projecting parts of mechanism. Harmonizing. To make the various parts act together in unison. H. P. The symbol for horse power. Helico. A form resembling that of the threads of a screw. Hexagon. Six-sided. Heliograph. The system of signaling by using flashlights. Horizontal. Things level with the surface of the earth; like the surface of water. Hydrogen. The lightest of all the elements. A tasteless, colorless substance. Import. To bear, or convey as a meaning. Impulse. The application of an impelling force. Impact. A collision; striking against. Invariably. Constant; without failing. Inertia. The quality of all materials to remain at rest, or to continue in motion, unless acted on by some external force. Intersect. To divide at a certain point. The crossing point of one line over another. Interval. A space; a distance between. Intensity. Strained or exerted to a high degree. Interstices. The spaces between the molecules or atoms in a substance. Intermediate. Between. Intermeshing. The locking together of gear wheels. Internal. That which is within. Inability. Unable to perform or do. Initial. The first; at the start. Increment. One of the parts which go to make up the whole. Inference. Drawing a conclusion from a certain state of things. Insoluble. A substance which cannot be liquefied by a liquid. Indentations. Recesses, or cut-out parts or places. Induction. The movement of electricity through the air from one conductor to another. Inflammable. That which will burn. Inclining. At an angle; sloping. Inconsequential. Not of much importance. Isometric. That view of a figure which will give the relation of all the parts in their proper proportions. Jaw. The grasping part of a vise, or other tool. Joule. The practical unit of electrical energy. Key-way. A groove in a shaft and in the hub of a wheel, to receive therein a locking key. Kilowatt. A unit of electrical power; one thousand watts. Kinetic. Consisting of motion. Lacing. The attaching of the ends of a belt to each other. Lap. A tool, usually of copper or lead, on which flour emery is spread, with oil, and used to grind out the interior of cylinders. Lapping. The act of using a lap to grind out cylinders. Lacquer. A varnish for either wood or metal. Lazy-tongs. A form of tool, by means of which a long range of movement is attainable, and great grasp of power. Levigated. Reduced to a fine powder. Litharge. A form of lead used in paints for drying purposes. Longitudinal. Lengthwise. Luminous. That which has the capacity to light up. Magnet. A bar of iron or steel that has electricity in it capable of attracting certain metals. Manipulation. Capable of being handled. Mandrel. The revolving part of a lathe; a rod or bar which turns and carries mechanical elements thereon. Manually. Operated by hand. Margin. An edge. Malleability. Softness. The state of being formed by hammering. Magnetism. A quality of certain metals to receive and hold a charge of electricity. Major axis. The measurement across the longest part of an ellipse. Minor axis. The distance across the narrowest part of an ellipse. Meridian. The time when the sun crosses the middle of the heavens; midday. Metric. Measure; a system which takes the unit of its measurement from the circumference of the earth. Micrometer. A tool for measuring small spaces or intervals. Milling machine. A large tool for the purpose of cutting gears and grooves or surfaces. Miter. A meeting surface between two right-angled pieces. Momentum. That quality of matter which is the combined energy of mass and speed. Molecular. Any substance that is made up of any particles; the component elements in any substance. Modifications. Changes; improved arrangements. Multiplicity. Many; numerous; a large quantity. Mutilated. As applied to a gear, one in which certain teeth are removed. Nautical. Marine; applied to shipping, and the like. Neutralizes. Any substance, like a chemical, which, when added to another chemical, will change them both. Nitro-glycerine. An explosive made from glycerine and nitrogen. Oblique. At an angle; inclined. Obliterate. To wipe out. Obvious. That which can be seen; easily observed. Obtuse. A blunt angle; not noticeable. Odophone. An instrument for determining and testing odors. Olfactory. The nerves of the sense of smell. Orifice. An opening; a hole. Oscillation. A movement to and fro, like a pendulum. Oxygen. The most universal gas, colorless and tasteless; is called the acid-maker of the universe and unites with all known substances, producing an acid, an alkali, or a neutral compound. Oxidizing. To impart to any substance the elements of oxygen. Oxide. Any substance which has oxygen added to it. Pallet. A part of a tooth or finger which acts on the teeth of a wheel. Parallel. Lines or sides at equal distance from each other from end to end. Paraffine. A light-colored substance, produced from refined petroleum. Perimeter. The outer margin of a wheel; the bounding line of any figure of two dimensions. Periphery. The outer side of a wheel. Peen. The nailing end of a hammer. Persistence. That quality of all matter to continue on in its present condition. Perpendicular. A line drawn at right angles to another. Perpetual. Without end. Perspective. A view of an object which takes in all parts at one side. Physically. Pertaining to the body. Phonautograph. An apparatus for recording sound. Phonograph. An apparatus for taking and sending forth sound vibration. Phenomena. Any occurrence in nature out of the ordinary. Pitman. The rod or bar which connects the piston and crank. Pivot. A point or bar on which anything turns. Pinion. A small toothed wheel. Pitch. The number of vibrations. The term used to give the number of teeth in a wheel. Pitch diameter. The point from which the measurements are made in determining the pitch. Pivoted. A bar, lever, or other mechanical element, arranged to turn on or about a point. Plastic. A substance in such a state that it may be kneaded or worked. Planer. A large tool designed to cut or face off wood or metal. Porosity. The quality in all substances to have interstices, or points of separation, between the molecules. Potential. The power. Properties. The qualities possessed by all elements. Projecting. The throwing forward. The sending out. Promulgated. Put forth; enunciated. Protractor. A mechanic's and draughtsman's tool by means of which angles may be formed. Promote. To carry forward in a systematic way. Precision. Work done with care; observing correct measurements. Prony brake. A machine for determining horse power. Punch. A small tool to be struck by a hammer in order to make an impression or indentation. Quadrant. One-fourth of a circle. Quadrant plate. A plate on which are placed lines and numbers indicating degrees. Quadruplex. A term to designate that system of telegraphy in which four messages are sent over a single wire at the same time. Ratchet. A wheel having teeth at certain intervals to catch the end of a pawl or finger. Ratchet brace. A tool to hold a drill, having a reversible ratchet wheel. Rasp cut. A cut of a file which is rough, not smooth. Rake. The angle or inclination of the upper surface of the cutting tool of a lathe. Reverse. To turn about; in the opposite direction. Reciprocating. To go back and forth. Revolve. To move in an orbit or circle, as a merry-go-round. Reciprocity. To give back in like measure. Reflection. The throwing back from a surface. Resonance. The quality of vibration which adds to the original movement, and aids in perpetuating the sound. Refraction. The quality of light which causes it to bend in passing through different substances. Reducing. Bringing it down to a smaller compass. Rectilinear. A straight line. Retort. A furnace of refractory material to take high heat. Reamer. A tool designed to enlarge or to smooth out holes. Regulation. To do things in an orderly way; a system which sets forth certain requirements. Refractory. Difficult to work, and not easily fused. Recess. A hole, or a depression. Rocking. A lever which rotates only part way and then moves in the opposite direction. Rotate. A spindle which turns round. Compare revolve. Rosin. Certain gums; particularly the sap of pine trees. Roughing. The taking off of the first coating with a tool. Saturated. A soluble substance which cannot be further dissolved by a liquid. Scribe. To mark with a tool. Screw plate. A tool which has within it means for adjusting different cutting tools. Section lining. The marks made diagonally across drawings to indicate that the part is cut away. Shaper. A large tool for surfacing off material, cutting grooves, and the like. Shrinkage. The term applied to metals when cast, as all will be smaller when cold than when cast in the mold. Slide rest. The part of the lathe which holds the tool post. Sonorous. Having the quality of vibration. Slotted. Grooved, or channeled. Solvent. That which can be changed from a solid by liquids. Spelter. A combination of zinc and copper. A hard solder. Soldering. Uniting of two substances by a third, with heat. Spindle. A small shaft. Spur. The larger of two intermeshing gears. Socket. A depression or hole. Sprocket. Teeth in a wheel to receive a chain. Spiral. A form wound like the threads of a screw. Surface plate. A true surface made of metal, used as a means of determining evenness of the article made. Sulphate. Any substance which is modified by sulphuric acid. Substitute. An element or substance used for another. Superposed. One placed above the other. Swage. Tool for the purpose of changing the form in a material. Swivel. A point on which another turns. Surfacing. Taking off the outer coating or covering. Tap. A small drill. Tapering. An object with the sides out of parallel. Tangential. A line from the periphery of a circle which projects out at an angle. Tension. The exertion of a force. Tenacity. The property of a material to hang together. Tempering. Putting metal in such condition that it will be not only hard but tough as well. Technical. Pertaining to the strict forms and terms of an art. Texture. That of which the element or substance is composed. Threads. The ridges, spiral in form, which run around a bolt. Theoretically. The speculative form or belief in a subject. Tinned. The term applied to the coating on a soldering iron with a fluxed metal. Tines. Small blades. Torsion. The force exerted around an object, like the action of a crank on a shaft. Tommy. A lever to be inserted in a hole in a screw head for turning a screw. Transmitting. Sending forth; to forward. Trammel. A tool for the purpose of drawing ellipses. Traction. Drawing; pulling power. Tripping. A motion applied to a finger, which holds a pivoted arm, whereby the latter may be swung from its locked position. Triangular. Having three sides and three angles. Transverse. Across; at right angles to the long direction. Undercut. A wall of a groove or recess which is sloping. Undulatory. A wave-like motion, applied generally to light and electricity. Unit. A base for calculating from. Unison. Acting together; as one. Unsized. Generally applied to the natural condition of paper or fabric which has no glue or other fixing substance on it. Vaporising. To change from a liquid or solid to a gas. Variation. Changing into different conditions; unlike forms. Verge. The edge; usually applied to the shoulder of a watch spindle, particularly to the escapement. Vertical. Up and down. The direction of a plumb line. Velocity. The speed of an article through space. Vitascope. An instrument for determining the rate of vibration of different substances. Vibration. The movement to and fro of all elements, and by means of which we are made sensitive of the different forces. Vocation. The business or the calling of a person. Warding. The act of cutting a projection or guard, such as is usually found on the insides of locks, and the correspondent detent in the key. Watt. In electricity the unit of the rate of working in a circuit. It is the electro-motive force of one volt and the current intensity of one ampere. INDEX (Figures indicate the pages) A Acetone, 165. Acid, 119, 120, 156, 168. Acid, Acetic, 165. Acid, Carbolic, 166. Acid, Hydrofluoric, 170. Acid, Muriatic, 119. Acid, Nitric, 168, 169, 171, 173. Acid, Oxalic, 172. Acid, Pyrogallic, 172. Acid, Sulphuric, 169. Acoustics, 87, 157. Adhesives, 162. Affinity, 83, 86. Agate, 82. Air, 84. Alcohol, 165, 166, 169, 170, 176, 183. Alloy, 81, 115, 116, 118, 119, 149, 175. Alum, 149, 166, 172. Aluminum, 38, 41, 42, 60, 82, 149, 164, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175, 176, 184. Amalgams, 149. Amber, 170. Ambergris, 159. Ammonia, 166, 170. Ammonium Nitrate, 185. Ammonium Sulphate, 168, 171. Analysis, 93. Analyzed, 159. Angle cutting, 30. Angle plate, 10. Angles, 31, 39, 59, 72, 102, 103, 104, 107, 152. Aniline, 176. Annatto, 168, 170. Annealing, 112, 113, 114, 115. Annular, 67. Anvils, 14, 15, 16. Apothecaries, 180. Application for patent, 191. Arbor, 14. Arc, 146. Area, 148. Armature, 153. Arrow root, 150. Artisan, 112. Asbestos, 168. Asphalt, 14, 175. Assign, 191, 193. Assignment, 192. Atom, 157. Attraction, 86. Avoirdupois, 180. Axis, 106, 127. Axis, major, 105. Axis, minor, 105, 106. B Ball, 75. Ball and Socket, 74. Balsam Peru, 168, 189, 173. Barium Chloride, 176. Bark, soap, 165. Barleycorn, 143. Barrel, 149. Base line, 102. B. T. U., 180, 181. Beeswax, 174. Bell metal, 164. Belt, 68. Belt, Lacing, 68, 69. Bench, 77, 104. Benzine, 169. Benzol, 173. Bevel, 69, 70, 125, 126. Bibb, 70. Bismuth, 118. Bisulphate of carbon, 185. Bisulphate of sodium, 172. Bitt, 28, 42. Bitts, machine, 38. Bitts, plain, 38. Bitts, round-nosed, 38. Bitts, setting, 39. Bitts, square, 38. Black, ivory, 171. Blade, hack-saw, 35, 36. Bloodstone, 173. Blue black, 173. Boiler, 150, 152. Boiler, compound, 161. Bolt, 75. Bolt, anchor, 7. Boracic acid, 168. Borax, 168, 176. Brass, 41, 43, 44, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 184. Bronze, 150, 164, 173, 176, 184. Bulk, 134. C Calcium, 166. Calcium Chloride, 185. Calipers, 37, 45, 49, 66. Calls, 160. Camphor, 164, 166, 175. Canada balsam, 172. Capillary attraction, 86, 87. Carbolic acid, 166. Carbon, 113. Carbonate, 150. Carbonate of soda, 116, 172. Carbon paper, 171. Cardinal, 102. Carbolized, 169. Cast iron, 42, 64, 81, 169, 183. Caustic soda, 106, 150. Caveat, 190. Celluloid, 164. Cement, 162, 163. Centaire, 146. Center, dead, 78. Center line, 41. Centering, 111. Centers, 62. Centimeter, 146. Centrifugal, 85. Centripetal, 85. Ceresine, 174. Chalk, 165. Channel, 71. Charcoal, 113, 167, 185. Chemical, 83, 157, 180. Chisels, drifting, 32. Chisels, key-way, 32. Chisels, square, 53. Chlorate of potash, 167, 169, 170. Chloride of lime, 165. Chloride of platinum, 173. Chloride of tin, 119. Chloride of zinc, 163, 176. Chloral hydrate, 169. Chloroform, 163. Chromate of potash, 169, 170. Chuck, 54. Chuck, independent, 64. Chuck, universal, 64. Circle, 96, 106, 107, 111, 148, 169. Circuit, 153, 154. Circular pitch, 122, 124, 125. Circumference, 148. Citric, 165. Clamp, 77. Clay, 164, 185. Clearance, 30, 38, 40. Clef, 159. Clutches, 74. Coal, 139. Coherer, 154. Cohesion, 50, 83. Color, 92, 157, 161. Combination, 136, 156. Commutator, 155. Compass, 106. Compound, Welding, 117. Compression, 77, 84. Compressibility, 84. Concave, 92, 93. Concentric, 88. Conception, 191. Conductivity, 82. Conductor, 82, 88. Cone, 70. Conveyor, 91. Convex, 92, 96. Convolute, 78. Copal varnish, 163. Copper, 45, 60, 112, 118, 164, 170, 173, 174, 184. Corpuscular, 91. Corundum, 27. Crank, 70, 76, 78, 135. Cream of Tartar, 165, 174. Crown wheel, 70. Cryolite, 176. Cube, 97, 98, 107, 149. Current, 154, 158. Curve, 104. Cutter, side, 30. Cutting tool, 171. Cyanide of Potassium, 170. Cylinder, 39, 40, 66, 80, 90, 134, 135, 136. D Decameter, 146, 106, 109, 183, 187. Decimeter, 146. Declaration of Interference, 190. Degree, 40, 101, 102, 103, 104. Deodorant, 166. Dessertspoon, 151. Detail, paper, 111. Develop, 157. Developer, 172. Dextrine, 169. Diameter, 52, 126, 140, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150. Diameter, inside, 122. Diameter, outside, 122. Diameter, pitch, 122. Diametral pitch, 123, 124. Diamond, 81, 149. Diaphragm, 90, 153, 154. Disinfectant, 163. Disks, 49, 50, 67, 71, 74, 75, 82, 91, 95, 96, 105. Disk shears, 90, 153, 154. Distilled, 144, 151. Diverge, 91. Divided, 192. Dividers, 45, 52, 62, 63. Dogs, 77. Dollar, 144. Drams, 180. Drawing, 95, 97, 101, 108, 109, 129, 191. Drill, 30, 31. Drilling Machine, 43. Driver, 73. Dry measure, 182. Ductility, 80, 81. Dynamite, 167. Dynamo, 155. E Eccentric, 78. Echo, 89. Effervesce, 119. Elastic, 91. Elasticity, 87, 112. Electrical, 82, 153, 154, 155. Electric current, 182. Electric curves, 182. Electricity, 78, 84, 93. Electrolytic, 149. Electro-motive force, 154. Ellipse, 72, 104, 105, 106, 107. Emery, 27, 36, 150, 165, 166, 167. Emery cloth, 55. Emery wheel, 22. Energy, 140. Engine, 45, 78, 134. Equalization, 82. Escapement, 72. Ether, 91, 169. Expansion, 93. Explosions, 156, 167. F Facet, 52. Fahrenheit, 148, 186. Feed, longitudinal, 66. Feed, transverse, 66. Ferric chloride, 166. Filament, 160. File, cross, 57. File, cutter, 56. File, do-able end, 57, 58. File, equalizing, 57. File, float cut, 57. File, half round, 56. File, holding, 59. File, middle, 57. File, movement, 59, 80. File, pinion, 56. File, rasp cut, 57. File, rat-tail, 56. File, rough, 57. File, round, 56. File, saw, 56. File, second cut, 57. File, shearing cut, 59. File, slitting, 57. File, smooth, 57. File, square, 56. File, triangular, 56. Files, 36, 48, 50, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60, 114, 167, 168. Files, Hexagon, 51, 52. Filing, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61. Filter paper, 171. Fire clay, 164, 165. Fish oil, 171,176. Fire proof, 168, 171. Flexure, 79. Floor dressing, 168. Fluid, 165. Fluor spar, 116. Fluxes, 115, 116, 118, 176. Focal, 106, 107. Focus, foci, 105. Foot, 145. Foot lathe, 78. Foot pounds, 139, 140, 143, 181. Force, 156, 157. Forge work, 116. Forges, 164. Formic acid, 168. Formula, 162. Freezing mixtures, 185. Friction, 70, 171. Fuel, 134, 181. Fulcrum, 76, 128, 129. Fulminate, 167. Furlong, 181. Furniture, 164. Fusible, 116. Fusion, 115. G Gage, 45, 46, 47, 148. Gage surface, 84, 87, 94. Gallon, 144. Gas stove, 166. Gear, 42, 69, 70, 74, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 133, 171. Gear, bevel, 70. Gear, friction, 70. Gearing, 121. Gear, miter, 70, 123, 124, 125, 126. Gear, mutilated, 72. Gear, spur, 122. Gelatine, 162, 173. Geranium, 169. German silver, 82. Giant powder, 167. Glass, 84, 92, 112, 163, 169. Glauber salts, 164. Glazing, 72. Glue, 159, 162, 168. Glycerine, 115, 162, 165, 176. Gold, size, 173. Grain, 81. Grains, 180. Graphite, 171, 175. Gravity, 85. Grinder, 27. Grinder wheels, 36. Grindstones, 22, 36, 149. Groove, 71, 76. Gum, 163. Gum arabic, 163. Gum lac, 170. Guncotton, 188. Gunpowder, 167. H Hack-saw, 34, 35, 36. Hack-saw blade, 35, 36. Hammer, 81, 115, 117. Handy tables, 178. Hardness, 81, 114, 115. Harmony, 154, 158, 169, 160. Head, 135. Heat, 93, 186. Hectare, 146. Hectometer, 146. Helical, 77. Helical, double, 77. Helix-volute, 77. Hexagon, 51, 52. Horizontal, 97, 102, 106. Horse power, 139, 143, 146, 148, 186, 187. Hours, H. P., 186, 187. Hours, kilowatt, 186, 187. Hub, 74. Hub, key-way, 125. Hydrochloric acid, 172. Hydrofluoric acid, 149. Hydrogen, 83. I Inches, 181. Inclined plane, 123, 128. Indentation, 154. Indicator, speed, 140. Induction, 154. Inertia, 84. Injector, 152. Inks, 110. Inside diameter, 122. Instrument, 158, 159. Internal, 86, 102. International, 193. Invention, 152, 153, 161, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194. Inventor, 157, 181, 190. Iron, 42, 63, 155, 162, 165, 169, 175, 184. Iron, wrought, 42, 82, 112. Isinglass, interference, 190. Isometric, 107. Ivory, 84. Ivory, black, 171. J Japan wax, 174. Joint, ball and socket, 74. Joint, universal, 70. Joule, 174. K Kerosene, 150, 165, 171. Key, 158. Key-way, 125. Kilometer, 146. Kilowatt, 186, 187. Kilowatt hour, 186, 187. Kinetic, 140. L Lacquer, 170. Lampblack, 167, 175. Lapping, 166, 167. Lathe, 28, 39, 42, 45, 64, 65, 67, 104, 171. Lathe speed, 34. Lathe tool, 33, 39. Lavender, 168. Lead, 60, 118, 163, 164,175. Leather, 162, 163. Level, 87. Lever, 73, 75, 76, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 140, 153. Leverage, 143. Licenses, 189. Light, 100. Lime, 173. Linear measure, 181. Lines, 95, 99, 110. Lines, section, 84. Linseed, 162. Linseed oil, 149, 174,175. Liquid measure, 182. Liquids, 84. Litharge, 163. Long measure, 181. Lubricant, 171. Luminous, 91. Lycopodium, 169. M Machine, 26. Magnesium, 166. Magnesium sulphate, 169. Magnet, 153. Magnetism, 93. Major axis, 105. Malleability, 81. Malleable, 112. Mandrel, 66, 76. Manganese, 163. Marble, 162. Mass, 85. Mastic, 169. Measure, 139, 140, 143, 151. Measure, liquid, 182. Measure, long, 181. Measurement, 145. Measure, paper, 182. Measure, solid, 82. Measure, square, 181. Membrane, 90. Mercuric chloride, 166. Mercury, 94, 114, 183. Meridian, 145. Metric, 144, 145, 146. Metrical, 145. Micron, 146. Microscope, 91. Millimeter, 146. Milling machine, 26. Minor, 164. Minor axis, 105, 106. Miter, 146. Miter gear, 123, 124, 125, 126. Molecular, 82, 117. Molecular forces, 82. Molecules, 83, 84, 146. Momentum, 83, 85. Motion, 84, 156. Motor, 136, 155. N Neat's Foot oil, 168. Neroli, 168. Nickel, 164. Nitrate of copper, 174. Nitrate of potash, 167. Nitrate of silver, 174. Nitric acid, 162, 168, 169, 171, 173. Nitro-glycerine, 167, 185. O Oath, 193. Octave, 159. Odophone, 159. Odor, 159. Oil, 83, 87, 167, 171. Oil eradicator, 166. Oleonaptha, 171. Oscillations, 90, 157. Ounce, 180. Outlines, 99. Oxalic acid, 172. Oxidation, 117. Oxide, 117, 163. Oxidizing, 116. Oxygen, 83, 119. P Palm oil, 171. Paper, 168, 171. Paraffine, 168, 171. Parallel, 91, 100, 121. Paris blue, 172. Paste, 163, 173. Patents, 188, 189, 190, 192, 194. Pawl, 73, 76. Pendulum, 73. Parting tools, 28. Perimeter, 73. Periphery, 73. Permanganate of potash, 178. Perpendicular, 105. Perpetual motion, 128. Perspective, 97, 106, 107. Petroleum, 168. Phenomenon, 91, 153. Phonautograph, 90. Phonograph,-91, 154. Phosphorus, 149. Photographer, 157, 172. Piano, 158, 159. Pinion, 57, 74. Pitch, 121, 125, 156. Pitch, circle, 122, 124, 125. Pitch, diameter, 123, 124. Pitch, line, 123, 124, 127. Pitman, 70. Pivots, 70, 130. Planer, 26, 50, 51, 126. Plaster, 173. Plaster of Paris, 150, 174. Plate, 73. Plates, 50. Plating, 173. Platinum, 81. Plumbago, 173. Poles, 155. Polishes, 174. Position, 102. Potash, 116, 167. Potash, prussiate, 113. Potassium cyanide, 170. Potassium nitrate, 167. Pound, 145, 157, 180. Power, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 140, 158, 159, 186. Power, horse, 139, 140. Precision tools, 50. Preliminary statement, 191. Pressure, 134, 135, 137, 148, 152. Prime mover, 134. Printing telegraph, 155. Prism, 92, 93. Protractor, 108, 109. Prussiate of potash, 113. Pulley, 68, 70, 73, 128, 133, 140, 149, 150. Pulsation, 153. Pumice, 83. Pumice stone, 110, 175. Punch, 62, 63. Punch, centering, 62. Punch cutter, 24. Putty, 175. Q Quadrant, 102, 103. Quality, 157. Quarter, 180. Quartz, 182. R Racks, 73, 74. Radius, 52. Rake, 29, 30, 38, 42, 43,45. Rainbow, 92. Ratchet, 77. Ratchet brace, 77. Reciprocity, 82. Reflected, 92. Reflecting, 89. Reflection, 88, 91. Refraction, 92. Resin, 176. Resistance, 79, 82, 83. Resonance, 89. Rim, 96. Ring, 96. Rods, 180. Rosemary, 166. Royalty, 193. Rubber, 84, 163. Rule, 53. Rule, key-seat, 53, 54. Rust preventive, 175. S Saffro, 170. Sal ammoniac, 119, 162, 165, 176, 185. Salt, 165, 170, 183, 185. Sandarac, 169, 176. Saw, 26, 64, 76. Saw, wabble, 76. Scale, 100, 101. Science, 157. Scraper, 50, 51. Scribe, 47, 53. Scruples, 180. Sealing wax, 176. Section lining, 103, 104, 110. Sense, 159. Sesame oil, 176. Shade, 96. Shading, 96, 110. Shaft, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75. Shaft coupling, 74. Shaper, 26, 50, 51, 53. Shellac, 163. Side cutters, 30. Sienna, 168. Signals, 87. Silicate, 168. Silver, 82, 118, 164, 165, 180, 183. Snow, 185. Soap, 165, 172. Soap spirits, 166. Soda, sulphate, 172. Sodium carbonate, 172. Sodium silicate, 168. Sodium sulphate, 172. Solder, 118, 175. Solder, hard, 118. Solder, soft, 118. Soldering, 116, 117, 119, 176. Solids, 84. Sonorous, 88. Sound, 87. Sounding-boards, 88. Spanish white, 168. Spectroscope, 90, 93, 161. Spectrum, 93. Speed, 43. Spelter, 118. Sphere, 97. Spiral, 78. Sponge, 83. Spring, 72, 79, 176. Square, 48, 61, 63. Square combination, 24, 77, 81. Starch, 162, 163, 164. Steel, 39, 40, 42, 44, 63, 79, 113, 165, 168, 169, 170, 184. Stethoscope, 90. Stove polish, 174, 175. Straight edge, 61. Stylus, 90. Sugar, 163. Sulphate of copper, 174. Sulphate of potash, 115. Sulphate of soda, 172. Sulphur, 167, 183. Sulphuric acid, 165, 169, 175. Surfacing, 49, 50, 63. T Table of weights, 178. Talcum, 169. Tallow, 176. Tannaform, 169. Taps, 45. Taste, 160. Teeth, 72. Telegram, 158. Telescope, 91, 92. Temperature, 82, 88, 114, 116, 118, 119. Temperature table, 180. Tempering, 113, 114, 115,176. Tenacity, 79, 80. Thread, 74. Thymol, 166. Tin, 98, 118, 175, 176, 184. Ton, 180. Tongs, 75. Tongs, lazy, 75. Tool, 22, 28, 40, 41, 61, 64, 71, 108, 113, 175. Tool boring, 43. Tool cutting, 26, 29, 45, 64. Tool holder, 64. Tool hook, 28. Tool, hooked, 44. Tool knife, 28. Tool, parting, 28. Tool, roughing, 29. Tools, precision, 50. Torsion, 79. Toughness, 114, 115. Tracing cloth, 110. Tracing paper, 172. Traction, 79. Transmitting, 158. Transparent, 163. Transverse, 80. Treadle, 78. Triangular, 97, 98. Tripping driver, 78. Turmeric, 170. Turpentine, 162, 165, 172, 173, 174, 175. Turpentine, Venice, 176, 177. U Ultramarine, 171. Undivided, 192. Undulatory, 91. Unguent, 114. V Valve, 70. Vapor, 87. Varnish, 162, 170, 172, 175, 176. Vaseline, 165, 175. Velocity, 81, 87, 91. Vermilion, 177. Vertical, 97. Vibrate, 160, 161. Vibration, 87, 88, 90, 158. Vibratory, 91. Vinegar, 163, 170, 173. Violin, 159. Vise, 33. Vitascope, 90. W Water, 165, 166, 168, 172, 183, 186, 187. Waterproof, 162, 163. Weight, 85. Weight of steel, 179. Weight, troy, 180. Welding, 115, 116, 117. Welding compound, 117. Wheel, 27, 72, 73, 85, 86. Whiting, 174. Workshop, 162. Wrench, 104. Y Yokes, 70, 76. Z Zinc, 118, 119, 164, 166, 175. Zinc chloride, 163. THE BOYS' ELITE SERIES _12mo, cloth. Price 75c each._ Contains an attractive assortment of books for boys by standard and favorite authors. Printed from large, clear type on a superior quality of paper, bound in a superior quality of binders' cloth, ornamented with illustrated original designs on covers stamped in colors from unique and appropriate dies. Each book wrapped in attractive jacket.