CHAPTER XVI

HANDY TABLES TABLE OF WEIGHTS FOR ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL. The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel--490 lbs. ==========+===================+==========+=================== | | | | Weight in Pounds | | Weight in Pounds Sizes in | | Sizes in | Inches +---------+---------+ Inches +---------+--------- | Round | Square | | Round | Square ----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+--------- 1/16 | .110 | .013 | 1-1/16 | 3.014 | 3.400 1/8 | .042 | .053 | 1-1/8 | 3.379 | 3.838 3/16 | .094 | .119 | 1-3/16 | 3.766 | 4.303 1/4 | .167 | .212 | 1-1/4 | 4.173 | 4.795 5/16 | .261 | .333 | 1-5/16 | 4.600 | 5.312 3/8 | .375 | .478 | 1-3/8 | 5.049 | 5.857 7/16 | .511 | .651 | 1-7/16 | 5.518 | 6.428 1/2 | .667 | .850 | 1-1/2 | 6.008 | 7.650 9/16 | .845 | 1.026 | 1-9/16 | 6.520 | 7.650 5/8 | 1.043 | 1.328 | 1-5/8 | 7.051 | 8.301 11/16 | 1.262 | 1.608 | 1-11/16 | 7.604 | 8.978 3/4 | 1.502 | 1.913 | 1-3/4 | 8.178 | 10.41 13/16 | 1.773 | 2.245 | 1-13/16 | 8.773 | 11.17 7/8 | 2.044 | 2.603 | 1-7/8 | 9.388 | 11.95 15/16 | 2.347 | 2.989 | 1-15/16 | 10.02 | 12.76 1 | 2.670 | 3.400 | 2 | 10.68 | 13.60 ----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+--------- WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL BARS. =========+============================================================= Thickness| in | Width Inches | ---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+------+------ 1/16 | .212| .265| .32 | .372| .425| .477| .53| .588| .63 1/8 | .425| .53 | .64 | .745| .85 | .955| 1.06| 1.17 | 1.27 3/16 | .638| .797| .957| 1.11 | 1.28 | 1.44 | 1.59| 1.75 | 1.91 1/4 | .85 | 1.06 | 1.28 | 1.49 | 1.70 | 1.91 | 2.12| 2.34 | 2.55 5/16 | 1.06 | 1.33 | 1.59 | 1.86 | 2.12 | 2.39 | 2.65| 2.92 | 3.19 3/8 | 1.28 | 1.59 | 1.92 | 2.23 | 2.55 | 2.87 | 3.19| 3.51 | 3.83 7/16 | 1.49 | 1.85 | 2.23 | 2.60 | 2.98 | 3.35 | 3.72| 4.09 | 4.46 1/2 | 1.70 | 2.12 | 2.55 | 2.98 | 3.40 | 3.83 | 4.25| 4.67 | 5.10 9/16 | 1.92 | 2.39 | 2.87 | 3.35 | 3.83 | 4.30 | 4.78| 5.26 | 5.74 5/8 | 2.12 | 2.65 | 3.19 | 3.72 | 4.25 | 4.78 | 5.31| 5.84 | 6.38 11/16 | 2.34 | 2.92 | 3.51 | 4.09 | 4.67 | 5.26 | 5.84| 6.43 | 7.02 3/4 | 2.55 | 3.19 | 3.83 | 4.47 | 5.10 | 5.75 | 6.38| 7.02 | 7.65 13/16 | 2.76 | 3.45 | 4.14 | 4.48 | 5.53 | 6.21 | 6.90| 7.60 | 8.29 7/8 | 2.98 | 3.72 | 4.47 | 5.20 | 5.95 | 6.69 | 7.44| 8.18 | 8.93 15/16 | 3.19 | 3.99 | 4.78 | 5.58 | 6.38 | 7.18 | 7.97| 8.77 | 9.57 1 | 3.40 | 4.25 | 5.10 | 5.95 | 6.80 | 7.65 | 8.50| 9.35 |10.20 ---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+------+------ AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. For Merchandise of all kinds. 16 Drams (dr.) make 1 Ounce (oz.) 16 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.) 25 Pounds make 1 Quarter (qr.) 4 Quarters, or 100 lbs., make 1 Hundredweight (cwt.) 20 Hundredweights make 1 Ton (T.) 2,240 Pounds make 1 Long ton (L. T.) TROY WEIGHT. For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals. 24 Grains (gr.) make 1 Pennyweight (pwt.) 20 Pennyweights make 1 Ounce (oz.) 12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.) APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals. 20 Grains (gr.) make 1 Scruple (sc.) 3 Scruples make 1 Dram (dr.) 8 Drams make 1 Ounce (oz.) 12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.) LINEAR MEASURE. For Surveyors' Use. 12 Inches make 1 Foot 3 Feet make 1 Yard 5-1/2 Yards make 1 Rod 40 Rods make 1 Furlong 8 Furlongs 1 Mile LONG MEASURE. 12 Inches make 1 Foot 3 Feet make 1 Yard 6 Feet make 1 Fathom 5-1/2 Yards make 1 Rod or pole 40 Poles make 1 Furlong 8 Furlongs make 1 Mile 3 Miles make 1 League 69-1/2 Miles make 1 Degree SQUARE MEASURE. 144 square inches make 1 square foot 9 square feet make 1 square yard 30-1/2 square yards make 1 square pole 40 square poles make 1 square rod 4 square rods make 1 acre 640 square acres make 1 acre mile SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 1,728 Cubic inches make 1 Cubic foot 27 Cubic feet make 1 Cubic yard 128 Cubic feet make 1 Cord of wood 24-3/4 Cubic feet make 1 Perch of stone DRY MEASURE. 2 Pints make 1 Quart (qt.) 8 Quarts make 1 peck (pk.) 4 Pecks make 1 Bushel (bu.) 36 Bushels make 1 Chaldron (ch.) LIQUID MEASURE. 4 Gills (g.) make 1 Pint (pt.) 2 Pints make 1 Quart (qt.) 4 Quarts make 1 Gallon (gal.) 31-1/2 Gallons make 1 Barrel (bbl.) 2 Bbls., or 63 gals., make. 1 Hogshead (hhd.) PAPER MEASURE. 24 Sheets (sh.) make 1 Quire (qu.) 20 Quires make 1 Ream (r.) 10 Reams make 1 Bale (ba.) or bundle. TABLE OF TEMPERATURES. Greatest artificial cold 220 degrees below Fahr. " natural " 73.7 " " " Mercury freezes 39 " " " Mixture of snow and salt 4 " " " Greatest density of water at 39.2 " above " Blood Heat 97.9 " " " Alcohol boils 172.4 " " " Water boils 212 " " " Mercury boils 662 " " " Sulphur boils 824 " " " Silver melts 1,749 " " " Cast iron melts 2,786 " " " STRENGTH OF VARIOUS METALS. The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it, and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds. ========================+=========+============= | Tension | Compression ------------------------+---------+------------- Aluminum | 15,000 | 12,000 Brass, cast | 24,000 | 30,000 Bronze, gun metal | 32,000 | 20,000 " manganese | 60,000 | 120,000 " phosphor | 50,000 | ...... Copper, cast | 24,000 | 40,000 " wire annealed. | 36,000 | ...... " " unannealed | 60,000 | ...... Iron, cast | 15,000 | ...... " " annealed | 60,000 | 80,000 " " unannealed | 80,000 | ...... " wrought | 48,000 | 46,000 Lead, cast | 2,000 | ...... Steel castings | 70,000 | 70,000 " plow | 270,000 | ...... " structural | 60,000 | 60,000 " wire annealed | 80,000 | ...... " crucible | 180,000 | ...... Tin | 3,800 | 6,000 ------------------------+---------+------------- FREEZING MIXTURES ===============================================+======================= |Temperature Changes |in Degrees Fahrenheit +---------+------------ Mixtures | From | To -----------------------------------------------+---------+------------ Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts | 32 | zero .0 Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part | 32 | -.4 Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part | 32 | -27 Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part | 32 | -44 Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; | | water 16 parts. | 50 | -10 Sal ammoniac, 1 part; salt-peter 1 part; | | water 1 part | 46 | -11 Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part | 50 | -3 Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts | 32 | -35 -----------------------------------------------+---------+------------ IGNITION TEMPERATURES. Phosphorus 120 degrees Fahrenheit Bi-sulphide of carbon 300 " " Gun-cotton 430 " " Nitro-glycerine 490 " " Phosphorus, amorphous 500 " " Rifle powder 550 " " Charcoal 660 " " Dry pine wood 800 " " Oak 900 " " POWER AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS. In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt, kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit). The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the different terms: 1 Horsepower-hour = 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees. 1 Kilowatt-hour = 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours = 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees. 1 Horsepower = 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees. 1 Kilowatt = 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212. 1 Watt = 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees. 1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit) = 1,052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees. 1 Foot-pound = 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour. 1 Joule = 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.