17. Science, literature, and art in general, but these chiefly in

connection with the names of those distinguished in the cultivation of them. Such, in a general way, are some of the subjects contained in the book, while there is a number of others not reducible to the classification given, and among these the Editor has included certain subjects of which he was able to give only a brief definition, just as there are doubtless others which in so wide an area of research have escaped observation and are not included in the list. In the selection of subjects the Editor experienced not a little embarrassment, and he was not unfrequently at a loss to summarise particulars under several of the heads. Such as it is, the Editor offers the book to the public, and he hopes that with all its shortcomings it will not be unfavourably received. NOTES. (1) The figures in brackets following Geographical names indicate the number of _thousands of population_. (2) The figures in brackets given in Biographical references indicate the _dates_ of birth and death where both are given. THE NUTTALL ENCYCLOPÆDIA A A'ALI PASHA, an eminent reforming Turkish statesman (1815-1871). AACHEN. See AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. AALBORG (19), a trading town on the Liimfiord, in the N. of Jutland. AAR, a large Swiss river about 200 m. long, which falls into the Rhine as it leaves Switzerland. AARGAU, a fertile Swiss canton bordering on the Rhine. AARHUUS (33), a port on the E. of Jutland, with a considerable export and import trade, and a fine old Gothic cathedral. AARON, the elder brother of Moses, and the first high-priest of the Jews, an office he held for forty years. ABACA, Manila hemp, or the plant, native to the Philippines, which yield it in quantities. ABACUS, a tablet crowning a column and its capital. ABADDON, the bottomless pit, or the angel thereof. ABARIM, a mountain chain in Palestine, NE. of the Dead Sea, the highest point being Mount Nebo. ABATEMENT, a mark of disgrace in a coat of arms. ABAUZIT, FIRMIN, a French Protestant theologian and a mathematician, a friend of Newton, and much esteemed for his learning by Rousseau and Voltaire (1679-1767). ABBADIE, two brothers of French descent, Abyssinian travellers in the years 1837-1848; also a French Protestant divine (1658-1727). ABBAS, uncle of Mahomet, founder of the dynasty of the Abbasides (566-652). ABBAS PASHA, the khedive of Egypt, studied five years in Vienna, ascended the throne at eighteen, accession hailed with enthusiasm; shows at times an equivocal attitude to Britain; _b_. 1874. ABBAS THE GREAT, shah of Persia, of the dynasty of the Sophis, great alike in conquest and administration (1557-1628). ABBAS-MIRZA, a Persian prince, a reformer of the Persian army, and a leader of it, unsuccessfully, however, against Russia (1783-1833). ABBASIDES, a dynasty of 37 caliphs who ruled as such at Bagdad from 750 to 1258. AB`BATI, NICCOLO DELL', an Italian fresco-painter (1512-1571). ABBÉ, name of a class of men who in France prior to the Revolution prepared themselves by study of theology for preferment in the Church, and who, failing, gave themselves up to letters or science. ABBEVILLE (19), a thriving old town on the Somme, 12 m. up, with an interesting house architecture, and a cathedral, unfinished, in the Flamboyant style. ABBOT, head of an abbey. There were two classes of abbots: Abbots Regular, as being such in fact, and Abbots Commendatory, as guardians and drawing the revenues. ABBOT, GEORGE, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., and one of the translators of King James's Bible; an enemy of Laud's, who succeeded him (1562-1633). ABBOT OF MISRULE, a person elected to superintend the Christmas revelries. ABBOTSFORD, the residence of Sir Walter Scott, on the Tweed, near Melrose, built by him on the site of a farm called Clarty Hole. ABBOTT, EDWIN, a learned Broad Church theologian and man of letters; wrote, besides other works, a volume of sermons "Through Nature to Christ"; esteemed insistence on miracles injurious to faith; _b_. 1838. ABDAL`LAH, the father of Mahomet, famed for his beauty (545-570); also a caliph of Mecca (622-692). ABDALRAH`MAN, the Moorish governor of Spain, defeated by Charles Martel at Tours in 732. ABDALS (lit. servants of Allah), a set of Moslem fanatics in Persia. ABD-EL-KA`DIR, an Arab emir, who for fifteen years waged war against the French in N. Africa, but at length surrendered prisoner to them in